JSP Directives

JSP directives
1. JSP directives
1. page directive
2. Attributes of page directive
The jsp directives are messages that tells the web container how to translate a JSP
page into the corresponding servlet.
There are three types of directives:
 page directive
 include directive
 taglib directive
Syntax of JSP Directive

1. <%@ directive attribute="value" %>
JSP page directive

The page directive defines attributes that apply to an entire JSP page.
Syntax of JSP page directive

1. <%@ page attribute="value" %>
Attributes of JSP page directive
 import
 contentType
 extends
 info
 buffer
 language
 isELIgnored
 isThreadSafe
 autoFlush
 session
 pageEncoding
 errorPage
 isErrorPage
1)import
The import attribute is used to import class,interface or all the members of a

package.It is similar to import keyword in java class or interface.
Example of import attribute
1. <%@ page import="java.util.Date" %>

2. Today is: <%= new Date() %>
2)contentType
The contentType attribute defines the MIME(Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension) type
of the HTTP response.The default value is "text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1".
Example of contentType attribute
1. <%@ page contentType=application/msword %>

2. Today is: <%= new java.util.Date() %>
3)extends
The extends attribute defines the parent class that will be inherited by the generated
servlet.It is rarely used.
4)info
This attribute simply sets the information of the JSP page which is retrieved later by
using getServletInfo() method of Servlet interface.
Example of info attribute
1. <%@ page info="composed by Sonoo Jaiswal" %>

3.
The web container will create a method getServletInfo() in the resulting servlet.For
example:
1. public String getServletInfo() {

2. return "composed by Sonoo Jaiswal";
3. }
5)buffer
The buffer attribute sets the buffer size in kilobytes to handle output generated by the
JSP page.The default size of the buffer is 8Kb.
Example of buffer attribute
1. <%@ page buffer="16kb" %>

6)language
The language attribute specifies the scripting language used in the JSP page. The default
value is "java".
7)isELIgnored
We can ignore the Expression Language (EL) in jsp by the isELIgnored attribute. By
default its value is false i.e. Expression Language is enabled by default. We see
Expression Language later.
1. <%@ page isELIgnored="true" %>//Now EL will be ignored
8)isThreadSafe
Servlet and JSP both are multithreaded.If you want to control this behaviour of JSP
page, you can use isThreadSafe attribute of page directive.The value of isThreadSafe
value is true.If you make it false, the web container will serialize the multiple
requests, i.e. it will wait until the JSP finishes responding to a request before passing
another request to it.If you make the value of isThreadSafe attribute like:
<%@ page isThreadSafe="false" %>

The web container in such a case, will generate the servlet as:
1. public class SimplePage_jsp extends HttpJspBase

2. implements SingleThreadModel{
3. .......
4. }
9)errorPage
The errorPage attribute is used to define the error page, if exception occurs in the
current page, it will be redirected to the error page.
Example of errorPage attribute
1. //index.jsp
2.
3. <%@ page errorPage="myerrorpage.jsp" %>
4.
5. <%= 100/0 %>
6. </html>
10)isErrorPage
The isErrorPage attribute is used to declare that the current page is the error page.
Note: The exception object can only be used in the error page.
Example of isErrorPage attribute
1. //myerrorpage.jsp
2. <html>
3. <%@ page isErrorPage="true" %>
4.
5. Sorry an exception occured!<br/>
6. The exception is: <%= exception %>
7. </html>
Jsp Include Directive
The include directive is used to include the contents of any resource it may be jsp file, html
file or text file. The include directive includes the original content of the included resource at
page translation time (the jsp page is translated only once so it will be better to include
static resource).
Advantage of Include directive
Code Reusability
Syntax of include directive

1. <%@ include file="resourceName" %>
Example of include directive
In this example, we are including the content of the header.html file. To run this example
you must create an header.html file.
1. <html>
2. <body>
3.
4. <%@ include file="header.html" %>
5.
6. Today is: <%= java.util.Calendar.getInstance().getTime() %>
7.
8. </body>
9. </html>
Note: The include directive includes the original content, so the actual page size
grows at runtime.
JSP Taglib directive
The JSP taglib directive is used to define a tag library that defines many tags. We use the
TLD (Tag Library Descriptor) file to define the tags. In the custom tag section we will use
this tag so it will be better to learn it in custom tag.
Syntax JSP Taglib directive

1. <%@ taglib uri="uriofthetaglibrary" prefix="prefixoftaglibrary" %>
Example of JSP Taglib directive
In this example, we are using our tag named currentDate. To use this tag we must specify
the taglib directive so the container may get information about the tag.
1. <html>
2. <body>
3.
4. <%@ taglib uri="http://www.javatpoint.com/tags" prefix="mytag" %>
5.
6. <mytag:currentDate/>
7.
8. </body>
9. </html>
Interview Questions
2. What is the requirement of a tag library?
A collection of custom tags is called a Tag Library. Recurring tasks are handled more easily
and reused across multiple applications to increase productivity. They are used by Web
Application designers who focus on presentation rather than accessing database or other
services. Some popular libraries are String tag library and Apache display tag library .
3. Explain JSP Technology.
JSP is a standard extension of Java and is defined on top of Servlet extensions. Its goal is to
simplify management and creation of dynamic web pages. It is platform-independent,
secure, and it makes use of Java as a server side scripting language.
4. Explain Implicit objects in JSP.
Objects created by web container and contain information regarding a particular request,
application or page are called Implicit Objects. They are :
1)response 2)exception 3)application 4)request
5)session 6)page 7)out 8)config 9)pageContext
5. How can multiple submits due to refresh button clicks be prevented?
Using a Post/Redirect/Get or a PRG pattern, this problem can be solved.
1. A form filled by the user is submitted to the server using POST or GET method. The state
in the database and business model are updated.
2. A redirect response is used to reply by the servlet for a view page.
3. A view is loaded by the browser using the GET command and no user data is sent. This is
safe from multiple submits as it is a separate JSP page.
6. Is JSP technology extensible?
Yes, JSP is easily extensible by use and modification of tags, or custom actions,
encapsulated in tag libraries.
7. Differentiate between response.sendRedirect(url) and <jsp:forward page = …> .
<jsp.forward> element forwards the request object from 1 JSP file to another. Target file
can be HTML, servlet or another JSP file, but it should be in the same application context as
forwarding JSP file.
sendRedirect send HTTP temporary redirect response to the browser. The browser then
creates a new request for the redirected page. It kills the session variables.
8. Can a subsequent request be accessed with one’s servlet code, if a request attribute is already
sent in his JSP?
The request goes out of scope, thus, it cannot be accessed. However, if a request attribute
is set in one’s servlet, then it can be accessed in his JSP.
A JSP is a server side component and the page in translated to a Java servlet, and then
executed. Only HTML code is given as output
9. How to include static files in a JSP page?
Static pages are always included using JSP include directive. This way the inclusion is
performed in the translation phase once. Note that a relative URL must be supplied for file
attribute. Although static resources may be included, it is not preferred as each request
requires inclusion.
10. Why is it that JComponent have add() and remove() methods but Component doesn’t?
JComponent is a subclass of Container. It contains other Components and JComponents .
11. How can a thread safe JSP page be implemented?
It can be done by having them implemented by the SingleThreadModel Interface. Add

<%@page isThreadSafe=”false” %> directive in the JSP page.
12. How can the output of JSP or servlet page be prevented from being cached by the browser?
Using appropriate HTTP header attributes to prevent the dynamic content output by a JSP
page from being cached by the browser.
13. How to restrict page errors display in a JSP page?
By setting up an “ErrorPage” attribute of PAGE directory to the name of the error page in
the JSP page, and then in the error jsp page set “isErrorpage=”TRUE”, Errors can be
stopped from getting displayed.
14. What are JSP Actions?
They are XML tags, which direct the server to using existing components or control behavior
of JSP Engine. They consist of a typical prefix of “jsp:” and action name.
Java
<jsp:include/>
<jsp:getProperty/>
<jsp:include/>
<jsp:getProperty/>
<jsp:forward/>
<jsp:setProperty/>
<jsp:usebean/>
<jsp:plugin/>
15. Differentiate between <jsp:include page=…> and <%@include file=…>.
Both these tags include information from 1 page to another.
The first tag acts as a function call between two Jsp’s. It is executed each time client page
is accessed by the client. It is useful to modularize the web application. New content is
included in the output.
The second tag content of file is textually embedded having similar directive. The changed
content is not included in the output. It is helpful when code from one jsp is required by
several jsp’s.
16. Can constructor be used instead of init(), to initialize servlet?
Yes, it is possible. But it is not preferred because init() was developed because earlier Java
versions could not invoke constructors with arguments dynamically. So they could not
assign a servletConfig. Today, however, servlet containers still call only no-arg constructor.
So there is no access to servletContext or servletConfig.
18. Explain JSP Output comments?
They are comments that can be viewed in HTML Source File.
17. Explain lifecycle methods.

1) jsplnit(): The container calls this to initialize servlet instance. It is called only once for the
servlet instance and preceded every other method.
2) _jspService(): The container calls this for each request and passes it on to the objects.
3) jspDestroy(): It is called by the container just before destruction of the instance.
19. Define Expression
Expression tag is used to insert Java values directly in the output. Its syntax is
<%=expression%>
It contains a scripting language expression that is evaluated, then converted to a string, and
then inserted where the expression comes in JSP file.
20. Define Composition.
Composition has a stronger relationship with the object than Aggregation.
21. Define JSP Scriptlet.
It a JSP tag that encloses Java code in JSP pages. Their syntax is <% %>. Code written in
scriptlet executes every time the program is run.
22. How can information from one JSP be passed to another JSP?
The tag <Jsp:param> allows us to pass information between multiple Jsp’s.
23. Explain the uses of <jsp:usebean> tag.
Java
<jsp:useBean>
<jsp:useBean>
id="beanInstName"
scope= "page | application"
class="ABC.class" type="ABC.class"
</jsp:useBean>
This tag creates an instance of java bean. It firstly tries to find if bean instance already exist
and assign stores a reference in the variable. Type is also specified; otherwise it
instantiates from the specified class storing a reference in the new variable.
24. Explain handling of runtime exceptions.
Errorpage attribute is used to uncatch the run-time exceptions forwarded automatically to an

error processing page.
It redirects the browser to JSP page error.jsp if any uncaught exception is faces during
request handling. It is an error processing page.
25.Why does _jspService() start with an ‘_’ but other lifecycle methods do not?
Whatever content made in a jsp page goes inside the _jspService() method by the
container. If it is override, the compiler gives an error, but the other 2 lifecycles can be
easily override. So ‘_’ shows that we cannot override this method.
26. Explain the various scope values for <jsp:useBean> tag.
<jsp:useBean> tag is used to use any java object in the jsp page. Some scope values are :
1)application 2)request 3)page 4)session
27. Show the 2 types of comments in JSP.
The 2 types are :
<%–JSP Comment–%>
<!–HTML comment–>
<%–JSP Comment–%>
<!–HTML comment–>
28.Can Static method be Override?
We can declare static methods with same signature in subclass, but it is not considered
overriding as there won’t be any run-time polymorphism. Hence the answer is ‘No’.
35. Define Static Block.
It is used to start the static data member. It is executed before classloading.
29. Explain JSP directives.
JSP directives are messages to JSP Engine. They serve as a message from page to
container and control the processing of the entire page. They can set global values like
class declaration. They do not produce output and are enclosed in <%@….%>
30. Explain pge Directives.
Page Directives inform the JSP Engine about headers and facilities that the page receives
from the environment. It is found at the top of all JSP pages. Its syntax is <%@ page
attribute=”value”>
31. Show attributes of page directives.
1)Session : It shows if a session data is available to the page.
2)Import : it shows packages that are imported.
3)isELIgnored : It shows whether EL expressions are ignored when JSP translates into a servlet.
4)contentType : it allows the user to specify the content type of page.
32. What is Include directive?
The include directive statically inserts the contents of a resource into the current JSP. It helps in the
reuse of code without duplication. and includes contents of the file at translation time. Its syntax is as
follows <%@ include file=”Filename”%>.
33. What are standard actions in JSP?
They affect overall runtime behaviour of a page and response sent to the client. They are used to
include a file at request time, to instantiate a JavaBean or find one. They are also used to generate a
browser-specific code or forward a request to a new page.
34. Explain the jsp:setProperty action.
It is used to give values to properties of beans that have been referenced beforehand.
<jsp:useBean id=”ABC”…/>
<jsp:setProperty name=”ABC” property=”myProperty”…
jsp:setproperty is executed even if a new bean is instantiated or existing bean is found.
By adding </jsp.useBean> at the end of the code, the condition for execution is inverted i.e. It is not
executed if existing object was found and only if a new object was instantiated.
36. Explain jsp:plugin action.
This action helps in insertion of a specific object in the browser or embed the element needed to
specify the running of applet using Java plugin.
37. Explain client and server side validation.
Javascript is used for the client-side validation. It takes place within the browser. Javascript is used to
submit the form data if validation is successful. Validation errors require no extra network trip
because form cannot be submitted.
Validation is also carried out in the server after submission. If validation fails, extra network trip is
required to resend the form to the client.
38. What is Translation Phase?
JSP engine translates and compiles a JSP file to a servlet. This servlet moves to the execution phase
where requests and responses are handled. They are compiled for the first time they are accessed
unless manually compiled ahead of time. The manual or explicit compilation is useful for long and
convoluted programs.
39. Perform a Browser Redirection from a JSP Page.

<% response.sendRedirect(URL
<% response.sendRedirect(URL); %>
or we can change the location of the HTTP header attribute as follows:
1 <% response.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_MOVED_PERMANENTLY); response.setHeader(URL); %>
40.Give uses of Object Cloning.
Object cloning is used to create an exact copy of an object by typing the same code or using various
other techniques.
41. How to forward a request to another source.

<jsp:forw ard page="/Page2.jsp"
1 <jsp:forward page="/Page2.jsp" />
42. How can Automatic creation of session be prevented in a JSP page?
JSP page automatically create sessions for requests. By typing the following, it can be avoided.
1 <%@ page session=”false” %>
43. How can you avoid scriptlet code in JSP?
JavaBeans or Custom Tags can be used instead of scriptlet code.
44. Explain the jspDestroy() method.
Whenever a JSP page is about to be destroyed, the container invokes the jspDestroy() method from
the javax.servlet.jsp.JspPage interface. Servlets destroy methods are similar to it. It can be easily
overridden to perform cleanup, like when closing a database connection.
45. Explain the <jsp:param> action.
It is an action used with include or forward standard actions. It helps in passing the parameter names
and values to a resource.
46. Explain static method.
A static method is of the class and not the object of a class. It can be invoked without instance of a
class. Static members can also access the static data and change its value.
47. How to disable scripting?
Scripting can be easily disabled by setting scripting-invalid element of the deployment descriptor to
true. It is a sub-element of property group. Its can be false as well.
48.Define JSP Declaration.
JSP Declaration are tags used in declaring variables. They are enclosed in <%!%> tag. They are used
in declaring functions and variables.
1 <%@page contentType=”text/html” %>

2
3 <html>
4
5 <body>
6
7 <%!
8
9 int a=0;
10
11 private int getCount(){
12
13 a++;
14
15 return a;
16
17 }
18
19 %>
20
21 <p>Values of a are:</p>
22
23 <p><%=getCount()%></p>
24
25 </body>
26
27 </html>
49. How can HTML Output be prevented from being cached?

<%
response.setHeader(“Cache-Co
response.setDateHeader(“Expir
response.setDateHeader(“Expires”, 0);
%>
50. How is JSP better than Servlet technology?
JSP is a technology on the server’s side to make content generation simple. They are document
centric, whereas servlets are programs. A Java server page can contain fragments of Java program,
which execute and instantiate Java classes. However, they occur inside HTML template file. It
provides the framework for development of a Web Application.
Servlet – Interview Question
1. What is a Servlet?
A servlet is a Java technology and it is managed by a container called servlet engine. It
generates dynamic content and interacts with client through Request and Response.
2. Why servlet is mostly used?

Servlets are mostly used because they are platform-independent Java classes and are
compiled to platform-neutral byte code. Java byte code can be loaded dynamically into and run
by java enabled web server.
3. What is called servlet container?

A servlet container is a part of Web server that provides network services depends on request
and response are sent, MIME based requests and responses. It contains and manages servlets
through their life cycle.
4. What is a filter?
A filter is nothing but a piece of code which can be reusable that will be transforming the content
of HTTP requests, response and header information.
5. How can we refresh automatically when new data has entered the database?
Refresh in Client side and Server Push can be performed to refresh automatically when new
data is entered into the database.
Servlet
6. What is called a session?

A session is an object which is used by a servlet and it is used to track user interaction with a
web application across multiple HTTP requests.
7. What is servlet mapping?
Servlet Mapping is an association mapping between servlet and a URL pattern. This is used to
map servlets with the requests.
8. What is a servlet context?

Servlet context contains servlet view of Web application in which servlet will be running. By
using the context,
Log events
Obtain URL references to resources
Set and Store attributes
9. Which interface should be implemented by all servlets?

Servlet interface should be implemented by all servlets
.
10. What is life cycle of Servlet?
Following is life cycle of Servlet:
Loaded
Initialized
Destroy
Unloaded
11. What is the difference between Servlet Request and Servlet Context when calling a
Request Dispatcher?
Relative URL can be called when Servlet Request is used and Relative URL is not used when
using Servlet Context.
12. What are the features added in Servlet 2.5?

Following are the features added in Servlet 2.5:
Dependency on J2SE 5.0
Support for annotations
Loading the class
Several web.xml
Removed restrictions
Edge case clarifications
13. When servlet is loaded?

A servlet can be loaded when:
First request is made
Auto loading and Server starts up
There is a single instance that answers all requests concurrently which saves memory
Administrator manually loads.
14. When Servlet is unloaded?

A servlet is unloaded when:
Server shuts down
Administrator manually unloads
15. What are the supporting protocol by HttpServlet ?
HttpServlet supports only HTTP and HTTPS protocol.
16. What is called Session Tracking?

Session tracking is used to maintain a state on the series of requests from the same user for a
given period of time.
17. Why session tracking is needed?

Every HTTP request needs to be captured by HTTP protocol and for that, state is captured.
Tracking of state is called session tracking.
18. What are the types of Session Tracking ?

There are following types of session tracking:
URL rewriting
Hidden Form Fields
Cookies
Secure Socket Layer (SSL)
19. What are the advantages of cookies?

Cookies are used to store long term information that can be maintained without server
interaction. Small and Medium size data are kept in a queue.
20. What is URL rewriting?

URL rewriting is one of the methods of session tracking in which additional data is appended at
the end of each URL. This additional data identifies the session.
21. What is servlet lazy loading?

A servlet container which does not initialize at the start up, this is known as servlet lazy loading.
22. What is Servlet Chaining?

Chaining is one of the methods where out of one servlet is given to the second servlet. This
chaining can happen for any number of servlets.
23. What are the important functions of filters?

Following are the important functions of Filters:
Security check
Modifying the request or response
Data compression
Logging and auditing
Response compression
24. What are the functions of Servlet container?

Following are the functions of the Servlet container:
Lifecycle management
Communication support
Multithreading support
Declarative security
JSP support
25. What is the difference between JSP and Servlets ?
JSP supports HTTP protocol which mainly used for presentation. But a servlet can support any
protocol like HTTP, FTP, SMTP etc.
26. What are all the ways for session tracking?

Following are the ways for session tracking:
 Cookies
 URL rewriting
 HttpSession
 Hidden form fields
27. What is called Scriptlet?

A scriptlet contains any language statements, variables, expressions that can be valid in the page
scripting language. Scriptlet is a part of generated servlet service method.
28. What is the difference between Server and Container?

A server can provide service to the client and it contains one or more containers such as EJBs,
Servlet, JSP containers. Containers hold set of objects.
29. Can we refresh servlet in client and server side automatically?

On the client side, Meta http is used for refresh and server push is used for server side refresh.
30. What is the difference between ServletConfig and ServletContext?

ServletConfig provides information about configuration of a servlet which is defined inside the
web.xml file and it is a specific object for each servlet.
ServletContext is an application specific object and it is shared by all servlet. It belongs to one
application in one JVM.
31. What is Pure Servlet?

Pure servlet is servlet which is used to create java objects that can be implemented from
javax.servlet.Servlet interface.
32. What is the difference between Servlets and applets?

Servlets are used for server side config and it keeps on server. But, Applets are used for client
side coding and it runs on client browsers.
33. What is Generic Servlet class?

Generic servlet is the super class of all servlets. This class is extended by all other classes and it
is protocol independent.
34. What is Java Servlet?
Java servlet is used to provide secure access to the web based date. This can extend functionality
present in the web servers. As it is platform and server independent, it is used for many purposes.
35. What is String Tokenizer?

A String Tokenizer is used to break the string into tokens and the token value is passed as an
argument in the constructor.
36. What is HttpServlet and how it is different from GenericServlet?

HttpServlet extends from GenericServlet and inherits the properties of
Genericservlet. HttpServlet defines a HTTP protocol servlet while GenericServlet defines a
generic, protocol-independent servlet.
37. How to get the current HttpSession object?

GetSession method is used to get the current HttpSession object on HttpservletRequest.
38. What do you mean by Default initialization in Java Servlet?

This is one of the servlet initialization and it is initialized when it is called for the first time.
39. What is Servlet Invoker?

Servlet Invoker allows web application to dynamically register new servlet definitions with the
servlet tag in the /WEB-INF/web.xml.
40. What is called Servlet mapping?

Servlet mapping maps URL patterns with the servlets. If there is a request from the client, servlet
container decides on which application it needs to map.
41. What are all the protocols supported by HttpServlet?

HttpServlet supports HTTP and HTTPS protocol.
42. Which exception is thrown if servlet is not initialized properly?

Servlet Exception or Unavailable Exception is thrown if servlet is not initialized properly.
43. Who is responsible for writing a constructor?

Container is responsible for writing constructor without arguments in servlet.
44. What are all the advantages of Servlet over CGI?
Following are the advantages of Servlet over CGI:
 Cannot be run in an individual process.
 Servlet stays in the memory while requests. For every CGI request, you must load and start a CGI
program.
 web.xml conveniences
45. What are the different mode that servlets can be used?
Following are the modes that servlets can be used:
 Filter chains can be used to collect servlets together
 Support HTTP protocol
 Used for CGI based applications
 Dynamic generation of servlets
46. What are the uses of servlets?
Servlets are used to process and store data submitted by HTML form, dynamic content, handle
multiple request concurrently and manage state information on top of stateless HTTP.
47. Whether we can get deadlock situation in Servlets?

Yes, it can be achieved by writing doGet method in doPost method and writing doPost method in
doGet method.
48. What is the default HTTP method in the servlet?

Default method is GET method for HTTPservlet.
49. Whether thread can be used in Servlets?

Yes, Single thread can be used in servlets.
50. What exception should be thrown when servlet is not properly initialized?
Servlet exception or an Unavailable exception is thrown when it is not properly initialized.
Struts – Interview Question
Q1. What are the components of Struts Framework?
Ans: Struts framework is comprised of following components:
1. Java Servlets
2. JSP (Java Server Pages)
3. Custom Tags
4. Message Resources
Q2. What’s the role of a handler in MVC based applications?
Ans:. It’s the job of handlers to transfer the requests to appropriate models as they are
bound to the model layer of MVC architecture. Handlers use mapping information from
configuration files for request transfer.
Q3. What’s the flow of requests in Struts based applications?
Ans: Struts based applications use MVC design pattern. The flow of requests is as follows:
 User interacts with View by clicking any link or by submitting any form.
 Upon user’s interaction, the request is passed towards the controller.
 Controller is responsible for passing the request to appropriate action.
 Action is responsible for calling a function in Model which has all business logic
implemented.
 Response from the model layer is received back by the action which then passes it towards
the view where user is able to see the response.
Q4. Which file is used by controller to get mapping information for request routing?
Ans: Controller uses a configuration file “struts-config.xml file to get all mapping information
to decide which action to use for routing of user’s request.
Q5. What’s the role of Action Class in Struts?
Ans: In Struts, Action Class acts as a controller and performs following key tasks:
 After receiving user request, it processes the user’s request.

 Uses appropriate model and pulls data from model (if required).
 Selects proper view to show the response to the user.
Q6. How an actionForm bean is created?
Surrogate
Ans: actionForm bean is created by extending the
class org.apache.struts.action.ActionForm
In the following example we have created an actionForm bean with the name
'testForm':
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
1 import org.apache.struts.action.*;
2 public class testForm extends ActionForm {
3
private String Id=null;
4
5 private String State=null;
6 public void setId(String id){
7 this.Id=id;
8 }
9 public String getId(){
10 return this.Id;
11 }
12
public void setState(String state){
13
14 this.State=state;
15 }
16 public String getState(){
17 return this.State;
}
Q7. What are the two types of validations supported by Validator FrameWork?
Ans: Validator Framework is used for form data validation. This framework provides two types
of validations:
1. Client Side validation on user’s browser

2. Server side validation
Q8. What are the steps of Struts Installation?
Ans: In order to use Struts framework, we only need to add Struts.Jar file in our development
environment. Once jar file is available in the CLASSPATH, we can use the framework and
develop Strut based applications.
Q9. How client side validation is enabled on a JSP form?

Ans: In order to enable client side validation in Struts, first we need to enable validator plug-in in
struts-config.xml file. This is done by adding following configuration entries in this file:
1 
2 <plug-in className="org.apache.struts.validator.ValidatorPlugIn">
3 <set-property
4 property="pathnames"
5 value="/WEB-INF/validator-rules.xml,/WEB-INF/validation.xml"/>
6 </plug-in>
Then Validation rules are defined in validation.xml file. If a form contains email field and we
want to enable client side validation for this field, following code is added in validation.xml file:
1 <form name="testForm">
2 <field property="email"
3 depends="required">
4 <arg key="testForm.email"/>
5 </field>
6 </form>
Q10. How action-mapping tag is used for request forwarding in Struts configuration file?
Ans: In Struts configuration file (struts-config.xml), forwarding options are defined under action-
mapping tag.
In the following example, when a user will click on the hyperlink test.do, request will be
forwarded to/pages/testing.jsp using following configurations from struts-config.xml file:
1 <action path="/test" forward="/pages/testing.jsp">
This forwarding will take place when user will click on following hyperlink on the jsp page:
1 <html:link</strong> page="/test.do</strong>">Controller Example</html:link>

Q11. How duplicate form submission can be controlled in Struts?
Ans: In Struts, action class provides two important methods which can be used to avoid duplicate
form submissions.
saveToken() method of action class generates a unique token and saves it in the user’s session.
isTokenValid() method is used then used to check uniqueness of tokens.
Q12. In Struts, how can we access Java beans and their properties?
Ans: Bean Tag Library is a Struts library which can be used for accessing Java beans.
Q13. Which configuration file is used for storing JSP configuration information in Struts?
Ans: For JSP configuration details, Web.xml file is used.
Q14. What’s the purpose of Execute method of action class?

Ans: Execute method of action class is responsible for execution of business logic. If any
processing is required on the user’s request, it’s performed in this method. This method returns
actionForward object which routes the application to appropriate page.
In the following example, execute method will return an object of actionForward defined in
struts-config.xml with the name “exampleAction”:
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
1 import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
2
3
import org.apache.struts.action.Action;
4
5 import org.apache.struts.action.ActionForm;
6 import org.apache.struts.action.ActionForward;
7 import org.apache.struts.action.ActionMapping;
8
9 public class actionExample extends Action
10 {
11 public ActionForward execute(
12 ActionMapping mapping,
13
ActionForm form,
14
15 HttpServletRequest request,
16 HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception{
17 return mapping.findForward("exampleAction");
18 }
}
Q15. What’s the difference between validation.xml and validator-rules.xml files in Struts
Validation framework?
Ans: In Validation.xml, we define validation rules for any specific Java bean while in validator-
rules.xml file, standard and generic validation rules are defined.
Q16. How can we display all validation errors to user on JSP page?
Ans: To display all validation errors based on the validation rules defined in validation.xml file,
we use <html:errors /> tag in our JSP file.
Q17. What’s declarative exception handling in Struts?

Ans: When logic for exception handling is defined in struts-config.xml or within the action tag,
it’s known as declarative exception handling in Struts.
In the following example, we have defined exception in struts-config.xml file for
NullPointerException:
1 <global-exceptions>
2
3 <exception key="test.key"
4
5 Type="java.lang.NullPointerException"
6
7 Path="/WEB-INF/errors/error_page.jsp"
8
9 </global-exceptions>
Q18. What’s DynaActionForm?

Ans: DynaActionForm is a special type of actionForm class (sub-class of ActionForm Class)
that’s used for dynamically creating form beans. It uses configuration files for form bean
creation.
Q19. What configuration changes are required to use Tiles in Struts?

Ans: To create reusable components with Tiles framework, we need to add following plugin
definition code in struts-config.xml file:
1 <plug-in className="org.apache.struts.tiles.TilesPlugin" >
2
3 <set-property property="definitions-config" value="/WEB-INF/tiles-defs.xml" />
4
5 <set-property property="moduleAware" value="true" />
6
7 </plug-in>
Q20. What’s the difference between Jakarta Struts and Apache Struts? Which one is
better to use?
Ans: Both are same and there is no difference between them.
Q21. What’s the use of Struts.xml configuration file?

Ans: Struts.xml file is one the key configuration files of Struts framework which is used to
define mapping between URL and action. When a user’s request is received by the controller,
controller uses mapping information from this file to select appropriate action class.
Q22. How tag libraries are defined in Struts?

Ans: Tag libraries are defined in the configuration file (web.xml) inside <taglib> tag as follows:
1 <taglib>
2
3 <taglib-uri>/WEB-INF/struts-bean.tld</taglib-uri>
4
5 <taglib-location>/WEB-INF/struts-bean.tld</taglib-location>
6
7 </taglib>
Q23. What’s the significance of logic tags in Struts?

Ans: Use of logic tags in Struts helps in writing a clean and efficient code at presentation layer
without use of scriptlets.
Q24. What are the two scope types for formbeans?

Ans: 1. Request Scope: Formbean values are available in the current request only
2. Session Scope: Formbean values are available for all requests in the current session.
Q25. How can we group related actions in one group in Struts?

Ans: To group multiple related actions in one group, we can use DispatcherAction class.
Q26. When should we use SwtichAction?
Ans: The best scenario to use SwitchAction class is when we have a modular application with
multiple modules working separately. Using SwitchAction class we can switch from a resource
in one module to another resource in some different module of the application.
Q27. What are the benefits of Struts framework?

Ans: Struts is based on MVC and hence there is a good separation of different layers in Struts
which makes Struts applications development and customization easy. Use of different
configuration files makes Struts applications easily configurable. Also, Struts is open source and
hence, cost effective.
Q28. What steps are required to for an application migration from Struts1 to Struts2?
Ans: Following Steps are required for Struts1 to Struts2 migration:
1. Move Struts1 actionForm to Struts2 POJO.

2. Convert Struts1 configuration file (struts-config.xml) to Struts2 configuration file
(struts.xml)
3.
Q29. How properties of a form are validated in Struts?
Ans: For validation of populated properties, validate() method of ActionForm class is used
before handling the control of formbean to Action class.
Q30. What’s the use of reset method of ActionForm class?

Ans: reset method of actionForm class is used to clear the values of a form before initiation of a
new request.
Q31. What are disadvantages of Struts?

Ans: Although Struts have large number of advantages associated, it also requires bigger
learning curve and also reduces transparency in the development process.
Struts also lack proper documentation and for many of its components, users are unable to get
proper online resources for help.
Q32. What’s the use of resourcebundle.properties file in Struts Validation framework?

Ans: resourcebundle.properties file is used to define specific error messages in key value pairs
for any possible errors that may occur in the code.
This approach helps to keep the code clean as developer doesn’t need to embed all error
messages inside code.
Q33. Can I have html form property without associated getter and setter formbean
methods?
Ans: For each html form property, getter and setter methods in the formbean must be defined
otherwise application results in an error.
Q34. How many servlet controllers are used in a Struts Application?

Ans: Struts framework works on the concept of centralized control approach and the whole
application is controlled by a single servlet controller. Hence, we require only one servlet
controller in a servlet application.
Q35. For a single Struts application, can we have multiple struts-config.xml files?
Ans: We can have any number of Struts-config.xml files for a single application.
We need following configurations for this:
1 <servlet>
2
3 <servlet-name>action</servlet-name>
4
5 <servlet-class>
6
7 org.apache.struts.action.ActionServlet
8
9 </servlet-class>
10
11 <init-param>
12
13 <param-name>config</param-name>
14
15 <param-value>
16
17 /WEB-INF/struts-config.xml
18
19 /WEB-INF/struts-config_user.xml
20
21 /WEB-INF/struts-config_admin.xml
22
23 </param-value>
24
25 </init-param>
26
27 .............
28
29 .............
30
31 </servlet>
Q36. Which model components are supported by Struts?
Ans: Struts support all types of models including Java beans, EJB, CORBA. However, Struts
doesn’t have any in-built support for any specific model and it’s the developer’s choice to opt for
any model.
Q37. When it’s useful to use IncludeAction?

Ans: IncludeAction is action class provided by Struts which is useful when an integration is
required between Struts and Servlet based application.
Q38. Is Struts thread safe?

Ans: Yes Struts are thread safe. In Struts, a new servlet object is not required to handle each
request; rather a new thread of action class object is used for each new request.
Q39. What configuration changes are required to use resource files in Struts?
Ans: Resource files (.properties files) can be used in Struts by adding following configuration entry in
struts-config.xml file:
<message-resources parameter=”com.login.struts.ApplicationResources”/>
Q40. How nested beans can be used in Struts applications?

Ans: Struts provide a separate tag library (Nested Tag Library) for this purpose. Using this
library, we can nest the beans in any Struts based application.
Q41. What are the Core classes of Struts Framework?

Ans: Following are the core classes provided by Struts Framework:
 Action Class
 ActionForm Class
 ActionMapping Class
 ActionForward Class
 ActionServlet Class
Q42. Can we handle exceptions in Struts programmatically?
Ans: Yes we can handle exceptions in Struts programmatically by using try, catch blocks in the
code.
1 try {
2
3 // Struts code
4
5 }
6
7 Catch (Exception e) {
8
9 // exception handling code
10
11 }
Q43. Is Struts Framework part of J2EE?
Ans: Although Struts framework is based on J2EE technologies like JSP, Java Beans, Servlets
etc but it’s not a part of J2EE standards.
Q44. How action mapping is configured in Struts?

Ans: Action mappings are configured in the configuration file struts-config.xml under the tag
<action-mapping> as follows:
1 <pre><action-mappings>
2 <action path="/login"
3 type="login.loginAction"
4 name="loginForm"
5 input="/login.jsp"
6 scope="request"
7 validate="true">
8 <forward name="success" path="/index.jsp"/>
9 <forward name="failure" path="/login_error.jsp"/>
10 </action>
11 </action-mappings>
Q45. When should be opt for Struts Framework?

Ans: Struts should be used when any or some of the following conditions are true:
 A highly robust enterprise level application development is required.

 A reusable, highly configurable application is required.
 A loosely coupled, MVC based application is required with clear segregation of different
layers.
Q46. Why ActionServlet is singleton in Struts?

Ans: In Struts framework, actionServlet acts as a controller and all the requests made by users
are controlled by this controller. ActionServlet is based on singleton design patter as only one
object needs to be created for this controller class. Multiple threads are created later for each user
request.
Q47. What are the steps required for setting up validator framework in Struts?
Ans: Following Steps are required to setup validator framework in Struts: – Wrong Spelling
1. In WEB-INF directory place valdator-rules.xml and validation.xml files.
2. Enable validation plugin in struts-config.xml files by adding following:
1 <plug-in className="org.apache.struts.validator.ValidatorPlugIn">
2 <set-property property="pathnames" value="/WEB-INF/validator-rules.xml,
3 /WEB-INF/validation.xml"/>
4 </plug-in>
Q48. Which technologies can be used at View Layer in Struts?

Ans: In Struts, we can use any of the following technologies in view layer:
 JSP
 HTML
 XML/XSLT
 WML Files
 Velocity Templates
 Servlets
Q49. What are the conditions for actionForm to work correctly?

Ans: ActionForm must fulfill following conditions to work correctly:

It must have a no argument constructor.

It should have public getter and setter methods for all its properties.
Q50. Which library is provided by Struts for form elements like check boxes, text boxes
etc?
Ans: Struts provide HTML Tags library which can be used for adding form elements like text
fields, text boxes, radio buttons etc.
Web page
A web page or webpage is a document commonly written in HyperText Markup Language
(HTML) that is accessible through the Internet or other network using a browser. A web page is
accessed by entering a URL address and may contain text, graphics, and hyperlinks to other
web pages and files. The page you are reading now is an example of a web page.
When was the first web page created?

The first web page was created at CERN by Tim Berners-Lee on August 6, 1991.
What is the difference between a website and web page?

A website refers to a central location that contains more than one web page. For
example, Computer Hope is considered a website, which contains thousands of
different pages including this web page you are reading now.
In the above example of a URL, the web page is "url.htm" and is always the last part of
the URL. For URL's that do not have an ending .htm, .html, .php, .cgi, .pl, or other file
extension the server is loading the default index.htm in that directory. For example, on
our contact page URL ( http://www.computerhope.com/contact/ ) there is no web page,
so the default index file loads from the contact/ directory.
Static Web Pages

Static Web pages display the exact same information whenever anyone visits it. Static Web
pages do not have to be simple plain text. They can feature detailed multimedia design and
even videos. However, every visitor to that page will be greeted by the exact same text,
multimedia design or video every time he visits the page until you alter that page's source code.
Dynamic Web Pages
Dynamic Web pages are capable of producing different content for different visitors from the
same source code file. The website can display different content based on what operating
system or browser the visitor is using, whether she is using a PC or a mobile device, or even the
source that referred the visitor. A dynamic Web page is not necessarily better than a static Web
page. The two simply serve different purposes.
Eg: Dynamic pages are also what let users log into websites to see personalized content.
Static vs Dynamic Creation

Developers generally create static pages with HTML, but use languages like PHP, Javascript, or
Actionscript to create dynamic pages. They can also use frameworks like Ruby on Rails,
Django, or Flex for dynamic pages. Dynamic languages and frameworks also have the technical
capacity to create static Web page content. However, doing so creates source code that is
unnecessarily complex for its purpose while being more difficult to maintain.
Web browser
A web browser (commonly referred to as abrowser) is a software application for retrieving,
presenting, and traversing information resources on the World WideWeb. An information
resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI/URL) and may be a web page,
image, video or other piece of content
As a client/server model, the browser is the client run on a computer that contacts the
Web server and requests information. The Web server sends the information back to the Web
browser which displays the results on the computer or other Internet-enabled device that
supports a browser.
Mobile Browsers
Also, there are a number of browsers that are designed to access the Web using a mobile
device. A mobile browser, also called a microbrowser, is optimized to display Web content on
smaller mobile device screens and to perform efficiently on these computing devices, which
have far less computing power and memory capacity as desktop or laptop. Mobile browsers are
typically "stripped down" versions of Web browsers and offer fewer features in order to run well
on mobile devices.
Web server
Web servers are computers that deliver (serves up) Web pages. Every Web server has an IP
address and possibly a domain name. For example, if you enter the URL
http://www.webopedia.com/index.html in your browser, this sends a request to the Web server
whose domain name is webopedia.com. The server then fetches the page named index.html and
sends it to your browser.
Any computer can be turned into a Web server by installing server software and connecting the
machine to the Internet. There are many Web server software applications, including public
domain software and commercial packages.
Web site
A site (location) on the World Wide Web. Each Web site contains ahome page, which is the
first document users see when they enter the site. The site might also contain additional
documents and files. Each site is owned and managed by an individual, company or
organization.
HTTP
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application-level protocol for distributed,

collaborative, hypermedia information systems. This is the foundation for data communication
for the World Wide Web (i.e. internet) since 1990. HTTP is a generic and stateless protocol
which can be used for other purposes as well using extensions of its request methods, error
codes, and headers.
HTTPS
HTTPS (HTTP over SSL or HTTP Secure) is the use of Secure Socket Layer (SSL) or Transport
Layer Security (TLS) as a sublayer under regular HTTP application layering. HTTPS encrypts
and decrypts user page requests as well as the pages that are returned by the Web server.
JSTL (JSP Standard Tag Library)
The JSP Standard Tag Library (JSTL) represents a set of tags to simplify the JSP
development.
Advantage of JSTL
1. Fast Developement JSTL provides many tags that simplifies the JSP.
2. Code Reusability We can use the JSTL tags in various pages.
3. No need to use scriptlet tag It avoids the use of scriptlet tag.
There JSTL mainly provides 5 types of tags:
Tag Name Description
core tags The JSTL core tag provide variable support, URL management, flow
control etc. The url for the core tag
is http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core . The prefix of core tag is c.
sql tags The JSTL sql tags provide SQL support. The url for the sql tags
is http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/sqland prefix is sql.
xml tags The xml sql tags provide flow control, transformation etc. The url for
the xml tags ishttp://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/xml and prefix is x.
internationalization The internationalization tags provide support for message formatting,

tags number and date formatting etc. The url for the internationalization
tags is http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/fmt and prefix is fmt.
functions tags The functions tags provide support for string manipulation and string
length. The url for the functions tags
is http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/functions and prefix is fn.
For creating JSTL application, you need to load jstl.jar file.

JSTL Core Tags
The JSTL core tags mainly provides 4 types of tags:
 miscellaneous tags: catch and out.

 url management tags: import, redirect and url.
 variable support tags: remove and set.
 flow control tags: forEach, forTokens, if and choose.
Syntax for defining core tags
1. <%@ taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" prefix="c" %>
c:catch
It is an alternative apporach of global exception handling of JSP. It handles the exception

and doesn't propagate the exception to error page. The exception object thrown at runtime
is stored in a variable named var.
Example of c:catch
Let's see the simple example of c:catch.

2. <c:catch>
3. int a=10/0;
4. </c:catch>
c:out
It is just like JSP expression tag but it is used for exression. It renders data to the page.
Example of c:out
Let's see the simple example of c:out.
index.jsp
1. <form action="process.jsp" method="post">
2. FirstName:<input type="text" name="fname"/><br/>
3. LastName:<input type="text" name="lname"/><br/>
4. <input type="submit" value="submit"/>
5. </form>
process.jsp
2. First Name:<c:out value="${param.fname}"></c:out><br/>
3. Last Name:<c:out value="${param.lname}"></c:out>
c:import
It is just like jsp include but it can include the content of any resource either within server
or outside the server.
Example of c:import
Let's see the simple example of c:import to display the content of other site.
index.jsp
2. <h1>ABC.com</h1>
3. <hr/>
4. <c:import url="http://www.javatpoint.com"></c:import>
Example of c:import to display the source code

Let's see the simple example of c:import to display the source code of other site.
index.jsp
2. <h1>ABC.com</h1>
3. <hr/>
4. <c:import var="data" url="http://www.javatpoint.com"></c:import>
5.
6. <h2>Data is:</h2>
7. <c:out value="${data}"></c:out>
c:forEach
It repeats the nested body content for fixed number of times or over collection.
Example of c:forEach
Let's see the simple example of c:forEach.

2. <c:forEach var="number" begin="5" end="10">
3. <c:out value="${number}"></c:out>
4. </c:forEach>
c:if
It tests the condition.
Example of c:if
Let's see the simple example of c:if.

2. <c:set var="number" value="${200}">
3. <c:if test="${number<500}">
4. <c:out value="number is less than 500"></c:out>
5. </c:if>
c:redirect
It redirects the request to the given url.

2. <c:redirect url="http://www.javatpoint.com"></c:redirect>
Custom Tags in JSP

Custom tags are user-defined tags. They eliminates the possibility of scriptlet tag and separates the
business logic from the JSP page.
The same business logic can be used many times by the use of custom tag.
Advantages of Custom Tags
The key advantages of Custom tags are as follows:
1. Eliminates the need of scriptlet tag The custom tags eliminates the need of
scriptlet tag which is considered bad programming approach in JSP.
2. Separation of business logic from JSP The custom tags separate the the business
logic from the JSP page so that it may be easy to maintain.
3. Re-usability The custom tags makes the possibility to reuse the same business logic
again and again.
Syntax to use custom tag
There are two ways to use the custom tag. They are given below:
1. <prefix:tagname attr1=value1....attrn=valuen />

1. <prefix:tagname attr1=value1....attrn=valuen >
2. body code
3. </prefix:tagname>
JSP Custom Tag API
The javax.servlet.jsp.tagext package contains classes and interfaces for JSP custom tag API.
The JspTag is the root interface in the Custom Tag hierarchy.
JspTag interface
The JspTag is the root interface for all the interfaces and classes used in custom tag. It is a
marker interface.
Tag interface
The Tag interface is the sub interface of JspTag interface. It provides methods to perform
action at the start and end of the tag.
Fields of Tag interface
There are four fields defined in the Tag interface. They are:
Field Name Description
public static int it evaluates the body content.

EVAL_BODY_INCLUDE
public static int EVAL_PAGE it evaluates the JSP page content after the custom
tag.
public static int SKIP_BODY it skips the body content of the tag.
public static int SKIP_PAGE it skips the JSP page content after the custom tag.
Methods of Tag interface
The methods of the Tag interface are as follows:
Method Name Description
public void it sets the given PageContext object.

setPageContext(PageContext
pc)
public void setParent(Tag t) it sets the parent of the tag handler.
public Tag getParent() it returns the parent tag handler object.

public int doStartTag()throws it is invoked by the JSP page implementation object.
JspException The JSP programmer should override this method
and define the business logic to be performed at the
start of the tag.
public int doEndTag()throws it is invoked by the JSP page implementation object.

JspException The JSP programmer should override this method
and define the business logic to be performed at the
end of the tag.
public void release() it is invoked by the JSP page implementation object

to release the state.
IterationTag interface
The IterationTag interface is the sub interface of the Tag interface. It provides an additional
method to reevaluate the body.
Field of IterationTag interface
There is only one field defined in the IterationTag interface.

public static int EVAL_BODY_AGAIN it reevaluates the body content.
Method of Tag interface
There is only one method defined in the IterationTag interface.
 public int doAfterBody()throws JspException it is invoked by the JSP page

implementation object after the evaluation of the body. If this method returns
EVAL_BODY_INCLUDE, body content will be reevaluated, if it returns SKIP_BODY, no
more body cotent will be evaluated.
TagSupport class
The TagSupport class implements the IterationTag interface. It acts as the base class for
new Tag Handlers. It provides some additional methods also.
Expression Language (EL) in JSP
The Expression Language (EL) simplifies the accessibility of data stored in the Java Bean component, and
other objects like request, session, application etc.
There are many implicit objects, operators and reserve words in EL.
It is the newly added feature in JSP technology version 2.0.
Syntax for Expression Language (EL)

1. ${ expression }
Implicit Objects in Expression Language (EL)
There are many implicit objects in the Expression Language. They are as follows:
Implicit Objects Usage
pageScope it maps the given attribute name with the value set in the page scope
requestScope it maps the given attribute name with the value set in the request scope
sessionScope it maps the given attribute name with the value set in the session scope
applicationScope it maps the given attribute name with the value set in the application
scope
param it maps the request parameter to the single value
paramValues it maps the request parameter to an array of values
header it maps the request header name to the single value
headerValues it maps the request header name to an array of values
cookie it maps the given cookie name to the cookie value
initParam it maps the initialization parameter
pageContext it provides access to many objects request, session etc.

Simple example of Expression Language that prints the name of the user
In this example, we have created two files index.jsp and process.jsp. The index.jsp file gets
input from the user and sends the request to the process.jsp which in turn prints the name
of the user using EL.
index.jsp
1. <form action="process.jsp">
2. Enter Name:<input type="text" name="name" /><br/><br/>
3. <input type="submit" value="go"/>
4. </form>
process.jsp
1. Welcome, ${ param.name }
Example of Expression Language that prints the value set in the session scope
In this example, we printing the data stored in the session scope using EL. For this purpose,
we have used sessionScope object.
index.jsp
1. <h3>welcome to index page</h3>

2. <%
3. session.setAttribute("user","sonoo");
4. %>
5.
6. <a href="process.jsp">visit</a>
process.jsp
1. Value is ${ sessionScope.user }
Precedence of Operators in EL
There are many operators that have been provided in the Expression Language. Their
precedence are as follows:
[] .
()
-(unary) not ! empty
* / div % mod
+ - (binary)
< <= > >= lt le gt ge
== != eq ne
&& and
|| or
?:
Reserve words in EL
There are many reserve words in the Expression Language. They are as follows:
lt Le gt ge
eq Ne true false
and Or not instanceof
div Mod empty null

JSP Directives

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JSP directives

There are three types of directives:

Syntax of JSP Directive

JSP page directive

Syntax of JSP page directive

Attributes of JSP page directive

The import attribute is used to import class,interface or all the members of a

Example of import attribute

1. <%@ page import="java.util.Date" %>

Example of contentType attribute

1. <%@ page contentType=application/msword %>

Example of info attribute

1. <%@ page info="composed by Sonoo Jaiswal" %>

1. public String getServletInfo() {

Example of buffer attribute

1. <%@ page buffer="16kb" %>

1. <%@ page isELIgnored="true" %>//Now EL will be ignored

<%@ page isThreadSafe="false" %>

1. public class SimplePage_jsp extends HttpJspBase

Example of errorPage attribute

Example of isErrorPage attribute

Advantage of Include directive

Syntax of include directive

Example of include directive

Syntax JSP Taglib directive

Example of JSP Taglib directive

3. Explain JSP Technology.

4. Explain Implicit objects in JSP.

1)response 2)exception 3)application 4)request

5)session 6)page 7)out 8)config 9)pageContext

5. How can multiple submits due to refresh button clicks be prevented?

Using a Post/Redirect/Get or a PRG pattern, this problem can be solved.

2. A redirect response is used to reply by the servlet for a view page.

6. Is JSP technology extensible?

9. How to include static files in a JSP page?

JComponent is a subclass of Container. It contains other Components and JComponents .

11. How can a thread safe JSP page be implemented?

It can be done by having them implemented by the SingleThreadModel Interface. Add

14. What are JSP Actions?

15. Differentiate between <jsp:include page=…> and <%@include file=…>.

Both these tags include information from 1 page to another.

16. Can constructor be used instead of init(), to initialize servlet?

They are comments that can be viewed in HTML Source File.

17. Explain lifecycle methods.

19. Define Expression

20. Define Composition.

Composition has a stronger relationship with the object than Aggregation.

21. Define JSP Scriptlet.

The tag <Jsp:param> allows us to pass information between multiple Jsp’s.

23. Explain the uses of <jsp:usebean> tag.

24. Explain handling of runtime exceptions.

Errorpage attribute is used to uncatch the run-time exceptions forwarded automatically to an

26. Explain the various scope values for <jsp:useBean> tag.

1)application 2)request 3)page 4)session

27. Show the 2 types of comments in JSP.

The 2 types are :

35. Define Static Block.

It is used to start the static data member. It is executed before classloading.

29. Explain JSP directives.

30. Explain pge Directives.

31. Show attributes of page directives.

1)Session : It shows if a session data is available to the page.

2)Import : it shows packages that are imported.

4)contentType : it allows the user to specify the content type of page.