Horticultutre Y4

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
Department of Education
PUBLIC TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL
HIGH SCHOOLS
COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL
FOURTH
YEAR
HORTICULTURE NC II
Unit of Competency: PRODUCE FRUIT-BEARING CROPS
Module No. 1 Module Title: SELECTING AND PREPARING THE
SITE FOR PLANTING FRUIT-BEARING CROPS
1
MODULE I
QUALIFICATION TITLE : HORTICULTURE NC II

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : PRODUCE FRUIT-
BEARING CROPS
MODULE TITLE : SELECTING AND
PREPARING SITE FOR
PLANTING
FRUIT-BEARING CROPS
NOMINAL DURATION : 70 HRS
WHAT IS THIS MODULE ABOUT?
This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required in

selecting and preparing the site for planting fruit-bearing crops. It
includes clearing, plowing, harrowing, laying out, staking and digging of
holes for planting fruit-bearing crops.
WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:

1. select the site for planting;
2. prepare the land; and
3. layout, stake the site and dig holes.
WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW?
Pre-Test:
Select the best answer by writing only the LETTER in your quiz
notebook.
1. Which of the following is NOT true about selecting the site for
planting fruit-bearing crops?
a. The site selected should not be far from suitable freight and
express depot.
b. Climate, soil, and water supply play an important role to attain
success in farming.
c. The ideal soil for growing fruit-bearing crops is an open, porous,
sandy and loam topsoil.
d. Heavy soil and clay soil should be selected for they are often
wet, cold and slow to dry up after the rains.
2
2. What is the most favorable type of soil for planting fruit-bearing
crops?
a. Clay
b. Loam
c. Sandy
d. Silt
3. Which is the best topography of the land for fruit-bearing crops?
a. Hilly
b. Level
c. Slightly sloping
d. Mountainous
4. Which of the following is NOT a desirable reason for fruit-bearing
crops to grow near bodies of water?
a. Fruit-bearing crops must have sufficient supply of water during
their development period.
b. Water modifies the temperature of the site.
c. Water is very vital especially for fruit-bearing crops planted in
the hillsides.
d. None of these
5. Which of the following is NOT considered in locating the position of
the trees in the orchard?
a. Exposure to sunlight
b. Availability of silos
c. Sufficiency of water
d. Direction of the wind
6. Which of the following is NOT true about laying out and staking?
a. Aesthetic beauty is attained
b. Crops are set at equal distances
c. Crops are located in their proper places
d. Crops are planted anywhere
7. What is the best tool to use in digging holes for planting fruit-
bearing crops?
a. bolo
b. crow bar
c. posthole digger
d. spade
8. Which of the following is NOT true when digging holes for planting
fruit-bearing crops?
a. Deep and wide enough to accommodate the root system
b. Just enough to fit in the roots
c. Separate topsoil from subsoil
d. Use appropriate digging tools
9. Which of the following implements is used in leveling the soil?
a. plow
b. harrow
c. crowbar
d. garden hoe
3
10. Which one is NOT be used in laying out and staking?
a. rope
b. steel tape
c. foot ruler
d. planting board
4
LESSON I
SELECT THE SITE FOR PLANTING FRUIT-BEARING CROPS
WHAT IS THIS LESSON ABOUT?
This lesson deals with the different considerations in selecting the

site for planting fruit-bearing crops.
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. identify the different considerations in selecting the site for
planting fruit-bearing crops; and
2. develop the love for work.
LET US STUDY
Let us Define
temperature – the degree of coldness or hotness of the atmosphere

climate – the average condition in a given locality in relation to
temperature and moisture
weather – the condition of the atmosphere with reference to its pressure,
temperature, moisture, the presence of clouds, direction and
velocity of the wind
topography – the description of the physical features or contour of the
land and its elevation or depression
Selecting the Site for Planting Fruit-bearing Crops
In selecting and developing the site for fruit-bearing crop

plantation, two things should be considered:
1. The surroundings that will affect the tree grower and his family,
and the social, economic, and aesthetic development of the
community.
5
2. The existing conditions in the place for that should be suited to the
proper development of the business. This factor can be easily
grouped into two divisions, namely:
a. Factors affecting the growth and development of crops.
 Climate. Climate influences fruit and tree crop farming. In
fact, most tree farmers at present understand that individual
farm crops or group of crops adapt to different climatic
conditions, soil, and water supply. Climate does not only
refer to rainfall but also sunshine, cloudiness, temperature,
humidity, wind and their variation. To some extent, rainfall
affects the choice of fruit-bearing crops to be grown.
Insufficient rainfall in some cases may prevent the
production of good tree crops.
Long light rains moisten the soil much more effectively
than heavy rains. Light rains deeply penetrate the soil. On
the other hand, heavy rains make puddles on the surface.
Thus water is not absorbed by the soil because it flows faster
than it penetrates the soil. The run off may cause serious
erosion on sloping field.
Temperature is the measurement of the coldness or
hotness of an object, and is therefore, has an effect on fruits.
In places where there is high temperature, fruits are ripened
prematurely. This results to this coloration of the skin and
unfavorable taste of the fruits. High temperature causes
injuries on tissues and scalding in some fruits.
 Soil. Fruit-bearing crops can be grown in almost any kind of
soil but as much as possible, the soil should be selected and
must have at least the following essential qualities: good
texture, a fair amount of organic matter, and good drainage.
In most cases, the presence of any or all of these three
qualities in the land will give the fruit-bearing crops a good
start.
The ideal soil in growing fruit-bearing crops is an open,
porous, sandy and loam topsoil with an open, gravely
subsoil. Such a soil formation is dry and warm owing to the
fact that surface moisture leaches quickly. During rainy
season such soil remains to be remarkably warm.
Furthermore, a well drained soil of this kind cleans itself
quickly.
Heavy soil and clay soil should be avoided as they are
often wet, cold, and slow to dry up after the rain. Such soil
needs more cultivation and the growing of supplementary
crops is not advisable.
6
The loam type of soil is the most advantageous. This is
composed of ordinary soil or pulverized rocks mixed with
rotting plants and animal manure. These rotten materials
which contain much food nutrients are sticky but not as
sticky as clay. Mixed with sand, the combination produces a
soil type which is well-adapted to fruit-bearing crop growing.
A sloping site is preferable for tree crop growing. A
gentle slope generally provides fresh air and water drainage.
On the other hand, a very steep slope can be tilled with
difficulty and is likely to be wind-swept. Many fruit-bearing
orchards however, are planted on very steep hillsides or
rocky places. This orchards are rarely productive because
they cannot be cultivated or sprayed unless they heavily
manured and mulched.
 Water. Fruit-bearing crop plantation located near large
bodies of water is favorable especially when planting is done
at hillsides.
Fruit-bearing crops must have sufficient supply of
water during their development period especially during dry
season. The water supply factor should not be overlooked in
determining the selection of site.
b. Factors that control marketing of production.
 Facilities for Transportation. The site selected for fruit-
bearing crop production should be accessible to a suitable
freight and express depot to transport the products from the
farm to the consumer as quickly as possible.
 Roads. Good roads are necessary and very important in the
site selected for fruit-bearing crops. Experienced fruit-
bearing crop growers know that market order and
consequent prices are influenced by the condition of such
roads. A fruit-bearing farm must be located where weather
conditions leave no destructive effects on the road.
• The Market to be Served. The market may be the general
market or the local market nearby. For the general market,
the grower should have an enterprise that will enable the
farmer to transport the produce. The local market does not
absorb as large quantity of fruit at a given time as the
general market. does this calls for a careful market survey by
the prospective grower before determining the size of the
orchard.
7
LET US REMEMBER
The most important consideration in putting up a fruit-bearing

crop farm is the selection of the right site or location. In selecting a good
site, one should remember the following:
o the existing conditions in the place
o the market to be served
o roads and transportation facilities
o climate, soil and water
HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?
Fill in the blank with the correct word or group of words to make
each sentence complete. Write your answer in your test booklet.
1. The average condition of the atmosphere is called __________.
2. __________ is the most important climatic factor affecting the
distribution of plant species.
3. The physical feature of the land surface whether it is sloping,
rolling, flat or level is called __________.
4. The natural supply of water for the growth of the fruit-bearing crop
is called __________.
5. __________ deals with the contour of the land, its elevation or
depression, and other features of the terrain.
LET US APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED
Visit the orchard of the school and observe the physical features.
Then accomplish the table below by checking. Then submit it to your
teacher for evaluation.
Conditions Observed Not Observed Remarks
1. Climate
2. Soil
3. Water
4. Transportation
5. Market
RESOURCES
map
area selected
picture of the different terrain of the land
REFERENCES
Modern Fruit Production
The Macmillan Company
8
LESSON 2
PREPARE THE LAND
This lesson deals with the preparation of the land for fruit-bearing
crops, such as clearing, plowing and harrowing.

1. clear the site from stubbles and heavy trashes prior to tilling;
2. prepare the land thoroughly for growing fruit-bearing crops; and
3. value the importance of land preparation.
LET US STUDY
Let us Define
harrow – an implement consisting mainly of a frame which is provided

with teeth, blade or disc. It is used for pulverizing and leveling the
soil
plow – an animal-drawn implement used to till the land
Land preparation
The object of land preparation is to break and pulverize the soil

and put it into conditions favorable for the reception of the planting
materials. It involves the following operations:
1. Clearing the Land
Clearing the land means the removal of any material which
obstructs or makes subsequent cultural operations difficult. It involves
the removal of weeds, stubbles and heavy trashes using appropriate
tools.
2. Plowing
This is a horticultural tillage operation that is used to break
the soil usually 15 centimeters deep purposely to incorporate
organic matter.
9
Objectives of plowing:
a. Give proper soil aeration.
b. Allow the easy penetration of water.
c. Make the soil favorable for the growth of seeds and plants.
d. Incorporate organic matter into the soil.
Animal drawn plow
3. Harrowing
Harrowing can be best achieved if the soil is properly pulverized. It
is done 2-3 times depending upon the soil condition.
Objectives of harrowing:
a. Level the soil.
b. Prevent the growth of weeds by turning under the soil.
c. Allow proper decomposition of organic matter.
Relation to Plowing
The first harrowing is followed by the second plowing. The
second plowing is followed by another harrowing. The spaces where
water and air present in the soil are dependent on the soil texture.
An example in sandy soil that has larger but fewer pores than clay
soil. However, clay soil holds more water than sandy soil. Since
clay soil has more pores because of smaller particles and more
surfaces, it can hold water better than sandy soil.
Harrow
10
LET US REMEMBER
Land that is tilled and well prepared will result to excellent vigor of
plants and will ensure high crop yield.
Identify what is being described. Write your answer in your quiz

notebook.
1. The removal of materials which will obstruct or make cultural
operation difficult.
2. A basic tillage operation.
3. The process of pulverizing and leveling of soil.
4. The process of opening the soil so it can absorb rain water.
5. An implement consisting mainly of a frame which is provided with
teeth, blade or disc and is used for pulverizing and leveling the soil.
1. Conduct an ocular inspection in the site you selected and find out
what clearing activities you will do. List down your findings for
proper scheduling of clearing activities to be done. Submit your
findings to your teacher.
2. Go to the tool room. Select and prepare the tools to be used in
clearing and preparing the land.
RESOURCES
o bolo o spade/shovel
o axe o plow and harrow
o spading fork o carabao
o crow bar o tractor with accessories
REFERENCE
Asuncion, Jr. Ramon G.; Elementary Agriculture: Saint Mary’s

Publishing. 1983
Asuncion, Jr. Ramon G.; Introduction to Tropical Crop Production: First
Edition: Saint Mary’s Publishing. 1976
Asuncion, Jr. Ramon G. et.al.; Technology and Home Economics 2:
Agricultural Arts: First Edition: Abiva Publishing House, Inc:
Quezon City. 1992
Mendiola, N. B.; Principles of Crop Production: United Circulation, Inc.:
Malabon, Rizal: 1959
Technology and Home Economics 2 (SEDP Series)
11
LESSON 3
LAYOUT, STAKE THE SITE AND DIG HOLES
This lesson deals with laying out, staking and digging holes for
planting fruit-bearing crops. It includes the procedures in laying out,
staking, digging of holes and system of planting.

1. lay out and stake the site in accordance with the desired planting
system;
2. dig deep and wide enough holes to accommodate the root system of
the seedlings;
3. use the tool and materials properly in laying out and staking the
site and digging of holes; and
4. observe safety precautions in laying out, staking and digging of
holes.
LET US STUDY
Let us Define
filler – a temporary plant usually small and early bearing one which
planted in between permanent plants
planting board – a device used in laying out the area for fruit-bearing
crops
Systems of Planting Fruit-bearing Crops
A fruit crop farm layout is as important as the preparation of the

soil. The main purpose in following a certain arrangement of trees in the
orchard or plantation is to facilitate different operations, such as
weeding, fertilization and spraying. The following are the different
systems in planting fruit-bearing crops:
12
1. The Square System
This system of planting is the most common because it is the
easiest and simplest to lay out and it makes operations easy by
mechanical means. It is done by setting a fruit tree seedling in each
corner of the square whatever the planting distance may be.
The square system
The number of seedlings to be planted in a given area can be

computed by using the following formula:
Np = A/S2
Where:
Np = number of plants
A = area
S2 = square of planting distance
Sample Problem:
An area of two hectares, that is 200 meters long and 100 meters wide, is
to be planted with mango seedlings with a distance of 10 m x 10 m. far
from each other. Compute for the number of seedlings to be planted.
Solution:
Np = A/S2
Np = 20,000 sq.m.
(10 m)2
Np = 20,000
100
Np = 200
13
2. The Quincunx System
This system of planting makes use of square with an additional or
fifth plant at the center called filler. Thus, a square system can be made
into quincunx by placing a tree at the middle of the square. There will be
maximum utilization of the area during the early growing and fruiting
years. However, when the trees grow bigger the area will be crowded.
Thus the removal of the fifth trees is necessary. Furthermore, carrying
out of different cultural operations mechanically is difficult especially if
the land is not flat.
The quincunx system
The number of plants needed for an area can be calculated as

follows:
Np = A /S2 + (L / S – 1) (W/ S - 1)
Where:
A = area
L = length of the area
W = width of the area
Np = number of plants
Using the quincunx system for the sample problem given on the
number of mango seedlings to be planted
Np = 20,000/100 + (200/10 – 1) (100/10 – 1)
= 200 + (20-1) (10-1)
= 200 + (19) (9)
= 200 + 171
Np = 371
14
3. The Hexagonal System
In this system of planting, trees are planted equidistant to one
another from every direction to form an equilateral triangle. This
arrangement results in a greater number of trees per unit area than the
square system. However, it does not lend itself well to the use of fillers.
The hexagonal system
The number of plants in area can be determined by using the

following formula:
A
Np = ___________________
S2 x 0.866
Where:
A = area
0.866 = constant
In the example on mango seedlings, we can compute the Np using

the formula given.
20,000
Np = _________________
(102 x 0.866)
20,000
= ______________
86.6
Np = 231
15
4. The Contour or Terrace System
A special system may be developed by the grower to meet
conditions particularly in the hillsides where land is steep, the
topography is irregular, or the area is inclined. This is called the contour
system of planting. Its main purpose is to prevent or reduce soil erosion,
and in some instances, to conserve moisture between the tree rows.
Planting Distances of Various Fruit-bearing Crops
Crop Planting Distance

(in meters)
Banana 3.0
Cashew 8.0
Chico 8.0
Citrus 7.0
Durian 10.0
Guava 6.0
Jackfruit 8.0
Lanzones 6.0
Mango 10.0
Mangosteen 8.0
Papaya 4.0
Pineapple 0.3
Rambutan 8.0
Coconut 8.0
Tools and Materials Used in Laying out, Staking and Digging of Holes
1. planting board 5. spade

2. string 6. crowbar
3. poles/stakes 7. grab hoe
4. post hole digger
16
Laying out and Staking
One of the first things that a prospective fruit-bearing crop grower

must do is to decide how he will lay out the site. The best source of
information on this is often obtained by visiting the local or neighboring
farmers who are growing fruit-bearing crops successfully.
Procedure in staking:
1. Determine the baseline on one side of the field to be staked.
2. Set a stake on this line on one corner of the field where the corner
tree is to stand. This should be far enough from the road and the
line fence to allow plenty of room for turning.
3. Set a range stake at the other side of the field and use the same
distance from the road. These two stakes establish the base line.
4. Begin at stake #1 and set stakes along the base line towards stake
#2. The proper distance of planting between the trees is to be used.
5. The rest of the stakes are set with two measuring boards which are
as long as the desired distance between the crops. A measuring
board seven centimeters wide will be found satisfactory for placing
the stake in the field. There is a notch at either end of each board.
The measuring boards can be handled more easily if they are
fastened together with a small bolt. Anyone who has not seen how
this method is used will be surprised to find out how quick and
accurate the stakes can be set.
By using this method, a stake is set at every point to be occupied

by a tree and the next point ensures that the tree is established in the
identical spot where the stake stood. To do this, a device known as
planting board is used. This board is used on the ground so that the tree
stake comes in the central notch. Then a stake is driven down in each of
the end notches and the board is removed. In setting an orchard or tree
1
crop farm of any size, it is necessary to have several of these planting
boards. Care should be taken to make them all exactly alike.
Common Methods in Digging Holes for Fruit-bearing Crops
1. Slit method. Plunge grab hoe into the ground and pull handle to
make opening. Lift the candle to create a slit.
2. Trench method. Drive spade into the ground at an angle opposite

the first slit to make a V-shaped hole. Place seedling at the center
and at a correct depth. Fill the hole with soil, preferably compost
soil.
3. Center hole method. Hole to be made should be large enough to

contain the root system of the seedlings.
4. Side hole method. Place the plant against one side of the hole. Fill
hole with soil.
18
5. Cone method. Make hole large enough to be able to form a cone
inside. Form cone inside using the topsoil. Place the seedling on
top of the cone in such a way that the roots are spread out.
LET US REMEMBER
In selecting the land for fruit-bearing crop production, good

judgment and proper performance can assure success. Their absence
may bring mediocre results or absolute failure. Beginners in this
enterprise should learn from the experience of other growers who believe
that climate, soil and water supply play an important role in some degree
to attain success in tree farming.
Select the best answer by writing only the letter of your answer in
your quiz notebook.
1. Which of the following methods of planting fruit-bearing crop is
widely used by farmers?
a. square c. hexagonal
b. quincunx d. rectangular
2. Which of the following methods of planting is a modified square?
a. rectangular c. square
b. hexagonal d. quincunx
3. The following are methods of planting fruit-bearing crops EXCEPT
a. hexagonal c. circular
b. rectangular d. triangular
4. The space saver method of planting in which plants are set at the
same distance is:
a. hexagonal c. quincunx
b. rectangular d. square
5. Which of the following plants best describes temporary plant?
a. filler c. annual
b. permanent d. unwanted
Prepare the material/tools for laying out, staking and digging

holes. Proceed to the training area of your school and perform laying out,
staking and digging holes based on what you have learned.
19
RESOURCES
string
planting board
post hole digger
crow
spade/shovel
REFERENCES
Asuncion, Jr. Ramon G.; Elementary Agriculture: Saint Mary’s

Publishing. 1983
Asuncion, Jr. Ramon G.; Introduction to Tropical Crop Production: First
Edition: Saint Mary’s Publishing. 1976
Asuncion, Jr. Ramon G. et.al.; Technology and Home Economics 2:
Agricultural Arts: First Edition: Abiva Publishing House, Inc:
Quezon City. 1992
Mendiola, N. B.; Principles of Crop Production: United Circulation, Inc.:
Malabon, Rizal: 1959
Technology and Home Economics 2 (SEDP Series)
20
POST-TEST:
Select the best answer by writing only the LETTER of the correct
answer in your quiz notebook.
1. Which of the following is NOT a desirable reason for fruit-bearing
crops to grow near bodies of water?
a. Fruit-bearing crops must have sufficient supply of water during
the development period.
b. Water modifies the temperature of the site.
c. Water is very vital especially for fruit-bearing crops planted in
the hillsides.
d. None of these
2. Which is the best topography of the land for fruit-bearing crops?
a. Hilly
b. Level
c. Slightly sloping
d. Mountainous
3. Which of the following is NOT true about selecting the site for
planting fruit-bearing crops?
a. The site selected for fruit-bearing crop production should not be
far from suitable freight and express depot.
b. Climate, soil, and water supply play an important part to attain
success in farming.
c. The ideal soil for growing fruit-bearing crops is an open, porous,
sandy and loam topsoil.
d. Heavy soil or clay soil should be selected as they are often wet,
cold and slow to dry up after the rains.
4. Which of the following is NOT considered in locating the position of
the trees in the orchard?
a. Exposure to sunlight
b. Accessibility to farm silos
c. Availability of area
d. Direction of the wind
5. Which one is NOT advisable to use in laying out and staking?
a. rope
b. steel tape
c. foot ruler
d. planting board
6. What is the most advantageous type of soil for planting fruit-
bearing crops?
a. Clay
b. Loam
c. Sandy
d. Silt
21
7. What is the best tool to be used in digging holes for planting fruit-
bearing crops?
a. bolo
b. crow bar
c. posthole digger
d. spade
8. Which of the following is NOT true about laying out and staking?
a. Aesthetic beauty is attained
b. Crops are set at equal distances
c. Crops are located in their proper places
d. Crops are planted anywhere
9. Which of the following is NOT true when digging holes for planting
fruit-bearing crops?
a. Deep and wide enough to accommodate the root system
b. Just enough to fit in the roots
c. Separate topsoil from subsoil
d. Use appropriate digging tools
10. Which of the following implements is used in leveling the soil?
a. plow
b. harrow
c. crowbar
d. garden hoe
22
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
PAGE
MODULE 1. Selecting and preparing site for planting... 1
What is this module about?.................................. 1

What will you learn?............................................. 1
What do you already know?.................................. 1
LESSON 1. Select site for planting fruit-bearing crops.. 4
What is this lesson about?................................... 4

What will you learn?............................................ 4
Let us study......................................................... 4
Let us remember.................................................. 7
How much have you learned................................ 7
Let us apply what you have learned..................... 7
Resources............................................................ 7
References........................................................... 7
LESSON 2. Prepare the land....................................... 8
What is this lesson about?.................................... 8

Let us study.......................................................... 8
Let us remember................................................... 10
How much have you learned................................. 10
Let us apply what you have learned...................... 10
Resources............................................................. 10
References............................................................ 10
LESSON 3. Lay out, stake the site and dig holes........... 12
What is this lesson about?..................................... 12

What will you learn?.............................................. 12
Let us study........................................................... 12
Let us remember................................................... 19
How much have you learned.................................. 19
Let us apply what you have learned....................... 19
Resources.............................................................. 20
23
References............................................................. 20
Post test................................................................ 21
24
HIGH SCHOOLS
COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL
FOURTH
YEAR
HORTICULTURE NC II
Module No. 2 Module Title: GROWING OF SEEDLINGS
1
MODULE II

BEARING CROPS
MODULE TITLE : GROWING OF
SEEDLINGS
NOMINAL DURATION : 80HOURS

growing seedlings of fruit-bearing crops. It includes gathering and mixing
the growing media components, selecting variety to plant, treating and
sowing of seeds. It also includes potting seedlings and propagating plants
asexually.
After completing this module, you should be able to:

1. prepare the growing media for fruit-bearing crops;
2. select variety to plant;
3. treat and sow seeds;
4. pot seedlings; and
5. perform asexual plant propagation
PRE-TEST:
Read and answer each of the questions carefully. Write only the
letter of your answer in your quiz notebook.
1. Which of the following is the recommended growing media for fruit-

bearing crops?
a. equal parts of garden soil, compost, sieved sand and sawdust
b. 2 parts of coco coir, 1 part of compost, ½ part of sawdust and ½
part of garden soil
c. equal parts of garden soil, coco coir, sawdust/rice hulls and
compost
d. equal parts of loam soil, sand, sawdust/rice hulls and manure
2
2. What should you do to protect your propagating material from the
infection caused by soil borne diseases?
a. Analyze the soil.
b. Fertilize the soil.
c. Sterilize the soil.
d. Irrigate the soil.
3. Which of the following is NOT a good characteristic of seeds to be

propagated?
a. clean seeds
b. immature seeds
c. viable seeds
d. true-to-type seeds
4. Which of the following can best guide you in selecting varieties of

fruit-bearing crops to plant?
a. reading books and pamphlets about raising fruit trees
b. listening to the advice of farm management technicians in the
locality
c. listening and following the advice of the experienced successful
growers in the neighborhood
d. b and c
5. Which should not be considered when deciding what variety to

plant?
a. Fruit-bearing crop farm as a long-term enterprise.
b. Difficulty of persuading consumers to buy what they don’t like.
c. Knowing what the consumers want and projecting when their
fruit-bearing crops bear fruits.
d. Introducing of new varieties to persuade consumers to buy them
.
6. Which of the following treatments is used against seed borne
diseases?
a. soaking in water or partial burning
b. applying chemical treatment and hot water treatment
c. filing or rubbing them against coarse objects
d. breaking or the seed coat thinning making
7. Which of the following is also called sexual propagation?

a. planting cuttings
b. using roots
c. planting seeds
d. planting underground stems
3
8. One of the following is not a reason for treating your seeds before
planting them?
a. to allow after-ripening process
b. to hasten germination
c. to ensure seeds against seed-borne diseases
d. to determine the number of seeds to be planted in a certain area
9. Which of the following is NOT a condition necessary for

germination of seeds?
a. germinating medium and its moisture content
b. degree of warmth and free oxygen
c. time of sowing the seeds
d. manner of sowing the seeds
10. Which of the following methods of sowing fruit-bearing tree seeds is

not usually practiced?
a. drilling in separate furrows in the nursery
b. broadcasting in the nursery beds
c. individual sowing of seeds
d. sowing seeds not so close to each other in seed boxes
4
LESSON 1
PREPARE THE GROWING MEDIA
This lesson discusses the components of the growing media. It

includes gathering, mixing and sterilizing that will ensure the success of
the growing seedlings.

1. identify the components of the growing media;
2. gather and mix thoroughly the components of the growing media;
3. sterilize the growing media; and
4. develop industry and love for manual labor.
LET US STUDY
Let us Define
compost – decayed plant and animal matter

soil sterilization – the process of subjecting the soil to heat or chemicals
to kill micro-organisms and other bacteria
Components of the Growing Media
One of the important factors to consider in growing seedlings for

fruit-bearing crops is the preparation of the growing media. Just like
vegetable seeds, fruit-bearing crop seeds need the same attention in the
preparation of the media where they are to be germinated.
A successful fruit crop grower must gather the soil media and mix
them thoroughly before they are placed in seed beds, seed boxes or in
individual plastic bags.
The components of the growing media and their proportion are:
o 1 part garden soil
o 1 part coco coir
o 1 part compost
o 1 part sawdust/rice hull
5
After the components are mixed thoroughly, the growing media
should be sterilized. Sterilization could be done by:
o burning organic materials above the soil,
o pouring boiling water into the soil,
o roasting the media using a half-cut drum with set fire under it, and
o using chemicals like formaldehyde at the concentration of 3-5 tbsp
per gallon of water and drenching the media in the solution.
After the soil media is sterilized, it is ready to be placed in the seed
beds, seed boxes or in the individual plastic bags.
How to Place the Soil Media in the Seed Box
1. Put small flat stones on top of each hole at the bottom of the seed
box.
2. Fill one half of the seed box with coarse sterilized soil.
3. Level and press the surface a little bit.
4. Place the fine, heated soil on the surface. Fill up to about 3
centimeters below the edge of the seed box.
5. Level the surface and press the soil again.
The same procedure is followed in filling in the individual plastic
bags except the first procedure.
LET US REMEMBER
The success of growing seedlings depends on the proper

preparation of the growing media.
Answer the following questions briefly.

1. What are the components of the growing media and their proper
ratio and proportion? (5 pts)
2. Why do we need to sterilize the growing media? (5 pts)
As part of your project, gather 50 kilograms of each of the different

components of the growing media and mix them thoroughly. You will use
the mixed media in your seed bed, seed boxes or individual pots. Show
your group leader the growing media you gathered for him/her to check
and record. The leader will then report to the teacher.
6
RESOURCES
growing media components

garden soil
coco coir
compost
sawdust/rice hull
trowel
shovel
socks
container
pot/plastic bag
blunt stick
REFERENCES
Introduction to Tropical Horticulture (1994)

SEAMEO-SEARCA
by Bautista Ok
Mango Technical Committee (1994)
Philippine Recommended for Mango
PCARRD pp 10-24
7
LESSON 2
SELECT THE VARIETY TO PLANT
This lesson deals with selecting the variety of fruit-bearing crops to

plant. Specifically, it includes the study of the good qualities of seeds and
the varieties to plant.

1. identify and select good quality seeds;
2. determine the varieties to plant; and
3. recognize the importance of planting good quality seeds and
varieties suitable to the locality.
LET US STUDY
Let us Define
seed – a fertilized and ripened ovule which may develop into a young
plant by germination
variety – a group of cultivars which by species, by structural features and
by performances can be identified from one another
mother plant – a plant from which propagating materials are taken
viability – refers to the ability of seeds to germinate
How to Select Good Seeds
Good seeds are essential to the success of growing fruit-bearing

crops. It must be remembered that a careful and efficient pomologist
cannot achieve success with poor quality seeds.
Seed selection can be made on locally grown seeds. High yielding
seed varieties must be selected. The mother plant should be sturdy,
vigorous and of good quality.
8
Characteristics of Good Seeds
Good seeds are essential in the success of crop growing. The most
careful and efficient grower cannot achieve success in selecting good
seeds even if he gives the closest attention to all other factors of
production. Therefore, thorough and careful selection of seeds should be
observed.
Good seeds have the following characteristics:
1. Good seeds should be viable. The viability of seed refers to its power
to germinate and produce strong and healthy plants.
2. Good seeds must be fully matured. The embryo is fully developed in
ripe seed.
3. Good seeds are usually fresh. Crop plants differ greatly in length of
time. They retain their viability. Usually, the strength of
germination decreases after the seed reaches two years old.
4. Good seeds should be free from seed borne diseases. The grower
should test the presence of any disease in his seeds.
5. Good seeds should be true-to-type. This means that the seed is not
mixed with off-type seed or other varieties.
6. Good seeds should be damage-free. They should be free from any
damage done by insects or mechanical elements.
7. Good seeds should be free from weed seeds and other foreign
materials.
Select the Variety to Plant
Selecting the variety to plant is a very important activity in

producing fruit-bearing crops. There are important points to consider in
choosing the types and species of trees to grow.
The following are the important points that a prospective fruit crop
grower should consider in choosing the varieties to plant.
1. Select types and species of fruit-bearing crops that thrive in
your locality. One common mistake in growing fruit-bearing crops
is the planting of varieties that are not adapted to the place. No
matter where you live, there are many varieties of fruit-bearing
crops that you can grow. A prospective fruit-bearing crop grower
should be guided by the experiences of successful growers in the
neighborhood, or from farm management technicians in the
locality.
2. Give preference to types and species with high quality. The
chief requisites of fruit-bearing crops of a commercial variety are
productivity and appearance while the chief requisite of a variety
for home is quality. It will be best for the fruit-bearing crop grower
to study varieties by giving
a. Emphasis on quality not on quantity or appearance.
b. If varieties found in your locality have all the three points, so
much the better.
9
3. Select the types and species of trees you like best. Select your
favorite varieties even though these are not commonly considered
high quality.
4. Decide the number of varieties to plant. A home fruit-bearing
crop grower should plant more varieties whereas a commercial
Grower should plant less varieties throughout the year. In the
commercial fruit orchard, it is better to have only few varieties for
business reasons.
5. Consider the market you are to serve. A fruit-bearing crop farm
is a long term enterprise. It is then important to consider what the
market likes than to persuade consumers to accept unwanted
commodities. Crop growers should know what the consuming
public want and can project when their fruit-bearing crops will
bear fruits. They should also be keen about trends and tendencies
that will aid in forecasting demands.
Types of Fruit-bearing Crops for Planting
Province Major Philippine Minor Philippine Fruit-bearing

Fruit-bearing Crops crops
Northern jackfruit, mandarin, Philippine lemon, grapes,
Luzon orange, pomelo, rambutan, caimito, camachili,
mango, banana duhat, cashew
Central citrus, mango avocado, chico, duhat, cashew,
Luzon guava, caimito, siniguelas,
tamarind, santol, grapes
Southern jackfruit, papaya, atis, avocado, chico, guyabano,
Luzon citrus, banana rambutan, lanzones, santol,
siniguelas
Visayas mango, banana, avocado, duhat, caimito, grapes,
jackfruit pili nut
Mindanao banana, papaya, lanzones, rambutan, guyabano,
citrus, mango santol, durian, guava, atis, chico,
caimito, grapes
LET US REMEMBER
The measure of success of fruit-bearing crops, be it for backyard or

commercial purposes, is viewed on the quality and quantity produced.
This could be attained by taking into consideration the following factors
in selecting the variety of fruit-bearing crops to plant.
o Plant crops that thrive in your locality.
o Give preference to fruit-bearing crops of high quality.
o Select and plant fruit-bearing crops that you like best.
o Decide how many varieties you will plant.
o Consider the market you are to serve.
10
Select the best answer by writing only the LETTER of your answer
in your quiz notebook.
1. Which of the following is NOT true in selecting variety to plant?
a. It should thrive in your locality.
b. It should have quality and quantity produce.
c. It should be liked by the family and buyers.
d. It should depend upon the size and appearance of the seeds.
2. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of good quality
seeds?
a. viable c. immature
b. clean d. true-to-type
3. Which is considered as the chief requisite of fruit-bearing crops of
commercial variety?
a. high quality and quantity
b. profitable
c. attractive appearance
d. productive and of good appearance
4. Why is there a need to plant more types and varieties of fruit-
bearing crops in backyard fruit growing?
a. It gives aesthetic beauty to the area.
b. It gives enough shade for the animals.
c. It provides continuous supply of fruits throughout the year.
d. It shows that the family members are fruit lovers.
5. Which of the following is NOT a major Philippine fruit-bearing
crop?
a. mango c. banana
b. citrus d. atis
Visit your school nursery and select variety to plant based on what
you have learned.
RESOURCES
school nursery textbook
seedling other reading materials
seeds modules
REFERENCES
Technology and Home Economics

Agriculture and Fishery Technology
Plant and Crop Productions (SEDP Series)
Agriculture Arts (SEDP-NSEC Series)
11
LESSON 3
TREAT AND SOW SEEDS
This lesson focuses mainly on the objectives and methods of seed

treatment and sowing of seeds.

1. learn the objectives of seed treatment;
2. practice seed treatment;
3. perform sowing of seeds; and
4. develop patience in treating and sowing of seeds.
LET US STUDY
Let us Define
seed treatment – the operation applied to seeds to prevent them from the
attack of insect pests and diseases. It also hastens the seed
germination
dormancy – the rest period of seeds
viability – the ability of the seeds to germinate and continue their growth
until they have consumed their stored food.
Objectives of Seed Treatment
1. Allow the after-ripening process. Some seeds do not germinate

readily if they are planted immediately after harvesting. They are
dormant. This condition is called true dormancy. They have to be
allowed to after-ripen, that is, to allow to continue after harvest the
process of ripening which had started in the seeds before being
harvested. To do this, simply give them time before sowing.
2. Hasten germination. Seed already have ripening rest or true
dormancy but cannot germinate because of unfavorable
environment. As a result, germination of seed in hastened through
false dormancy.
12
Ways of hastening germination:
a. By soaking in water for 12 to 24 hours before sowing. This
method can be improved by soaking the seeds in water with a
temperature of 60°C to 65°C and keeping them in the water for
10 to 15 minutes.
b. By breaking the seed coat or by making the seed coat thin to
facilitate entrance of water into the embryo. These methods are
applied to seeds with hard seed coats.
c. By filing or by rubbing them against sand paper. This method is
called seed scarification. It is used for other seeds with hard
seed coats.
d. By treating seeds with sulfuric acid which makes the seed coat
thinner.
3. Treat seeds against seed-borne diseases and pests
a. Hot water treatment is done by dipping the seeds for few
minutes.
b. Chemical treatment is a very common method of disinfecting
seeds in the form of solution or water suspension or in the form of
dust. Seed dusting consists of coating the seed with the dust of a
certain kind of product like arasan and ceresan. This method is not
environmentally friendly.
Sowing of Seeds
Propagation by seed is also called sexual method of propagation

because it involves the two sexes-the male and the female, and the seed
is a product of two. Usually, we propagate a plant by seed when we are
after a rapid rate of multiplication.
Sometimes we don’t use the seeds. Instead, we use the vegetative
parts like suckers, marcots, cuttings, bulbs or other parts depending
upon the plant.
Even if a given seed is viable, there is no full assurance that it will
germinate, unless the conditions necessary for germination are provided.
These conditions are the germinating medium, moisture, free oxygen,
certain degree of warmth. We must not forget the manner of sowing the
seeds.
The seeds are sown either in seed beds, seed boxes, or in individual
pots or plastic bags.
The beds for starting fruit-bearing crops may be constructed out of
banana stalks, hollow blocks, or logs. These should be placed inside a
nursery shed made for this purpose. The latter is preferable by most
growers as it provides ample protection for seedlings to grow healthy.
Most seeds of fruit trees should be planted in a shallow hole. Stray
animals should be kept out by fencing the nursery site.
13
In case of seed bed sowing, seeds of fruit-bearing crops are spaced
not so close to each other so as to give the seeds enough space to grow
until they are transferred to their permanent places.
Fruit-bearing crops such as mango, avocado, citrus, and chico
start from seeds, cuttings, and other means of vegetative propagation.
Many kinds of seeds may be drilled separately in nursery rows, tin
cans, or plastic bags where the trees are to remain for a year or more.
This treatment is suitable for jackfruit, santol, atis, avocado, rambutan,
lanzones, and duhat.
The seeds should be watered frequently to ensure the desired
growth of the seedlings.
LET US REMEMBER
Seed treatment is very important in the growing of fruit-bearing

crops. To economize time, money and effort, seeds should be treated
properly in order to protect them against seed borne diseases and hasten
germination to produce quality seeds for planting.
Match the words in Column A with their descriptions in Column B

by writing the letter only. Write your answers in your quiz notebook.
Column A Column B
1. seed a. asexual method of propagation
treatment b. the rest period of seeds
2. dormancy c. not environmentally friendly method of
3. viability seed treatment
4. chemical d. the ability of the seed to germinate
treatment e. operation involved in treating the seeds to
5. propagation prevent the attack of insect pests and
by seed diseases and to hasten germination
Perform seed growing of fruit bearing crops in your prepared

polyethylene plastic bags. Sow at least 25 seeds of mango.
14
RESOURCES
seeds
container
pail
basin
knife
chemicals
personal protective equipment
REFERENCES
Propagation of Horticulture Plants

by Adriance and Brison
McGraw-Hill Publication in the Agricultural Sciences
15
POST TEST:
Read and answer each of the questions carefully. Write only the
letter of your answer in your quiz notebook.
1. Which of the following is the recommended growing media for fruit-
bearing crops?
a. equal parts of garden soil, compost, sieved sand and sawdust
b. 2 parts of coco coir, 1 part of compost, ½ part of sawdust and ½
part of garden soil
c. equal parts of garden soil, coco coir, sawdust/rice hulls and
compost
d. equal parts of loam soil, sand, sawdust/rice hulls and manure
2. What should you do to protect your propagating material from the

infection caused by soil borne diseases?
a. Analyze the soil.
b. Fertilize the soil.
c. Sterilize the soil.
d. Irrigate the soil.
3. Which of the following is NOT a good characteristic of seeds to be

propagated?
a. clean seeds
b. immature seeds
c. viable seeds
d. true-to-type seeds
4. Which of the following can best guide you in selecting varieties of

fruit-bearing crops to plant?
a. reading books and pamphlets about raising fruit trees
b. listening to the advice of farm management technicians in the
locality
c. listening and following the advice of the experienced successful
growers in the neighborhood
d. b and c
5. Which should not be considered when deciding what variety to

plant?
a. Fruit-bearing crop farm as a long-term enterprise.
b. Difficulty of persuading consumers to buy what they don’t like.
c. Knowing what the consumers want and projecting when their
fruit-bearing crops bear fruits.
d. Introducing of new varieties to persuade consumers to buy them
.
6. Which of the following treatments is used against seed borne
diseases?
a. soaking in water or partial burning
b. applying chemical treatment and hot water treatment
c. filing or rubbing them against coarse objects
d. breaking or the seed coat thinning making
16
7. Which of the following is also called sexual propagation?
a. planting cuttings
b. using roots
c. planting seeds
d. planting underground stems
8. One of the following is not a reason for treating your seeds before
planting them?
a. to allow after-ripening process
b. to hasten germination
c. to ensure seeds against seed-borne diseases
d. to determine the number of seeds to be planted in a certain area
9. Which of the following is NOT a condition necessary for

germination of seeds?
a. germinating medium and its moisture content
b. degree of warmth and free oxygen
c. time of sowing the seeds
d. manner of sowing the seeds
10. Which of the following methods of sowing fruit-bearing tree seeds is

not usually practiced?
a. drilling in separate furrows in the nursery
b. broadcasting in the nursery beds
c. individual sowing of seeds
d. sowing seeds not so close to each other in seed boxes
17
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
PAGE
MODULE 2. Growing of seedlings................................ 1

LESSON 1.Prepare the growing media.......................... 4

Let us study......................................................... 4
Let us remember.................................................. 5
Resources............................................................ 5
References........................................................... 5
LESSON 2. Select the variety to plant......................... 7

Let us study.......................................................... 7
Let us remember................................................... 10
Resources............................................................. 10
References............................................................ 10
LESSON 3. Treat and sow seeds................................... 11

Let us study........................................................... 11
Let us remember................................................... 13
Resources.............................................................. 14
18
References............................................................. 14
Post test................................................................ 15
19
HIGH SCHOOLS
COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL
FOURTH
YEAR
HORTICULTURE NC II
Module No. 3 Module Title: TRANSPLANTING OF SEEDLINGS
0
MODULE III

BEARING CROPS
MODULE TITLE : TRANSPLANTING OF
SEEDLINGS
NOMINAL DURATION : 70 HOURS

transplanting seedlings. It includes applying of basal fertilizer,
transplanting of seedlings and taking of the transplanted seedlings.
Upon the completion of the module, you should be able to:
1. apply basal fertilizers;
2. transplant seedlings; and
3. take care and manage the transplanted seedlings.
Pre-Test:
Read carefully and answer each of the questions below. Select the
best answer from the choices given. Write the LETTER only of your
answer on your quiz notebook.
1. Which of the following best describes an organic fertilizer?
a. decomposed plant and animal wastes
b. any organic or inorganic material of any natural or synthetic
origin which is added to the soil for plant growth
c. does not contain organic material
d. all of the above
2. What refers to the practice of gradually or exposing the seedlings to

full sunlight at least a week before transplanting?
a. roguing c. hardening
b. pricking d. transplanting
3. What is the process of transferring the seedlings from the nursery

to the field?
a. pricking c. transplanting
b. roguing d. hardening
1
4. Which of the following is not a proper way of handling planting
materials?
a. lifting c. mud pudding
b. trimming d. hardening
5. Which is NOT true about fertilizers?

a. made up of decomposed plant and animal wastes
b. material added to the soil to supply plant food element
c. inorganic material of synthetic origin added to the soil to
improve plant growth
d. none of these
2
LESSON 1
APPLY BASAL FERTILIZERS
This lesson deals with the application of basal fertilizer and

methods of transplanting fruit bearing seedlings.

1. apply basal fertilizer at the correct rate before transplanting the
seedlings; and
2. develop diligence in applying basal fertilizers.
LET US STUDY
Let us define
fertilizer – organic or inorganic compound added to the soil to supply
nutrient elements for the normal growth of plants
organic fertilizer – fertilizer derived from plants and animals
inorganic fertilizer – fertilizers derived from minerals, atmospheric gases,
water and other materials
A fertilizer is any organic or inorganic material of natural or
synthetic origin which is added to the soil to supply certain elements
essential to plant growth. Fertilizer materials are used to increase growth
rate, yield and quality or nutrition value of plants.
As a rule, no fertilizer is needed at the time of planting. However, if
the area or field is depleted, basal application of organic fertilizer is
practiced. The organic fertilizer is placed at the bottom of the hole mixed
with previously removed top soil from the hole. If the area or field is
newly opened, applying basal fertilizer is no longer needed. This is
because the field that is newly opened for planting fruit-bearing crops is
very fertile.
After the first crop has become established and growth has begun,
apply a small amount of soluble nitrogen fertilizer is beneficial. This
fertilizer should be applied around the crop, about 15 to 30 cm from the
trunk. When poor growth is observed during the use of nitrogen, only
then should the other elements be used. Soil specialists in the locality
should be consulted for the best fertilizer suited to the crop but it would
be even better if we get advice from fruit-bearing crop growers in the
locality.
3
LET US REMEMBER
The amount and kind of fertilizer to be added to the soil depend

primarily on the nutrient requirement of the crop and the amount of
nutrient the soil can supply.
Read and understand the questions below. Write your answers in

your quiz notebook.
1. Differentiate organic from inorganic fertilizers. (2 points)
2. When do you apply basal fertilizers to fruit-bearing crops? (1 point)
3. Why is there a need to apply basal fertilizer to fruit-bearing crops?
(2 points)
1. Prepare the materials to be used in applying fertilizer.

2. Proceed to the practical training area of your school and perform
fertilizer application based on the methods you have learned.
RESOURCES
fertilizer trowel
plastic containers pail
rake field
REFERENCES
Technology and Home Economics (SEDP Series)

Public School Edition
First Edition 1991
Philippine Copyright 1992
Abiva Publishing House Inc
Agriculture and Fishing Technology
Plant and Crop Production
4
LESSON 2
TRANSPLANT SEEDLINGS
This lesson deals with transplanting of seedlings. It includes proper

handling of seedlings, methods and procedures in transplanting
seedlings.

1. observe proper handling of seedlings;
2. transplant seedlings properly;
3. practice the procedure in transplanting; and
4. appreciate transplanting of fruit-bearing tree seedlings.
LET US STUDY
Let us Define
transplanting – the process of transferring the seedlings from the nursery

to the field or to their permanent places in the field
seeds – fertilized and ripened ovule which may develop into a plant by
germination
hardening – the practice of gradually exposing the seedlings to full
sunlight at least a week before transplanting
blocking – the process of trimming the damaged roots of seedlings
Transporting of Seedlings
Seedlings should be given the proper care when transporting.

Always place the seedlings in a packing material or any available material
to avoid damage. When transporting seedlings from the nursery to the
planting site some considerations are to be followed like keeping the roots
moist and the tops dry. Keep as much soil on the roots as possible and
settle the soil around it. Seedlings should be provided with shade like
banana leaf or any available material that may keep them from direct
sunlight while transporting. Handle the seedlings carefully before and
after transporting to avoid bruising or breaking.
5
After the soil has been prepared and the field laid out, staked and
holes dug, the next step is to transplant the seedlings. Prior to
transplanting, application of basal fertilizer is done especially to areas
that are depleted with nutrients. Newly developed areas or fields,
however, do not need basal application of fertilizer in the sense that there
is a lot of accumulated organic matter in the field.
Organic matter such as chicken, horse, rabbit, cow and other
animal manures make an excellent soil conditioner aside from their
function to supply the essential plant food nutrients.
Transplanting of Seedlings
Take enough time when planting seedlings. It is cheaper to spend

plenty of time in planting than to repeat the process because of careless
planting. Seedlings should be hardened at least a week before they are
transplanted to obtain good lead start for the plants.
When to Plant
For best yields and quality of products, planting crop requires a

correct season of the year and time of the day in places where there is no
irrigation or water supply.
Generally, permanent crops are best planted during the rainy
season. Whenever planting materials are available it would be better to
set the plants after the first rain of the rainy season. Early planting gives
ample chance for the plants to develop a good root system before the
beginning of the dry season; thereby, mortality due to the effects of
drought is minimized. However, if planting will be done in the backyards,
only small scale planting is done any time of the year. The grower can
afford to water the newly set seedlings and can provide shade if
necessary.
In the first module, you already have studied the methods of
digging holes to set the fruit bearing tree seedlings.
Procedure in Transplanting
1. Water the seedlings in seed box or seed bed before the seedlings
are pulled out so that the soil will be loosened and the seedlings
will not suffer from many broken roots.
2. Dig a shallow hole in the soil with the aid of a small bolo, trowel or
stick.
3. Place the seedling carefully into the hole of the same depth as it
was in the seed box or seed bed without disturbing the ball of earth
around the roots, or set it a little deeper than when it was in the
seed box.
6
4. Cover the hole until the mound of earth is formed around the stem.
5. Press down the soil with the hand carefully.
6. Water the newly transplanted seedlings immediately.
Proper Handling of Planting Materials
1. Lifting. Water the seedlings first. Then lift the seedling with the aid
of a trowel, shovel or similar tools.
2. Trimming. Cut or trim one half of each leaf to lessen transpiration.

Do not cut the leaves too close to the stem. An equal reduction is
made in the shoot and roots.
3. Mud pudding. This is done to protect the roots of seedlings from

drying after they are lifted and trimmed.
a. Make a hole and fill it with water.

b. Add pulverized soil into the hole and mix them thoroughly until
the mixture is like a thick paint.
c. Dip the roots of seedlings in the mixture to coat the roots with
mud.
4. Packing. Banana leaf sheath and gunny sack may be used in
packing the seedlings.
a. Banana leaf sheath
7
b. Gunnysack
Dibbling
Planting is done with the help of a dibble or any pointed tool that
can be used to make holes in the soil. The process is called dibbling.
Steps in dibbling:
1. Plunge dibble at an angle, then push forward to upright position.
2. Place seedling against flat side of a planting hole.
3. Plunge dibble into ground three inches from seedling.
4. Pull handle of dibble to firm the soil at the bottom of the roots.
5. Push handle of dibble forward to pack the soil at the top of the
roots.
6. Plunge dibble into the ground three inches from the last hole to
close hole.
7. Fill the last hole by tramping the soil with your heel.
8. Stamp your feet around the seedling to eliminate air pockets.
Planting Potted or Balled Seedlings

1. Remove the pots before setting them. Take care not to break ball or
earth enclosing the root system.
8
2. Make a hole big enough to contain the seedlings with its ball of
earth.
3. Set plant with its ball of earth. Fill empty spaces thoroughly.
4. Level off soil around the stem of the plants.
LET US REMEMBER
General Rules in Transplanting Seedlings
1. The roots of seedlings should be planted deep enough so as not to

be reached by the downward drying of the soil during summer
months.
2. The root collar should be approximately in the same position as it
was in the nursery. In planting, give allowance for the soil
recession.
3. The root system should be given as much space as possible so that
the position of the roots is almost the same as it was in the
nursery. Roots should not be curled upward. For bigger seedlings
with long top root and wide spreading lateral roots, make deeper
and wider holes.
4. Set the seedling on mounds when planting in an area with poor
drainage.
5. Set the seedlings below the general level of the soil when planting
in an arid area. Use small canals, trenches or furrows.
6. Use only the best and fresh soil without undecomposed organic
matter in filling the holes above the roots.
7. Make a step-like niche inclining towards the slope when planting
along the slope. The seedling should be planted in the middle of the
niche.
8. Set only one plant in one hole except under certain conditions for
beautification, soil control, and if the capacity of one plant to
survive is doubtful.
9. The trees should be planted erectly and the soil around the roots
should be thoroughly made firm.
10. It is most economical to use the smallest seedlings provided. They
will be able to survive in the plantation.
9
A. Fill in the blanks with a word or group of words to complete the

sentence.
1. After the soil has been prepared, staked and holes dug, the next
activity is to _________ the seedlings.
2. The process of transferring the seedlings from the nursery to their
permanent places in the field is called _________.
3. _________ is gradually exposing the seedlings to full sunlight at
least a week before transplanting.
4. The best time to transplant seedlings is during the _________.
B. Arrange the steps in transplanting fruit-bearing seedlings by
numbering them chronologically.
1. Dig a shallow hole in the soil with the aid of a small bolo, trowel or
stick.
2. Hold the plant to stand erect.
3. Water the seedlings in seed box or seed bed before the seedlings
are pulled out so that the soil will be loosened and the seedlings
will not suffer from many broken roots.
4. Press down the soil with the hand carefully so as not to break
roots.
5. Water the newly transplanted seedlings immediately.
6. Place the seedling carefully into the hole of the same depth as it
was in the seed box or seed bed without disturbing the ball of earth
around the roots, or set it at a little deeper than what it was in the
seed box.
7. Cover the hole until the mound of earth is formed around the stem.
Proceed to the school nursery and prepare the materials or tools to

be used in transplanting. Perform transplanting of seedlings following the
correct methods and procedures you have learned.
RESOURCES
seedlings
trowel
sprinkler
packing materials
materials for shading the seedlings
field or site selected for transplanted seedlings
10
REFERENCES
Technology and Home Economics II

Agricultural Arts
Abiva Publishing House Inc.
American Horticultural Society: Gardening Manual
Dorling Kindersley Publishing Inc, 2000
Copyright
Home and School Vegetables Gardening
Copyright 1988
by Aquilino R. Rivera
11
LESSON 3
TAKE CARE AND MANAGE TRANSPLANTED SEEDLINGS
This lesson deals with the care and management of transplanted

seedlings.

1. irrigate the transplanted seedlings thoroughly;
2. make a tree guard for the transplanted seedlings; and
3. develop resourcefulness and industry.
LET US STUDY
Let us Define
seedling – a young plant grown from a seed

weeds – plants that grow in places where they are not wanted and
become troublesome
irrigation – the supply of water to the soil
After transplanting the seedlings, give immediate attention to
protect the young plants from astray animals that eat their leaves and
stems by making a tree guard. However, is not an absolute guarantee
that your plants will be safe from animals.
Irrigation is also a very essential factor in the life of newly
transplanted seedlings. Irrigate the newly transplanted seedlings daily,
preferably early in the morning or late in the afternoon.
Methods of Irrigation
1. Furrow irrigation. It is a practical method where sufficient volume

of water is supplied to the farm by means of shallow canals in
between rows.
2. Sprinkler irrigation. It is the overhead irrigation where water is
applied to the plants in a fine mist.
12
Cultivation and Weeding
The growth of weeds is a serious problem in newly transplanted

seedlings. They do not only compete with the young plants for the
available plant food and water in the soil but also serve as alternate host
of major pests and diseases of the young plants. Cultivate the soil around
the young trees. Weeding may be done simultaneously.
Conditions for Good Cultivation
1. Cultivation should be made where the soil is just moist but not too
wet. An ordinary hoe or trowel should be used for cultivating the
soil around the plant.
2. Cultivation should always be shallow. Deep cultivation is quite
harmful to the shallow roots of the plant.
3. Cultivation should be done as the need arises.
Application of Fertilizer
Start applying either complete or nitrogenous fertilizer at planting

time by side-dressing method or ring method. Whenever necessary, apply
the transplanted seedlings with the right kind and amount of fertilizer.
Control of Insect Pests and Diseases
Biological and sound management practices should be made an

integral part of the overall control strategy. Apply pesticide or insecticide
to the plant wherever it is needed to control insect pests and diseases
that may infest it.
Tree Guards
Tree guards are necessary right after seedlings are transplanted.

The size of the tree guard depends upon the height of the growing
seedlings.
Procedures in Making Tree Guards
Materials needed
o 4 pieces vertical post (wood) – 2" × 2" × 4 feet
o 8 pieces horizontal bar – 1" × 2" × 20"
o 32 pieces nail
13
Tools needed
o bolo/cross cut saw
o hammer
o crowbar
o sledge hammer
Steps in Constructing a Tree Guard
1. Prepare all the materials and tools.
2. Cut the wood according to specified size.
3. Sharpen the end of each four posts.
4. Nail the eight pieces of horizontal bars, two (2) pieces on each side.
Space the horizontal bar as needed.
5. Nail the bar on the post.
6. Dig four holes around the plants. See to it that the guard is
securely staked at the ground.
LET US REMEMBER
Growing seedlings should be well protected and properly cared for

until they are fully grown.
Answer the following questions briefly.

1. How do you care for newly transplanted seedlings? (5 points)
2. Enumerate the materials needed in constructing tree guards. (5
points)
Construct and place tree guards to your newly transplanted

seedlings.
RESOURCES
sprinkler bolo
water pump wood
crowbar tie wire
hammer cross cut saw
nails posts
14
REFERENCES

Agricultural Arts (SEDP-NSEC Series)
Philippine Copyright 1992
Abiva Publishing House Inc.
Effective Technology and Home Economics
Copyright 2000
Adriana Publishing Co. Inc.
15
POST-TEST:
Read carefully and answer each of the questions below. Select the
best answer from the choices given. Write only the LETTER of the correct
1. Which is NOT true about fertilizers?
a. It is made up of decomposed plant and animal wastes.
b. It is a material added to the soil to supply plant food element.
c. It is an inorganic material of synthetic origin added to the soil to
minimize plant growth.
d. None of these.
2. Which of the following best describes an organic fertilizer?
a. It contains decomposed plant and animal wastes
b. It is any organic or inorganic material of any natural or
synthetic origin
c. It does not contain organic material
d. all of the above
3. The process of transferring the seedlings from the nursery to the
field is
a. pricking c. transplanting
b. rouging d. hardening
4. The practice of gradually exposing the seedlings to full sunlight at
least a week before transplanting is
a. rouging c. hardening
b. pricking d. transplanting
5. Which of the following is not a proper handling of planting
materials?
a. lifting c. mud pudding
b. trimming d. hardening
16
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
PAGE
MODULE 3. Transplanting of seedlings........................ 1

LESSON 1.Apply basal fertilizer.................. ................. 3

Let us study......................................................... 3
Let us remember.................................................. 4
Resources............................................................ 4
References........................................................... 4
LESSON 2. Transplant seedlings................................. 5

Let us study.......................................................... 5
Let us remember................................................... 9
Resources............................................................. 10
References............................................................ 11
LESSON 3. Take care and manages transplanted

Seedlings.................................................... 12

Let us study........................................................... 12
Let us remember................................................... 14
Resources.............................................................. 14
17
References............................................................. 15
Post test................................................................ 16
18
HIGH SCHOOLS
COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL
FOURTH
YEAR
HORTICULTURE NC II
Module No. 4 Module Title: GROWING OF FRUIT-BEARING
CROPS
0
MODULE IV

BEARING CROPS
MODULE TITLE : GROWING FRUIT-
BEARING CROPS
This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitude required in

growing fruit-bearing crops. It includes applying of fertilizer, pruning,
flower inducing and controlling of insect pests and diseases.
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:

1. apply fertilizer;
2. prune trees;
3. induce flowers; and
4. control insect pests and diseases.
Pre-Test:
Choose the letter of the correct answer to each of the following

questions. Write the letter of your answer on your quiz notebook.
1. Which chemical compounds are added to the soil to supplement
plant nutrients?
a. water c. fertilizers
b. inducers d. pesticides
2. What is the process of applying fertilizer on the leaves of fruit-
bearing crops?
a. side dressing c. band application
b. foliar application d. broadcasting method
3. Which of the following is not an organic fertilizer?
a. compost c. urea
b. green manure d. bat manure
1
4. Which of the following is NOT true about pruning?
a. It controls the height, size and shape of the tree crown.
b. It removes undesirable branches.
c. It removes diseased branches and water sprouts.
d. It prevents the new growth of shoots.
5. What type of pruning is performed to retain the apical dominance
of the remaining branches?
a. heading-back c. thinning-out
b. top pruning d. blocking
6. Which chemicals are applied to fruit trees to promote flowering?
a. fertilizers c. inducers
b. insecticides d. pesticides
7. What is the traditional flower inducing method?
a. fertilizing c. smudging
b. burning d. smoking
8. What is the collective term for chemical materials used to control
and destroy pests?
a. insecticide c. herbicide
b. pesticide d. fungicide
9. Which term refers to chemical compounds used to kill insects?
a. pesticides c. insecticides
b. fungicides d. nematocides
10. What is the method of controlling insect pests and diseases that
adopt a system of crop rotation?
a. genetic c. biological
b. chemical d. cultural
11. Which does not belong to classifications of insecticides according to
formulation?
a. granules c. stomach poisons
b. wettable powder d. emulsifiable concentrate
12. How do stomach poisons kill insects?
a. entering through the alimentary canal
b. penetrating the body wall
c. entering through the respiratory system
d. translocation in the different insect body parts
13. What method of controlling insects is practiced by a farmer that
allows the existence of natural enemies of insect pests in his farm?
a. genetic
b. biological
c. chemical
d. cultural
14. Which of the following is a sucking insect?
a. termite
b. cutworm
c. mealy bug
d. white grub
2
15. Which of the following insects discharge foul odor and suck the sap
of plants?
a. thrips
b. stink bugs
c. click beetles
d. branch twig borer
16. What is the traditional flower inducing method of producing fire
under the tree to produce smoke?
a. fertilizing c. smudging
b. burning d. smoking
17. What is the collective term for chemical materials used to control
and destroy pests?
a. insecticide c. herbicide
b. pesticide d. fungicide
a. pesticides c. insecticides
b. fungicides d. nematocides
a. genetic c. biological
b. chemical d. cultural
20. Which does not belong to classifications of insecticides according to
formulation?
a. granules c. stomach poisons
b. wettable powder d. emulsifiable concentrate
22. What method of controlling insects is practiced by a farmer that
a. genetic
b. biological
c. chemical
d. cultural
a. termite
b. cutworm
c. mealy bug
d. white grub
of plants?
a. thrips
b. stink bugs
c. click beetles
3
LESSON 1
APPLY FERTILIZER
This lesson deals with the methods of fertilizer application on fruit-

bearing crops. It also includes the recommended rate and kind of
fertilizers to be applied and the schedule of each application.
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

1. identify the methods of fertilizer application;
2. determine the recommended rate and kind of fertilizer to be applied
at specific stage of growth of fruit crops;
3. demonstrate the methods of applying fertilizer; and
4. recognize the value of plant nutrition.
LET US STUDY
Let Us Define
nutrients – substances that nourish and promote growth

fertilizer – any material of natural or synthetic origin which is added to
the soil to supply certain elements needed for normal plant growth
and development
organic fertilizer – a kind of fertilizer produced from decayed plants and
animals
inorganic fertilizer – a kind of fertilizer made up of chemical elements
from mineral origin
Crop nutrition is a very important factor in order to increase
production. Plants absorb significant amount of macro-nutrients (N, P, K,
Ca, Mg and S) and minute quantities of micro-nutrients (Fe, Mn, B, Cu,
Zn, Mo and Cl) from the soil during their growth period. These nutrients
should be present in proper proportion in the soil to attain maximum
yield. Soil fertility management, therefore, aims to maintain the fertility
level of the soil through various manipulative ways, such as, the use of
organic and inorganic fertilizers, correction of soil acidity, and the correct
methods and timing of fertilizer application.
4
Kinds of Fertilizer
1. Organic fertilizer. This includes materials which are derived from

plants and animal origin such as animal manure and crop
residues.
a. Farm manure is a mixture of excretion and soil beddings that
are accumulated from poultry houses, swine houses, and
animal stables.
b. Crop residues include rice straws and similar materials which
can be used in the field by plowing them before planting crops
to allow decomposition. The use of green manure by planting
crops such as mungo and other low-cost crops is a cheaper way
of fertilizing the field. Green manure is produced by allowing
legumes to bear flower and plowing them under the soil to
undergo decomposition.
2. Inorganic fertilizers. These are derived from minerals,
atmospheric gases, water and other materials. Inorganic fertilizers
are classified according to the number of major elements present.
These include the following:
a. Single element fertilizers. These contain only one major
element. Examples of these are:
 nitrogen – ammonium sulfate – (NH4)2 SO4 (21-0-0)
 phosphorous – ordinary super phosphate – P2O5 (0-20-0)
 potassium – muriate of potash – K2O (0-0-60)
b. Incomplete fertilizers. These contain only two essential
fertilizer elements. Examples:
 ammonium phosphate (16-20-0)
c. Complete fertilizers. These contain all the three major
elements N (nitrogen), P (phosphorous) and K (potassium) in
percentages indicated by the three numerals designating the
fertilizer grade. Complete fertilizers are available in granular and
water soluble form.
Methods of Fertilizer Application
1. Ring method. This is done by making a ring within the canopy

drip line of the tree and digging it deeply enough to where you
broadcast the fertilizer after which the fertilizer is covered with a
layer of soil.
2. Band application. This is the application of fertilizer in which a
trench is dug around the canopy drip line of the tree and fertilizer
is applied and covered with soil.
5
Determining the kind and rate of fertilizer to be applied in the
different stages of growth of fruit-bearing crops
Fruit-bearing crops, when properly fertilized, grow well and yield

more fruits abundantly. The plants will show some visual signs whether
they are receiving an adequate or a deficient supply of the major elements
such as N, P and K:
1. Plants that are deficient in nitrogen will show varying degrees of
yellowing of the canopy and stunting appearance.
2. A deficiency of phosphorous is manifested by a violet discoloration
at the leaf midrib and as the deficiency intensifies, the leaf color
becomes dull grayish green and a burning appearance along the
leaf margin.
3. A deficiency in potassium shows a discoloration of leaves to pale
green. Brown spots developed from tip to the margin of the leaves
result to drying of the margins.
To determine the kind and rate of fertilizer to be applied in an area
depends upon the composition of fertilizer to be used. One way of
expressing the rate of fertilizer application is in kg of NPK per hectare of
land. It is important that a crop grower knows how to compute or convert
fertilizer recommendations from one form to another.
In your previews lesson in vegetable production, fertilizer
computation has already been taught. The following sample problems in
fertilizer computation will help you recall your lesson for you to use now
in fruit-bearing crop production. Refer to the following formula:
weight of nutrient recommended × 100
weight of fertilizer material =
% nutrient of fertilizer
Sample Problem
Calculate the number of kilograms of ammonium sulfate (21% N)

needed ordinary super phosphate (20% P2O5) and muriate of potash (60%
K2O) to meet the 90-60-30 recommendation.
Solution
90 × 100
a. weight of ammonium sulfate= = 429 kgs
21
60 × 100
b. weight of ordinary superphosphate = = 300 kgs
20
30 × 100
c. weight of muriate of potash= = 50 kgs
60
6
The kind and rate of fertilizer to be applied in fruit-bearing crops is
not only considered based on the deficiency symptoms for lack of the
three major elements. The specific stages of growth of the plant should
also be considered. Based on the results of soil analysis, or any visual
indication of deficiency signs, rates can be used as a starting point.
Adjustments in rates can be made in later stages of crop development
depending on the actual appearance of the plants.
Recommended Fertilizer Guide for Some Fruit-bearing Crops
The following table shows the kind and rate of fertilizer application
in terms of NPK in the different growth stages of some fruit-bearing crops
including the method and time of application.
NPK in Method of Time of
Crop
g/tree/year Application Application
Mango
start of rainy
(non-bearing) 160-70-70 band application
season
(bearing) 210-210-210
band application
Banana 160-160-120 at radius of 60 2-4 splits
cm
Pineapple
1 month 60-50-150
4 months 55-0-0 band application
7 months 60-50-150
10 month 55-0-0
Coconut
1-2 years 84-40-180 onset of rainy
band application
3-4 years 168-0-360 season
5 years and up 336-40-480
LET US REMEMBER
To have an excellent yield it is necessary for a farmer to determine

and practice the kind of fertilizer and rate of applying it. Everything must
be done according to the needs and stages of plant growth.
A. Select the best answer. Answer the following questions by writing

your answer in your quiz notebook.
1. Digging the soil within the canopy of the plant is called_____.
a. side dressing c. band application
b. ring method d. broadcasting
7
2. Which of the following fertilizers contains only two of the three
major elements?
a. single fertilizer c. incomplete fertilizer
b. complete fertilizer d. commercial fertilizer
3. Which nutrient is lacking if the plant shows varying degrees of

yellowing of the canopy and stunting in growth?
a. N c. K
b. P d. H
4. Which fertilizer is derived from minerals, atmospheric gases,

water and other materials?
a. crop residue
b. farm manure
c. organic fertilizer
d. inorganic fertilizer
5. Which of the following is NOT an example of an organic
fertilizer?
a. animal manure
b. green manure
c. compost
d. muriate of potash
B. Problem Solving
Solve the following problem to determine the weight in kg of
fertilizer to be applied. Write the solution on your quiz notebook.
Calculate the number of kilograms of ammonium sulfate
(16% N), ordinary super phosphate (24% P2O5) and muriate of
potash (60% K2O) per hectare to meet the 90-40-40
recommendation.
C. Completing the table
Given the table below, fill in the missing data to complete the
table based on the recommended fertilizer guide for fruit-bearing
crops.
NPK in Method of Time of
Crop
g/tree/year Application Application
Mango
band application start of rainy
(non-bearing) 160-7-70
twice a year season
(bearing) 210+210+210
band application
Banana 160+160+120 at radius of 60 2-4 splits
cm
Pineapple
1 month 60-50-150
4 months 55+0+0 band application -
7 months 60+50+150
10 month 55+0+0
8
Coconut -
1-2 years 84+40+180 onset of rainy
band application
3-4 years 168+0+360 season
5 years and up 336+40+480
Given all the materials to be used in fertilizing a fruit crop, go to

your school orchard and demonstrate the two methods of applying
fertilizer following the procedure. Let your teacher evaluate your job.
RESOURCES
fertilizer
container
sprinkler
water
shovel or trowel
REFERENCE
The Science of Crop Production

by Ricardo M. Lantican
9
LESSON 2
PRUNE TREES
This lesson deals with the proper pruning of trees. It includes the
appropriate tools to be used in pruning and the ways to treat pruned
trees properly.

1. identify the objectives of pruning;
2. determine the procedures in pruning trees; and
3. prune trees properly by following standard procedures.
LET US STUDY
Let us Define
pruning – a physical process of removing plant parts like growing points,

foliage and branches to attain some specific purpose
heading-back – a type of pruning in which the cuts are made at the
terminal portion of the plant
thinning-out – the complete removal of any number of branches
Pruning is a physical process of judicious removal of plant parts
like growing points or meristems, foliage or branches to attain specific
purposes. Pruning may result in over-all reduction in height, general
configuration and total photosynthetic area of the plant. The total yield of
the plant maybe reduced but the quality and size of the marketable fruits
may be enhanced. The extent of the pruning should maintain a good
balance between loss in total yield and compensation in quality factors of
marketable fruits.
Pruning is of two types based on the nature of making the cuts:
1. Heading-back - The cuts are made at the terminal portion of the
plant. Removal of the growing point will enable the sprouting of
lateral buds just below the cut and develop freely to constitute the
new lateral branches. Later, the terminal buds of these new
branches may again be nipped off to induce multiple branching.
10
2. Thinning-out. This is the complete removal of any number of
branches. The remaining branches retain their apical dominance,
suppress the development of the lateral buds and grow into sturdy
boughs.
Objectives of Pruning
Pruning is practiced to achieve certain objectives.

1. Control the height, size and shape of the crown.
Pruning is done at the early stage of development of the
plant. It consists of a series of pinching or removal of the
terminal shoots of the plant when it has grown a meter. The
purpose is to lessen the height of the main axis of the plant,
induce lateral development of branches and form a
framework for a more balanced crown. This type of pruning
is done on crops like mangoes, coffee and citrus to make
picking of fruits less time consuming, convenient and less
costly. Heading-back is also done on crops like jackfruit,
durian, lanzones and cacao in which fruits are borne along
the trunk and branches so as to have more surfaces for
fruiting.
2. Remove branches that are undesirably situated like those that
interlace with one another.
3. Remove diseased branches and fast-growing cluster of “water
sprouts” which develop at the base of the trunk or along the main
branches.
4. Remove inner branches to lessen the density of the canopy, to
allow filtration of sunlight, and to minimize the development of
diseases
5. Lessen the number of inner branches to facilitate spraying and
other operations.
6. Form a hedge and ensure regular development of shoots and young
leaves.
7. Lessen the number of branches and amount of foliage in order to
induce bearing of fruit and increase their size (i.e. grapes and
passion fruit.)
8. Remove the aging top of the plant that has become unproductive,
and has been replaced by a new growth.
This operation is called “rejuvenation” in which the old plant
is cut off and since the root system remains intact and
functional, a resurgence of new growth take place and a new
plant is formed. This is done in aging coffee and cacao trees
and mango plants that have been blown down by strong
winds.
11
How Pruning is Done
Pruning trees is simply done by using a sharp tool, either a

pruning saw, a pruning knife or a pruning shear.
The following are the steps in pruning fruit-bearing crops:
1. Trim the tree uniformly by removing relatively small branches.
Avoid cutting large branches of the tree.
2. Cut the dead, diseased and broken branches
3. Trim the leading branches when they are too high or are spreading
too wide. To do this, cut the straight stubs but not the side shoots.
4. Remove the water and intertwining sprouts altogether when they
are not needed.
5. Trim the remaining parts of the tree to be pruned.
After pruning, treat the wounds completely with paint or tar
especially those bleeding branches. For all wounds, paint is the best
material. For large wounds, tar is preferred because its substances are
better preservatives than paint. When pruning, always be ready with a
paint pot. Paint and treat the wound at once.
LET US REMEMBER
Pruning of trees in general, is indeed a necessity to maintain a

good balance between loss in total yield and compensation in quality
factors of marketable fruits. Fruit farmers should always consider
pruning as an important cultural practice in fruit farming so as to
maintain an excellent growth of trees.
Self-check:
Provide the information referred to in the following sentences. Write

your answer in your quiz notebook.
1. It refers to the removal of unnecessary parts of trees.
2. It is the best dressing material used in treating prune trees.
3. It is the complete removal of any member of branches of the tree.
4. They develop the base of the trunk or along main branches which
compete for nutrition so they need to be pruned.
5. It is the cutting of the aging top of the plant that is no longer
productive and be replaced by a new growth.
12
Go to the school orchard and choose the trees that need pruning.
Prune the trees following the standard procedures.
RESOURCES
pruning saw
pruning knife
pruning shear
paint brush
paint or coal tar
ladder
REFERENCE
The Science and Practice of Crop Production

13
LESSON 3
INDUCE FLOWERS
This lesson deals with the preparation and procedure in applying

flower inducers on fruit crops.

1. mix flower inducers properly following the recommended rate of
application;
2. apply flower inducers to fruit crops; and
3. observe safety precautions in preparing and applying chemicals.
LET US STUDY
Let us Define
flower inducers – chemicals which are applied to fruit trees to induce

flowers
smudging – building of fire under the trees so that the smoke passes
through the foliage
ethylene gas – gas contained by the smoke to induce flowering
With the increasing market demands of fruits in the country as
well as in the international market, particularly mango, fruit growers find
it difficult to cope with the needed supply. Smudging, a traditional way of
flower inducing makes inducing, difficult and laborious for fruit-growers.
Because of persistent researches in inducing flowers, there has
been a shift to chemical flower induction. This is through the use of
chemical inducers. Chemical flower forcing has proven to be a major
breakthrough in mango production in the country and has benefited
many growers. Chemical flower inducers in the local market have
potassium nitrate (KNO3) as the active ingredient. Some of the available
brands of inducers include Agriblum, Mango Bloom, Rebloom, Mangovit,
Miraclebloom and Flowerset.
However, it was found out that continuous application of chemical
inducers tends to be hazardous to the growth and lifespan of trees. It is
better to spray trees alternately for them to recover from chemical
treatment.
14
The following factors should be taken into consideration for
successful flower inducing:
1. age of the tree
2. bearing history
3. vigor of the shoots
4. concentration of the flower inducer
5. weather condition
Preparation of Potassium Nitrate (KNO3) solution
1. Weigh the required amount of potassium nitrate. For 1% solution,

weigh 1 kg of KNO3 for every 100 liters of water.
2. Put 100 liters of water in the container. Then add 1 kg of
potassium nitrate and stir thoroughly.
3. Add more water and potassium nitrate based on the recommended
rate and continuously stir until the required volume is reached.
Spraying
1. Determine the trees to be sprayed.

2. Spray the solution on the canopy starting from the top of the tree
to drench the terminal shoots and leaves.
3. Spray the trees according to the recommended schedule.
Warning
In mixing and spraying chemical flower inducers always observe

safety precautions. It is very much advisable to wear some personal
protective equipment such as gas mask and eye goggles.
Smudging
Smudging is another flower inducing method for fruit-bearing

crops, particularly on mangoes. It stimulates the tree to bear flowers
earlier and more profusely. The mango tree is ready for smudging if the
leaves are dark green or greenish brown in color and are brittle when
crushed by hand.
Smudging is subjecting the tree to heavy smoke from a fire built
under it. Dried leaves, weeds, wood and bamboo stumps may be used to
make fire. Grasses or rice hulls are placed on top of the fire so as to
produce a thick smoke. It is made sure that the dense smoke passes
through the foliage. The smoke contains ethylene gas which then
stimulates flowering.
15
LET US REMEMBER
Chemical flower inducing has been proven to be a major

breakthrough in mango production in the country and has benefited
many farmers. But it is also advisable not to continuously force the
flowering of the tree to avoid adverse effects on its growth and lifespan.
Self-check:
A. Write the missing word or group of words that will complete each of
the following sentences.
1. _________ refer to chemicals which are applied to fruit-bearing
crops to induce flowers.
2. The building of fire under the trees to produce smoke and
induce flowering is called ________.
3. A kind of gas produced by the smoke when in contact with
green leaves of the plants during the process of smudging is
called ________.
4. ________ is a chemical flower inducer commonly used by fruit
farmers particularly in mango production.
B. Answer the question briefly in your quiz notebook.

When you are mixing and spraying flower inducers on fruit-
bearing crops, what are some of the safety precautions you are
going to observe or follow?
1. Go to a nearby place with your teacher where spraying of flower

inducer in mango is about to start. Ask the farmer to let you help
in mixing the solution to be applied. Also ask him to let you help in
the actual spraying of the trees. Let the farmer rate you after the
operation.
2. You have learned that too much application of chemical flower
inducers has an ill effect on fruit trees. What will you advise the
farmers to do, so that the trees will not be harmed?
16
RESOURCES
power sprayer/knapsack sprayer

water
flower inducers
PPE (gas mask, eye goggles)
REFERENCES

1999 Mango Production Manual
17
LESSON 4
CONTROL OF INSECT PESTS AND DISEASES
This lesson deals with the different pests and diseases of fruit
crops. It includes the methods of controlling and applying the appropriate
pesticides.
1. identify insect pests and diseases of fruit-bearing crops;
2. determine the methods of controlling insect pests and diseases;
3. apply pesticides based on identified pests; and
4. observe safety precautions in applying pesticides.
LET US STUDY
Let us Define
pesticide – a collective term referring to all materials used to control and

destroy pests
insecticide – a chemical compound used to kill insects
fumigants – gas-producing substances used to control pests and diseases
Many kinds of pests and diseases affect fruit and plantation crops
that lead to great losses and cripples the industry. Examples are the
diseases that cause the collapse of thriving citrus industry in Batangas
and the papaya industry in Cavite; the cadang-cadang disease which
destroyed the coconut plantation in San Miguel Island in Bicol; and the
pod-borer which affected the profitability of cacao production. Philippine
exports of fresh fruits are constrained by the rigid requirement imposed
by buying countries. Those materials undergo the vapor heat treatment
(VHT) to eliminate the fruit fly and seed weevil pest.
Control of pests and diseases of perennial crops is seldom
practiced by small growers. However, if the country is to expand the
production of high-value crops and meet the discriminating requirements
of the markets, then control of pests and diseases should be given proper
attention.
Development of control strategies should be anchored on the principle of

public and environmental safety.
18
The following are few of the major pests and diseases that affect the
fruit and plantation crop industries:
Major Insect Pests of Fruit-bearing Crops
1. Mealy bugs. Sucking and

stationary insects found
abundantly on the axils of leaves
and along the stems of plants.
Plants infested by these become
stunted and sticky in appearance.
2. Stink bugs. Adults and nymphs
discharge foul odor and suck the
sap of the plants.
3. Thrips. These insects could hardly

be recognized because they are so
tiny. The adults and larvae are
found concealed beneath the
flower spikes and leaf sheaths.
Plants severely attacked by these
pests whither, turn brownish and
eventually die.
4. Branch twig borer. These insects
live within the woody parts of fruit
crops. Trees infested with these
pests usually show signs of water-
soaked areas in the barks,
yellowing of the leaves and a sick
appearance.
5. Click beetles. The larvae of these
insects called wireworms feed on
roots and stems of various plants.
6. White grubs. These insects live in

the soil. They are the larvae of
many species of beetles. These
insects feed entirely on the roots
or tubers of the crops they attack.
7. Termites. These insects, sometimes called white ants, damage the

wooden parts of fruit crops by chewing. They can be found in the
ground or feeding in almost any place where there is dead wood.
19
8. Cutworms. These are plump, soft-bodied worms, usually dull-
colored and covered with coarse hair or bristles. Cutworms
commonly curl their bodies when disturbed. Adults of these insects
turn into moths which are dull gray or brownish yellow and fly at
night. Cutworms are chewing insects that attack nearly all crops.
They cause severe damage by cutting off new plants and by
chewing leaves of old plants.
9. Nematodes. These are microscopic and wormlike pests which feed
on the roots of fruit crops. Plant roots infested with nematodes are
twisted and discolored so plants eventually die.
Major Diseases
1. Leaf mottling (greening) of citrus caused by fastidious bacteria.

Affected plants show a reduction of leaf size and young leaves
develop a leathery consistency. Plants assume an upright habit of
growth, turning to dark olive green. Fruits are undersized and
show premature color change. Use of disease-free budwoods and
spraying of malathion or pyrethroid eliminates the insect vector.
2. Anthracnose of mango. It is caused by fungus and is a humid
weather disease favored by rains and showers. Affected fruits show
black sunken spots when ripe. Protection of plants is with the use
of synthetic benomyl (Benlate) and triazole (Score 250 EC) and
protectants like Mancozeb and Captan. The most practical is by
dropping newly harvested fruits in water heated at 52 to 55°C for
10 minutes, then cooling them in running tap water and air-dried
before packing.
3. Papaya ringspot virus. The virus is transmitted by aphids and is
also believed to be seedborne. The disease is very serious in Cavite,
Laguna and Batangas. The leaves become wrinkled and chlorotic
until finally the crown of the tree becomes disproportionately small.
Water-soaked spots appear on stems and dark green ring spot on
fruits.
There is no known varietal resistance although reports
indicate that a transgenic variety of Solo papaya which carries the
coatprotein gene from the same virus has shown resistance
although it is restricted only in Hawaii. The newly developed F1
hybrid variety of papaya at the Institute of Plant Breeding, UPLB, is
an early bearer (in 8 months) and the first crop of fruits can escape
the effects of the disease. After completing the harvest, the plants
can be removed and replaced with a new set of seedlings.
4. Leaf spot or Sigatoka disease of banana. This is caused by a
fungus. The disease is native of Southeast Asia. The leaves show
gray to dark individual spots which latter coalesce to form a light-
brown, dried-up appearance of the entire tissue. Control is by the
application of benomyl (Benlate), a preventive spraying with
Mancozerb, Bordeaux mixture (of copper sulfate, calcium
carbonate and water).
20
5. Cadang-cadang disease of coconut. The disease is caused by
virus. The disease is associated with aging of trees in which the
leaves become progressively necrotic until the tree fails to produce
any more nuts. In the advanced stage the whole crown collapses.
Control is done by replacing cadang-cadang infected trees with new
seedlings. Young trees especially if receiving proper nourishment
are not readily infected with the disease. The law prohibits coconut
planting materials to be taken out of Bicol area to prevent the
spread of the disease.
Classifications of Insecticides
1. According to formulation
a. Dusts. These are dry powdered insecticides available in pure
forms or in mixtures of insecticides with inert powder
b. Wettable powders (WP). These are produced by impregnating
inert powder with an insecticide and then adding a wetting
agent so that the powder particles can be suspended in water
upon dilution. They leave a greater residue than a toxicant on
the sprayed surface.
c. Granules. These are free-flowing grains or inert materials either
mixed or impregnated with an insecticide. They do not need any
further dilution or mixing nor do they present drift problems
during application. They can be broadcast by hand.
d. Emulsifiable concentrates (EC). These are liquid mixtures or
toxicants (insecticide) in its solvent form (usually an aromatic
oil) and an emulsifying agent which makes it possible for small
droplets of the solvent carrying the toxicants to remain
dispersed through the water when they are diluted. Emulsions
penetrate porous materials, leaving the toxicant on the sprayed
surface.
2. According to mode of physiological action

a. Stomach poisons. These must enter through the alimentary
canal to kill the insect.
b. Contact poisons. These penetrate or damage the body wall to
be effective
c. Fumigants. These are gas-producing substances that are
applied in any form that volatilizes. They enter the body through
the respiratory system, thereby causing death. Examples of
fumigants are soil fumigant, parathion and
paradichlorobenzene.
d. Systemic poisons. These are mainly stomach poisons taken up
and translocated by the plant either from application to the soil,
paddy water or plant surfaces. Examples are diazinon, azodrin
and furadan.
21
3. According to methods of application.
a. Foliar insecticides. These are applied by spraying over the
surface of the plant, or as in the case of brown plant hoppers,
toward the base of the plant
b. Systemic insecticides. These are applied by broadcasting on or
incorporating into the soil where they are absorbed by plant
roots and translocated to other parts of the plant.
4. According to chemical groups

Of all insecticides, those commonly used in the control of
pests of rice may be grouped into:
c. Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. (aldrin, BNC, DDT,
chloride, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor and thiodan). Generally,
these compounds produce neuroactive principle in the blood
that can cause death.
d. Organophosphorus insecticides (diazinon, guthion, malation,
methyl parathion and phosphamidon). These compounds act to
inhibit cholinesterase, a vital enzyme which controls the
activities of the central nervous system.
e. Carbamate insecticides (carbaryl). Its mode of action is similar
to that of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides.
Methods of Controlling Insect Pests and Diseases
Insect pests and diseases can be controlled through the following

ways:
1. Cultural control. This is done by modifying the system of crop
rotation and farm sanitation practices.
2. Biological control. This is done by promoting the existence of
natural parasites of insect pests or by introducing predators or
insect eating animals, such as frogs and spiders.
3. The use of disease-free seedlings.
4. Clean culture and removal of infested parts of the tree.
5. Chemical control. This refers to the destruction of pests and
control of diseases through the use of chemicals, such as
pesticides and insecticides.
To control pests and diseases effectively, initiate, maintain, or
intensify a plan of action. This will prevent, reduce or eliminate the
damages they cause. The first four methods given require some time to
become effective while immediate results can be attained from the fifth
control which is the chemical method.
LET US REMEMBER
Many kinds of pests and diseases affect fruit crops which cause
great losses and inflict a crippling effect on the fruit industry. Therefore,
it is a must to control such pests and diseases if not totally eradicate
them.
22
A. Match the words in Column A with the descriptions in Column B.

Write only the letter of the answer in your quiz notebook.
Column A Column B
1. stink bugs a. tiny insects concealed beneath the
2. branch twig borer flower spikes
3. cutworms b. insect that produces a foul odor
4. termites c. insects that curl their bodies when
5. white grubs disturbed
6. leaf mottling d. larvae are called wireworms
7. anthracnose e. are sometimes called white ants
8. cadang-cadang f. live on the woody parts of fruit
9. ringspot virus crops
10. leafspot g. a common disease of mango
h. the greening of citrus
i. a common disease in papaya
j. disease associated with aging trees
in coconut
B. Fill in the blanks with the word or group of words that will
complete each sentence. Write your answer in your quiz notebook.
1. __________ is a method of controlling insect pests and diseases
by modifying a system of crop rotation.
2. The destruction of insect pests and diseases with the use of
chemicals is called __________.
3. __________ is a method of control by introducing natural
enemies of insect pests.
4. __________ is the removal of infested parts of the plant.
1. Visit a nearby orchard in your community or your school orchard.

Pick and gather infested leaves, flowers, or fruits. Based on what
you have learned, identify the insect pests or diseases that infest
the tree. Also determine the method of control. Have it reported to
your teacher for assessment.
2. Also go with your teacher to a nearby mango farm where spraying
is about to start. Ask the farmer to let you assist in the job. Then
let him grade you based on your performance.
RESOURCES
pesticide pruning shears
sprayer ladder
REFERENCES

23
POST-TEST:
Choose the letter of the best answer in the following sentences.

Write the letter of your answer in your quiz notebook.
1. Chemical compounds added to the soil to supplement plant
nutrients are called
a. water
b. inducers
c. fertilizers
d. pesticides
2. The method of spraying fertilizer on the leaves of the plants is
called______.
a. side dressing
b. foliar application
c. band application
d. broadcasting method
3. Which of the following is not an organic fertilizer?
a. compost
b. green manure
c. urea
d. bat manure
4. Which of the following is NOT true about pruning?
a. it controls the height, size and shape of the tree crown
b. it removes undesirable branches
c. it removes diseased branches and water sprouts
d. it prevents the new growth of shoots
5. What type of pruning is performed to retain the apical dominance
of the remaining branches?
a. heading-back
b. top pruning
c. thinning-out
d. blocking
6. Which chemicals are applied to fruit trees to promote flowering?
a. fertilizers
b. insecticides
c. inducers
d. pesticides
7. What is the traditional flower inducing method?
a. fertilizing
b. burning
c. smudging
d. smoking
24
8. What is the collective term that refers to all chemical materials
used to control and destroy pests?
a. insecticide
b. pesticide
c. herbicide
d. fungicide
a. pesticides
b. fungicides
c. insecticides
d. nematocides
a. genetic
b. chemical
c. biological
d. cultural
11. Which does not belong to the classifications of insecticides
according to formulation?
a. granules
b. wettable powder
c. stomach poisons
d. emulsifiable concentrate
13. What method of insect control is practiced by a farmer when he
a. genetic
b. biological
c. chemical
d. cultural
a. termite
b. cutworm
c. mealy bug
d. white grub
of plants?
a. thrips
b. stink bugs
c. click beetle
25
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
PAGE
MODULE 5. Harvesting of fruits................................... 1

LESSON 1. Identify maturity indices............................ 3

Let us study......................................................... 3
Let us remember.................................................. 4
Resources............................................................ 5
References........................................................... 5
LESSON 2. Perform methods of harvesting.................. 6

Let us study.......................................................... 6
Let us remember................................................... 7
Resources............................................................. 8
References............................................................ 8
Post test................................................................ 9
26
HIGH SCHOOLS
COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL
FOURTH
YEAR
HORTICULTURE NC II
Module No. 5 Module Title: HARVESTING OF FRUITS
0
MODULE V

BEARING CROPS
MODULE TITLE : HARVESTING OF FRUITS
This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes in

harvesting fruits. It includes the maturity indices, and harvesting
methods and materials.
At the end of this module, you are expected to

1. identify maturity indices of fruits; and
2. perform the methods of harvesting.
PRE-TEST:
A. Answer the following questions. Write only the letter of your

answers in your quiz notebook.
1. A fruit is ready to harvest when ________.
a. it is fully ripe
b. the color of its skin is attractive
c. it begins to fall on the ground
d. it shows maturity signs
2. Which of the following refers to the harvesting of fruits beyond
the right time of harvest?
a. premature harvesting
b. maturity
c. delayed harvesting
d. none of the above
3. Which of the following is NOT an index of maturity of fruits?
a. appearance of the fruit
b. age of the fruit
c. cracking of the skin
d. color of the skin
1
4. Harvesting at the right stage of maturity will __________.
a. ensure good quality of harvest
b. benefit the grower and consumer
c. increase marketability of fruits
d. all of the above
5. Mango fruits mature in ________ from flowering.
a. 90 to 100 days
b. 130 to 140 days
c. 90 to 120 days
d. 80 to 100 days
B. True or False. Write True if the statement is correct and False if it

is wrong. Write your answer in your quiz notebook.
1. Harvesting of fruit-bearing crops is done only by hand-
picking.
2. Harvesting of fruits should be a little delayed if the intention is
for seed purposes.
3. Using appropriate materials in harvesting fruits is advisable to
avoid damages of fruits.
4. Delayed harvesting of fruits is advantageous to the farmer.
5. The distance of shipping fruits is a factor to be considered at
the time of harvesting.
2
LESSON 1
IDENTIFY MATURITY INDICES
This lesson deals with the maturity indices of fruits. It includes the
methods of determining such maturity indices.

1. determine the maturity indices of fruit-bearing crops;
2. identify the methods of determining maturity indices of fruit-
bearing crops; and
3. recognize the importance of determining maturity indices of fruit-
bearing crops.
LET US STUDY
Let us Define
maturity – the stage of fruit development when fruits are ready to be

harvested
delayed harvesting – harvesting of fruits beyond the right time
Harvesting at the right stage of physiological maturity of fruits will
ensure the quality of the harvest. Some fruits found in commercial stalls
are sour. They lack the desired quality because they were harvested at
immature stage and were forced to ripen. On the other hand, delayed
harvesting of the fruits affects the quality and shorten shelf-life in the
market. It is important, therefore, that the maturity indices of fruits be
the guide of the grower to maintain the freshness of fruits.
Methods of Determining Maturity Indices
1. Visualize characteristics of mature fruits such as shape and the

presence of bloom
2. Examine pulp color of representative sample of fruits
3. Use the floating method
3
Maturity Indices for Some Representative Fruit Crops
Fruit Time from Color Sound Appearance

Flowering when
to Thumped
Maturity with a
Finger
Mango 120 days green to hollow plump and
powdery green sound shiny
Banana 90-120 green to yellow
days green
Chico 120 days light to dark loosening of
brown the latex
Duhat 60 days green to dark spines set
purple or black far apart
Durian 120 days spines set
far apart
Guyabano dark and shiny
green
Pomelo green to yellow
green
Papaya yellow orange in
the apex
Rambutan reddish or
yellow
Santol 120 days green to yellow
watermelon 35-45 days white to light dull, muffled withering of
sound tendril on
stem
LET US REMEMBER
Fruits that are harvested at the right stage of maturity will ensure
good quality harvest. It is therefore a necessity to consider the maturity
indices of fruit-bearing crops.
Answer the following by writing your answers in your quiz

notebook.
1. A fruit is ready to be harvested when _________.
a. it is fully ripe
4
2. Which of the following refers to the harvesting of fruits beyond the
right time of harvesting.
b. maturity
3. Which of the following is not an index of maturity of fruits?
b. age of the fruit
4. Harvesting at the right stage of maturity will _________.
d. all of the above
a. 90 to 100 days
b. 130 to 140 days
c. 90 to 120 days
d. 80 to 100 days
Given the following chart, determine the maturity indices of the

crops indicated. Then write your answers on the respective columns.
Fruit Time from Flowering Color Appearance
to Maturity
mango
chico
papaya
duhat
banana
RESOURCES
orchard
reference materials
REFERENCES
Fabicon, James F. etal: Modern Way of Fruit Growing

Lantican, Ricardo M.: Science of Crop Production
5
LESSON 2
PERFORM METHODS OF HARVESTING
This lesson deals with the different methods and materials used in
harvesting fruits.

1. identify the methods of harvesting fruits;
2. use the appropriate materials for harvesting fruits; and
3. perform the methods of harvesting fruits.
LET US STUDY
Let us Define
harvesting – the process of picking fruits from the tree

“alawa” – a bamboo pole with catching net and a hook attached at the
end used to harvest fruits
“kaing” – bamboo basket used as a container of harvested fruits
Time to Harvest
There is a correct time for harvesting any kind of crop. Delayed

harvesting is as bad as premature harvesting. Both may be favorable to
the grower but always unfavorable to the consumers.
Factors to Consider in Harvesting Fruit-bearing Crops
1. Distance. When fruits like mango, avocado, papaya or chico are to

be transported and marketed at a considerable distance, they
should be harvested ahead of the ripening time. Otherwise, they
may be rotten along the way.
2. Purpose. Fruits intended to be eaten green should be harvested
while still young or before the ripening stage, but when intended
for seed purposes, harvesting could be delayed.
6
3. Characteristics of the fruit Some crops, although mature, appear
green during the rainy season and may not show change in color,
Therefore, the farmer should be guided by this natural behavior of
the plants in deciding the time of harvest.
Methods of Harvesting Fruits
The harvesting of fruits has not so far been mechanized, not like
other crops such as rice, sugarcane, corn and others. Fruits of fruit-
bearing crops are harvested using the hand picking method.
Harvesting of fruits should be done with utmost care. Fruits should
not be dropped to the ground to avoid damages. They should be picked
by hand with the use of the following materials:
1. picking pole with either a bag or basket at the end
2. a pole with a net and a hook at the end called “alawa” by
Pangasinenses
3. bamboo basket called “kaing” tied to a rope. This harvesting device
is brought by the climber on the tree to place the fruits he picks.
With the help of the rope the loaded basket is laid on the ground.
4. boxes and crates with liners
5. ladder
LET US REMEMBER
Hand picking of fruits should be done with utmost care using the
appropriate materials for harvesting to avoid bruises and damages on
fruits.
HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED
Read the following statements and write True if the sentence is

correct and False if it is wrong. Write your answers on your notebook.
1. Picking fruits is done only by hand-picking.
2. Harvesting of fruits should be a little bit delayed if the intention of
the harvest is for seed purposes.
3. Using appropriate materials in harvesting fruits is very much
advisable to avoid damages of the fruits.
4. Delayed harvesting of fruits is advantageous to the fruit grower.
5. The distance of shipping fruits is a factor in considering the time of
harvesting.
7
1. Go to a nearby place in your community where harvesting of fruits,

particularly mango, is in progress. Ask the farmer to let you help in
harvesting and to observe you as you perform the harvesting
process. Then, let the farmer grade or assess you.
2. Given the appropriate materials in harvesting fruits, go to the
school orchard and harvest some fruits following the correct way of
harvesting. Let your teacher assess you.
RESOURCES
boxes
baskets or “kaing”
bamboo poles with catching nets or “alawa”
bamboo laders
rope
REFERENCE
The Science of Crop Production

8
POST-TEST:
A. Answer the following questions. Write only the letter of your

answers in your quiz notebook.
1. A fruit is ready to harvest when ________.
a. it is fully ripe
2. Which of the following refers to the harvesting of fruits beyond
the right time of harvest?
b. maturity
3. Which of the following is NOT an index of maturity of fruits?
b. age of the fruit
4. Harvesting at the right stage of maturity will __________.
d. all of the above
a. 90 to 100 days
b. 130 to 140 days
c. 90 to 120 days
d. 80 to 100 days
B. True or False. Write True if the statement is correct and False if it

is wrong. Write your answer in your quiz notebook.
1. Harvesting of fruit-bearing crops is done only by hand-
picking.
2. Harvesting of fruits should be a little delayed if the intention is
for seed purposes.
3. Using appropriate materials in harvesting fruits is advisable to
avoid damages of fruits.
4. Delayed harvesting of fruits is advantageous to the farmer.
5. The distance of shipping fruits is a factor to be considered at
the time of harvesting.
9
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
PAGE
MODULE 5. Harvesting of fruits................................... 1

LESSON 1. Identify maturity indices............................ 3

Let us study......................................................... 3
Let us remember.................................................. 4
Resources............................................................ 5
References........................................................... 5
LESSON 2. Perform methods of harvesting.................. 6

Let us study.......................................................... 6
Let us remember................................................... 7
Resources............................................................. 8
References............................................................ 8
Post test................................................................ 9
10
HIGH SCHOOLS
COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL
FOURTH
YEAR
HORTICULTURE NC II
Unit of Competency: PERFORM POST HARVEST OPERATIONS
OF
FRUIT-BEARING CROPS
Module No. 6 Module Title: PERFORMING POST HARVEST
OPERATIONS OF FRUIT-BEARING CROPS
0
MODULE VI

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : PERFORM POST-HARVEST
OPERATIONS OF FRUIT-
BEARING CROPS
MODULE TITLE : PERFORMING POST-HARVEST
OPERATION OF FRUIT-
BEARING CCROPS

performing post harvest operations of fruit-bearing crops. It includes
trimming and cleaning, sorting and grading, packaging, transporting, and
marketing fruits.
Upon completion of this module, you are expected to:

1. conduct post-harvest operations of fruit-bearing crops; and
2. market fruits.
Pre-Test:

Write your answers on your quiz notebook.
1. The process by which fruits are grouped and classified according to
size and weight is termed as ___________.
a. trimming
b. classifying
c. sorting and grading
d. drying
2. The following are some operations involved in the post-harvest
handling of fruits, EXCEPT ____________.
a. cleaning
b. sorting
c. bagging
d. packaging
1
3. An act of moving a product from the point of production to the
point of consumption is called ___________.
a. harvesting
b. transporting
c. marketing
d. post-harvest handling
4. A type of market where the farmer sells his product by bringing to
another town or municipality is called _____________.
a. local market
b. nearby town market
c. farm market
5. Which of the following methods of marketing fruits is advisable
when the point of consumption is far from the point of production?
a. retailing
b. wholesaling
c. selling in the farm
d. selling though cooperatives
6. The people who get the biggest profit from fruit crop production are
the ____________.
a. farmers
b. businessmen
c. middlemen
d. retailers
7. Which of the following methods of post harvest handling of fruits
involves wiping of the product with a dry cloth?
a. grading
b. sorting
c. cleaning
d. transporting
8. Proper handling of harvested fruits must be observed in order to__.
a. increase its marketability
b. maintain the good quality of fruits
c. prevent so much damage in fruits
d. all of the above
9. The marketing method that involves an organization of people who
receive equal shares is____________.
a. wholesaling
b. retailing
c. cooperatives
10. A method of marketing wherein products are sold directly to
consumers is called _____________.
a. wholesaling
b. retailing
c. cooperative
2
LESSON 1
CONDUCT POST-HARVEST OPERATIONS
This lesson deals with the different post-harvest operations for fruit
crop production. It includes trimming and cleaning, sorting and grading,
and proper packaging and transporting.

1. handle harvested fruits properly;
2. clean and wash fruits thoroughly;
3. classify fruits according to size, shape, ripeness and color; and
4. package fruits based on standards.
LET US STUDY
Let us Define
sorting – process of separating small fruits from big ones.

grading – the process of classifying fruits according to size, shape,
ripeness and color.
post-harvest handling – the different operations to be done right after
harvesting to maintain the good quality of fruits.
Fruit crops need carefully handling specially after harvesting to
ensure its good quality that will command a better price. Thus, a farmer
should not only know how to market his products properly, but he
should also know how to handle his harvest in order to provide
consumers with excellent products. Likewise he will gain good reputation
and more profit. Proper handling of harvested crops includes the
following techniques:
1. Use containers or crates with liners.
2. Never toss harvested fruits. Lay them down gently.
3. Place harvested crops in temporary shed to prevent from wilting
and sun scalding.
Generally, commercial crops such as fruit crops undergo the
following post harvest handling processes before they are sold:
1. Cleaning. Fruit crops are cleaned by washing before they are
disposed. This process removes dirt, freshens the produce, and
3
removes spray residues; thus the market quality of the product. In
some cases, wiping the product increases with a clean, dry and soft
cloth gives better result than washing.
2. Sorting and grading. Harvested fruits should be sorted properly
before grading. Fruits should be graded according to size, shape,
and color. It is important that the fruits be packed uniformly.
Grading increases the market potential of products.
3. Packaging. After fruits have been sorted and graded accordingly,
they are packed carefully in smooth containers. When packaging
fruits for the market, they must be arranged properly in containers
according to the sizes and quality. Make sure not to mix and pack
fruits of different grades in the same container.
Proper handling of the fruits must be observed in the process
to prevent blemishes and other slight damages to the fruits.
Products, when attractively packed, will surely catch the eyes of
consumers, and will definitely command a good price.
4. Transporting. In transporting fruits to market, proper procedure

should also be followed strictly. Careful handling and transporting
of packed fruits prevent them from being damaged; hence, their
quality is maintained in order to attract consumers to purchase the
products. The following are some tips to be followed in hauling or
transporting packed fruits.
a. Gently lay down the box or crate containing the fruits to prevent
cracks or blemishes.
b. Put the small containers on top of the big containers/boxes.
c. Do not make a pile too high to prevent containers from falling.
d. Never step on the pile that you make.
e. Drive the vehicles carefully to prevent damages to the products.
LET US REMEMBER
Proper handling of harvested fruits must be strictly observed to

maintain the good quality to increase its marketability. Honesty in
packaging should also be practiced to expect the loyalty of consumers in
patronizing the farmer’s products.

Write your answers on your quiz notebook.
1. Which of the following post harvest methods involves classifying
according to size and weight?
a. trimming
b. classifying
c. grading
d. drying
4
2. The following are some operations in the post harvest handling of
fruits, EXCEPT ___________.
a. packaging
b. cleaning
c. sorting
d. drying
3. Proper handling of harvested fruits must be observed to
___________.
b. maintain the good quality
c. prevent damages in fruits
d. all of the above
4. The process of separating small fruits from big ones is referred to
as _____________.
a. sorting
b. grading
c. trimming
d. packaging
5. In transporting fruits to the market, observe the following tips
EXCEPT__________.
a. Don’t make the pile too high.
b. Never step on the pile that was made.
c. Pile the small containers at the bottom.
d. Lay the fruit boxes gently to prevent cracks or damages on the
fruits.

With your teacher, visit a nearby fruit farm where post-harvest
operations of fruits are in progress. Ask the farmer to let you assist in the
conduct of the different post-harvest operations. Do the following
activities. Let the farmer assess you.
1. Clean some harvest by washing them or wiping them gently with a
piece of cloth.
2. Sort and grade the fruits according to standards.
3. Pack the graded fruits in a basket or container.
4. Haul the packed fruits to a nearby shed.
RESOURCES
basket or containers with liners

packaging materials such as boxes, packing tape, straw thread and
old newspapers
REFERENCES
Principles of Crop Production

by Mendiola
Technology and Home Economics IV
Plant and Crop Production II
5
LESSON 2
MARKET FRUITS
This lesson deals with the different methods of marketing and ways
of maintaining the good quality of fruits.

1. identify the different methods of marketing fruits;
2. maintain the good quality of fruits;
3. practice the different methods of marketing; and
4. value the importance of proper marketing of fruits.
LET US STUDY
Let us Define
market – a place where people meet to sell and buy things

marketing – the transfer of products from the point of production to the
point of consumption
retailing – selling directly of products to the end-users
wholesaling – selling of products through middlemen
cooperative – a voluntary organization wherein a group of people get
together on equal terms for their own benefit
A market is a place where people sell or buy commodities. If the
market is within the town or city, it is called local market. A farmer can
also sell his produce directly to the consumers by bringing the produce to
another town or municipality. This type of market is called nearby town
market.
Marketing of fruits sometimes creates a problem among small
farmers. Big-time businessmen monopolize the production and
processing of fruits in the country and dictate its market price while
buying the produce of small farmers at a low price. To prevent such a
monopoly, cooperatives should be organized by small farmer raisers. In
the absence of cooperatives, farmers should know the current price of the
products, estimate transportation costs, and determine the risk and labor
involved in marketing. It is also important to know the condition of the
product, to determine the shrinkage, to bid or to canvass for higher
prices. It is also important to consider the economic principle of the law
of supply and demand.
6
Different methods of marketing:
There are several methods or systems of selling farm products

including fruit crops. The method of marketing depends upon the
producer’s convenience and advantage.
In most cases, this depends upon the present economic status of
the farmer. These methods are:
1. Retailing directly to consumers. This method of marketing is
commonly used by small-scale growers of fruit crops. They sell
directly to the consumers by bringing their produce to the local or
nearby markets. Since the farmer does all the job of transporting
and marketing his produce, he gets all the profits from his crops.
However, one disadvantage of this method is that the farmer
devotes more time and spends more money in marketing his own
produce.
2. Selling to middlemen or wholesalers. Some farmers sell their
produce to wholesalers or middlemen who come to the farm,
harvest the crops themselves and sell them to the market. In the
Philippines, we call this “pakyawan” system of marketing. This is
advisable when the point of consumption is far from the point of
production. This method assures the farmer of a ready market and
is relieved of the many risks of losing money because of
shrinkages, damages, changes in prices and costs of
transportation.
3. Selling in the farm. This method is commonly practiced by small
scale fruit crop farmers and consumers. Sales are negotiated on a
face-to-face and on cash-and-carry basis. Prices are specified at
the times of the sale. Sales are for immediate delivery or for
continuous supply over an extended period.
4. Selling through cooperatives. This method of marketing usually
operates at a low cost so that a farmer member gets enough profits
and the end-users get cheaper commodities. Marketing through
cooperatives is carried on usually in the barrio or town where
farmer-members deliver their produce at the buying station. The
members are assured of a market of their produce and are relieved
of the risks of marketing operations. This method of marketing has
been proven to be effective and helpful to producer and consumers
with limited capital.
LET US REMEMBER
Having excellent quality, fruits can command a good price and

patronage among consumers. This maybe attained if fruits are marketed
at an appropriate time.
7
Identify the following and write your answers in your quiz

notebook.
1. It is a place where people sell and buy things or products.
2. It is an act of moving the products from the point of production to
the point of consumption.
3. It is a method of marketing wherein products are sold directly to
end-users.
4. It is a method of marketing the products at a low cost for the
benefit of farmer-members to get more profit.
5. It refers to the selling of products through middlemen.
Do one of the following:

1. Go to a nearby fruit raiser in your community and ask him what
method of marketing he uses to sell his products. Is his method
effective? Why?
2. Visit a roadside fruit stand in your community and ask the owner
to allow you to assist him in handling the fruits and selling
through retailing to consumers. Share your idea to the class.
3. Go to your assigned orchard/garden and properly harvest the
matured fruits. Demonstrate to your classmates the proper
procedure in maintaining the good quality of your produce. Do the
selling of your harvest through retailing or selling directly to end-
users.
RESOURCES
basket or container s with liners

boxes
packaging materials
REFERENCE
Modern Agriculture for Tropical Schools

Cheah Kok Kheong et.al.
Oxford University Press: 1979
8
POST TEST:

Write your answers in your quiz notebook.
1. The process by which fruits are grouped and classified according to
size and weight is termed as __________.
a. trimming c. sorting and grading
b. classifying d. drying
2. The following are some operations involved in the post-harvest
handling of fruits, EXCEPT ___________.
a. cleaning c. bagging
b. sorting d. packaging
3. A series of services in moving a product from the point of
production to the point of consumption is called
a. harvesting c. marketing
b. transporting d. post-harvest handling
4. A type of market in which the farmer sells his product by bringing
to another town or municipality is called __________.
a. local market c. farm market
b. nearby town market d. none of the above
5. Which of the following method of marketing fruits is advisable
when the point of consumption is far from the point of production?
a. retailing
b. wholesaling
c. selling in the farm
d. selling through cooperatives
6. The people who get the biggest profit from fruit crop production are
the ___________.
a. farmers c. middlemen
b. businessmen d. retailers
7. Which of the following methods of post harvest handling of fruits
involves wiping of the product with a dry cloth?
a. grading c. cleaning
b. sorting d. transporting
8. Proper handling of harvested fruits must be observed in order to
___________.
b. maintain the good quality of fruits
c. prevent so much damage in fruits
d. all of the above
9. Which of the following marketing methods involves an organization
of people having equal terms for their own benefit?
a. wholesaling c. cooperatives
b. retailing d. none of the above
10. A method of marketing wherein products are sold directly to
consumers is called ___________.
a. wholesaling c. cooperative
b. retailing d. none of the above
9
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
PAGE
MODULE 6. Performing post harvest operations

of fruit-bearing crops............................... 1

LESSON 1. Conduct post harvest operations................ 3

Let us study......................................................... 3
Let us remember.................................................. 4
Resources............................................................ 5
References........................................................... 5
LESSON 2. Market fruits............................................. 6

Let us study.......................................................... 6
Let us remember................................................... 7
Resources............................................................. 8
References............................................................ 8
Post test................................................................ 9
89
HIGH SCHOOLS
COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL
FOURTH
YEAR
HORTICULTURE NC II
Unit of Competency: PERFORM POST HARVEST OPERATIONS OF
FRUIT-
BEARING CROPS
Module No. 7 Module Title: KEEPING FARM RECORDS AND
ACCOUNTS
0
MODULE VII

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : PERFORM POST-HARVEST
OPERATIONS OF FRUIT-
BEARING CROPS
MODULE TITLE : KEEPING FARM RECORDS
AND ACCOUNTS

keeping records and accounts.
Upon completion of this module, you are expected to:

1. Keep farm records and accounts.
PRE-TEST:
Answer the following sentences by writing the letter of the correct

1. Costs incurred whether or not production takes place are ________.
a. cash
b. non-cash
c. fixed cost
d. variable cost
2. Which of the items below do farmers usually lack?_______.

a. cash
b. fixed cost
c. non-cash
d. variable cost
3. Which of the following is NOT an example of a variable cost?
a. insecticide
b. fertilizer
c. hired labor
d. land tax
4. Which of the following records shows all the properties and assets
of the fruit grower?
1
a. inventory
b. farm sales record
c. daily expense record
d. record of accounts payable
5. Which of the following farm records refers to the accounts to be

collected from person owing in the business?
a. record of accounts payable
b. miscellaneous record
d. record of accounts receivable
6. What is the advantage of keeping records?

a. The farmer knows where his money goes and comes from.
b. Problems that may arise can be solved immediately.
c. It enables the farmer to know if the business is gaining or
losing.
d. all of the above
7. A certain fixed item may become variable. This statement is

________.
a. true
b. complex
c. simple
d. false
8. In computing your income from fruit production, you should

consider the _________.
a. cost of production
b. gross income
c. cost of marketing
d. combination of the three
9. Maintenance and repair of farm equipment falls under ________.

a. inventory
b. daily cash
c. accounts payable
d. miscellaneous expense record
10. The orchard plantation falls under __________.

a. miscellaneous record
c. record of accounts payable
d. inventory record
2
LESSON 1
KEEP FARM RECORDS AND ACCOUNTS
This lesson deals with the different farm records and accounts.

1. identify the different kinds of farm records;
2. prepare proper farm records; and
3. recognize the importance of keeping records and accounts.
LET US STUDY
Let us Define
fixed cost – a cost incurred whether or not production takes place

variable cost – a cost which vary depending upon the quantity of
production
non-cash – an item which includes the interest on operating capital,
operator’s labor, and family labor.
It is a must for a farmer to keep up-to-date and accurate records of
his business. It should be made a part of the regular activities in the
farm. Records give instant should information about the status of the
business.
There are many advantages of record keeping. It helps the farmer
to:
1. know where the money goes and where it comes from;
2. enable him to find the weak points in his business;
3. provide him with valuable information for future farm budgeting
and planning;
4. know whether or not the business is losing or gaining from time to
time; and
5. solve problems that may arise.
One primary factor for a farmer to consider and not to neglect for
record keeping is the cost of production of his business. In fruit bearing
crop production, the following classification of costs must be recorded
accurately.
3
1. Fixed costs. Costs incurred whether or not production takes place.
On a yearly basis, the fixed costs in fruit bearing crop production
would include land tax, government irrigation fee, depreciation and
interest charges on equipment such as tractor or irrigation pump
and the maintenance cost of work animals.
2. Variable costs. Costs vary depending on the quantities of
production. Land rent is a variable cost if there is shared
management. Seeds, fertilizers, insecticides, and hired labor are
also examples of variable costs.
3. Cash. This is the item that most farmers lack, especially before
starting the venture. Farmers result to borrowing money from
various sources to cover expenses for crop production. Interest of
borrowed money is considered cash. Hired labor is classified under
cash.
4. Non-cash. This refers to the interest on operating capital, if the
capital is not borrowed. Likewise, the farmer’s labor and family
labor are non-cash costs.
The kind of farm records to keep will depend upon what the farmer
wants to know about his business. The records should:
1. show the financial status of the business;
2. show whether the business is gaining or losing; and
3. help in determining which farm practices pay most.
The following records are recommended to farmers:
1. Inventory record refers to all the resources, especially property,
assets and others.
2. Record of accounts receivable consists of all the accounts to be
collected from persons owing the operator under certain terms and
conditions.
3. Record of accounts payable refers to all the accounts to be paid
by the farmer-operator to persons or firms for the resources that
are used in operating the business.
4. Daily cash expense record pertains to all the daily major expenses
incurred in the business operation.
5. Sales record is a record of all goods and products that are being
sold to consumers, be it in small or in large scale.
6. Miscellaneous expense record refers to the record of all
miscellaneous expenses incurred in operating the business, such
as maintenance and repairs, taxes and rent, interest of borrowed
money, and others.
4
Formats in Preparing Farm Records
A. Inventory Record
Beginning Ending
Inventory Inventory
Date Date
ITEM Description Ownership No. Value No. Value
TOTAL
B. Record of accounts receivable
DATE
Person or Firm Owing You Acquired Due Amount Terms
TOTAL
C. Record of accounts payable
BEGINNING OF YEAR ENDING OF YEAR

Person or DATE Person or DATE
Firm You Amount & Firm You Amount &
Owe Acquired Due Terms Owe Acquired Due Terms
TOTAL
5
D. Daily cash expense record
Date Quantity Seeds Fertil Insec Weedicide Hired Labor Fue Food Transp Fees Other
Descriptio izers ticide s man Value l& ortatio s
n and s days Oil n
Unit Price
TOTAL
E. Miscellaneous expense record
Date Quantity Maintenance Taxes Interest Others TOTAL

Description and Repairs and Other
and unit Rent
Price
TOTAL
F. Summary of expenses and receipts
EXPENSES: VALUE (₧.)

CASH
Seeds ____________
Fertilizers ____________
Insecticides ____________
Herbicides ____________
Hired Labor ____________
Fuel and oil ____________
Fees ____________
Food ____________
Transportation ____________
Maintenance & Repairs ____________
Taxes and rent ____________
Interest ____________
Others ____________
6
____________
A. Total Cash Expenses ____________
NON-CASH
Landlord’s share _____________
Services paid in kind _____________
Seeds produced &
used in the farm _____________
Unpaid family labor _____________
Depreciation _____________
Others _____________
B. Total Non-Cash Expenses _____________
C. Total Expenses (A& B) _____________
RECEIPTS
D. Total Cash Receipts _____________
E. Total Non-Cash Receipts _____________
F. Total Receipts (D&E) _____________
NET INCOME :
G. Net Cash Income (D-A) _____________
H. Net Non-Cash Income (E-B) _____________
I. Total Net Income (G & H or (F & C) _____________
LET US REMEMBER
It is a must for every farmer or producer to keep all the necessary

farm records and accounts of his venture. By doing so, he will be
updated with the current status of the business, particularly in the
financial set-up of his business.
Answer the following questions by writing the letter of the correct

answer on your notebook.
1. Which of the following records show all the assets and properties
owned by the operator?
a. inventory
b. sales record
d. miscellaneous record
2. Costs incurred whether or not production takes place are _______.
a. variable
b. cash
c. non-cash
d. fixed
7
3. The item that most farmers usually lack of is ____________.
a. fixed costs
b. cash
c. non-cash
d. variable costs
4. A farm record which refers to all the daily expenses incurred in the
business operation is called _________.
a. production record
5. Which of the following is not an example of a fixed cost?
a. land tax
b. irrigation fee
c. maintenance cost of farm equipment
d. hired labor
Given the following information written inside the box. Prepare a

record of accounts receivable by writing the necessary information on
their respective columns in the table. Follow the format that you have
learned.
Phil. Fruit and Vegetable Corp.
April 01, 2008
Oct. 31, 2008
Php 10,000.00 at 2% interest/month
ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE
DATE
Person or Firm Owing You Acquired Due Amount Terms
TOTAL
RESOURCES
reference
farm records
REFERENCE
Cheah Kok Kheong et.al. Modern Agriculture for Tropical Schools Oxforn
University Press: 1979
8
POST TEST
Answer the following sentences by writing the letter of the correct

1. Costs incurred whether or not production takes place are ________.
a. cash
b. non-cash
c. fixed cost
d. variable cost
2. Which of the items below which farmers usually lack?_________.
a. cash
b. fixed cost
c. non-cash
d. variable cost
3. Which of the following is NOT an example of a variable cost?
a. insecticide
b. fertilizer
c. hired labor
d. land tax
4. Which of the following records shows all the properties and assets
of the fruit grower?
a. inventory
d. record of accounts payable
5. Which of the following farm records refers to the accounts to be
collected from person owing in the business?
a. record of accounts payable
b. miscellaneous record
d. record of accounts receivable
6. Which of the following is an advantage of keeping records?
a. The farmer knows where his money goes and comes from.
b. Problems that may arise can be solved immediately.
c. It enables the farmer to know if the business is gaining or
losing.
d. all of the above
7. A certain fixed item may become variable. This statement is
_________.
a. true
b. complex
c. simple
d. false
8. In computing your income from fruit production, you should
consider the __________.
a. cost of production
b. gross income
c. cost of marketing
d. combination of the three
9
9. Maintenance and repair of farm equipment falls under __________.
a. inventory
b. daily cash
c. accounts payable
10. The orchard plantation falls under __________.
a. miscellaneous record
d. inventory record
10
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
PAGE
MODULE 7. Keeping farm records and accounts.......... 1

LESSON 1. Keep farm records and accounts................ 3

Let us study......................................................... 3
Let us remember.................................................. 7
Resources............................................................ 8
References........................................................... 8
Post test................................................................ 9
11

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REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

QUALIFICATION TITLE : HORTICULTURE NC II

WHAT IS THIS MODULE ABOUT?

This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required in

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:

WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW?

SELECT THE SITE FOR PLANTING FRUIT-BEARING CROPS

WHAT IS THIS LESSON ABOUT?

This lesson deals with the different considerations in selecting the

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

temperature – the degree of coldness or hotness of the atmosphere

Selecting the Site for Planting Fruit-bearing Crops

In selecting and developing the site for fruit-bearing crop

The most important consideration in putting up a fruit-bearing

HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

LET US APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

PREPARE THE LAND

WHAT IS THIS LESSON ABOUT?

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

harrow – an implement consisting mainly of a frame which is provided

The object of land preparation is to break and pulverize the soil

Animal drawn plow

HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

Identify what is being described. Write your answer in your quiz

LET US APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

Asuncion, Jr. Ramon G.; Elementary Agriculture: Saint Mary’s

LAYOUT, STAKE THE SITE AND DIG HOLES

WHAT IS THIS LESSON ABOUT?

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

Systems of Planting Fruit-bearing Crops

A fruit crop farm layout is as important as the preparation of the

The square system

The number of seedlings to be planted in a given area can be

The quincunx system

The number of plants needed for an area can be calculated as

The hexagonal system

The number of plants in area can be determined by using the

In the example on mango seedlings, we can compute the Np using

Planting Distances of Various Fruit-bearing Crops

Crop Planting Distance

1. planting board 5. spade

One of the first things that a prospective fruit-bearing crop grower

By using this method, a stake is set at every point to be occupied

Common Methods in Digging Holes for Fruit-bearing Crops

2. Trench method. Drive spade into the ground at an angle opposite

3. Center hole method. Hole to be made should be large enough to

In selecting the land for fruit-bearing crop production, good

HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

LET US APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

Prepare the material/tools for laying out, staking and digging

Asuncion, Jr. Ramon G.; Elementary Agriculture: Saint Mary’s

MODULE 1. Selecting and preparing site for planting... 1

What is this module about?.................................. 1

LESSON 1. Select site for planting fruit-bearing crops.. 4

What is this lesson about?................................... 4

LESSON 2. Prepare the land....................................... 8

What is this lesson about?.................................... 8

LESSON 3. Lay out, stake the site and dig holes........... 12

What is this lesson about?..................................... 12

QUALIFICATION TITLE : HORTICULTURE NC II

WHAT IS THIS MODULE ABOUT?

This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required in

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?