Environmental Engineering and Management Journal April 2017, Vol.16, No.

4, 1027-1032
http://omicron.ch.tuiasi.ro/EEMJ/

“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Romania

TURNING WHEAT STRAW IN A SUSTAINABLE

RAW MATERIAL FOR PAPER INDUSTRY

Adrian Cătălin Puiţel, Narcisa Moisei*, Bogdan Marian Tofănică, Dan Gavrilescu ∗
“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, Department of
Environmental Engineering and Management, 73 Prof.dr.doc. Dimitrie Mangeron Street, 700050 Iasi, Romania

Abstract

Deforestation is a vital problem at global level, being one of the main causes of climate change. Volume of wood used in
construction, furniture and pulp and paper industries increases year by year. Stopping the decrease of forests surface is of
imperative importance from the point of view of sustainability. Pulp and paper industry faces with severe lack of pulpwood and
for this reason other raw materials are taken into consideration. Chemical pulp can be partially replaced with recovered paper but
low paper grades can be produced only. In addition, recovered paper is collected in limited quantities, which do not assure the
large requirements of paper industry. For these reasons, obtaining of chemical pulp from nonwood raw materials is of particular
importance.
The paper deals with the investigation of the possibility of replacing wood with an agricultural waste, namely wheat straw as raw
material in producing chemical pulp for paper. It was determined that straw resulted in cultivation of wheat in Moldova region of
Romania contain less lignin than wood and can be delignified using less chemicals, at lower temperatures and in shorter time.
Wheat straw can be processed using common reagents like sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfide and sodium carbonate and pulps
having various lignin content can be obtained. Straw pulp having low lignin content can be obtained using sodium hydroxide and
sodium sulfide. If lignin content of pulp is less important, sodium carbonate can be used as unique or main reagent. Carbonate
straw pulp shows good strength properties even in unrefined state. By refining, the strength properties of pulp considerably
improve. Unbleached carbonate straw pulp can be used instead of wood pulp for obtaining of papers for corrugated board.

Key words: paper, pulping, resources, wheat straw

Received: December, 2015; Revised final: November, 2016; Accepted: November, 2016

1. Introduction immediate profit, as well as overpopulation and

Wood is a valuable raw material and large
quantities are used in construction, furniture and pulp
and paper industries. In addition, wood is an
important fuel being today more and more used for
household heating. However, deforestation is a huge
problem at this time, since about 26 ha of forest
disappear every minute at a global level (Piazza and
Santanu, 2015). The main causes of deforestation are:
expansion of farming land, wood fuel gathering,
forest fires, mining and urbanization.
Other causes of deforestation refer to
corruption in many countries ran by the requisite of
poverty (Kissinger et al., 2012).
The most important effect of deforestation is
the climate change. The woodlands are the major
terrestrial sink of carbon so that deforestation
disrupts the global carbon cycle (Ladd et al., 2013;
Ward et al., 2015). As a consequence, the
concentration of carbon dioxide is rising. Other
effects refer to loss of water and soil resources and
flooding. By cutting the forests, the soil cannot hold
water and a drier climate become evident (Binkley
and Fisher, 2012; Gimona et al., 2012). Europe,
especially EU countries are not so rich in forests
(Foresteurope, 2011). Since decades, the woodland of

∗
Authors to whom all correspondence should be addressed: e-mail: marin_narcisa87@yahoo.com, gda@ch.tuiasi.ro
 Puiţel et al./Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 16 (2017), 4, 1027-1032
EU countries has continually decreased and now its
surface represents no more than 34% (FAO, 2012).
In this context, the use of wood as a raw material in
various sectors has to be reduced, even if it is
considered a renewable natural resource.
Pulp and paper industry needs large quantities
of wood. To obtain a tone of chemical pulp, 5-6 m3
of wood are necessary so that a modern pulp mill
consumes as much as 1 million m3 of wood per year
(Gavrilescu and Craciun, 2012; Hetemaki et al.,
2013). According to Confederation of European
Paper Industries (CEPI), around 150 million m3 of
softwood and hardwood were consumed in 2014 by
the pulp and paper sector of European Union
countries (CEPI, 2014). There are some solutions to
avoid excessive trees cuttings, one of them being the
use of recovered paper. Recovered paper successful
replaces chemical pulp in production of many paper
grades and this valuable raw material is largely used
by paper manufacturers (Bajpai, 2015; Puitel et al.,
2014; Scott, 2011). However, recovered paper can be
used in production of low quality paper grades and it
can be purchased only in limited quantities.
Another solution refers to obtain chemical
pulp from nonwood raw materials (Kassim et al.,
2015; Leponiemi, 2008). Nonwood plants are of
increasing interest as potential cellulosic fiber
resources and include cereal straw (wheat and rice),
flax, cotton, corn stalks, rapeseed stalks, bagasse,
reed etc. (Gavrilescu et al., 2009).
Traditionally, chemical pulp is obtained from
wood by means of suitable delignification processes
(Gavrilescu, 2013). Romania was a forest-rich
country, but the forests surface decreased from 40%
in 1900 to 28% in 1948. According to Romsilva, the
surface of Romanian forests accounted 25% in 2013
(Romsilva, 2015). The main causes of deforestation
in Romania in recent years were irrational logging
and deficient reforestation. As a result, wood
consumption for industrial purposes decreased year
by year. One of the consequences of reduction of
wood source refers to the Romanian pulp and paper
sector. Due to the lack of wood and to the
continuously increasing of pulpwood price, the pulp
mills were gradually closed so that today no pulp mill
is running in Romania. The Romanian paper makers
were obliged to replace the pulpwood with recovered
paper as fibrous source (Vlase et al., 2012). Paper
recycling involves large investment for new plants
and implementation of suitable technologies for
paper production. Comparing with chemical pulp,
secondary fibres represent an inferior raw material
and only low quality grades of paper can be
produced. It is known if recovered paper is used
several times in producing paper, the cellulosic fibres
progressively lost their papermaking potential.
Periodically, a certain quantity of secondary fibres
must be replaced with virgin fibers (chemical pulp)
in order to maintain the quality of fibrous raw
material. For this reason, addition in the fibrous
circuit of paper manufacture of virgin cellulosic
fibers is compulsory.
1028
Therefore, virgin cellulosic fibers cannot be
excluded in producing of any paper grade
(Gavrilescu et al., 2014). Virgin cellulose fibres are
produced on wood or on nonwood plant basis.
Romania is an important producer of wheat among
EU countries, 7.3 million tones being produced in
2014. The wheat straw yield was estimated at more
than 10 million tones and represents a valuable
agricultural product. There are several ways to use
the straw: as animal bedding, for biogas generation,
to regenerate soil humus, as biosorbent for
environmental clean-up, as heating fuel etc. (Liu et
al., 2015; Malutan et al., 2015; Stelte et al., 2013;
Vasmara et al., 2015). A new direction refers to
chemical processing of straw to obtain bio-based
chemicals (Feng et al., 2016; Luthria et al., 2015;
Merali et al., 2016; Puitel et al., 2012). In many
Asian countries rice and wheat straws are
traditionally processed to obtain chemical pulp for
papermaking (Jahar et al., 2016; Kaur et al., 2017;
Lin et al., 2013; Tran et al., 2014).
The goal of this paper is to investigate if it is
possible to replace wood with cereal straw in
producing fibrous materials for paper used for
corrugated board manufacture. Chemical
composition of wheat straw collected from Moldova
region of Romania was determined. Pulping methods
using sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfide and sodium
carbonate (as unique reagents or mixtures) were
selected in order to estimate their delignification
potential. A large range of straw pulps regarding
yield and lignin content was obtained. The strength
properties of pulps were determined and the
possibility for using these fibrous materials in
obtaining papers for corrugated board is discussed.
2. Materials and methods
Wheat straw (Triticum aestivum) from
current production in Moldova region of Romania
was naturally dried in laboratory and then chipped at
5 cm length. The straw average moisture was 10%.
The chemical composition of straws was determined,
the results showing a content of 74.4% holocellulose
(according to TAPPI T 9 wd-75, 1975,); 43.1%
cellulose (TAPPI T 17 wd-70, 1970); 27.7%
pentosans (TAPPI T 223 cm-01, 2001); 17.5% lignin
(TAPPI T 222 om-02, 2002); 5.5% extractives
(TAPPI T 204 cm-07, 2007); 5.3% ash (TAPPI T 211
om-02, 2002).
The straw pulp was obtained using a rotating
10 L laboratory digester with automatic control of
temperature. An amount of 400 g oven dried (o.d.)
straw was filled in the digester and 160-220 g o.d.
pulp was obtained depending on the pulping
conditions. Cooking liquor was prepared in the
laboratory by dissolving sodium hydroxide (NaOH),
sodium sulphide (Na2S) and sodium carbonate
(Na2CO3), respectively, in tap water. Alkali charge
was kept constant to 20% on o.d. straw (reagent
quantities was expressed as NaOH) in all the
experiments. The ratio of straw to cooking liquor was
 Turning wheat straw in a sustainable raw material for paper industry
1:5. The heating time was 30 minutes and cooking
time was 60 minutes at a temperature of 160 ºC in all
cooking experiments. Two main grades of straw pulp
were obtained: soda pulp and sodium carbonate pulp
and for comparison, straw kraft pulp was used.
After digestion, the brown stock was
defibered and washed carefully with water until no
color in the resulting liquor was observed. Washed
pulp was screened using a vibratory screen with 0.25
mm slots. The screened yield of pulps was
determined and the screened pulps were analyzed for
their lignin content expressed as Kappa number
(TAPPI T 236 om-06, 2006) and intrinsic viscosity
(ISO 5351, 2010). The pulps were refined in the
Jokro mill and transformed in handsheets in
accordance with the Rapid Köthen method (ISO
5269-3, 2008). The pulp handsheets were tested
regarding their main strength properties according to
the standards listed in Table 1.
Table 1. Mechanical testing of straw pulp handsheets
Strength property Standard no:
Tensile strength ISO 1924:3, 2005
Bursting strength ISO 2758, 2014
Short-span compression strength ISO 9895, 2008
3. Results and discussion
Wheat straws have a similar chemical
composition related to other pulping raw materials. A
comparison with Romanian pulpwood main species,
reveals the followings (Table 2):
- wheat straw have less cellulose, less lignin and
higher pentosans content;
- straw contain higher percentages of extractives
and ash
The most important advantage of wheat straw
is the lower lignin content than wood. This means
that straw can be delignified using less chemicals, at
lower temperatures and shorter time, compared with
wood. The lower content of cellulose, the high
content of extractives and ash are the main
drawbacks of straw as a pulping raw material. Table
3 shows the pulping conditions and the main
properties of obtained pulp. As Table 3 shows,
NaOH is a powerful delignification reagent, the
Kappa number of straw pulp being low, 16.3 units
(trial 1). When NaOH was partially replaced with
Na2S (trial 5), better result was obtained regarding
pulp lignin content (Kappa number 11 units). If
Na2CO3 is used as unique reagent (trial 2), pulp with
high lignin content is obtained (Kappa number 63
units).
Table 2. Comparison between chemical composition of wheat straw and Romanian main pulpwood species
Raw material Cellulose
Wheat straw 43.1
Softwood* 48-53
Hardwood* 44-50
* Data according to Petrovici and Popa (1997)
Due to its high lignin content, brown stock
was partially defibered, so that the screened yield
was the lowest (28.4%) among all the trials. It is
obvious that sodium carbonate shows a considerable
lower delignification capacity if compared with
sodium hydroxide. A mixture of sodium carbonate
and sodium sulfide or sodium hydroxide improves
both the screened yield and lignin content of pulps
(trials 3 and 4). Viscosity of pulp is mainly used to
determine its level of degradation during pulping and
Table 3 shows that the pulp viscosity largely depends
on pulping reagents. The main conclusion is that a
high degree of pulp delignification requires sodium
hydroxide and sodium sulfite as pulping reagents,
while sodium carbonate determines a considerable
reduction of delignification intensity. In other words,
for pulps having low lignin content, sodium
hydroxide and sodium sulfide are the recommended
reagents and if pulp lignin content is less important,
sodium carbonate can be use as unique or main
reagent. Basically, there are two main grades of
chemical pulp: pulp with low lignin content (for
bleaching) and pulp with high lignin content (used
without bleaching in packaging papermaking). In the
latter case, the pulp yield is the most important
parameter. Data from Table 3 suggest that trials 1
and 5 can be used in producing pulp for bleaching
whereas trials performed using sodium carbonate
(trials 2, 3, 4) are indicated for obtaining of pulp for
packaging paper. Strength properties of straw pulp
were determined for unbeaten pulp and after a 5
minutes refining of pulp using the Jokro mill. The
refining degree of unbeaten pulp (Schopper-Riegler,
o
SR) was quite high (19-30 ºSR) and for refined pulp
ranged 40-49 ºSR. Table 4 presents the strength
properties of unbeaten pulp expressed at indexes in
order to compare the results.
It is obvious that strength properties of pulp
depend on the pulping process. As a rule, strength
properties of the straw pulp obtained with sodium
hydroxide and sodium sulfide are better than that
obtained with sodium carbonate. The refined pulps
show significant higher strength properties compared
with unbeaten pulps (Table 5). Burst strength and
short span compression strength are the most
appreciated among strength properties of papers for
corrugated board. Strength properties of unbeaten
straw pulp listed in Table 4 show that the pulps
obtained according to trials 3 and 4, have burst and
short span compression indexes at the level of
recommended values from Table 6 for testliner 3 (the
lower grade among the testliners).
Chemical composition, %
Lignin Pentosans Extractives Ash
17.5 27.7 5.5 5.3
27-33 7-11 0.5-1.6 0.1-0.4
18-25 11-20 0.1-0.6 0.2-0.6
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 Puiţel et al./Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 16 (2017), 4, 1027-1032

Table 3. Wheat straw pulping and the main results

Trial Reagent, Total Screened Pulp Kappa Pulp viscosity, cm3/g

number expressed as NaOH on straw yield, % yield, % number
1 NaOH (20%) 40 39 16.3 1020
2 Na2CO3 (20%) 57.6 28.4 63 600
3 Na2CO3 (16%) +Na2S (4%) 47.5 41.4 60 890
4 Na2CO3 (10%) +NaOH (10%) 45.7 33.4 41 807
5 NaOH (16%) +Na2S (4%) 39.8 39.3 11 980

If the pulp is refined, its mechanical strength
substantially increases (Table 5) and the pulp can be
used for obtaining of higher testliner grades
(testliners 1 and 2, Table 6). Particularly short span
compression index of straw pulps (even unrefined)
shows values that exceed the requirements for all
testliner grades.
The strength properties of straw pulp
presented in Tables 4 and 5, compared with the
recommended values of strength properties listed in
Table 6 prove that straw pulp can successful replace
the pulp obtained from wood in producing of papers
for corrugated board. In this respect, straw pulp can
be an attractive solution for Romanian paper sector.
4. Conclusions
Wheat straw can replace pulpwood in
production of fibrous materials for paper industry and
the main advantages refer to the fact that wheat straw
contain less lignin than wood and can be delignified
using less chemicals, lower temperatures and shorter
time. The high content of extractives and ash are the
main drawbacks of wheat straw as a raw material for
pulp manufacture.
Besides the common pulping processes,
natron and kraft, wheat straw can be delignified using
sodium carbonate as unique reagent. Carbonate straw
pulp shows significantly higher lignin content if
compared with natron and kraft pulps and for this
reason the pulp was partially defibered, so that the
brown stock must be refined in order to improve the
pulp screened yield. Sodium carbonate pulping
shows a considerable lower delignification capacity
of straw if compared with natron and kraft processes.
The high yield of carbonate pulp recommends this
fibrous material for obtaining of pulp for packaging
paper. Carbonate straw pulp shows good strength
properties even unrefined. Unbeaten carbonate pulp
shows burst and short span compression indexes at
the level of lower grades of papers for corrugated
board.

Table 4. Strength properties of unbeaten straw pulp

Trial Reagent, Refining Tensile index, Burst index, Short span compression
number expressed as NaOH, degree, ºSR N.m/g kPa.m2/g index (N.m/g)
1 NaOH, (20%) 28 39.36 1.65 25.3
2 Na2CO3, (20%) 19 31.36 1.5 18.33
3 Na2CO3 (16%) +Na2S (4%) 27 35.2 2.02 21.9
Na2CO3 (10%) +NaOH
4 30 28.2 2.39 22.6
(10%)
5 NaOH (16%) +Na2S (4%) 29 33.2 1.8 26.8

Table 5. Strength properties of refined straw pulp

Short span
Trial Reagent, Refining Tensile index, Burst index,
compression index
number expressed as NaOH, degree,ºSR N.m/g kPa.m2/g
(N.m/g)
1 NaOH, (20%) 45 55.1 2.3 25.1
2 Na2CO3, (20%) 42 51.3 1.96 24.8
Na2CO3 (16%)
3 40 47.3 3.02 27.2
+Na2S (4%)
Na2CO3 (10%)
4 47 57.6 3.94 30.8
+NaOH (10%)
NaOH (16%) +Na2S
5 49 54.2 3.3 28.0
(4%)

Table 6. Recommended values of strength properties of paper used for production of corrugated board (ECO, 2012)

Paper grade Burst index, Short span compression

kPa.m2/g index (N.m/g)
Testliner 1 More than 3.0 More than 17.5
Testliner 2 2.5-3.0 15.5-17.5
Testliner 3 2.0-2.5 13.5-15.5

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 Turning wheat straw in a sustainable raw material for paper industry
If the pulp is refined, its mechanical strength
substantially increases and the pulp can be used for
obtaining of higher grades. Particularly short span
compression index of carbonate straw pulp (even
unrefined) shows values that exceed the requirements
for papers for corrugated board (testliner grades).
Carbonate straw pulp can be used as a valuable
substitute of wood pulp for obtaining of papers for
corrugated board.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by a grant of the Romanian
National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation,
CNCS/CCCDI – UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P2-
2.1-BG-2016-0016, within PNCDI III.
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