Macmillan's Children's Guide To Dinosaurs

Macmillan
Children's
Guide to
Dinosaurs
and Other
Prehistoric Animals
PHILIP
ELD WHITFIELD
>*lb.^S
Just ho' big was the lumb

Apato jLurus?
What did Triceratops do with its
horns?
How did Dromaeosaurus bring
down its larger prey?
What was the climate like during
the Jurassic period?
The answers to these and other

questions are to be found in this
authoritative and fully illustrated guide
to the prehistoric world.
Organized chronologically, each of the

guides five sections describes a
different geological era. Dramatic
panoramas recreate sweeping Triassic
plains, turbulent ancient seas, and
Jurassic woodlands alive with predatory
dinosaurs, flying reptiles, and luxuriant
vegetation. Profiles give information on
over 125 inhabitants of these ancient
landscapes, including size and shape,
classification, unusual features, and the
latest theories about behavior. Special
"Focus" features probe deeper into the
lives of specific creatures, among them
the flying pterosaurs, the giant armored
Stegosaurus, and Maiasaura, whose
remarkable nesting habits have earned
it the nickname "good mother lizard."
The results of the painstaking detective

work of paleontologists over many years
are distilled here to recreate the time of
the dinosaurs as accurately as current
knowledge allows. This handsome book
is not only ideal for any dinosaur
enthusiast's library, but also an

accessible and invaluable reference
guide for all young readers.
0700
SATOU. fERARY
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Macmillan
Children's
Guide to
Dinosaurs
and Other
Prehistoric Animals
Quetzalcoatlus
Previous page: Dilophosaurus

Facing page: Saltopus
Macmillan
Children's
Guide to
Dinosaurs
and Other
Prehistoric Animals
PHILIP WHITFIELD
Macmillan Publishing Company New York

Maxwell Macmillan International
New York Oxford Singapore Sydney
Sausalito Public Library

Sausalito, California 94965
A Marshall Edition
This book was conceived, edited, and designed
by Marshall Editions
170 Piccadilly, London W1V 9DD
CONTENTS
Copyright© 1992 by Marshall Editions
Developments Limited
6 Introduction
All rights reserved. No part of this book may
be reproduced or transmitted in any form or 8 The age of the dinosaurs
by any means, electronic or mechanical,
10 Dinosaurs and their relatives
including photocopying, recording, or by any
information storage and retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the
Publisher.
12 TRIASSIC
14 Life in the Triassic
Macmillan Publishing Company is part of the
16 Early Triassic/Europe, Africa, Asia
Maxwell Communication Group of
Companies. 18 Middle Triassic/Europe
20 Middle Triassic/North and South America
Macmillan Publishing Company
866 Third Avenue 22 Focus on: Mammal-like reptiles the —
New York, NY 10022 ancestors of mammals
24 Late Triassic/Europe
First American edition 28 Late Triassic/North America
10 987654321
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication 30 EARLY JURASSIC
Data
32 Life in the Early Jurassic
Whitfield, Philip. 34 Early Jurassic/Europe
Macmillan children's guide to dinosaurs
and other prehistoric animals / Philip 36 Early Jurassic/Africa and Asia
Whitfield.
p.
—
1st American ed.
cm.
38 —
Focus on: Ichthyosaurs the swimming
reptiles
Includes bibliographical references and
index. 40 Early Jurassic/North America
Summary: Describes the prehistoric
animals that lived in various areas of the
world during the different geological
periods, from the Triassic through the
Cretaceous.
ISBN 0-02-762362-9
1. Dinosaurs —
Encyclopedias, Juvenile. 2.
—
Animals, Fossil Encyclopedias, Juvenile.
3. Paleontology —
Encyclopedias, Juvenile.
[1. Prehistoric animals. 2. Dinosaurs. I. I
Title.
QE862.D5W446 1992 567.9' 103— dc20
91-45562
Film supplied by Dorchester Typesetting

Group Limited
Origination by Chroma Graphics, Singapore
Printed and bound by Arnoldo Mondadori,
Verona , Italy
Torosaurus
42 LATE JURASSIC 82 Late Cretaceous/North America
44 Life in the Late Jurassic 88 —
Focus on: Maiasaura the "good
46 Late Jurassic/Europe mother lizard"
48 Late Jurassic/Africa 90 Late Cretaceous/North America

50 Late Jurassic/Asia 94 Index
52 Focus on: Stegosaurs —the armored 96 Further reading
plant-eaters Acknowledgments
54 Late Jurassic/North America
58 EARLY CRETACEOUS
60 Life in the Early Cretaceous
62 Early Cretaceous/Europe
64 Early Cretaceous/Asia
66 —
Focus on: Pterosaurs the flying reptiles
68 Early Cretaceous/North America
70 LATE CRETACEOUS
72 Life in the Late Cretaceous
74 Late Cretaceous/Europe
76 Late Cretaceous/Asia
80 Focus on: Tyrannosaurs —the tyrant
lizards
Elasmosaurus
INTRODUCTION
Once, dinosaurs were living, breathing creatures not just models or —

fossils in museums. They, and the other animals of their time,
moved, ate, and even took care of their babies. The aim of this book
is to bring dinosaurs and other prehistoric animals to life again, to
describe how they might have looked and behaved.

The chapters of this book cover the periods when dinosaurs
—
flourished the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous. The Jurassic and
Cretaceous, when most dinosaurs lived, are further split into two
—
chapters making five chapters in all.
Each chapter begins with a spectacular artist's reconstruction of life
at that time. While this can only be an idea, not fact, it is not fantasy
and provides a visual impression of the prehistoric world. This
illustration is fully explained on the following pages and a world map
shows the positions of the continents at that time, which were
different from those of today.
Illustrated "catalogs" of a selection of dinosaurs and other reptiles
of each period follow. The group name and size of each is given and a
Key to silhouettes
Silhouette used for animals
* over 3 ft 3 in long
Silhouette used for animals

up to 3 ft 3 in long
silhouette compares the size of each to that of an adult human. Each
catalog page features the animals of a particular area —North
America, Africa, Europe, Asia, and so on. These areas are where
fossils of the animals have been found— they may well have ranged
farther when alive. There are more pages on the animals of North
America and Europe because more fossils have been found there
than in other areas.
Within each chapter, special "Focus on" features look at one
particular creature or group of creatures in greater detail
pterosaurs, stegosaurs, ichthyosaurs, and tyrannosaurs, for example.
These pages explore the varying life-styles of these fascinating
prehistoric animals.
A few mammals, amphibians, and other creatures do appear in the
panorama scenes, but this book is mostly about the dinosaurs and
other reptiles. The Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods were
the age of the reptiles, the time when some of the largest and most
extraordinary animals that ever existed ruled the Earth.
Tenontosaurus
The age of the dinosaurs
Dinosaurs were the most successful animals that have ever lived
on Earth. These amazing creatures ruled the planet for about 140
million years until they mysteriously died out about 65 million
years ago (only birds, which some scientists consider to be
dinosaurs, survived). While dinosaurs were masters of the land,
the flying pterosaurs ruled the skies and crocodiles,
ichthyosaurs, and plesiosaurs dominated rivers and oceans.
Successful reptiles
Dinosaurs were reptiles. There were probably
about 400 different kinds of dinosaurs, from ./»*
gigantic creatures plodding along on all

fours down to agile, fast-running
birdlike animals.
There were meat-eaters
(carnivores) and plant-eaters (herbivores), as well as
omnivores that tackled more or less anything.
Lizard-hipped and bird-hipped

Scientists divide the dinosaurs into two main groups —the
lizard-hipped and the bird-hipped — according to the design
of their skeletons. As the name suggests, the important
differences have to do with the structure of the hip bones.
Both groups, though, included dinosaurs that walked on two
legs and dinosaurs that walked on all fours.
Bird-hipped
In the lizard-hipped dinosaurs,

the two lower hip bones point in
opposite directions, just as they
do in lizards. But in the bird-
hipped dinosaurs, the lower hip
bones are long and thin, and
point backward, as they do in
Lower hip bones point
today's birds. in opposite directions Parallel lower
hip bones point
backward
8
Spinosaurus was a
large carnivorous
dinosaur that lived
in Africa in the
Late Cretaceous
period.
Prehistoric reptiles
While the dinosaurs were
the dominant land animals
during the Triassic,
Jurassic, and Cretaceous
periods, there were many
other kinds of reptiles.
Here are some of the
most important of the
groups that appear in
this book.
Dinosaurs and their relatives
PRIMITIVE EARLY REPTILES
CHELONIANS (turtles and tortoises)
Procolophonids
MAMMAL-LIKE REPTILES
Chelonians
MARINE REPTILES
Therapsids
LIZARDS and their relatives

Dicynodonts
(mammal-like
reptiles)
Cynodonts
mammal-like
reptiles)
Mammals
Lacertilians
(lizards)
Diapsids
*
(early reptile relatives)
Serpentes
*2%A
*
âquatic reptiles)
Placodonts
(marine reptiles)
Mososaurs
(lizard relatives)
Nothosaurs
(marine reptiles)
The various groups of dinosaurs

Ichthyosaurs
and other prehistoric reptiles
marine reptiles)
described in this book are shown
in the diagram. There are many
different ways of classifying
Plesiosaurs
prehistoric animals and
t (marine
groupings are revised as
discoveries are made.
new
10
ARCHOSAURS and their relatives
LIZARD-HIPPED DINOSAURS
Phytosaurs
(aquatic carnivorous reptiles)
Crocodylians
(crocodiles)
*
— Prosauropods V
(early herbivorous dinosaurs)
BIRD-HIPPED DINOSAURS
— Stegosaurs
Sauropods (plated dinosaurs) ^fl^V*
Aetosaurs (long-necked browsing dinosaurs)
(armored reptiles)
Ankylosaurs and
L Theropods nodosaurs
Pterosaurs
(flying reptiles)
-Archosaurs
> Deinonychosaurs
(terrible-clawed
dinosaurs)
(armored dinosaurs)
— Ornithopods
(bird-foot
dinosaurs)
(early ruling
reptiles) Carnosaurs
(large carnivorous
dinosaurs)
Coelurosaurs
A Hadrosaurs
(duck-billed dinosaurs)
Pachycephalosaurs
(small
(thick-headed dinosaurs)
carnivorous
m
dinosaurs)
Ceratopians
11
(horned dinosaurs)
TRIASSIC
HPE
'<&'*£*
Desmatosuchus Henodus Nothosaurus Cynognathus Lystrosaurus
Life in the Triassic A drying lake in North America

About 200 million years ago,
in the middle of Triassic Long-necked
times, the earliest dinosaurs Massospondylus
was one of the
were walking the Earth. At first tall
this time most of the land plant-eating
was joined together and dinosaurs ever
dinosaurs and other animals to live on Earth.
could roam overland to

almost anywhere in the
world.
Planet Earth was much
drier in the Triassic than it
is now, and there were large
deserts in inland areas.

There were no flowering
plants or grasses —they Coelophysis
much later. The most
evolved was a fierce,
common trees were conifers, fast-moving
similar to today's pines. hunter. It ran
Other large plants included on two legs,

leaving its
yews, ginkgos, and the sharp-clawed
palmlike cycads. Moisture- hands for
loving ferns and horsetails grasping prey.
thrived by lakes and rivers. Scientists
believe that
The first dinosaurs shared There was a greater area of desert in North America
by hunting
the Earth with other in packs, in Triassic times. Plants tended to grow around lakes
reptiles, such as lizards and Coelophysis or temporary pools of water formed after rains. This
could probably panorama shows the animal and plant life

crocodiles, with amphibians,
overcome prey surrounding a drying lake.
and with early mammals.
larger than
There were many insects, themselves.
too, some similar to those of
today, such as beetles,
grasshoppers, and
cockroaches. And flies, bees,
and wasps first evolved
during the Triassic period.
14
Massospondylus
Riojasaurus Procompsognathus
V Saltopus
jk~ Plateosaurus
QUATERNARY 2
590 million years ago
Ferns and tree

ferns, which
first evolved
about 400
million years
ago, were an
important food
for the first
plant-eating
dinosaurs.
Cone-bearing
cycads (seed
ferns) were
also common
in Triassic The Triassic period lasted about
times. 35 million years. It is named
Triassic from the Latin word trias,
meaning three, because European
Trilophosaurus rocks of that time can be divided
was a strongly into three groups of different ages.
built reptile,
with a
toothless beak.
It fed on plants. This map of the world in the
Triassic period shows how most of
the land made one huge
supercontinent, known as Pangea.
The world 240 million years ago
Metoposaurus was a large

amphibian, about 9 feet
long. It hunted other
creatures for food.
SEA
Q CONTINENTAL SHELF
LAND
15
EUROPE, AFRICA, ASIA
Jj]rythrosuchus
A bulky animal with short, strong legs and a large
head, Erythrosuchus was one of the largest land-
living predators in Early Triassic times. It
hunted other reptiles which it seized in
powerful jaws lined with sharp teeth.
SIZE:
15 ft long
GROUP:
Archosaur
(early ruling
reptile)
piacodus
Placodus was at home both on the shore and in shallow waters off
European coasts, where it swam with the help of its webbed
feet and long, flat tail. It fed on shellfish, which
it plucked from rocks with the strong teeth at the front
of its mouth. It then crushed the food with its

broad, back teeth.
(Jhasmatosaurus
"^^^H^ '*5j^
r
W± £,- \ This reptile may have lived much
^MMft^V ^^PpvI c Vji^ like amodern crocodile. It could
Sp yJ have moved on land but probably
»*
SIZE:
6 ft 6 in long
IP^ JO
^^^ W
»l
i
,
I
also swam
of its long
well,
tail.
with the help
So it could have
GROUP:
f spent most of its life in rivers
Archosaur CÛ hunting fish to eat. It was well

(early ruling reptile} ^^^Â j^^ equipped with sharp curving
teeth for seizing its prey.
16
EARLY TRIASSIC
/ jystrosaurus
This sturdy plant-eating
animal lived in Africa and
Asia and its remains were
also found in Antarctica
in the late 1960s. This
wide distribution is one of
the many pieces of evidence
that, during the Triassic
period, India, Africa, and
Antarctica were joined as one
landmass (see map on page 15).
SIZE: GROUP:
6 ft 6 in long Placodont
t (marine reptile)
GROUP:
Dicynodont
(mammal-like reptile)
(Jynognathus
Strongly built
and chunky,
Cynognathus was
a fierce hunter that lived in
Africa. It had a large head with
sharp teeth and strong jaw muscles,
giving it tremendous biting ability.
SIZE: GROUP:
3 ft 3 in long Cynodont (mammal-like reptile)
17
Pistosaurus had
limbs shaped like paddles
which helped give it its
swimming ability. A
This streamlined Âk
reptile probably
spent most of
its life at sea.
r 1
[ icinosuchus
With its long,
slender body,
armored with
bony plates on the back and
tail,Ticinosuchus looked a bit like
a long-legged crocodile. It lived
on land and hunted other
creatures to eat.
piacochelys
This small reptile was well suited to life in
water. It had a broad, flat, turtlelike
SIZE:
3 ft long body, protected by hard, knobby

GROUP: plates, and long limbs with which
Placodont
it "rowed" through the water.
(marine reptile)
Piacochelys probably fed
mainly on shellfish which
it picked off rocks with
its strong beak.

MIDDLE TRIASSIC
J^skeptosaurus
Askeptosaurus spent most of its life at sea and probably only
came to land to lay eggs. It would have swum with
writhing movements of its long body,
SIZE: helped by its webbed feet. Its large
6 ft 6 in long
eyes were ideal for seeing in
GROUP:
Diapsid the dark ocean depths and
(early reptile relative)
scientists believe it
probably dived deep to

* ^>j find its fish prey.
NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA
Jjagosuchus Qracilisuchus
This little reptile may have been a An early type of crocodile, Gracilisuchus
close relative of the mighty dinosaurs lived on land and could run fast on its
and, possibly, pterosaurs. Scientists long back legs, holding its tail
have discovered that the structure of out to help keep its balance.
its hip and leg bones closely It probably chased
resembles that of the dinosaurs. after small lizards,
Although it was only about the size of catching them in
a rabbit, Lagosuchus was probably a its strong jaws.
skilled hunter and could have seized
prey in its long-fingered hands.
SIZE:
12 in long
GROUP:
Crocodylian
(crocodile)
*
SIZE: GROUP:
12 in long Archosaur (early
ruling reptile)
Jtfassetognathus
Although it was a reptile, SIZE
19 in long
Massetognathus looked much more like GROUP:
a mammal and may even have been Cynodont (mammal-like reptile)
covered with hair. It was a plant-

eater and had very
strong teeth for
chewing tough
leaves and
stems.
20
MIDDLE TRIASSIC
Jflixosaurus
A sleek fishlike creature, Mixosaurus had a fin on its back and paddlelike limbs.
Like other marine reptiles, it cruised the
open seas, catching and eating fish.
SIZE:
3 ft
GROUP:
3 in long
*M
Ichthyosaur (marine reptile)
dymbospondylus
SIZE:
With no fins on back and tail, Cymbospondylus
its
33 ft long
GROUP:
looked less like a fish than many ichthyosaurs.
Ichthyosaur But it did have limbs, shaped like paddles,
(marine reptile)
which were probably used to help steer its
long body as it swam. It spent its whole life
in the water, even giving birth to its young
at sea. Fish were its main food, which it
caught with long, beaklike jaws
equipped with sharp teeth.
— —
Focus on: MAMMAL-LIKE

REPTILES
the ancestors of mammals
All of today's mammals for cutting, tearing, and
whether elephants, tigers, or —
chewing just as mammals
rats —
are descended from have today.
these strange creatures, the Two of the most successful f- '
mammal-like reptiles that groups of mammal-like

dominated the world in reptiles, or therapsids, were
Triassic times. The scientific dicynodonts, such as the y
name for these animals is bulky Kannemeyeria, and
therapsids. the cynodonts, such as
They same time
lived at the Thrinaxodon. Both became
as ordinary reptiles but had extinct during the Triassic,
certain very important but not before they had left
differences. Their jaws were behind them the ancestors of
stronger than those of other the group of animals that
reptiles and they had teeth dominate the world today
of different sizes and shapes the mammals.
Kannemeyeria was a large, heavy-bodied creature,

about 10 feet long. It fed on leaves and which
roots
it tore up in great mouthfuls with its strong, horny
beak. Fossil remains of this animal have been

found in Africa, Asia, and South America.
Small and solidly Thrinaxodon hunted other animals for

built,
food. It had strong legs, so could probably run after its prey quite
swiftly, and powerful, mammal-like jaws. It may even have been
covered with hair. Thrinaxodon was about 20 inches long and lived
in Africa.
22
;
TRIASSIC
4
With the aid of its small teeth and agile body,
Ericiolacerta probably fed on insects which it
snapped from the air. This little reptile was only

8 inches long and lived in Africa about 200
million years ago.
"9U.
rf
A
Affl
u •
Kxi m
i I
':
\
23
EUROPE
Qtagonolepis
Itsbulky body and short legs made Stagonolepis look like a crocodile. In fact, it lived on
land and fed on tough-leaved plants such as horsetails, ferns, and cycads. It was a slow-
moving animal, but the heavy, bony plates covering its body protected it from predators.
SIZE
10 ft long
GROUP:
Archosaur (early ruling reptile]
fludimorphqdon
Like all flying reptiles,
Eudimorphodon had wings

made of skin. These stretched
between its front and back limbs
and along the enormously long fourth
finger of each hand. Flapping these
wings, Eudimorphodon probably flew
low over the sea, its large eyes
trained on the surface to spot fish
and flying insects. Its long
tail would have been held
straight out during flight to
help balance the body.
SIZE: GROUP:
2 ft 6 in wingspan Pterosaur (flying reptile)
24
LATE TRIASSIC
J£uehneosaurus JJenodus
With the help of a pair of wings Henodus' s broad,
made of skin, this long-legged flat body made it
lizard could launch itself into the look very much
air and glide from tree to tree. like today's turtles.
Itswings stretched along each Its back and belly
side of its body, between the were covered with
front and back legs, and bony plates which
were supported by protected it from the attacks
extra long of larger marine reptiles and other
ribs. hunters in the sea. It had no teeth, but
probably had a hard, horny beak, useful both
for scraping shellfish off rocks and for
crushing them to eat.
GROUP:
A
SIZE:
3 ft 3 in long Placodont (marine reptile)
Ornithosuchus
r Ornithosuchus
was not, as was once
thought, an early dinosaur,
although it looked like one.
It belonged to the group of reptiles
believed to be the ancestors of
dinosaurs. A large fierce-looking
SIZE:
hunter, Ornithosuchus could
13 ft long
GROUP:
probably move around on its
Archosaur hind legs and on all fours.
(early ruling
reptile)
25
EUROPE
piateosaurus
Early dinosaurs such as Piateosaurus
were the first tall plant-eaters. This
long-necked creature could rear up on its
back legs and reach high into trees such
as cycads and conifers to tear off leaves
with its sharp teeth. When not feeding, the
bulky-bodied Piateosaurus probably moved
around on all fours. It lived in herds which
traveled through the desert landscape of
Europe, searching for new
feeding grounds.
SIZE:
up to 23 ft long
GROUP:
Prosauropod (early herbivorous dinosaur)
JJyperodapedon
Like all the rhynchosaurs, Hyperodapedon was a
plant-eater with a stocky body. It had strong teeth
specialized for chopping pieces off plants.
It fed mostly on seed ferns, but
by the end of the Triassic both
these plants and the
rhynchosaurs had
died out. M
26
LATE TRIASSIC
Jûtiodon
GROUP:
Phytosaur (aquatic carnivore)
With its long snout and body armored with bony plates, Rutiodon looked, and probably
behaved, much like today's crocodiles. Like crocodiles, it lived in rivers where it fed on fish
that it caught with its sharp teeth. It probably also hunted other reptiles.
-
procompsognathus êrrestrisuchus
The earliest crocodiles, such as
Terrestrisuchus spent , more time
on land than modern water-
dwelling crocodiles. This graceful,
^\^ \ A SIZE: long-legged creature was probably
jfl \^Bi. If 4 ft long
a fast runner and sprinted over
W ^^^^^ GROUP:
the dry Triassic landscape
d >t Coelurosaur
(small carnivorous
>k
snapping up insects and small
JF ^W, dinosaur)
lizards in its long jaws.
i
| A fast, active hunter,
fj/j, Procompsognathus probably hunted
Kp-/ in packs, chasing after lizards and
Bgfr insects. It ran on its long back

4
MÊ^/ legs, balancing itself with its
^Hk^ \< and used its short

tail,
^^^R«t mkj (< arms for seizing prey SIZE: GROUP: 'M'
20 long Crocodylian (crocodile)
iri
f\^
1^^ Mwl^MMfaitî •'* *^ L
|^^_ î
27
NORTH AMERICA
(Joelophysis
A ferocious hunter, Coelophysis was built for speed. Its body was light and slender
and it could move fast on its long back legs. Coelophysis probably hunted in
packs, roaming the forests in search of such prey as the small
shrewlike mammals that appeared around this time.
ft>^
SIZE
10 ft long
GROUP:
Coelurosaur
(small carnivorous dinosaur)
S* onisaurus
Shonisaurus was a huge
creature, one of the largest
in the sea in Triassic times.
It had a fishlike tail, which
powered its swimming,
and four finlike limbs.
Its long, narrow jaws
contained teeth only
at the front. Like
all ichthyosaurs,
Shonisaurus
spent all its life
at sea and fed GROUP:
Ichthyosaur
on fish. (marine
reptile)
28
LATE TRIASSIC
J)esmatosuchus
:•--*, a
Heavy, bony plates covered the
body of this creature and protected
it from faster-moving predators.
* The huge spines, up to 18 inches
SIZE:
long, which stuck out from its
16 ft long
GROUP:
shoulders, could also have helped it defend itself.
Aetosaur (armored reptile) Desmatosuchus fed on plants such as ferns and cycads.
JJypsognath us Jtfassospondylus
Long-necked Massospondylus
could reach high into the trees to
find food. It had large hands,
which probably used for picking
it
leaves, and each thumb was

armed with a large, curved
claw. Smooth stones have
been found in the stomachs
SIZE: of some skeletons of this
This early reptile was 13 in long
animal. probably
It
probably a plant-eater; GROUP:
swallowed these to
its broad teeth were Captorhinid
(primitive help grind up the
well suited to grinding reptile)
tough plants it
up tough plants. Its
body was wide and
ate —just as
some birds and
squat, so it
have moved very fast.

may not
* crocodiles
do today.
The sharp spikes
around its head could
have provided some
defense against hunters.
•
I
Mli^^'lB
n<
.. (J
3
^
Early
JURASSIC
....-
•<*
'jr^
ifjai&Sfc-v. "•'iur^X '
/> ^«Mk.
m
w v
'
^MfcWWjp,-
. . .'V
Plesiosaurus Protosuchus Teleosaurus Dimorphodon Dilophosaurus
Life in the Under the sea

Lepidotes was
Early Jurassic able to shape
its mouth into
The dry desert lands of the a tube and
suck prey
Triassic period had mostly
toward it from
disappeared by Early a distance.
Jurassic times. The climate
inmost of the world was
warm and wet.
The oceans of the world Ichthyosaurus
were packed with a huge had a
range of creatures. From the streamlined
body, shaped
sea floors sprouted graceful
like a
sea lilies or crinoids —these torpedo —ideal
many-armed relatives of for fast
starfish still flourish today. swimming.
Cruising through the warm
waters by jerky jet Ammonites
propulsion were ammonites had a
—
and belemnites coiled and squidlike body
inside a coiled
straight-bodied versions of
shell. They
today's squid and octopus. became extinct
These and other at the end
invertebrates (animals of the
without backbones), such as Cretaceous.
molluscs, shellfish, and

Eurhinosaurus Dapedium had
worms, were hunted by a was an short jaws and
great variety of swimming unusual broad teeth it
predators. There were fish of ichthyosaur may have used
with a top jaw for crushing
many sorts, their bodies
much longer shellfish to eat.
covered with tough heavy than the
scales for protection. lower jaw.
The most powerful of all
undersea hunters, however,
were the huge marine
reptiles such as ichthyosaurs
and plesiosaurs.
32
Anchisaurus Scelidosaurus Heterodontosaurus Scutellosaurus Lesothosaurus
QUATERNARY 2
Pholidophorus 590 million years ago
was a fast-
moving fish
that probably
hunted small
shrimplike
creatures.
Temnodonto-
saurus, with its
long, sharp-
toothed jaws,
was a powerful
hunter. Here it
is about to The Jurassic period began about
catch a 213 million years ago. It is named
plesiosaur. after the limestone rocksformed
at this time in the seaand later
thrown up as part of the Jura
Mountains in Europe.
A brittle
—
star these
The map shows how the world
five-armed
might have looked in the Early
creatures still
Jurassic. The world's landmasses
live in oceans
were still very close together.
today.
Crinoids were Belemnites are

not plants but now extinct but
animals that probably looked
lived anchored much like a
to the seabed. modern squid.
SEA
CONTINENTAL SHELF
I LAND
33
EUROPE
êleosaurus
Some early crocodiles lived on land, but

Teleosaurus spent its life in the sea,
swimming with snakelike movements
GROUP:
of its long body and tail. Its jaws were
Crocodylian (crocodile)
extremely long, narrow, and lined with
—
many sharp teeth ideal for grasping
slippery fish and squid.
J)imorphodon
Like other pterosaurs, Dimorphodon flew on
wings that were made of skin attached to
the extra long fingers of each hand. Its
jaws were very unusual: large and deep,
they looked like the bill of a modern
Qligohyph us
puffin. Nobody knows the exact
With its slender body and long tail,
reason for this but it is possible
Oligokyphus was similar to a
that the deep snout was
used in displays for
modern weasel. It may also have
attracting a mate had hair, which would have made
it look even more like a mammal.
or winning
It fed on plants and had large front
territory
teeth that were good for
gnawing.
SIZE:
4 ft wingspan
GROUP:
Pterosaur
(flying reptile)
ft
34
EARLY JURASSIC
piesiosaurus
Although not a very fast swimmer, Piesiosaurus was agile in the water, using its paddle-
shaped flippers to turn this way and that with ease. It had a long neck
which it probably stretched out to catch passing fish; it could
even raise its head above the surface of
the water to search for prey.
SIZE:
7 ft 6 in long
GROUP:
Plesiosaur
marine reptile)
êmnodontosaurus
This huge creature would have cruised
warm, shallow waters, hunting for
large squid and other prey Its
huge tail propelled it through
the water and its movements
were controlled by its long
narrow flippers.
SIZE: GROUP:
30 ft long Ichthyosaur (marine reptile)
35
AFRICA AND ASIA
Jârapasaurus
This dinosaur had a huge, bulky body and
thick legs like pillars — its name means
"big leg lizard." It is the oldest-
known long-necked dinosaur
and the only one so far to
have been found in
India. Despite
its huge size, Barapasaurus was probably a

gentle giant that fed on plants with the help
of its saw-edged teeth.
Jjesothosaurus
This small animal,
which looked like a lizard, usually moved
on its long back legs. It was a fast runner,
well able to sprint over the hot, dry plains
of its home in what is now southern Africa.
It fed on plants which it chewed with sharp,
pointed teeth, shaped like little arrowheads.
^hecodontosaurus
SIZE:
Fossils of Thecodontosaurus have been found in 7 long
Africa and Europe. was a slim creature with
It
ft
GROUP:
*
a small head and long neck and tail. It probably
spent much of its time on all fours, feeding on
low plants, but may also have stood on its
hind legs to pick higher growing leaves.
EARLY JURASSIC
J^nchisaurus
Anchisaurus remains have been found in Africa
and North America. Lightly built, it had a long
neck and could stand up on its hind legs and
reach high into trees to find food. On the
SIZE: first finger of each of its hands was a
49 ft long
large claw which may have
GROUP:
Sauropod (long-necked been used for rooting up
browsing dinosaur)
plants or for fighting
other dinosaurs.
#>^
SIZE:
7ft long
GROUP:
fjeterodontosaurus
SIZE:
3 ft long
GROUP:
Ornithopod
(bird-foot dinosaur)
%-
This small dinosaur

fed on plants. It was unusual because it had
three different kinds of teeth: sharp cutting
teeth for biting off leaves, larger back teeth for
grinding them, and some curved teeth like
Nobody knows exactly what these
tusks.
curved ones were used for, but some experts
believe that only the males had the tusks and
used them as weapons when fighting.
37
Focus on: ICHTHYOSAURS
the swimming reptiles
Of all the marine reptiles, tiny bones of babies still to side, much as the tail of
—
ichthyosaurs whose name inside them. a modern shark or tuna,
—
means "fish lizard" were Ichthyosaurs lived much pushing the body through
the most fully adapted to life They
like today's dolphins. the water. At about 49 feet,
in the sea. They even gave were strong swimmers and Shonisaurus was the largest
birth to live young in the cruised the open seas of the known ichthyosaur;
water, instead of laying eggs, world, feeding on fish and most were smaller.
and fossil skeletons of adults squid. They had a fishlike Ichthyosaurus was
have been found with the tail which moved from side about 6 feet long.
-.-
/
v
38
EARLY JURASSIC
Unlike other ichthyosaurs, Eurhinosaurus

had an extremely long upper jaw, with teeth
sticking out sideways along its length. It is
not known exactly what this strange jaw was
for could have been used to probe the
but it
mud or sand of the seabed for food such as

shrimp or octopus. It could also have been
swung rapidly from side to side as
Eurhinosaurus swam through a school offish,
stunning and wounding them as it passed.
Ichthyosaurus was fast and agile in the water, diving through the waves in
search of prey. But although well adapted for swimming, it was still a
reptile and had to come to the surface to breathe air. The nostrils were
set far back on the snout near the eyes so the animal only had to
raise its head to the surface of the water to take a breath.
Ichthyosaurus
A streamlined body, and strong tail and back

fins,helped Ichthyosaurus swim at more than
25 miles an hour. The fast-swimming modern
dolphin has a similar body shape.
39
NORTH AMERICA
J)ilophosaurus
Dilophosaurus was an unusual dinosaur with two thin
crests, shaped like half moons, on its head. It was
large and strong but its teeth were thin and it
probably did not kill its victims by biting
them. Instead, it may have ripped at
prey with its clawed hands and
feet or fed on the remains
of the kills of larger,
stronger animals.
SIZE:
20 ft
*
long
GROUP:
Coelurosaur
(carnivorous dinosaur)
jQcelidosaurus
Like all ankylosaurs, Scelidosaurus was heavily armored SIZE:
13 long
against attackers. Its back was covered in hard bony
ft
*
GROUP:
plates which were studded with rows of spikes running Ankylosaur (armored dinosaur)
from neck to tail. It had sturdy
legs and probably moved
around on all fours,
feeding on plants.
^
EARLY JURASSIC
jQtenopterygius
Its sleek,torpedo-shaped body, long Jk Bk
paddles, and fishlike tail helped -M
make Stenopterygius a fast, WjflfiBB % m*
affileswimmer. It fed on j& 'j&HP ^^^^&^^Â 5* .
W^'-''
fish and squid which it ^'^K^/i^wSîij^^-.'^^f'^'

hunted with the aid *jf^
"-%%• ;r
?^BK
^ '"^~~
of its large eyes
j&0&^^^^^^m^*. IT
and sensitive ^ f
ft^
SIZE:
ears. Like other ichthyosaurs, it >*m? up to 10 ft long
gave birth to live young in the water. GROUP:

Ichthyosaur (marine reptile)
Protosuchus
This early crocodile was a land-living
—
creature its remains have been found in the same
rocks as many dinosaurs. It could run fast on its
long, slim legs, and caught such prey as lizards
in its sharp teeth. Like modern crocodiles,
Protosuchus had a pair of teeth on the lower
jaw that fitted into notches on the upper jaw.
SIZE: GROUP:
3 ft 3 in long Crocodylian (crocodile)
jQcutellosaurus
Another well-armored
dinosaur, Scutellosaurus was
covered with rows of bony studs
which helped protect it from
SIZE:
predators. Its tail was particularly 4 ft long
long and was probably held out to help GROUP:

Ornithopod
balance the animal when it ran on two legs
* (bird-foot dinosaur)
41
;\
Late
JURASSIC
55
L» jk^-E^SI <?^^
<§/H II
^sl ^-J^K
VaK
>*mSs/
M'
FSfcr
Mi
&<-
WS-
P&
—
Ophthalmosaurus Pterodactylus
> Liopleurodon
-rf
Elaphrosaurus Dicraeosaurus
Life in the A European redwood forest

A flying reptile,
Late Jurassic Scaphognathus
had long jaws
Most of the Late Jurassic
and sharp
teeth. It may
world was much warmer have fed on
than now, and there was insects, which
plenty of rain. Plants were were plentiful
in Jurassic
generally large and
forests.
luxuriant, like tropical rain
forest plants today.
Forest trees included Long-necked
Cetiosauriscus
palmlike cycads, ginkgos
could reach up
one kind of which still grows and feed on
—
today and many sorts of high branches
cone-bearing conifers related of the forest
trees.
to today's pines and firs.
Ferns and giant horsetail
plants covered the ground
Archaeopteryx
around them.
may have
With the mild weather and caught insects
plenty of plants to feed on, while in flight
animals flourished, too. The or swooped
land was still dominated by down in

surprise attacks
the dinosaurs, and huge on small
long-necked plant-eaters ground-living
such as Diplodocus creatures.
wandered the forests.

Compsognathus and other
agile hunters preyed on
smaller plant-eating
dinosaurs.
Only a few kinds of small
shrewlike mammals had
evolved. These probably hid
in burrows for much of the
day and came out at night to
search for food.
44
^Wh Tuojiangosaurus
7 ^^^
Yangchuanosaurus Brachiosaurus Othnielia Camptosaurus
QUATERNARY 2
Huge redwood 590 million years ago
trees, similar
to those still
growing in
North
America, once
grew in the
warm,
swampy
forests of
Europe
The earliest
known bird, The Jurassic period ended about
Archaeopteryx 144 million years ago.
could climb
trees with the
help of the
claws on its The map shows the positions of
wings and may the world's landmasses in the
have been able Late Jurassic. At this time, the
to glide or northern and southern continents
even flap its were beginning to split away from
wings to fly. each other. The land now called
North America was at this time
separated from the landmass of
South America by sea.
Camptosaurus A powerful
moved on all with big
killer
fours while curved fangs,
feeding but Megalosaurus
could rear up preyed on
on back
its plant-eating
run
legs to dinosaurs.
away from its
enemies.
SEA
D CONTINENTAL SHELF
1 LAND
45
EUROPE
(Jamptosaurus
Camptosaurus was a relative of the mighty
Iguanodon. A bulky, heavy creature, it was
probably slow-moving and would have spent
most of its time on all fours, feeding on
low-growing plants. But it could also
rear up on its hind legs to reach
taller plants and to escape from
enemies.
Qcaphognathus
SIZE: Scaphognathus had wings made of skin which it
3 ft 3 in wingspan
could flap like a modern bird. Its bone
GROUP: ¥>
Pterosaur structure suggests that it had a
(flying reptile)
P* poor sense of smell but excellent
eyesight, so could probably
spot its prey from the air.
Ophthalmosaurus
The super-large eyes of this ichthyosaur
suggest that it fed at night. It probably
hunted close to the surface of the water
searching for squid. Each
eye socket was about 4
inches across and a bony
ring surrounded each eyeball to GROUP:
prevent it from collapsing under the water's pressure. Ichthyosaur
* (marine reptile)
46
Jjfletriorhynchus
Metriorhynchus
spent its life in
the sea. Its legs
ended in paddle-shaped
flippers and it had a fin on its
tail which powered its swimming.
It did not have the body armor of
—
land-living crocodiles this would have
been much too heavy in the sea. It probably
fed mainly on fish and squid. SIZE: GROUP:
10 ft long Crocodylian (crocodile)
47
AFRICA
pterodactylus
There were many different kinds of
pterodactyl. Some had wingspans of
2 feet, others as large as 40 feet, but
most had short tails and long necks. **
Pterodactylus had long, narrow jaws,
—
lined with sharp teeth ideal for SIZE:
up to 2 ft 6 in wingspan
catching insects or small fish.
GROUP:
Pterosaur (flying reptile)
fllaphrosaurus
Elaphrosaurus probably belonged to a
group known as "ostrich dinosaurs" and did
look a lot like a modern ostrich. The only
SIZE:
skeleton ever found comes from the
6 in long
11 ft
famous Tendaguru dinosaur bed in Tanzania,
GROUP:
where more than 250 tons of dinosaur bones
Ornithomimid
(ostrich dinosaur) were dug up between 1908 and 1912.
J£entrosaurus
This stegosaur had a double row of narrow, bony
plates from its neck to the middle of its back.
Sharp spikes (some 2 feet long) completed
the line of armor to the end of the tail.
Spikes sticking out at hip level on each
side gave Kentrosaurus extra
protection from enemies.
SIZE:
15 ft long
GROUP:
Stegosaur
(plated dinosaur)
*
48
LATE JURASSIC
Jêgalosaurus
Megalosaurus was the first dinosaur ever to be scientifically
iijfrgs(tt&. described and named. It was a massive creature and a
^*, .«^ % yW fierce hunter. Its head was large and its powerful jaws
^B(^_^ -:
v were armed with curved teeth, serrated like steak

^B %y knives, for cutting into flesh. On its fingers and
^/# toes were sharp claws. With such weapons,
%£* '
., Megalosaurus could attack the

large, plant-eating
a^P"^ liiSv
itt ^ô^tdMrw^., Ftt-ii dinosaurs of
l the time.
?*^/ ^^k? %?7 WmMkiLi
1 '
B SIZE:
1 V _ 30 ft long
^^fc^^^
jE? 4-pfc\*?* <^^ -^ Carnosaur
^ m
fM y
m
W
^^^^^^
W
(large
carnivorous
/£jSa jp ^ dinosaur)
Z> icraeosaurus
A member of the same family as the giant Diplodocus, Dicraeosaurus
was smaller and had a shorter neck. It roamed the tropical
plains of what became eastern Africa,
feeding on plants.
GROUP:
Sauropod (long-necked
browsing dinosaur)
49
ASIA
YanS°huanosaurus Ji]uhelopus
A plant-eating dinosaur,
Euhelopus lived in what is
now China. It had a long
neck and could probably
Huge jaws reach up to the lower
and fangs like branches of fir trees and tear
daggers made this away great mouthfuls of the
dinosaur a fearsome predator. needlelike leaves. Its long,
It moved on large, pillarlike back spoon-shaped teeth would
legs, holding its tail out stiffly to have been able to deal
balance its weight. Both fingers with such tough
and toes bore sharp claws which plants.
helped it seize prey.
SIZE:
up to 33 ft long
GROUP:
Carnosaur (large
carnivorous dinosaur) «
r
Jûojiangosaurus
Like all stegosaurs, this creature had
rows of bony plates jutting from its
back, neck, and tail, but these

plates had more spikes than '&
those of Stegosaurus.
A slow, bulky animal, it
would probably have
stood its ground if attacked
and lashed out with its spiny
tail. It fed on plants but had small, weak
teeth and could probably only browse on

young shoots and ferns.
SIZE:
23 ft long
GROUP:
Stegosaur
(plated dinosaur)
JKL* * <A
50
LATE JURASSIC
Qordes
SIZE:
6 in wingspan
1 ft
GROUP:
V
Pterosaur (flying
reptile) *
This pterosaur might have
had a thick, hairy coat to
keep it warm. A fossil
SIZE: of Sordes found in
50 ft long
Asia suggests that
GROUP:
Sauropod the body was covered
(long-necked in dense fur. The tail and wings do
browsing dinosaur)
not appear to have been furry.
Jtfamenchisaurus
SIZE:
72 ft long
GROUP:
browsing dinosaur)
This amazing animal
had the longest neck of any
dinosaur, in fact of any known
animal —
was nearly three times
it
as long as a modern giraffe's neck.

Most mammals, including the giraffe,
have seven bones in the neck, but
Mamenchisaurus had nineteen. Such a
neck may look awkward but it gave this
dinosaur a feeding advantage. When it reared
up on its Mamenchisaurus was able
back legs,
to reach farther than other dinosaurs, up to
the fresh young plant growth at the tops of trees.
Focus on: STEGOSAURS
the armored plant-eaters
Stegosaurs first evolved The tail of Stegosaurus was lined with pairs of
vicious spikes, each about 3 feet long. These
about 170 million years ago,
spikes were probably covered in horn and were
in Jurassic times. There
used to help the animal defend itself against
were many different types predatory dinosaurs. Stegosaurus could
but the largest was have swung its heavy, spiked tail
Stegosaurus, well known for from side to side and caused

serious damage to
the broad, bony plates along
an attacker.
its back.
Nobody knows quite why
Stegosaurus had these
plates.One possibility is that
they made a kind of spiky
fence of armor on the back to
protect the stegosaur from
its enemies.
But many experts now
think that the plates had a
very different purpose —they
may have helped control
body temperature. The
theory is that the plates
were not solid, but
honeycomb structures
through which large
quantities of blood flowed.
When turned toward the sun
the plates would have
absorbed heat and warmed
the animal's body. When
turned away they would
have given off heat and
helped the body cool down.
LATE JURASSIC
Stegosaurus was up to 30
feet long and weighed as
much as 2 tons. But its head
was tiny —the skull was only
about 16 inches long. The
brain was small, too, about
the size of a walnut.
Although it would have
usually moved on all fours,
some experts think that
Stegosaurus may have been
able to rear up on to its back
legs, allowing it to feed off
the lower branches of trees.
No one is certain exactly

how the bony plates on
the back of Stegosaurus
were arranged. Many
well-preserved
skeletons have been
found, but never with plates
still attached. Some experts thought
that they lay flat on the skin, forming

protective armor over the animal's back
(1). Most now believe, however, that the
plates stood upright and were arranged
in two rows along the back, either
opposite one another (3), or staggered
in alternating rows (2).
NORTH AMERICA
J)iplodocus
Diplodocus was one of the
longest of all dinosaurs but had
light bones in its back and so was
not as heavy as other giant plant-
eaters. Much of its length was made up
of itssnaky neck and whiplike tail. Its
size alone helped protect it from enemies
but Diplodocus could also sweep smaller
animals away by lashing its mighty tail from
side to side. It fed on huge quantities of plants,
probably using its thin, pencil-shaped teeth to strip
leaves from branches.
(Joelurus (Jeratosaurus
A fast-moving hunter, this slender long- Powerful jaws with sharp, curving
legged dinosaur lived in forests and fangs were this predator's main
swamps where prey was plentiful. Its weapons. It moved on strong back legs
strong hands were armed with three and seized its victims with the clawed
sharp-clawed fingers ideal for — fingers on its short arms. On its head
grasping small animals such as lizards Ceratosaurus had a small horn, which
and flying reptiles. it may have used in head-butting
battles with other males to win

leadership of a group.
SIZE:
/ 20 ft
GROUP:
long
Camosaur
SIZE: (large
6 ft 6 in long carnivorous
dinosaur)
GROUP:
Coelurosaur
(small
carnivorous
dinosaur) *
54
—
LATE JURASSIC
SIZE:
85 ft long
^^ GROUP:
Sauropod
it Ji /.^^H^^^^^^H
(long-necked
browsing dinosaur)
J^patosaurus
This massive creature, which would have weighed more than six full-
grown elephants, was also called Brontosaurus, or "thunder lizard."
But scientists found that two different names had been given to the
same creature so it is now properly called by the first name given
Apatosaurus. It fed on plants and probably had to spend most of
its life eating in order to get enough food for its huge body. It had
teeth only at the front of its mouth and could not chew: so, it just
swallowed leaves and other plant material whole.
SIZE:
up to 70 ft long
GROUP:
browsing dinosaur)
55
NORTH AMERICA
J)ryosaurus
*"tv
SIZE
up to 10 ft long Dryosaurus was a plant-eating

GROUP dinosaur that probably lived in
Omithopod
herds. Like modern deer, it was a
fast runner and, when danger
threatened from one of the many
fierce hunting dinosaurs, it could
sprint away at top speed on
its long back legs.
J^rachiosaurus
One of the largest, tallest dinosaurs, Brachiosaurus stood at least
—
35 feet high as big as a four-story building. It was heavy, too, and
—
weighed an incredible 89 tons about the same as 12 adult
elephants. This giant fed on plants which it chewed with the
pointed peglike teeth which lined its jaws. Its
front legs were longer than its back legs so,
rather like a giraffe, its body sloped
down from the shoulders. This
helped give its long neck an
even greater reach up to
leaves on the highest
branches.
56
LATE JURASSIC
J^JLlosaurus
The largest and most fearsome predator of its time, Allosaurus was a giant killer.
Hunting in packs, it probably managed to bring down huge plant-eating dinosaurs
such as Apatosaurus and Diplodocus. Allosaurus had a large
head and strong neck and its powerful jaws were equipped
with more than 70 saw-edged teeth.
SIZE:
up to 40 ft long
GROUP:
Carnosaur (large
carnivorous dinosaur)
Qthnielia
A small, lightweight creature,
Othnielia had long legs and tail and
short arms with five-fingered hands. It
SIZE:
75 ft long fed on plants which it plucked with the

GROUP: hard toothless beak at the front of its
browsing dinosaur)
jaws, and then ground down with the
strong teeth farther back in its mouth.
'^fc^ "^L.
* ™— *
^
11
1
*&f 4
*
SIZE:
ft 6 in long
GROUP:
Ornithopod
57
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a
Dsungaripterus Bernissartia Iguanodon Psittacosaurus Hypsilophodon
An Asian river delta

Life in the Early
Cretaceous
Iguanodon
By the Early Cretaceous the mongolensis
single huge continent of had strong
Triassic times had split into teeth and
powerful
northern and southern
beaklike jaws.
landmasses. These It browsed on
supercontinents were tough, low-
breaking up into smaller growing plants
areas of land —Africa, for such as
horsetails.
example, had started to drift
away from South America.
The beginning of the Cycadeoids
Cretaceous period was also seemed to have
the beginning of the modern had structures
world of plants. Non- which looked
almost like
flowering plants such as
flowers,
ferns, horsetails, conifers, covered with
and cycads still dominated hairy scales.
the land, but the very first of
the flowering plants that Cycads were
would eventually cover much cone-bearing
There
plants.
of the land surface of the
were male and
planet, were evolving. female plants,
Flowering plants may have each with
Conifer trees were Dsungaripterus was
different cones.
first appeared in tropical among the largest a pterodactyl —
South America and Africa. plants in the Early flying reptile with a
Their light seeds were easily Cretaceous. wingspan of about
10 feet.
carried by the wind and they
would have quickly spread
around the world.
Plant-eating dinosaurs took
fulladvantage of this new
food supply and thrived.
There was more variety of
dinosaurs than ever before.
60
*^ >
Deinonychus Echinodon Hylaeosaurus Acrocanthosaurus Baryonyx
QUATERNARY 2
Wuerhosaurus 65
was a stegosaur
or plated
dinosaur. It fed
on plants.
Euhelopus The Cretaceous period began

probably lived about 144 million years ago. Its
in both the name comes from a Latin word
Late Jurassic meaning "of chalk" and refers to
and Early the many chalk deposits made in
Cretaceous. the shallow seas that covered
With the help much of Europe and North
of its long neck America later in the period.
it could reach
high into the The map shows how the world

trees for food. might have looked in the Early
Cretaceous period as the northern
and southern landmasses split
farther apart.
Horsetails A relative of
were moisture- Iguanodon,
loving plants Probactrosaurus
that grew near was a plant-
lakes and eating dinosaur,
streams.
SEA
CONTINENTAL SHELF
LAND
61
EUROPE
JJylaeosaurus
This bulky plant-eater's only

protection from enemies was its
body armor, which was even more
effective than that of the stegosaurs.
Its neck, back, and sides were
covered with flat, bony plates set in
thick, leathery skin. This body armor
was studded with knobs, and rows of
GROUP:
Nodosaur
sharp spikes guarded the animal's sides.
(armored dinosaur) Few hunters could get past these defenses.
Jj]chinodon Jêrnissartia
This tiny crocodile probably lived
on land and in the water, judging
by the two types of teeth in its
*
SIZE:
jaws. At the front were long,
pointed teeth, suitable for
2 ft long
catching fish. Farther back in its
GROUP: mouth were broad, flat teeth for
Omithopod (bird-foot dinosaur)
crushing shellfish or even the
bones of dead animals.
The small, lizardlike Echinodon
ran upright on its long, slender
legs. It fed on plants. Only the
jaw bones of this creature
have ever been found, but these
show that Echinodon had long,
sharp teeth at the front of its
mouth, rather like the eyeteeth
of modern cats and dogs.
62
EARLY CRETACEOUS
Jâryonyx
Baryonyx was only

discovered in 1983, so
experts are still figuring
out how it lived from the
clues given by its skeleton. SIZE:
20 long
It had a long,narrow head ft
GROUP:
like a crocodile's, and jaws Carnosaur (large
—
with twice as many teeth as most carnosaurs this may mean carnivorous
dinosaur)
it was a fish-eater. It also had a huge, curved claw, about 12 inches
long, on each of its front feet. This would have made an excellent
weapon and may even have been used to hook fish out of the water. *
Jguanodon
GROUP.
Ornithopod
A plant-eater, this mighty creature

lived in herds,roaming the lush Cretaceous
landscape in search of ferns and horsetails.
Iguanodon's hands were unusual. They were well
suited both for walking on and for grasping food, and on
each there was a sharp spike that made a useful weapon.
63
ASIA
J)sungaripterus
SIZE:
20 ft long
GROUP:
Stegosaur
(plated dinosaur)
SIZE:
"lOftwingspan
GROUP:
Pterosaur
(flying reptile)
probactrosaurus
Dsungaripterus had an
unusual bony crest
along its snout and
long, narrow jaws that
curved upward to a fine
point at the tip. These
jaws looked a little like
forceps but were paper- Probactrosaurus was related
thin. How these jaws to the mighty Iguanodon (see
were used is still not page 63). It had a bulky body
known. Like all the and large feet with heavy, hooflike
other pterosaurs, nails. Probably a fairly slow-moving
Dsungaripterus flew on animal, it would have spent most
large, leathery wings of its time on all fours, feeding on
made of skin. low-growing plants. It would nip off
the leaves with its beaklike jaws, then
grind them down with rows of ridged teeth.
64
EARLY CRETACEOUS
JJtfuerhosaurus pachyrhachis
Only a few bones of this stegosaur have This creature had a
ever been found, so its reconstruction is long, slender body like
partly guesswork. Like all stegosaurs, a snake, but a head
it seems to have had a series of more like a lizard.
triangular-shaped plates along water and
It lived in
its back and sharp spines on probably swam by
its tail.Wuerhosaurus was wriggling movements of
a plant-eater and moved its supple body.
around on four legs.
SIZE:
3 ft 3 in long
GROUP:
Serpentes
(aquatic reptile)
*
Psittacosaurus
SIZE:
up to 8 ft long
GROUP:
Ceratopian
(horned dinosaur)
This strange-looking animal had a large head armed

20 ft
SIZE:
long —
with a horny parrotlike beak its name means "parrot
GROUP: lizard." It had no teeth but its beak was sharp and could
Ornithopod
slice through tough leaves and stems.
* (bird-foot dinosaur)
65
Focus on: PTEROSAURS
the flying reptiles
Pterosaurs were among the extinct at the same time as
first vertebrates — animals the dinosaurs, about 65
—
with backbones to take to million years ago.
life in the air. These flying There were two sorts of
reptiles flew on wings made pterosaurs. First came the
of skin, attached to the rhamphorhynchoids, such as
extra long fourth fingers of Rhamphorhynchus and
each hand. Anurognathus, which had
Pterosaurs first evolved in short legs and long, bony
Late Triassic times, 50 tails. Later came the
million years before the first pterodactyloids, such as

known bird, Archaeopteryx, Pterodaustro and
appeared. They flourished Quetzalcoatlus which were
,
all through the Jurassic similar but had shorter tails

period and finally became and longer necks.
The pterosaur's wings looked like a cloak of skin

attached along the sides of the body and stretched
between front and back legs. The enormously long
fourth finger supported the top of the wing. The
remaining fingers on each hand formed short claws
at the front edge of the wing.
66 Pterodaustro
Because of its immense size, Quetzalcoatlus probably EARLY CRETACEOUS
relied on gliding rather than flapping its wings to fly.
It seems to have spent its life soaring over land,
not sea like most other pterosaurs. Some experts
think that this mighty creature fed mostly on
— —
carrion the remains of dead animals like
a modern vulture. But others believe
that it used its long beak to find
shellfish in shallow water.
This huge pterosaur was probably

the largest flying creature of all
time. Quetzalcoatlus may have
measured almost 40 feet from
—
wingtip to wingtip as much as a
—
light aircraft and weighed about
140 pounds.
Rhamphorhynchus
I
NORTH AMERICA
J^crocanthosaurus
*ww*
A powerfully built hunter,
Acrocanthosaurus killed and ate
other dinosaurs. The name of this
large creature means "top-spined
SIZE:
lizard." This refers to the ridge 43 ft long
of skin, held up by spines rising GROUP:
from the backbone, running from Carnosaur (large
neck to tail.
Qauropelta
This peaceful plant-eater could not run
fast, but its armor protected it from
hunting carnivorous dinosaurs. It had
bands of bony plates across its back and
rows of sharp spikes on each side.
*
SIZE: s*/? ,.-,
25 ft long
GROUP: GROUP:
Ankylosaur Deinonychosaur
(armored (terrible-clawed
dinosaur) dinosaur)
<\*V
EARLY CRETACEOUS
^hescelosaurus
Bulky and big-boned, Thescelosaurus
was probably fairly slow-moving.
Perhaps to make up for its lack of
speed it had bony studs set in the skin
of its back, which would have given it
some protection from predators.
*
SIZE:
11 ft 6 in long
GROUP:
Ornithopod
J)einonychus ênontosaurus
1
1
Ljc^ A large, bulky dinosaur with a long, extremely
thick tail, Tenontosaurus was a plant-eater. Although it
could kick with its clawed feet and use its heavy tail as a
whiplash, it would have been no match for fierce, speedy
Fast-moving Deinonychus
hunters such as Deinonychus.
or "terrible claw" was
built for killing. It had a
GROUP:
large head, equipped with SIZE:
24 ft long Ornithopod (bird-foot dinosaur)

strong, jagged teeth for
tearing at lumps of flesh.
On each foot was a huge
curved, 5-inch claw.
Standing on one leg, it
could slash at its victims.
—t?*^
IsBN
1
Si
t~.
Late
CRETACEOUS
m.
^S
-*C
,*%
A"*5
;\
SO&u
^7>;
.,&#>- ^
wV^8
S\**j?^B
'/jj
^w^
^<ftsv--t
l^f MmTin^,,^
^5#
a
^T ^^^ *^^ /^
Archelon Alioramus Protoceratops Lambeosaurus Struthiomimus
Life in the A North American forest

Late Cretaceous
Flowering plants, which first
appeared in the Early
Cretaceous, were beginning
Pteranodon
to dominate the land by the
was one of
Late Cretaceous. Hickory the longest-
trees, oaks, and magnolias winged of all
were all flourishing, as well pterosaurs. It
soared high
as smaller flowering plants.
above the land
The variety of plants on rising hot
provided a great range of air currents.
foods for the plant-eaters.
There were more different
sorts of dinosaurs alive then
than at any time. But at the
end of the Cretaceous period, Parasaurolophus
about 65 million years ago, had a single
they all became extinct. tubelike crest on
its head. This
No one is really sure why
crest was hollow
they disappeared. One and may have
popular theory is that a huge helped make the
meteorite hit the Earth, animal's honking
calls louder.
throwing vast amounts of
dust into the air. The dust in
Cycadeoids Flowering Alphadon was
the atmosphere would have were cycadlike plants such as an early
blocked the sun's light and plants with magnolias marsupial —
killed off many land plants. cones, which were starting pouched
became extinct to fill the mammal. It
This could have caused the
toward the end forests of could climb
death of plant-eating of the North America well and
dinosaurs and, in turn, of the Cretaceous. at this time. probably spent
flesh-eating dinosaurs that much of its life
in trees.
fed on them.
The birds of today are the
closest living descendants of
the dinosaurs.
72
•y?
Stegoceras
m Triceratops Alamosaurus
# Torosaurus Ankylosaurus
QUATERNARY 2
In this North
American
forest,storm
clouds darken
the sky as a
Tyrannosaurus
thunders into
view and the
peaceful plant-
eaters scatter
in alarm.
The Late Cretaceous ended about

A young 65 million years ago and with it
Corythosaurus ended the age of the dinosaurs.
had a much
smaller head
crest than the
adult. The The map shows the positions of
crest gradually the world's landmasses in the
developed as Late Cretaceous period. At this
the animal time shallow seas had invaded
grew. North America and Europe,
dividing the land in the northern
half of the world.
The mighty Corythosaurus

Tyrannosaurus lived in herds,
was heavier wandering the
than an forests in
elephant. It was search of food
the top predator such as pine
in Cretaceous needles and
forests. magnolia
leaves.
SEA
CONTINENTAL SHELF
LAND
SHALLOW SEA
73
EUROPE
piatecarpus
W^mm m
A giant sea-living lizard,
ft"? Piatecarpus swam with
snakelike movements of its
M long body and finned tail,
mm V /
steering with its broad,
SIZE: §t webbed feet. It fed on fish
14 ft long
and squid which it snatched
GROUP:
Mososaur (lizard relative) up with its sharp teeth.
pteranodon
One of the largest of all flying reptiles, Pteranodon was
probably too big to flap its wings constantly. It might
have glided on air currents over open sea searching
for prey, much as large seabirds do today. The
long, bony crest on its head might have
helped balance the weight of its
it
large head while in the air.

Pteranodon had no teeth
and probably fed by
scooping up fish in
its long narrow
jaws, almost
like a pelican
does today.
SIZE:
23 ft wingspan
GROUP:
Pterosaur
(flying reptile)
74
LATE CRETACEOUS
Qtruthiosaurus
—•H\\M I
75
ASIA
ârbosaurus
This giant, with huge head and jaws and 6-inch
its
fangs, lumbered around eating anything it came
across, whether dead or alive. It could have
preyed on plant-eating duckbilled and
armored dinosaurs, but because it
was so big, Tarbosaurus probably
^^H
could not move very fast, and
may have also fed on the 13
kills of other animals
It was powerful
enough to scare
SIZE
off most other up to 46 ft long
)HE>
predators. GROUP:
By Carnosaur (large
**'
^Bi carnivorous dinosaur)
Protoceratops
A bulky, four-legged plant-eater, Protoceratops SIZE: GROUP:
had a strong beak, shaped like a parrot's, and * up to 9 ft long Ceratopian

(horned dinosaur)
a large frill, made of a sheet of bone, at the
back of its neck. The first dinosaur eggs
and nests ever found belonged to this
dinosaur. And inside some of these
nests, dug about 80 million years
ago, tiny fossilized bones of
baby Protoceratops have
been found.
76
LATE CRETACEOUS
\felociraptor fllasmosaurus
This ferocious two-legged killer grasped
its victims with its strong arms while
attacking them with the large claws on
each foot. Fossilized skeletons have
been found of Velociraptor locked in
battle with a horned dinosaur.
g r** , * >
»f. ._.
SIZE:
6 ft long
GROUP: 'ij?^ r*&

Deinonychosaur
(terrible-clawed dinosaur)
Ai loramus
Like its larger relative, Tyrannosaurus ,
Alioramus was a fierce hunter, with a

large, strong body and heavily clawed
feet. On its head were some bony knobs
or spikes. These knobs may have been
larger on the male Alioramus and used
in displays for attracting a mate.
SIZE:
20 ft long
f¥< GROUP:
Carnosaur
(large carnivorous
The longest known plesiosaur,
Elasmosaurus had a snakelike neck
which was more than half its total body
dinosaur)
length. The reptile lived in the sea and

probably paddled along near the
surface, its neck held clear of the water.
When it spotted a fish or other
creature,Elasmosaurus may have
plunged its long neck into the sea and
snapped up the prey.
77
ASIA
^sintaosaurus
Until recently, scientists believed that this plant-eating
dinosaur had a horn, like that shown here,
pointing straight up from between its eyes.
The latest evidence, however, suggests that
thishorn may have pointed
backward, or even that
Tsintaosaurus did
not have a horn
at all.
SIZE:
33 ft long
GROUP:
Ornithopod
SIZE:
43 ft long
GROUP:
Ornithopod
A heavy, extra long tail made up almost half the length of this
dinosaur. Shantungosaurus probably walked on all four feet, but
when had to run away from predators could rear up on its
it
back legs and sprint away, its weight balanced by this large tail
held out behind. This mighty creature fed on plants, including
the flowering plants that began to flourish at this time.
78
LATE CRETACEOUS
Qpisthocoelicaudia
The one skeleton of this dinosaur found so far lacks its neck and head, so its
exact size can only be guessed at. The rest of the body showed that it was
a large plant-eating animal, with a long, strong probably used
tail. It
this tail as a prop, a "third leg," to steady itself when it reared

up on its back legs to feed on the leaves of tall trees.
Qaichania
A strongly armored, plant-eating
Qhantungosaurus had a massive
dinosaur, Saichania
head studded with bony knobs. Spines
stuck out from each side of its body and
the whole of its back was protected by
rows of knobby plates. Its tail ended in
a bony club which could be swung from
side to side to fend off attackers.
SIZE:
23 ft long
GROUP:
Ankylosaur (armored dinosaur)
Focus on: TYRANNOSAURS
the tyrant lizards
The largest meat-eating clawed feet supported its
animals that have ever lived weight. Its arms were puny
belonged to the tyrannosaur compared to the rest of the
Vicious claws, a strong
family —the name means body and were so short they head and neck, and
"tyrant lizards" These huge could not even have reached powerful jaws would
creatures were alive in the up to the animal's mouth. have made
Late Cretaceous period, There were only two fingers Tyrannosaurus an
efficient killer. It
about 80 million years ago, on each hand. probably relied on the
and their remains have been Tyrannosaurus probably surprise attack,
found in Asia and western preyed on the herds of charging its victim in a
North America. plant-eating dinosaurs short burst of speed.
Like all the tyrant lizards, roaming North America such

Tyrannosaurus had a big as Anatosaurus. Although
head and short body, these creatures were also
balanced by a long, thick large, they were no match for
tail. Pillarlike legs with large powerful tyrannosaurs.
Tyrannosaurus looks every inch the fearsome hunter, but some experts
have suggested that it might have been a scavenger that fed on kills made
by other animals. It could have used its terrifying bulk to frighten other
hunters away from their meals.
LATE CRETACEOUS
The largest of the flesh-eating

dinosaurs, Tyrannosaurus was
also the biggest carnivore ever
to liveon land. Fossil finds in
North America suggest that
the animal was about 39 feet
long, up to 20 feet tall and
weighed about 8 tons, more
than an adult male elephant.
The massive jaws of

Tyrannosaurus were filled with
razor-sharp teeth, each about 6
inches long, or more. These had
serrated edges to cut through
flesh more easily.
NORTH AMERICA
Qtruthiomimus
With its long legs and neck, small head, and
beaklike mouth, Struthiomimus looked very
much like an ostrich. All it lacked was feathers.
<T
Itprobably ate a wide variety of foods, including
leaves, fruit, insects, and small animals.
When in danger it could run away at high
speed —up to 30 miles an hour.
J)einosuchus
At three times the size of the biggest crocodiles today, Deinosuchus
deserved its name, which means "terrible crocodile." It lived in the
swamps and probably preyed on dinosaurs by lying in wait and grabbing
them as they passed.
SIZE:
possibly 49 ft long
GROUP:
Crocodylian (crocodile) *
J)aspletosaurus
SIZE:
28 ft long
GROUP:
Huge jaws armed with
Carnosaur (large daggerlike fangs, clawed feet, and sheer
—
bulk these were the weapons of this two-
legged predator. It probably hunted the
large, horned dinosaurs that roamed
the forests, pouncing on its prey with
* all the force of its 4-ton body.
82
LATE CRETACEOUS
jQaurolophus
SIZE:
11 ft 6 in long
GROUP:
Ornithomimid
SIZE:
(ostrich dinosaur)
30 ft long
GROUP:
Ornithopod
(bird-foot
dinosaur)
This plant-eating dinosaur had a long, bony spike that

sloped backward from the top of its head. This spike
may have been a support for flaps of skin linked to the
nose, which the dinosaur could blow up like a balloon
and use to make loud honking sounds. Saurolophus
lived in herds and such sounds would have helped the
animals keep in touch, especially over long distances.
Qhampsosaurus
Champsosaurus lived in rivers and swamps in Europe
as well as North America. It was not a crocodile but
swam like one, moving its long body and tail from
side to side and keeping its legs tucked against
SIZE:
its sides. It fed mainly on fish which it
5 ft long
GROUP:
caught in its long, narrow jaws.
Diapsid (early reptile relative)
83
NORTH AMERICA
Qtenonychosaurus
The "brainiest" of them all,
Stenonychosaurus had the largest brain

for its body size of any dinosaur. Its eyes,
too, were big — each was about 2 inches
across. Such eyes would have made it a
SIZE:
6 ft 6 in long good nighttime hunter and it was

GROUP: probably active after dark, running
Pachycephalosaur
(thick-headed dinosaur) through the woods to hunt
down small mammals
Stegoceras had a high, domed head, and reptiles.
made up enormously thickened
of
bones. It probably lived in herds and
males would have fought for
leadership. In these duels the animals
charged with heads lowered so that SIZE:
6 ft 6 in long
their ramming, domed surfaces met
GROUP
when they crashed together. Coelurosaur (small
prosaurolophus
Prosaurolophus was one of the dinosaurs known

as duckbills, so called because of the wide, flat
mouth which looks like a duck's beak. This
duckbill had a low crest of bone that ran from
the tip of its snout up to the top of the head
where it ended in a small, bony knob. Like all
duckbills, Prosaurolophus fed on plants.
84
LATE CRETACEOUS
piotosaurus
This giant lizard lived in the sea, probably in shallow coastal
waters. It had a long tail ending in a fin which must have
helped move its great body through the water. Its limbs
had developed into flippers, the front pair longer
than the back. Piotosaurus would have eaten
fish, squid, and maybe shellfish, snapping
them all up in its long,
sharp-toothed jaws.
SIZE:
33 ft long
r GROUP:
Mososaur
(lizard relative)
Parksosaurus
This small, plant-eating dinosaur lived in herds. A fast
runner, Parksosaurus could run off at high speed if
danger threatened. It probably found most of its food
on the ground, snuffling about in the undergrowth and
nipping off leaves with its narrow, beaked mouth.
85
NORTH AMERICA
Panoplosaurus Pachycephalosaurus
Encased in heavy body armor,
Panoplosaurus could have weighed as
much as an elephant. Square plates
and bony studs covered its neck and
back, and massive spikes guarded each
side. Even its head was protected by
bony plates. A plant-eater, it had a
narrow snout and may have searched
GROUP
around on the ground for its food. Pachycephalosaur
(thick-headed dinosaur)
The huge dome on this plant-eater's

head was made of solid bone, about 10
inches thick. Scientists believe that the
SIZE:
15 ft long dinosaur may have had head-butting

GROUP: battles with rival males, and the dome
Nodosaur
would have absorbed the impact.
(armored dinosaur)
orythosaurus
Corythosaurus wandered the forests,
feeding on tough pine needles as
well as the leaves, seeds,and fruits
of flowering plants which had
evolved by then. A magnificent
crest, shaped like a half-moon,
SIZE: decorated its head. This crest was
30 ft long
hollow and may have helped the
GROUP:
Ornithopod
animal make loud calls as
(bird-foot messages between members of
dinosaur)
the herd. If danger threatened,
these fast runners could dash
away on two legs.
LATE CRETACEOUS
parasaurolophus
This dinosaur had a long, thin crest topping its head, which fitted neatly into a notch in
its backbone. It may have held the crest in this position when running through dense
undergrowth so that the crest swept low-hanging branches upward, away from the body.
Ai amosaurus
By the end of the Late Cretaceous SIZE:
69 ft long
period, 65 million years ago, much GROUP:
of North America had turned into Sauropod (long-necked
browsing dinosaur)
wet swampy jungle. But there
were still some high, dry places
in the southwest where
Alamosaurus and other
sauropods lived, feeding
on plants. Alamosaurus
is named after the
Alamo, the famous

fortress in Texas.
Focus on: MAIASAURA
the "good mother lizard
*-*/
Like all reptiles, including

the turtles alive today,
dinosaurs laid eggs with
tough waterproof shells Clusters of nests in the same area
inside which the baby could suggest that Maiasaura nested in
groups. Each nest was made of a
develop in safety
mound of earth and sand. The
Turtles lay their eggs in a dinosaur scraped out a hollow in
pit in the ground, then leave the middle to make a safe pit for
them to take their chances. the eggs.
It was long thought that
dinosaurs did the same, but

recent finds in North
America show that many
dinosaurs guarded and cared
Maiasaura would have
for their young. been too heavy to
Groups of nests were actually sit on the eggs.
discovered; near them were But the parents probably
kept close guard.
the skeletons of adult, young,
and baby dinosaurs. This
suggests that the adults
stayed near their eggs and
probably brought food to the
Each egg was about 8 inches
long — roughly three times the size of
A
young dinosaurs. The most a chicken's egg. Maiasaura probably
interesting group of dinosaur laid 20 or more eggs at a time and
covered them with sand or plants to
nests found belonged to
help keep them warm and safe.
Maiasaura, whose name
means "good mother lizard."
88
LATE CRETACEOUS
Maiasaura was a duckbilled dinosaur, or

hadrosaur, that lived in North America
in the Late Cretaceous period. It was
about 20 feet long and fed on
plants. The discovery of a
Maiasaura nest site in
Montana in 1978 has
given a new insight
into dinosaur family
life. The nests were
about 23 feet
apart, just room
for the parents
to lie beside
the eggs.
I f
By the time the baby

dinosaurs struggled
out of their eggs they
were about 14 inches
long. Their parents
probably brought
them food until they
grew strong enough
to go and find
their own. Since
Maiasaura
nested in
groups, there
would always have
been adults around
to guard the young
while some were off
gathering leaves
and other food.
89
NORTH AMERICA
J^natosaurus
Two mummified bodies

of this dinosaur have been
found with even the
contents of their
stomachs preserved,
a very rare discovery.
The last meal of these
plant-eaters was pine
needles, twigs, seeds,and
fruits. Anatosaurus was a duckbilled dinosaur —
it had
a horny, toothless beak which looked like a duck's bill.
Pachyrhinosaurus ôdosaurus
SIZE: GROUP: Hundreds of broad, bony plates studded
18 ft long Ceratopian
(horned dinosaur)
with bony bumps protected this
little,
—
dinosaur's body its name means
"lumpy lizard." Its shoulders and legs
were extra strong to carry the weight
of all this armor.
Instead of horns, this dinosaur had a

thick pad of bone above the eyes.
Scientists believe that this pad might
have been used in head-butting fights
with other males.
90
LATE CRETACEOUS
J^rchelon
This gigantic turtle, more than twice the size of the
largest modern turtles, did not have a heavy plated
shell. On its back was a bony framework, probably
covered by a thick coat of tough, leathery skin. Its beak
was toothless and its jaws weak so it may have fed
mainly on the soft bodies of jellyfish.
SIZE:
33 ft long
GROUP:
Ornithopod
r T
J riceratops
Despite its fierce
appearance,
Triceratops was a
peaceful animal that
roamed North America,
feeding on plants. It
was the largest and
heaviest of all the
horned dinosaurs and
weighed up to 11 tons, about
twice as much as an elephant. Its massive
horns would have scared off most enemies
SIZE:
30 ft long
GROUP:
Ceratopian
(horned dinosaur)
91
NORTH AMERICA
romaeosaurus
By hunting in packs this
agile predator could attack
and kill prey much larger
than itself. It had powerful
jaws and sharp fangs, and
SIZE:
17 ft long a large killing claw on each

GROUP: foot with which it could
Ceratopian
(horned dinosaur)
tear into the thick skin of
its victims.
SIZE
This spectacular dinosaur had a huge, straight 6 ft long
horn on its snout and a remarkable bony neck frill, * >*— GROUP:
Deinonychosaur
with long spikes arranged around its top. With (terrible-clawed dinosaur)
these weapons, Styracosaurus could certainly have

defended itself well. Charging head-down, like a
rhinoceros, at an attacking predator, its great nose
horn could have torn into its enemy while the neck
frill gave protection from sharp teeth.
Jjambeosaurus
SIZE:
30 ft long *Hd
GROUP:
Ornithopod
?
ww
$%
Lambeosaurus could have moved on all fours or on

two legs. It fed on plants and its long, flexible neck
may have allowed it to gather food from a wide
area without having to move too often. It had
—
two structures on its head a tall, hollow
crest and a rear-pointing bony spike.
92
LATE CRETACEOUS
Ankylosaurus
SIZE:
The body of this massive creature was covered with
up to 33 ft long bony, oval plates set into thick, leathery skin. Rows of
GROUP: spikes crossed body and tail, which ended in a bony club.
its
Ankylosaur
(armored dinosaur) When attacked, Ankylosaurus would probably have stood its
ground, protected by its armor. But if the attacker got too near, it
I might have received a heavy blow from this living tank's clubbed tail.
Torosaurus
Torosaurus had the largest head of any known land
animal. A huge neck frill rose from the back of its head
and three great horns pointed forward. Its body, too,
was large and heavy and its legs stout enough to
support its 9-ton weight. Torosaurus led a peaceful
life, feeding on plants few —
predators would have risked
attacking such a well-
protected creature.
SIZE:
25 ft long
GROUP:
Ceratopian
(horned dinosaur)
93
INDEX
Acrocanthosaurus 61, 68
Carnosaurs 10-11, 40,
48, 50, 54, 57, 63, 68,
Dilophosaurus 32, 40
Dimorphodon 32, 34
H
Hadrosaurs 10-11
75, 76, 77, 82 Diplodocus 44, 54, 57
Aetosaurs 10-11, 29 Henodus 14, 25
Alamosaurus 72, 87 Ceratopians 10-11, 65, dolphins 38-39
Heterodontosaurus 33, 37
Alioramus 72, 77 76, 90, 91, 92, 93 Dromaeosaurus 92 horned dinosaurs 10-11,
Ceratosaurus 54 Dryosaurus 56
Allosaurus 57 65, 76, 90, 91, 92, 93
Alphadon 70-71, 72-73 Cetiosauriscus 42-43, Dsungaripterus 58-59,
horsetails 58-61
44-45 60-61, 64
ammonites 32 Hylaeosaurus 61, 62
Anatosaurus 90 Champsosaurus 83 duckbilled dinosaurs
Hyperodapedon 26
Anchisaurus 32, 37 Chasmatosaurus 16 10-11, 84, 88-89, 90
Hypsilophodon 60
Ankylosaurs 10-11, 40, Chelonians 10-11, 91
Hypsognathus 29
Coelophysis 28, 12-13,
62, 68, 75, 79, 86, 90, 93
14-15
Ankylosaurus 73, 93
Anurognathus 66-67 Coelurosaurs 10-11, 27, E
28, 48, 54, 68, 82-83, 84 early herbivorous
Apatosaurus 55, 57
Coelurus 54 dinosaurs 26, 29, 36,
aquatic carnivore 27 Ichthyosaurs 8-9, 10-11,
aquatic reptile 65
Compsognathus 44 37
21, 28, 32-33, 35, 38-39,
conifers 14-15, 44, 58-59, early reptiles 10-11, 16,
Archaeopteryx 42-43, 41, 46, 63, 64
60-61 24, 25, 83
44-45,66 Ichthyosaurus 32, 38-39
Archelon 72, 91
Corythosaurus 70-71, Echinodon 61, 62
Iguanodon 46, 58-59,
72-73, 86 eggs, dinosaur 88-89
Archosaurs 10-11, 16, 20, 60-61, 63, 64
Cretaceous, Early 58-69 Elaphrosaurus 44, 48
24,25 insects 14
armored dinosaurs 10-11, Cretaceous, Late 70-93 Elasmosaurus 11 invertebrates 32
crinoids 32-33 Ericiolacerta 22-23
40, 62, 79, 86, 90, 93
crocodiles 8-9, 10-11, 20, Erythrosuchus 16
armored reptiles 29, 68
Askeptosaurus 19 27, 34, 41, 47, 62, 82 Eudimorphodon 24
Crocodylians 8-9, 10-11, Euhelopus 50
20, 27, 34, 41, 47, 62, Eurhinosaurus 32, 38-39
Jurassic, Early 30-41
82 Eustreptospondylus 75
Jurassic, Late 42-57
B cycadeoids 58-59, 60-61,
70-71, 72-73
extinction of dinosaurs
72
Barapasaurus 36
cycads 12-13, 14-15,
Baryonyx 61, 63
belemnites 32-33
58-59, 60-61
Cymbospondylus 21
K
Bernissartia 60, 62 Kannemeyria 22-23
bird-foot dinosaurs 10-
Cynodonts 10-11, 20, Kentrosaurus 48
22-23 ferns 12-13, 14-15,
11,36, Kuehneosaurus 25
Cynognathus 14, 17 42-43, 44-45,
37, 41, 46, 56, 57, 62,
flowering plants 14,
63, 65, 69, 78, 83,
70-71, 72-73
84-85, 86, 87, 91, 92
flying reptiles 8-9, 10-11,
bird-hipped dinosaurs 8
Brachiosaurus 45, 56
D 24, 34, 46, 51, 64,
lacertilians 10-11, 25
Brontosaurus 55
Dapedium 33 66-67, 74
Lagosuchus 20
Daspletosaurus 82 Lambeosaurus 72, 92
Deinonychosaurs 10-11, large carnivorous
69, 77, 92 dinosaurs 10-11, 48, 50,
C Deinonychus 61, 69 G 54, 57, 75, 76, 77, 82
Deinosuchus 82 ginkgos 14, 44 Lariosaurus 19
Camptosaurus 42-43,
Desmatosuchus 14, 29 Gracilisuchus 20 Lepidotes 32
44-45, 46
diapsids 19, 83 Lesothosaurus 33, 36
carnivorous dinosaurs
Dicraeosaurus 44, 49 Liopleurodon 44, 47
40, 63, 68
94
INDEX
lizards 10-11, 25
lizard-hipped dinosaurs
84-85, 86, 87, 91, 92
Ornithosuchus 25
Q
Quetzalcoatlus 66-67
Tenontosaurus 69
Terrestrisuchus 27
8, 10-11 Othnielia 45, 57 terrible-clawed
lizard relatives 85 dinosaurs 10-11, 77, 92
long-necked browsing Thecodontosaurus 32, 36
dinosaurs 10-11, 37,
49, 51, 54, 57, 78-79, P R Therapsids 9, 10-11,
17,34
redwood trees 42-45
87 Pachycephalosaurs Rhamphorhynchus Theropods 10-11
Lystrosaurus 14, 17 10-11, 84, 86 Thescelosaurus 69
66-67
Pachycephalosaurus 86 Rhynchosaur 26 thick-headed dinosaurs
Pachyrhachis 65 Riojasaurus 15 10-11, 84, 86
Pachyrhinosaurus 90 Thrinaxodon 22
M
Maiasaura 88-89
Pangea 15
Panoplosaurus 86
Rutiodon 27
Ticinosuchus 18
Torosaurus 73, 93
Mamenchisaurus 51 Parasaurolophus 70-71, Triassic 12-29
mammal-like reptiles 9, 72-73, 87
S Triceratops 73, 91
10-11, 17, 22-23, 25, 34 Parksosaurus 85 Saichania 79 Trilophosaurus 12-13,
mammals 44 Pholidophorus 33 Saltopus 15
14-15
marine reptiles 8-9, Phytosaurs 10-11, 27 Saurolophus 83 Tsintaosaurus 78
10-11, 17, 18, 19, 28, Pistosaurus 18
Sauropelta 68 Tuojiangosaurus 45, 50
34, 35, 38-39, 41, 46, 47, Placochelys 18 turtles 10-11, 88, 91
Sauropods 10-11, 27, 49,
77 Placodonts 9,10-11, 16,
87 Tyrannosaurs 80-81
51, 55, 57, 78-79,
Massetognathus 20 18,25 Scaphognathus 42-45, 46 Tyrannosaurus 70-71,
Massospondylus 12-13, Placodus 16 Scelidosaurus 32, 40
72-73, 77, 80-81
14-15,29 Platecarpus 74
Scutellosaurus 41
Megalosaurus 42-43, plated dinosaurs 49, 50,
Serpentes 65
44-45, 48 52-53, 64
Shantungosaurus 78
Metoposaurus 12-13,
14-15
Plateosaurus 26
Shonisaurus 28, 38 V
Plesiosaurs 8-9, 10-11, Velociraptor 77
small carnivorous
Metriorhynchus 47 35, 47, 77
dinosaurs 10-11, 27, 28,
Mixosaurus 21 Plesiosaurus 32, 35
48, 54, 68, 82-83, 84
Mososaurs 10-11, 74, 85 Plotosaurus 85
primitive early reptiles
10-11, 29
Sordes 51
Spinosaurus 9 W
Wuerhosaurus 58-59,
Stagonolepis 24
Probactrosaurus 64 60-61, 65
N Procolophonid 29
Stegoceras 72, 84
Stegosaurs 10-11, 49, 50,
Nodosaurus 90 Procompsognathus 15, 27 52-53, 64
Nothosaurs 9, 10-11, 18, Prosaurolophus 84
Stegosaurus 52-53
19 Prosauropods 10-11, 26,
Stenonychosaurus 84
Nothosaurus 14 29, 36, 37 Yangchuanosaurus
Stenopterygius 41
Protoceratops 72, 76 45,50
Struthiomimus 72, 82
Protosuchus 32, 41
Struthiosaurus 75
Psittacosaurus 60, 65
O Pteranodon 70-71,
Styracosaurus 92
Oligokyphus 34 72-73, 74
Opisthocoelicaudia 79 Pterodactylus 44, 48
Opthalmosaurus 44,
Ornithopods 10-11, 36,
46 Pterodaustro 66
Pterosaurs 8-9, 10-11,
T
Tarbosaurus 76
37, 41, 46, 56, 57, 62, 24, 34, 46, 48, 51, 64,
Teleosaurus 32, 34
63, 65, 69, 78, 83, 66-67, 74
Temnodontosaurus 32, 35
95
Further Reading
Arnold, Caroline.
Dinosaur Mountain: Graveyard of the Past. New York: Clarion Books, 1989.
Bloch, Marie Halun.
Footprints in the Swamp. New York: Atheneum, 1985.
Booth, Jerry.
The Big Beast Book: Dinosaurs and How They Got That Way. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1988.
Colbert, Edwin H.
Dinosaurs: An Illustrated History. Maplewood, NJ: Hammond, Inc., 1983.
Diagram Group, The.
A Field Guide to Dinosaurs. New York: Avon Books, 1983.
Gallant, Roy A.
Fossils. New York: Franklin Watts, 1985.
Horner, John, and Gorman, James.
Digging Dinosaurs. New York: Workman Publishing, 1985.
Lampton, Christopher.
Mass Extinctions: One Theory of Why the Dinosaurs Vanished. New York: Franklin Watts, 1986.
New Theories on the Dinosaurs. New York: Franklin Watts, 1989.
Lauber, Patricia.
Dinosaurs Walked Here and Other Stories Fossils Tell. New York: Bradbury, 1987.
Living with Dinosaurs. New York: Bradbury, 1991.
The News About Dinosaurs. New York: Bradbury, 1989.
Manetti, William.
Dinosaurs in Your Backyard. New York: Atheneum, 1982.
Pringle, Laurence.
Dinosaurs and People: Fossils, Facts, and Fantasies. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978.
Sattler, Helen Roney.
Dinosaurs of North America. New York: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard, 1981
The New Illustrated Dinosaur Dictionary. New York: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard, 1990.
Pterosaurs: The Flying Reptiles. New York: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard, 1985.
Tyrannosaurus Rex and Its Kin: The Mesozoic Monsters. New York: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard, 1989.
Schlein, Miriam.
Discovering Dinosaur Babies. New York: Four Winds Press, 1991.
Simon, Seymour.
The Largest Dinosaurs. New York: Macmillan, 1986.
Acknowledgments
Illustration credits
Steve Kirk (panoramas on pages 12-13, 30-31, 42-43, 58-59, 70-71 and all catalog pages)
Mark Iley (pages 22-23, 38-39, 52-53, 66-67, 80-81, 88-89)
Vana Haggarty (line diagram on page 9)
The Publishers would also like to thank Dr. David Norman of the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge, England,
and Professor Barry Cox of King's College, University of London, for their invaluable advice on the text.
96
DR. PHIi HTFIELD was born in
Brighton, x i, and studied zoology
at Cambrid^ ersity. He has
written sevei\ .>cs on natural history
foryoung peop.c, including the award-
winning Can the Whales Be Saved?
(1989). He lectures on zoology at the
University of London.
Other Macmillan reference books

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A world map shows the extent of that particular habitat.
Each chapter then discusses representative
mammals, birds, and reptiles and amphibians, giving
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Just ho' big was the lumb

The answers to these and other

Organized chronologically, each of the

The results of the painstaking detective

enthusiast's library, but also an

Previous page: Dilophosaurus

Macmillan Publishing Company New York

Sausalito Public Library

Film supplied by Dorchester Typesetting

48 Late Jurassic/Africa 90 Late Cretaceous/North America

Once, dinosaurs were living, breathing creatures not just models or —

describe how they might have looked and behaved.

Silhouette used for animals

Silhouette used for animals

gigantic creatures plodding along on all

Lizard-hipped and bird-hipped

In the lizard-hipped dinosaurs,

hip bones point

CHELONIANS (turtles and tortoises)

LIZARDS and their relatives

The various groups of dinosaurs

Life in the Triassic A drying lake in North America

could roam overland to

deserts in inland areas.

Other large plants included on two legs,

could probably panorama shows the animal and plant life

Ferns and tree

The world 240 million years ago

Metoposaurus was a large

of its mouth. It then crushed the food with its

Archosaur C^U hunting fish to eat. It was well

3 ft long body, protected by hard, knobby

its strong beak.

probably dived deep to

covered with hair. It was a plant-

Focus on: MAMMAL-LIKE

mammal-like reptiles that groups of mammal-like

Kannemeyeria was a large, heavy-bodied creature,

beak. Fossil remains of this animal have been

Small and solidly Thrinaxodon hunted other animals for

snapped from the air. This little reptile was only

Eudimorphodon had wings

3 ft 3 in long Placodont (marine reptile)

Bgfr insects. It ran on its long back

^Hk^ \< and used its short

1^^ Mwl^MMfait^i •'* *^ L

leaves, and each thumb was

have moved very fast.

Life in the Under the sea

without backbones), such as Cretaceous.

molluscs, shellfish, and

The world 210 million years ago

Crinoids were Belemnites are

Some early crocodiles lived on land, but

its huge size, Barapasaurus was probably a

pointed teeth, shaped like little arrowheads.

This small dinosaur

Unlike other ichthyosaurs, Eurhinosaurus

mud or sand of the seabed for food such as

A streamlined body, and strong tail and back

fish and squid which it ^'^K^/i^wS^iij^^-.'^^f'^'

gave birth to live young in the water. GROUP: