TYPOLOGY IN TRANSLATION

Translation: is the process of converting written text from one language into another language.
Interpreting: is orally translating one language into another.
Localization: is the process of adapting your text to better fit the cultural and linguistic norms of your target
audience – translation is included in the process of localization (see a more detailed definition of localization
below).
Transcription: is the process of converting spoken or motioned language into written form.

METHODS OF TRANSLATION
Word-for-word translation
The SL word-order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of
context. Contextual words are translated literally. The main use of word-for-word translation is either to
understand the mechanics of the source language or to construe a difficult text as a pretranslation process.
Literal translation
The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are again
translated singly, out of context. As a pre-translation process, this indicates the problems to be solved.
Faithful translation
A faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original.
Semantic translation
Semantic translation differs from 'faithful translation' only in as far as it must take more account of the
aesthetic value (that is, the beautiful and natural sound) of the SL text, compromising on 'meaning'.
Adaptation
This is the 'freest' form of translation. It is used mainly for plays (comedies) and poetry; the themes, characters,
plots are usually preserved, the SL culture converted to the TL culture and the text rewritten.
Free Translation
It reproduces the TL text without the style and/or form of the original.
Idiomatic Translation
Idiomatic translation reproduces the 'message' of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by
preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original.
Communicative Translation
Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that
both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership.

STYLISTIC SCALES
The scale of generality or difficulty determines the level of complexity of the documents. Newmark (1988)
provides the following list in which this scale is divided on simple, popular, neutral, educated and technical.

Simple complexity in texts is basically texts with low difficulty of terminologies.

Neutral complexity in texts is when there is a balance of difficulty in its context; not too complex or too
simple.
Educated level on texts are found on texts that are use for educational or instructional purposes, most of them
are used in universities or higher schools.
Technical complexity uses certain terminologies used by the experts.
In Bahasa, the use of determiners are less detailed than those used in English.
The pens are mine.
Those pens are mine.
Bolpoint-bolpoint itu adalah miliku.