Nikola Tesla

10 July 1856 – 7 January 1943) Serbian American inventor,

electrical engineer, mechanical engineer, physicist, best known for his contributions to the
design of the modern alternating current (AC) electricity supply system.[6]
Tesla was educated in engineering and physics.
He worked for a short time at the Edison Machine Works in New York. With the help of
partners , he set up laboratories and companies in New York to develop a range of electrical
and mechanical devices.
His alternating current (AC) induction motor and related polyphase AC patents, licensed
by Westinghouse Electric in 1888, earned him a considerable amount of money and became
the cornerstone of the polyphase system which that company would eventually market.
Tesla conducted a range of experiments with mechanical oscillators/generators, electrical
discharge tubes, and early X-ray imaging. He also built a wireless-controlled boat, one of the
first ever exhibited. Tesla became well known as an inventor and would demonstrate his
achievements to celebrities and wealthy patrons at his lab, and was noted for his
showmanship at public lectures.
Throughout the 1890s, Tesla pursued his ideas for wireless lighting and worldwide wireless
electric power distribution in his high-voltage, high-frequency power experiments in New
York and Colorado Springs. In 1893, he made pronouncements on the possibility of wireless
communication with his devices. Tesla tried to put these ideas to practical use in his
unfinished Wardenclyffe Tower project, an intercontinental wireless communication and
power transmitter, but ran out of funding before he could complete it.[7]
Tesla's work fell into relative obscurity following his death in 1943, until 1960, when
the General Conference on Weights and Measures named the SI unit of magnetic flux
density the tesla in his honor.[9] There has been a resurgence in popular interest in Tesla since
the 1990
Inventions
Tesla coil
Wireless lighting
Steam-powered oscillating generator
Radio remote control
X-ray experimentation
Bladeless turbine, Wireless power
Sir Alexander Fleming
Sir Alexander Fleming FRS FRSE FRCS[1] (6 August 1881 – 11 March 1955) was a Scottish
physician, microbiologist, and pharmacologist. His best-known discoveries are
the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the world's first antibiotic substance benzylpenicillin
(Penicillin G) from the mould Penicillium notatum in 1928, for which he shared the Nobel Prize
in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain.[3][4][5] He wrote
many articles on bacteriology, immunology, and chemotherapy.
Fleming was knighted for his scientific achievements in 1944.[6] In 1999, he was named
in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century. In 2002, he was
chosen in the BBC's television poll for determining the 100 Greatest Britons, and in 2009, he
was also voted third "greatest Scot" in an opinion poll conducted by STV, behind only Robert
Burns and William Wallace
Inventions

Accidental discovery[edit]
One sometimes finds, what one is not looking for. When I woke up just after dawn on
September 28, 1928, I certainly didn't plan to revolutionize all medicine by discovering the
world's first antibiotic, or bacteria killer. But I suppose that was exactly what I did.
— Alexander Fleming[12]
Antibiotics[edit]
Fleming's accidental discovery and isolation of penicillin in September 1928 marks the start of
modern antibiotics. Before that, several scientists had published or pointed out that mould
or Penicillium sp. were able to inhibit bacterial growth, and even to cure bacterial infections in
animals. Ernest Duchesne in 1897 in his thesis "Contribution to the study of vital competition in
micro-organisms: antagonism between moulds and microbes",[22] or also Clodomiro Picado
Twight whose work at the Institut Pasteur in 1923 on the inhibiting action of fungi of
the Penicillin sp. genre in the growth of staphylococci drew little interest from the directors of
the Institut at the time. Fleming was the first to push these studies further by isolating the
penicillin, and by being motivated enough to promote his discovery at a larger scale. [23]
Fleming also discovered very early that bacteria developed antibiotic resistance whenever too
little penicillin was used or when it was used for too short a period. Almroth Wright had
predicted antibiotic resistance even before it was noticed during experiments. Fleming
cautioned about the use of penicillin in his many speeches around the world. On 26 June 1945,
he made the following cautionary statements: "the microbes are educated to resist penicillin
and a host of penicillin-fast organisms is bred out ... In such cases the thoughtless person
playing with penicillin is morally responsible for the death of the man who finally succumbs to
infection with the penicillin-resistant organism. I hope this evil can be averted."[23] He cautioned
not to use penicillin unless there was a properly diagnosed reason for it to be used, and that if it
were used, never to use too little, or for too short a period, since these are the circumstances
under which bacterial resistance to antibiotics develops.