Abstract

The purpose of our project is to find the drag coefficient and lift coefficient. Cd and Cl are calculated by using
formulas and then found these by using Ansys workbench tool simulation. At the end we compared these
results and discuss the results of Cd, Cl and Strouhal Number and conclude our project.
Table of Contents
Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction. ....................................................................................................................................... 3
Literature view. ................................................................................................................................... 4
Flow Configuration .................................................................................................................................. 5
Geometry ............................................................................................................................................ 5
Cases perform on this Geometry ........................................................................................................ 5
Mathematical Formulation. ................................................................................................................ 6
Experimental Setup. ........................................................................................................................ 6
Numerical method and Boundary conditions ......................................................................................... 7
At 20m/s velocity. ............................................................................................................................... 7
At 10m/s velocity ................................................................................................................................ 8
Experimental results. ...................................................................................................................... 9
Analytical Results. ......................................................................................................................... 10
Conclusion. ........................................................................................................................................ 10
References......................................................................................................................................... 10
Introduction.

Our project is related to examination of flow over a sphere under different flow velocities
experimentally and then on software workbench and compared the results for behavior of
flow on that body. In every design field where a designed product faces flow over its surface,
there is necessary to calculate drag force which helps to design the product for more and
more efficient and for a long life period. These drag forces and co-efficient are measured
through a wind tunnel test in which 3D model of that product is subjected and over required
flow of fluid drag force is measured and co-efficient is calculated through drag force equation
which
Cd= 2*Drag force/rho* v^2 *A.
Where rho is density of fluid, A is frontal area where flow is directly colliding, v is velocity of
flow and drag force is noted from wind tunnel apparatus.
In our project we test a spherical body which is assumed as a smooth surface body and
velocity for these tests are 10m/s & 20m/s. Re (Reynold’s number) are calculated to see the
type of flow either it is Turbulent, Transient or laminar and specify our flow range between
critical and sub-critical. Then see the value of Cd from graphs to compare our experimental
and analytical results.
For analysis of our project we used software ANSYS >workbench>fluent which is working on
technology known as finite element analysis (FEA). Our analysis is for 2D geometry of
spherical body. Fig 1.01 shows an experimental setup.
 Fig 1.01

Literature view.
There are too many experiments performed to examine the flow over a sphere by using
different technique like finite element (FEM), Residual based variational multiscale (RBVM),
Direct numerical simulations, Large Eddy Simulation (LES), Detached Eddy Simulation and
many more.
For a sub critical regime Re < 10^5 boundary layers are laminar and then shifted towards
turbulent where shear layers are going to be separates. This result was found by using LES
simulation in which dynamic eddy viscosity used. by the addition of free stream, turbulence
intensity, increase of drag on spherical body & turbulence near wake is stronger than uniform
flow. [1]
For Re=3700 when a FEM based computation perform it gives follow results. Uniform and
turbulent flow conditions are considered to be when a uniform flow is Validation against the
last direct numerical simulation (DNS) study. Provide a sphere to the turbulent flow eliminates
the low-frequency modes of the solution and a premise for quick simulations to achieve
convergent flow statistics. For a uniform flow, this solution generates a shorter mode of
frequency and requires a long-term simulation to obtain a High accuracy of the average of
statistics. [2]
For a slow flow that completely ignores the viscosity there is an ideal flow that has no
boundary layer along the surface, Completely United Flow and downstream viscous wake
from sphere. Because of the symmetrical downstream flow from the upstream, there is no
drag on the sphere. This result is known on the name of scientist who researched on this
problem is called the d’Alembert paradox. Ignoring the viscosity makes it easier to analyze,
but this type of flow does not always occur in the nature of the presence of a small amount
of viscosity in the fluid.
By increasing velocity of flow the downstream vortex becomes unstable separately from the
body and is swept downstream alternately. The wake is very wide and produces a large
amount of drag. Alternating shedding is called the Cullman Vortex Street. Here, the flow goes
from right to left, and shedding is a computer animation. [3]

Flow Configuration
Geometry
We make the geometry on Ansys as you can see below. The outer diameter is 1m and sphere
wall diameter is 0.08. Since we have not a powerful device so that we could make the 3D
geometry so we make the 2D drawing on Ansys the inner circle shows the sphere wall and
the outer circle shows the flow boundary .

Cases perform on this Geometry

After making the geometry we do the following steps
1. Mesh Generate for getting results
2. Setup. This is basically my
conditions and method
that I perform through
Ansys on my body
3. calculations We set the method in
which we generate the
equation for solving our
mesh and set the
iterations number of
 steps for getting more
accurate results od Cd
and Cl
4. Results After this we get the
results and then animate
it for pressure contour
and velocity contour for
checking the behavior of
flow on body
5. plots Then we plots the results

Mathematical Formulation.
Experimental Setup.
We adjust our sphere in the wind tunnel. And set the velocity head that we calculated by given
velocities by using formula.
𝑣 2 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟
ℎ=
𝜌𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦

and then we get values of 𝐹𝑑 & 𝐹𝑙 from meters connected to wind tunnel.
From these values of 𝐹𝑑
We calculate 𝐶𝑑 :-
2𝐹𝑑
𝐶𝑑 =
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∗ 𝐴𝑓
For Cl
2𝐹𝑙
𝐶𝑙 =
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∗ 𝐴𝑓
We calculate Re no. to check type of flow for comparison of our results.
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑉𝐷
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
Continuity and Momentum equation for 2D flow is given below.
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
+ =0
𝜕𝜘 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑃 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
𝜌 (𝑢 +𝑣 )= − + 𝜇( 2 + )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦2

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑃 𝜕2𝑣 𝜕2𝑣
𝜌 (𝑢 +𝑣 )= − + 𝜇( 2 + )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦2

Strouhal Number is calculated by using this formula

 𝑓𝐿
𝑆𝑡 =
𝑈
Where L is depth of sphere, f is the frequency of vortex Shading and U is the velocity of air that
attack on the object.

Numerical method and Boundary conditions

1. The method we use to solve the equation is K-epsilon 2nd equation its use is simple and easy to
calculate the desire results.
2. After this we set the boundary conditions for our sphere. We give him inlet velocity. As we have
two cases so we set two different velocity for same geometry at different time which is 10 and
20m/s .

3. After this we give him reference value in which we set the area of sphere inlet velocity, viscosity,
density, depth which is from 0,0 to its boundary and length which also from 0,0 to is boundary of
sphere
4. The scheme we use is Coupled and spatial Discretization is, it is upwind scheme because our
packet number is grater then 2, and we implicit Second order formulation
5. Then we set the iterations and start the calculation. When iteration complete and my solution is
converged then we go to results

At 20m/s velocity.
Following result we get
Velocity streamlines
Pressure contour

Velocity magnitude contour

At 10m/s velocity
Velocitystreamlines
Pressure contour

Velocity magnitude

Experimental results.
For 𝑣1 =10 m/s
h = 1.91*10−3 of water column
𝐹𝑑 =0.298N
𝐶𝑑 =0.324
𝐹𝑙 = 0.076N
𝐶𝑙 = 0.25

For 𝑣2 =20 m/s

h =1.8*10−3m of water column
𝐹𝑑 =0.489N
𝐶𝑑 =0.404
𝐹𝑙 = 0.073N
𝐶𝑙 = 0.27

Analytical Results.
For 𝑣1 =10 m/s
𝐶𝑑 = 0.406
𝐶𝑙 = 0.001
For 𝑣2 =20 m/s
𝐶𝑑 =0.457
𝐶𝑙 =0.06

Conclusion.

References.
1. G.S. Constantinescu, K.D. Squires (2003, Jan). Flow, Turbulence and Combustion. Vol 70. Pp.
267-2298). https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:APPL.0000004937.34078.71

2. Y. Bazilevs, J. Yan.(2014,oct,20)Journal of Applied Mechanics [Online].Vol 81 . Issue 12.

http://appliedmechanics.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/article.aspx?articleid=191641
0

3. N. Hall. (2015, May). Drag of a Sphere.

https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/K-12/airplane/dragsphere.html.