Mechanics of Materials 9th Edition Hibbeler Solutions Manual

Mechanics©Of Materials 9th Edition Hibbeler Solutions Manual
2014 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
Full Download:exist.
http://testbankreal.com/download/mechanics-of-materials-9th-edition-hibbeler-solutions-manual/
No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
3–1. A tension test was performed on a steel specimen Load (kip) Elongation (in.)
having an original diameter of 0.503 in. and gauge length of
2.00 in. The data is listed in the table. Plot the 0 0
stress–strain diagram and determine approximately the 1.50 0.0005
modulus of elasticity, the yield stress, the ultimate stress, and 4.60 0.0015
8.00 0.0025
the rupture stress. Use a scale of 1 in. = 20 ksi and
1 in. = 0.05 in.> in. Redraw the elastic region, using the same
11.00 0.0035
11.80 0.0050
stress scale but a strain scale of 1 in. = 0.001 in.> in. 11.80 0.0080
12.00 0.0200
1 16.60 0.0400
A = p(0.503)2 = 0.1987 in2 20.00 0.1000
4 21.50 0.2800
L = 2.00 in. 19.50 0.4000
18.50 0.4600
s(ksi) e(in.>in.)
0 0
7.55 0.00025
23.15 0.00075
40.26 0.00125
55.36 0.00175
59.38 0.0025
59.38 0.0040
60.39 0.010
83.54 0.020
100.65 0.050
108.20 0.140
98.13 0.200
93.10 0.230
48
Eapprox = = 32.0(103) ksi Ans.
0.0015
Ans:
(sult)approx = 110 ksi, (sR)approx = 93.1 ksi,
(sY)approx = 55 ksi, Eapprox = 32.0(103) ksi
139
This is sample only, Download all chapters at: testbankreal.com
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
3–2. Data taken from a stress–strain test for a ceramic are

S (ksi) P (in./in.)
given in the table. The curve is linear between the origin and
the first point. Plot the diagram, and determine the modulus 0 0
of elasticity and the modulus of resilience. 33.2 0.0006
45.5 0.0010
49.4 0.0014
51.5 0.0018
Modulus of Elasticity: From the stress–strain diagram 53.4 0.0022
= 55.3 A 103 B ksi

33.2 - 0
E = Ans.
0.0006 - 0
Modulus of Resilience: The modulus of resilience is equal to the area under the
linear portion of the stress–strain diagram (shown shaded).
(33.2) A 103 B ¢ 2 ≤ ¢ 0.0006

1 lb in. in # lb
ur = ≤ = 9.96 Ans.
2 in in. in3
Ans:
E = 55.3 A 103 B ksi, ur = 9.96
in # lb
in3
140
3–3. Data taken from a stress–strain test for a ceramic are

given in the table. The curve is linear between the origin and S (ksi) P (in./in.)
the first point. Plot the diagram, and determine 0 0
approximately the modulus of toughness. The rupture stress 33.2 0.0006
is sr = 53.4 ksi. 45.5 0.0010
49.4 0.0014
51.5 0.0018
Modulus of Toughness: The modulus of toughness is equal to the area under the
53.4 0.0022
stress-strain diagram (shown shaded).
(33.2) A 103 B ¢ 2 ≤ (0.0004 + 0.0010) ¢ ≤

1 lb in.
(ut)approx =
2 in in.
+ 45.5 A 103 B ¢
lb in.
≤ (0.0012) ¢ ≤
in2 in.
(7.90) A 103 B ¢ 2 ≤ (0.0012) ¢ ≤

1 lb in.
+
2 in in.
(12.3) A 103 B ¢ 2 ≤ (0.0004) ¢ ≤

1 lb in.
+
2 in in.
in # lb
= 85.0 Ans.
in3
Ans:
in # lb
(ut)approx = 85.0
in3
141
*3–4. A tension test was performed on a steel specimen Load (kip) Elongation (in.)
having an original diameter of 0.503 in. and a gauge length
of 2.00 in. The data is listed in the table. Plot the 0 0
modulus of elasticity, the ultimate stress, and the rupture 6.50 0.0025
stress. Use a scale of 1 in. = 15 ksi and 1 in. = 0.05 in.> in.
8.50 0.0040
9.20 0.0065
Redraw the linear-elastic region, using the same stress scale 9.80 0.0098
but a strain scale of 1 in. = 0.001 in. 12.0 0.0400
14.0 0.1200
14.5 0.2500
1 14.0 0.3500
A = p(0.503)2 = 0.19871 in2 13.2 0.4700
4
L = 2.00 in.
P ¢L
s = A (ksi) P = L (in.>in.)
0 0
12.58 0.00045
32.71 0.00125
42.78 0.0020
46.30 0.00325
49.32 0.0049
60.39 0.02
70.45 0.06
72.97 0.125
70.45 0.175
66.43 0.235
32.71
0.00125
142
3–5. A tension test was performed on a steel specimen Load (kip) Elongation (in.)
having an original diameter of 0.503 in. and gauge length of
2.00 in. Using the data listed in the table, plot the 0 0
modulus of toughness. 6.50 0.0025
8.50 0.0040
9.20 0.0065
9.80 0.0098
Modulus of toughness (approx) 12.0 0.0400
14.0 0.1200
ut = total area under the curve 14.5 0.2500
14.0 0.3500
13.2 0.4700
= 87 (7.5) (0.025) (1)
in. # kip
= 16.3 Ans.
in3
In Eq.(1), 87 is the number of squares under the curve.

P ¢L
s = A (ksi) P = L (in.>in.)
0 0
12.58 0.00045
32.71 0.00125
42.78 0.0020
46.30 0.00325
49.32 0.0049
60.39 0.02
70.45 0.06
72.97 0.125
70.45 0.175
66.43 0.235
Ans:
in. # kip
ut = 16.3
in3
143
3–6. A specimen is originally 1 ft long, has a diameter of

0.5 in., and is subjected to a force of 500 lb. When the force
is increased from 500 lb to 1800 lb, the specimen elongates
0.009 in. Determine the modulus of elasticity for the
material if it remains linear elastic.
P dL
Normal Stress and Strain: Applying s = and e = .
A L
0.500
s1 = p 2
= 2.546 ksi
4 (0.5 )
1.80
s2 = p 2
= 9.167 ksi
4 (0.5 )
0.009
¢P = = 0.000750 in.>in.
12
Modulus of Elasticity:
= 8.83 A 103 B ksi

¢s 9.167 - 2.546
E = = Ans.
¢P 0.000750
Ans:
E = 8.83 A 103 B ksi
144
3–7. A structural member in a nuclear reactor is made of a

zirconium alloy. If an axial load of 4 kip is to be supported
by the member, determine its required cross-sectional area.
Use a factor of safety of 3 relative to yielding. What is the
load on the member if it is 3 ft long and its elongation is
0.02 in.? Ezr = 14(103) ksi, sY = 57.5 ksi. The material has
elastic behavior.
Allowable Normal Stress:

sy
F.S. =
sallow
57.5
3 =
sallow
sallow = 19.17 ksi
P
sallow =
A
4
19.17 =
A
A = 0.2087 in2 = 0.209 in2 Ans.
Stress–Strain Relationship: Applying Hooke’s law with
d 0.02
P = = = 0.000555 in.>in.
L 3 (12)
s = EP = 14 A 103 B (0.000555) = 7.778 ksi
P
Normal Force: Applying equation s = .
A
P = sA = 7.778 (0.2087) = 1.62 kip Ans.
Ans:
A = 0.209 in2, P = 1.62 kip
145
*3–8. The strut is supported by a pin at C and an A-36 steel

guy wire AB. If the wire has a diameter of 0.2 in., determine
how much it stretches when the distributed load acts on A
the strut.
60⬚
200 lb/ft
B
Here, we are only interested in determining the force in wire AB. C
9 ft
1
a + ©MC = 0; FAB cos 60°(9) - (200)(9)(3) = 0 FAB = 600 lb
2
The normal stress the wire is
FAB 600
sAB = = p = 19.10(103) psi = 19.10 ksi
AAB 4 (0.22)
Since sAB 6 sy = 36 ksi, Hooke’s Law can be applied to determine the strain
in wire.
sAB = EPAB; 19.10 = 29.0(103)PAB
PAB = 0.6586(10 - 3) in>in

9(12)
The unstretched length of the wire is LAB = = 124.71 in. Thus, the wire
sin 60°
stretches
dAB = PAB LAB = 0.6586(10 - 3)(124.71)
= 0.0821 in. Ans.
146
3–9. The s-P diagram for elastic fibers that make up s (psi)
human skin and muscle is shown. Determine the modulus of
elasticity of the fibers and estimate their modulus of 55
toughness and modulus of resilience.
11
P (in./in.)
1 2 2.25
11
E = = 5.5 psi Ans.
2
1 1
ut = (2)(11) + (55 + 11)(2.25 - 2) = 19.25 psi Ans.
2 2
1
ur = (2)(11) = 11 psi Ans.
2
Ans:
E = 5.5 psi, ut = 19.25 psi, ur = 11 psi
147
3–10. The stress–strain diagram for a metal alloy having s (ksi)

an original diameter of 0.5 in. and a gauge length of 2 in. is
105
given in the figure. Determine approximately the modulus
of elasticity for the material, the load on the specimen that 90
causes yielding, and the ultimate load the specimen will 75
support.
60
45
30
15
0 P (in./in.)
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007
From the stress–strain diagram, Fig. a,
E 60 ksi - 0
= ; E = 30.0(103) ksi Ans.
1 0.002 - 0
sy = 60 ksi sult = 100 ksi
Thus,
PY = sYA = 60 C p4 (0.52) D = 11.78 kip = 11.8 kip Ans.
Pult = sult A = 100 C p4 (0.52) D = 19.63 kip = 19.6 kip Ans.
Ans:
E = 30.0(103) ksi, PY = 11.8 kip, Pult = 19.6 kip
148
3–11. The stress–strain diagram for a steel alloy having an s (ksi)

original diameter of 0.5 in. and a gauge length of 2 in. is
105
given in the figure. If the specimen is loaded until it is
stressed to 90 ksi, determine the approximate amount of 90
elastic recovery and the increase in the gauge length after it 75
is unloaded.
60
45
30
15
0 P (in./in.)
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007
From the stress–strain diagram Fig. a, the modulus of elasticity for the steel alloy is
E 60 ksi - 0
= ; E = 30.0(103) ksi
1 0.002 - 0
when the specimen is unloaded, its normal strain recovers along line AB, Fig. a,
which has a slope of E. Thus
90 90 ksi
Elastic Recovery = = = 0.003 in>in. Ans.
E 30.0(103) ksi
Thus, the permanent set is
PP = 0.05 - 0.003 = 0.047 in>in.
Then, the increase in gauge length is
¢L = PPL = 0.047(2) = 0.094 in. Ans.
Ans:
Elastic Recovery = 0.003 in.>in., ¢L = 0.094 in.
149
*3–12. The stress–strain diagram for a steel alloy having s (ksi)

an original diameter of 0.5 in. and a gauge length of 2 in. is
105
given in the figure. Determine approximately the modulus
of resilience and the modulus of toughness for the material. 90
75
60
45
30
15
0 P (in./in.)
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007
The Modulus of resilience is equal to the area under the stress–strain diagram up to
the proportional limit.
sPL = 60 ksi PPL = 0.002 in.>in.
Thus,
sPLPPL = C 60(103) D (0.002) = 60.0

1 1 in. # lb
(ui)r = Ans.
2 2 in3
The modulus of toughness is equal to the area under the entire stress–strain
diagram. This area can be approximated by counting the number of squares. The
total number is 38. Thus,
C (ui)t D approx = 38 c15(103)

in. # lb
d a 0.05 b = 28.5(103)
lb in.
2
Ans.
in in. in3
150
3–13. A bar having a length of 5 in. and cross-sectional

area of 0.7 in.2 is subjected to an axial force of 8000 lb. If the 8000 lb 8000 lb
bar stretches 0.002 in., determine the modulus of elasticity 5 in.
of the material. The material has linear-elastic behavior.
Normal Stress and Strain:
P 8.00
s = = = 11.43 ksi
A 0.7
d 0.002
P = = = 0.000400 in.>in.
L 5
Modulus of Elasticity:
s 11.43
E = = = 28.6(103) ksi Ans.
P 0.000400
Ans:
E = 28.6(103) ksi
151
3–14. The rigid pipe is supported by a pin at A and

an A-36 steel guy wire BD. If the wire has a diameter of B
0.25 in., determine how much it stretches when a load of
P = 600 lb acts on the pipe.
4 ft P
A D
C
3 ft 3 ft
Here, we are only interested in determining the force in wire BD. Referring to the
FBD in Fig. a
a + ©MA = 0; FBD A 45 B (3) - 600(6) = 0 FBD = 1500 lb
The normal stress developed in the wire is
FBD 1500
sBD = = p = 30.56(103) psi = 30.56 ksi
ABD 4 (0.252)
Since sBD 6 sy = 36 ksi, Hooke’s Law can be applied to determine the strain in
the wire.
sBD = EPBD; 30.56 = 29.0(103)PBD
PBD = 1.054(10 - 3) in.>in.
The unstretched length of the wire is LBD = 232 + 42 = 5 ft = 60 in. Thus, the
wire stretches
dBD = PBD LBD = 1.054(10 - 3)(60)
= 0.0632 in. Ans.
Ans:
dBD = 0.0632 in.
152
3–15. The rigid pipe is supported by a pin at A and an

A-36 guy wire BD. If the wire has a diameter of 0.25 in., B
determine the load P if the end C is displaced 0.15 in.
downward.
4 ft P
A D
C
3 ft 3 ft
Here, we are only interested in determining the force in wire BD. Referring to the
FBD in Fig. a
a + ©MA = 0; FBD A 45 B (3) - P(6) = 0 FBD = 2.50 P
The unstretched length for wire BD is LBD = 232 + 42 = 5 ft = 60 in. From the
geometry shown in Fig. b, the stretched length of wire BD is
LBD¿ = 2602 + 0.0752 - 2(60)(0.075) cos 143.13° = 60.060017
Thus, the normal strain is
LBD¿ - LBD 60.060017 - 60

PBD = = = 1.0003(10 - 3) in.>in.
LBD 60
Then, the normal stress can be obtain by applying Hooke’s Law.
sBD = EPBD = 29(103) C 1.0003(10 - 3) D = 29.01 ksi
Since sBD 6 sy = 36 ksi, the result is valid.
FBD 2.50 P
sBD = ; 29.01(103) = p
ABD 4 (0.252)
P = 569.57 lb = 570 lb Ans.
Ans:
P = 570 lb
153
*3–16. The wire has a diameter of 5 mm and is made from

A-36 steel. If a 80-kg man is sitting on seat C, determine the E
W
elongation of wire DE.
600 mm
D
A B C
800 mm 600 mm
Equations of Equilibrium: The force developed in wire DE can be determined by

writing the moment equation of equilibrium about A with reference to the free-
body diagram shown in Fig. a,
FDE a b(0.8) - 80(9.81)(1.4) = 0

3
a + ©MA = 0;
5
FDE = 2289 N
FDE 2289
sDE = = = 116.58 MPa
ADE p
(0.0052)
4
Since sDE < sY , Hooke’s Law can be applied
sDE = EPDE
116.58(106) = 200(109)PDE
PDE = 0.5829(10-3) mm>mm
The unstretched length of wire DE is LDE = 26002 + 8002 = 1000 mm. Thus, the
elongation of this wire is given by
dDE = PDELDE = 0.5829(10-3)(1000) = 0.583 mm Ans.
154
3–17. A tension test was performed on a magnesium alloy s (ksi)

specimen having a diameter 0.5 in. and gauge length 2 in.
The resulting stress–strain diagram is shown in the figure. 40
Determine the approximate modulus of elasticity and the
35
yield strength of the alloy using the 0.2% strain offset
method. 30
25
20
15
10
5
0 P (in./in.)
0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010
Modulus of Elasticity: From the stress–strain diagram, when P = 0.002 in.>in., its
corresponding stress is s = 13.0 ksi. Thus,
13.0 - 0
0.002 - 0
Yield Strength: The intersection point between the stress–strain diagram and the
straight line drawn parallel to the initial straight portion of the stress–strain diagram
from the offset strain of P = 0.002 in.>in. is the yield strength of the alloy. From the
stress–strain diagram,
sYS = 25.9 ksi Ans.
Ans:
Eapprox = 6.50(103) ksi, sYS = 25.9 ksi
155
3–18. A tension test was performed on a magnesium alloy s (ksi)

specimen having a diameter 0.5 in. and gauge length of 2 in.
The resulting stress–strain diagram is shown in the figure. If 40
the specimen is stressed to 30 ksi and unloaded, determine 35
the permanent elongation of the specimen.
30
25
20
15
10
5
0 P (in./in.)
0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010
Permanent Elongation: From the stress–strain diagram, the strain recovered is

along the straight line BC which is parallel to the straight line OA. Since
13.0 - 0
Eapprox = = 6.50(103) ksi, then the permanent set for the specimen is
0.002 - 0
30(103)
PP = 0.0078 - = 0.00318 in.>in.
6.5(106)
Thus,
dP = PPL = 0.00318(2) = 0.00637 in. Ans.
Ans:
dP = 0.00637 in.
156
3–19. The stress–strain diagram for a bone is shown, and P

can be described by the equation P = 0.45110-62 s ⫹
0.36110-122 s3, where s is in kPa. Determine the yield s
strength assuming a 0.3% offset.
P ⫽ 0.45(10⫺6)s + 0.36(10⫺12)s3
P P
P = 0.45(10-6)s + 0.36(10-12)s3,
dP = A 0.45(10-6) + 1.08(10-12) s2 B ds
ds 1
E = 2 = = 2.22(106) kPa = 2.22 GPa
dP 0.45(10 - 6)
s=0
The equation for the recovery line is s = 2.22(106)(P - 0.003).
This line intersects the stress–strain curve at sYS = 2027 kPa = 2.03 MPa Ans.
Ans:
sYS = 2.03 MPa
157
*3–20. The stress–strain diagram for a bone is shown P

and can be described by the equation P = 0.45110-62 s ⫹
0.36110-122 s3, where s is in kPa. Determine the modulus of s
toughness and the amount of elongation of a 200-mm-long region
just before it fractures if failure occurs at P = 0.12 mm>mm.
P ⫽ 0.45(10⫺6)s + 0.36(10⫺12)s3
P P
When P = 0.12
120(10-3) = 0.45 s + 0.36(10-6)s3
Solving for the real root:
s = 6873.52 kPa
6873.52
ut = dA = (0.12 - P)ds
LA L0
6873.52
ut = (0.12 - 0.45(10-6)s - 0.36(10-12)s3)ds
L0
6873.52
= 0.12 s - 0.225(10-6)s2 - 0.09(10-12)s4|0
= 613 kJ>m3 Ans.
d = PL = 0.12(200) = 24 mm Ans.
158
3–21. The two bars are made of polystyrene, which has the P
stress–strain diagram shown. If the cross-sectional area of 4 ft
bar AB is 1.5 in2 and BC is 4 in2, determine the largest force C
P that can be supported before any member ruptures. B
Assume that buckling does not occur.
3 ft
s (ksi)
25
3 20
+ c gFy = 0; F - P = 0; FAB = 1.6667 P (1)
5 AB 15
compression
+ 4
; ©Fx = 0; FBC - (1.6667P) = 0; FBC = 1.333 P (2) 10
5
5 tension
Assuming failure of bar BC:
0 P (in./in.)
From the stress–strain diagram (sR)t = 5 ksi 0 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
FBC FBC
s = ; 5 = ; FBC = 20.0 kip
ABC 4
From Eq. (2), P = 15.0 kip
Assuming failure of bar AB:
From stress–strain diagram (sR)c = 25.0 ksi
FAB FAB
s = ; 25.0 = ; FAB = 37.5 kip
AAB 1.5
From Eq. (1), P ⫽ 22.5 kip
Choose the smallest value
P = 15.0 kip Ans.
Ans:
P = 15.0 kip
159
3–22. The two bars are made of polystyrene, which has the P
stress–strain diagram shown. Determine the cross-sectional 4 ft
area of each bar so that the bars rupture simultaneously C
when the load P = 3 kip. Assume that buckling does not B
occur.
3 ft
s (ksi)
25
FBA a b - 3 = 0;
3
+ c ©Fy = 0; FBA = 5 kip 20
5
15
compression
+ 5a b = 0;
+ 4
: ©Fx = 0; -FBC FBC = 4 kip 10
5
5 tension
For member BC:
0 P (in./in.)
0 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
FBC 4 kip
(smax)t = ; ABC = = 0.8 in2 Ans.
ABC 5 ksi
For member BA:
FBA 5 kip
(smax)c = ; ABA = = 0.2 in2 Ans.
ABA 25 ksi
Ans:
ABC = 0.8 in2, ABA = 0.2 in2
160
3–23. The stress–strain diagram for many metal alloys can s (ksi)
be described analytically using the Ramberg-Osgood three
80
parameter equation P = s>E + ksn, where E, k, and n are
determined from measurements taken from the diagram. 60
Using the stress–strain diagram shown in the figure, take
E = 30(103) ksi and determine the other two parameters k 40
and n and thereby obtain an analytical expression for the
curve. 20
P (10 – 6 )
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Choose,
s = 40 ksi, e = 0.1
s = 60 ksi, e = 0.3
40
0.1 = + k(40)n
30(103)
60
0.3 = + k(60)n
30(103)
0.098667 = k(40)n
0.29800 = k(60)n
0.3310962 = (0.6667)n
ln (0.3310962) = n ln (0.6667)
n = 2.73 Ans.
k = 4.23(10 - 6) Ans.
Ans:
n = 2.73, k = 4.23(10 - 6)
161
3–24. The wires AB and BC have original lengths of 2 ft

and 3 ft, and diameters of 81 in. and 16 3
in., respectively. If C
these wires are made of a material that has the approximate
stress–strain diagram shown, determine the elongations of
the wires after the 1500-lb load is placed on the platform.
Equations of Equilibrium: The forces developed in wires AB and BC can be A

determined by analyzing the equilibrium of joint B, Fig. a, 3 ft
+
: ©Fx = 0; FBC sin 30° - FAB sin 45° = 0 (1) 45⬚ 30⬚
2 ft
+ c ©Fy = 0; FBC cos 30° + FAB cos 45° = 1500 (2) B
Solving Eqs. (1) and (2),
FAB = 776.46 lb FBC = 1098.08 lb
FAB 776.46
sAB = = = 63.27 ksi
AAB p
(1>8)2
4
s (ksi)
FBC 1098.08
sBC = = = 39.77 ksi 80
ABC p 2
(3>16)
4 58
The corresponding normal strain can be determined from the stress–strain diagram,
Fig. b.
39.77 58
= ; PBC = 0.001371 in.>in. P (in./in.)
PBC 0.002 0.002 0.01
63.27 - 58 80 - 58
= ; PAB = 0.003917 in.>in.
PAB - 0.002 0.01 - 0.002
Thus, the elongations of wires AB and BC are
dAB = PABLAB = 0.003917(24) = 0.0940 Ans.
dBC = PBCLBC = 0.001371(36) = 0.0494 Ans.
162
3–25. The acrylic plastic rod is 200 mm long and 15 mm in

diameter. If an axial load of 300 N is applied to it, determine 300 N 300 N
the change in its length and the change in its diameter.
200 mm
Ep = 2.70 GPa, np = 0.4.
P 300
s = = p 2
= 1.678 MPa
A 4 (0.015)
s 1.678(106)
Plong = = = 0.0006288
E 2.70(109)
d = Plong L = 0.0006288 (200) = 0.126 mm Ans.
Plat = -nPlong = -0.4(0.0006288) = -0.0002515
¢d = Platd = -0.0002515 (15) = -0.00377 mm Ans.
Ans:
d = 0.126 mm, ¢d = -0.00377 mm
163
3–26. The thin-walled tube is subjected to an axial force of

40 kN. If the tube elongates 3 mm and its circumference
decreases 0.09 mm, determine the modulus of elasticity, 40 kN
900 mm
Poisson’s ratio, and the shear modulus of the tube’s
material. The material behaves elastically.
10 mm
40 kN
12.5 mm
P 40(103)
s = = = 226.35 MPa
A p(0.01252 - 0.012)
d 3
Pa = = = 3.3333 (10-3) mm>mm
L 900
Applying Hooke’s law,
s = EPa; 226.35(106) = E [3.3333(10-3)]
E = 67.91(106) Pa = 67.9 GPa Ans.
Poisson’s Ratio: The circumference of the loaded tube is 2p(12.5) - 0.09 =

78.4498 mm. Thus, the outer radius of the tube is
78.4498
r = = 12.4857 mm
2p
The lateral strain is
r - r0 12.4857 - 12.5
Plat = = = -1.1459(10-3) mm>mm
r0 12.5
= -c d = 0.3438 = 0.344
Plat -1.1459(10-3)
n = - Ans.
Pa 3.3333(10-3)
E 67.91(109)
G = = = 25.27(109) Pa = 25.3 GPa Ans.
2(1 + n) 2(1 + 0.3438)
Ans:
E = 67.9 GPa, v = 0.344, G = 25.3 GPa
164
3–27. When the two forces are placed on the beam, the C
diameter of the A-36 steel rod BC decreases from 40 mm to P P
39.99 mm. Determine the magnitude of each force P.
1m 1m 1m 1m
A B
0.75 m
Equations of Equilibrium: The force developed in rod BC can be determined by

writing the moment equation of equilibrium about A with reference to the
free-body diagram of the beam shown in Fig. a.
FBC a b (3) - P(2) - P(1) = 0

4
a + ©MA = 0; FBC = 1.25P
5
Normal Stress and Strain: The lateral strain of rod BC is
d - d0 39.99 - 40
Plat = = = -0.25(10 - 3) mm>mm
d0 40
Plat = -nPa; -0.25(10-3) = -(0.32)Pa
Pa = 0.78125(10-3) mm>mm
Assuming that Hooke’s Law applies,
sBC = EPa; sBC = 200(109)(0.78125)(10-3) = 156.25 MPa
Since s 6 sY, the assumption is correct.
FBC 1.25P
sBC = ; 156.25(106) =
A 0.042 B
ABC p
4
P = 157.08(103)N = 157 kN Ans.
Ans:
P = 157 kN
165
*3–28. If P = 150 kN, determine the elastic elongation of C

rod BC and the decrease in its diameter. Rod BC is made of P P
A-36 steel and has a diameter of 40 mm.
1m 1m 1m 1m
A B
0.75 m
Equations of Equilibrium: The force developed in rod BC can be determined by

writing the moment equation of equilibrium about A with reference to the free-
body diagram of the beam shown in Fig. a.
FBC a b (3) - 150(2) - 150(1) = 0

4
a + ©MA = 0; FBC = 187.5 kN
5
Normal Stress and Strain: The lateral strain of rod BC is
FBC 187.5(103)
sBC = = = 149.21 MPa
A 0.042 B
ABC p
4
Since s 6 sY, Hooke’s Law can be applied. Thus,
sBC = EPBC; 149.21(106) = 200(109)PBC
PBC = 0.7460(10-3) mm>mm
The unstretched length of rod BC is LBC = 27502 + 10002 = 1250 mm. Thus the
elongation of this rod is given by
dBC = PBCLBC = 0.7460(10-3)(1250) = 0.933 mm Ans.
We obtain,
Plat = -nPa ; Plat = -(0.32)(0.7460)(10-3)
= -0.2387(10-3) mm>mm
Thus,
dd = Plat dBC = -0.2387(10-3)(40) = -9.55(10-3) mm Ans.
166
3–29. The friction pad A is used to support the member,

which is subjected to an axial force of P = 2 kN. The pad is
made from a material having a modulus of elasticity of P
E = 4 MPa and Poisson’s ratio n = 0.4. If slipping does not
occur, determine the normal and shear strains in the pad.
The width is 50 mm. Assume that the material is linearly 60⬚
elastic. Also, neglect the effect of the moment acting on
the pad.
A 25 mm
100 mm
Internal Loading: The normal force and shear force acting on the friction pad can be
determined by considering the equilibrium of the pin shown in Fig. a.
+
: ©Fx = 0; V - 2 cos 60° = 0 V = 1 kN
+ c ©Fy = 0; N - 2 sin 60° = 0 N = 1.732 kN
Normal and Shear Stress:
V 1(103)
t = = = 200 kPa
A 0.1(0.05)
N 1.732(103)
s = = = 346.41 kPa
A 0.1(0.05)
Normal and Shear Strain: The shear modulus of the friction pad is
E 4
G = = = 1.429 MPa
2(1 + n) 2(1 + 0.4)
Applying Hooke’s Law,
s = EP; 346.41(103) = 4(106)P P = 0.08660 mm>mm Ans.
t = Gg; 200(103) = 1.429(106)g g = 0.140 rad Ans.
Ans:
P = 0.08660 mm>mm, g = 0.140 rad
167
3–30. The lap joint is connected together using a 1.25 in. P

diameter bolt. If the bolt is made from a material having a 2
P
shear stress–strain diagram that is approximated as shown,
determine the shear strain developed in the shear plane of
P
the bolt when P = 75 kip. 2
t (ksi)
75
50
Internal Loadings: The shear force developed in the shear planes of the bolt can be g (rad)
0.005 0.05
determined by considering the equilibrium of the free-body diagram shown in Fig. a.
+
: ©Fx = 0; 75 - 2V = 0 V = 37.5 kip
Shear Stress and Strain:
V 37.5
t = = = 30.56 ksi
A 1.252 B
A p
4
Using this result, the corresponding shear strain can be obtained from the shear
stress–strain diagram, Fig. b.
30.56 50
= ; g = 3.06(10-3) rad Ans.
g 0.005
Ans:
g = 3.06(10-3) rad
168
3–31. The lap joint is connected together using a 1.25 in. P

diameter bolt. If the bolt is made from a material having a 2
P
shear stress–strain diagram that is approximated as shown,
determine the permanent shear strain in the shear plane of
P
the bolt when the applied force P = 150 kip is removed. 2
t (ksi)
75
50
Internal Loadings: The shear force developed in the shear planes of the bolt can be
determined by considering the equilibrium of the free-body diagram shown in Fig. a.
+
: ©Fx = 0; 150 - 2V = 0 V = 75 kip
g (rad)
0.005 0.05
Shear Stress and Strain:
V 75
t = = = 61.12 ksi
A 1.252 B
A p
4
Using this result, the corresponding shear strain can be obtained from the shear
stress–strain diagram, Fig. b.
61.12 - 50 75 - 50
= ; g = 0.02501 rad
g - 0.005 0.05 - 0.005
When force P is removed, the shear strain recovers linearly along line BC, Fig. b,
with a slope that is the same as line OA. This slope represents the shear modulus.
50
G = = 10(103) ksi
0.005
Thus, the elastic recovery of shear strain is
t = Ggr; 61.12 = (10)(103)gr gr = 6.112(10-3) rad
And the permanent shear strain is
gP = g - gr = 0.02501 - 6.112(10-3) = 0.0189 rad Ans.
Ans:
gP = 0.0189 rad
169
*3–32. A shear spring is made by bonding the rubber P

annulus to a rigid fixed ring and a plug. When an axial load
P is placed on the plug, show that the slope at point y in
the rubber is dy>dr = -tan g = -tan1P>12phGr22. For small
angles we can write dy>dr = -P>12phGr2. Integrate this h
expression and evaluate the constant of integration using
the condition that y = 0 at r = ro. From the result compute
y
the deflection y = d of the plug. d
ro ri
r
y
P
Shear Stress–Strain Relationship: Applying Hooke’s law with tA = .
2p r h
tA P
g = =
G 2p h G r
= -tan g = -tan a b
dy P
(Q.E.D)
dr 2p h G r
If g is small, then tan g = g. Therefore,
dy P
= -
dr 2p h G r
P dr
y = -
2p h G L r
P
y = - ln r + C
2p h G
At r = ro, y = 0
P
0 = - ln ro + C
2p h G
P
C = ln ro
2p h G
P ro
Then, y = ln
2p h G r
At r = ri, y = d
P ro
d = ln Ans.
2p h G ri
170
3–33. The aluminum block has a rectangular cross section 1.5 in.
and is subjected to an axial compressive force of 8 kip. If the 2 in.
1.5-in. side changed its length to 1.500132 in., determine 8 kip
Poisson’s ratio and the new length of the 2-in. side. 8 kip
Eal = 10(103) ksi.
3 in.
P 8
s = = = 2.667 ksi
A (2)(1.5)
s -2.667
Plong = = = -0.0002667
E 10(103)
1.500132 - 1.5
Plat = = 0.0000880
1.5
-0.0000880
n = = 0.330 Ans.
-0.0002667
h¿ = 2 + 0.0000880(2) = 2.000176 in. Ans.
Ans:
n = 0.330, h¿ = 2.000176 in.
171
3–34. A shear spring is made from two blocks of rubber, P

each having a height h, width b, and thickness a. The d
A
blocks are bonded to three plates as shown. If the plates
are rigid and the shear modulus of the rubber is G,
determine the displacement of plate A if a vertical load P is
applied to this plate. Assume that the displacement is small
so that d = a tan g L ag. h
a a
P
Average Shear Stress: The rubber block is subjected to a shear force of V = .
2
P
V 2 P
t = = =
A bh 2bh
Shear Strain: Applying Hooke’s law for shear

P
t 2bh P
g = = =
G G 2bhG
Thus,
Pa
d = ag = = Ans.
2bhG
Ans:
Pa
d =
2bhG
172
3–35. The elastic portion of the tension stress–strain s (ksi)

diagram for an aluminum alloy is shown in the figure. The
specimen used for the test has a gauge length of 2 in. and a 70
diameter of 0.5 in. When the applied load is 9 kip, the new
diameter of the specimen is 0.49935 in. Compute the shear
modulus Gal for the aluminum.
P (in./in.)
From the stress–strain diagram, 0.00614
s 70
Eal = = = 11400.65 ksi
P 0.00614
When specimen is loaded with a 9 - kip load,
P 9
s = = p = 45.84 ksi
A 4 (0.5)2
s 45.84
Plong = = = 0.0040205 in.>in.
E 11400.65
d¿ - d 0.49935 - 0.5
Plat = = = - 0.0013 in.>in.
d 0.5
Plat -0.0013
V = - = - = 0.32334
Plong 0.0040205
Eat 11.4(103)
Gal = = = 4.31(103) ksi Ans.
2(1 + v) 2(1 + 0.32334)
Ans:
Gal = 4.31(103) ksi
173
*3–36. The elastic portion of the tension stress–strain s (ksi)

diagram for an aluminum alloy is shown in the figure. The
specimen used for the test has a gauge length of 2 in. and a 70
diameter of 0.5 in. If the applied load is 10 kip, determine
the new diameter of the specimen. The shear modulus is
Gal = 3.811032 ksi.
P (in./in.)
P 10 0.00614
s = = p 2
= 50.9296 ksi
A 4 (0.5)
From the stress–strain diagram
70
E = = 11400.65 ksi
0.00614
s 50.9296
Plong = = = 0.0044673 in.>in.
E 11400.65
E 11400.65
G = ; 3.8(103) = ; v = 0.500
2(1 + v) 2(1 + v)
Plat = - vPlong = - 0.500(0.0044673) = - 0.002234 in.>in.
¢d = Plat d = - 0.002234(0.5) = - 0.001117 in.
d¿ = d + ¢d = 0.5 - 0.001117 = 0.4989 in. Ans.
174
3–37. The rigid beam rests in the horizontal position on 80 kN

two 2014-T6 aluminum cylinders having the unloaded
x
lengths shown. If each cylinder has a diameter of 30 mm.
determine the placement x of the applied 80-kN load so
that the beam remains horizontal. What is the new diameter A B
of cylinder A after the load is applied? nal = 0.35. 220 mm 210 mm
3m
80x
a +©MA = 0; FB(3) - 80(x) = 0; FB = (1)
3
80(3 - x)
a +©MB = 0; -FA(3) + 80(3 - x) = 0; FA = (2)
3
Since the beam is held horizontally, dA = dB

P
P s A
s = ; P = =
A E E
P
d = PL = a bL =
A PL
E AE
80(3 - x) 80x
3 (220) 3 (210)
dA = dB; =
AE AE
80(3 - x)(220) = 80x(210)
x = 1.53 m Ans.
From Eq. (2),
FA = 39.07 kN
FA 39.07(103)
sA = = = 55.27 MPa
A p
(0.032)
4
sA 55.27(106)
Plong = = - = -0.000756
E 73.1(109)
Plat = -nPlong = -0.35(-0.000756) = 0.0002646
dA¿ = dA + d Plat = 30 + 30(0.0002646) = 30.008 mm Ans.
Ans:
x = 1.53 m, dA
¿ = 30.008 mm
175
3–38. The wires each have a diameter of 12 in., length of

D
2 ft, and are made from 304 stainless steel. If P = 6 kip, C
determine the angle of tilt of the rigid beam AB.
2 ft
P
2 ft 1 ft
B
A
Equations of Equilibrium: Referring to the free-body diagram of beam AB shown

in Fig. a,
a +©MA = 0; FBC(3) - 6(2) = 0 FBC = 4 kip
+ c ©MB = 0; 6(1) - FAD(3) = 0 FAD = 2 kip

FBC 4(103)
sBC = = = 20.37 ksi
p 1 2
a b
ABC
4 2
FAD 2(103)
sAD = = = 10.19 ksi
p 1 2
a b
AAD
4 2
Since sBC 6 sY and sA 6 sY, Hooke’s Law can be applied.
sBC = EPBC; 20.37 = 28.0(103)PBC PBC = 0.7276(10-3) in.>in.
sAD = EPAD; 10.19 = 28.0(103)PAD PAD = 0.3638(10-3) in.>in.
Thus, the elongation of cables BC and AD are given by
dBC = PBCLBC = 0.7276(10-3)(24) = 0.017462 in.
dAD = PADLAD = 0.3638(10-3)(24) = 0.008731 in.
Referring to the geometry shown in Fig. b and using small angle analysis,
b = 0.0139°
dBC - dAD 0.017462 - 0.008731 180°
u = = = 0.2425(10-3) rada Ans.
36 36 prad
Ans:
u = 0.0139°
176
3–39. The wires each have a diameter of 12 in., length of

D
2 ft, and are made from 304 stainless steel. Determine the C
magnitude of force P so that the rigid beam tilts 0.015°.
2 ft
P
2 ft 1 ft
B
A
Equations of Equilibrium: Referring to the free-body diagram of beam AB shown

in Fig. a,
a +©MA = 0; FBC(3) - P(2) = 0 FBC = 0.6667P
+ c ©MB = 0; P(1) - FAD(3) = 0 FAD = 0.3333P
FBC 0.6667P
sBC = = = 3.3953P
p 1 2
a b
ABC
4 2
FAD 0.3333P
sAD = = = 1.6977P
p 1 2
a b
AAD
4 2
Assuming that sBC 6 sY and sAD 6 sY and applying Hooke’s Law,

sBC = EPBC; 3.3953P = 28.0(106)PBC PBC = 0.12126(10-6)P
sAD = EPAD; 1.6977P = 28.0(106)PAD PAD = 60.6305(10-9)P
Thus, the elongation of cables BC and AD are given by
dBC = PBCLBC = 0.12126(10-6)P(24) = 2.9103(10-6)P
dAD = PADLAD = 60.6305(10-9)P(24) = 1.4551(10-6)P
b = 0.2618(10-3) rad. Using small

prad
Here, the angle of the tile is u = 0.015°a
180°
angle analysis,
dBC - dAD 2.9103(10-6)P - 1.4551(10-6)P

u = ; 0.2618(10-3) =
36 36
P = 6476.93 lb = 6.48 kip Ans.
Since sBC = 3.3953(6476.93) = 21.99 ksi 6 sY and sAD = 1.6977(6476.93) =

11.00 ksi 6 sY, the assumption is correct.
Ans:
P = 6.48 kip
177
*3–40. The head H is connected to the cylinder of a L

C
compressor using six steel bolts. If the clamping force in

H
each bolt is 800 lb, determine the normal strain in the
3
bolts. Each bolt has a diameter of 16 in. If sY = 40 ksi and
Est = 29110 2 ksi, what is the strain in each bolt when the
3
nut is unscrewed so that the clamping force is released?
Normal Stress:
P 800
A B
s = = = 28.97 ksi 6 sg = 40 ksi
A p 3 2
4 16
Normal Strain: Since s 6 sg, Hooke’s law is still valid.
s 28.97
P = = = 0.000999 in.>in. Ans.
E 29(103)
If the nut is unscrewed, the load is zero. Therefore, the strain P = 0 Ans.
178
3–41. The stress–strain diagram for polyethylene, which is s (ksi)

used to sheath coaxial cables, is determined from testing a P
specimen that has a gauge length of 10 in. If a load P on the 5
specimen develops a strain of P = 0.024 in.>in., determine
the approximate length of the specimen, measured between 4
the gauge points, when the load is removed. Assume the
specimen recovers elastically. 3
1
P
0 P (in./in.)
0 0.008 0.016 0.024 0.032 0.040 0.048
Modulus of Elasticity: From the stress–strain diagram, s = 2 ksi when

P = 0.004 in.>in.
2 - 0
E = = 0.500(103) ksi
0.004 - 0
Elastic Recovery: From the stress–strain diagram, s = 3.70 ksi when
P = 0.024 in.>in.
s 3.70
Elastic recovery = = = 0.00740 in.>in.
E 0.500(103)
Permanent Set:
Permanent set = 0.024 - 0.00740 = 0.0166 in.>in.
Thus,
Permanent elongation = 0.0166(10) = 0.166 in.

L = L0 + permanent elongation
= 10 + 0.166
= 10.17 in. Ans.
Ans:
L = 10.17 in.
179
3–42. The pipe with two rigid caps attached to its ends is ri
subjected to an axial force P. If the pipe is made from a ro
material having a modulus of elasticity E and Poisson’s
ratio n, determine the change in volume of the material. L
P Section a – a
a
P
Normal Stress: The rod is subjected to uniaxial loading. Thus, slong = and slat = 0.
A
dV = AdL + 2prLdr
= APlong L + 2prLPlatr
Using Poisson’s ratio and noting that AL = pr2L = V,
dV = PlongV - 2nPlongV
= Plong (1 - 2n)V
slong
= (1 - 2n)V
E
Since slong = P>A,
P
dV = (1 - 2n)AL
AE
PL
= (1 - 2n) Ans.
E
Ans:
PL
dV = (1 - 2n)
E
180
3–43. The 8-mm-diameter bolt is made of an aluminum

alloy. It fits through a magnesium sleeve that has an inner
diameter of 12 mm and an outer diameter of 20 mm. If the
original lengths of the bolt and sleeve are 80 mm and
50 mm
50 mm, respectively, determine the strains in the sleeve and
the bolt if the nut on the bolt is tightened so that the tension A
in the bolt is 8 kN. Assume the material at A is rigid.
Eal = 70 GPa, Emg = 45 GPa.
30 mm
Normal Stress:
P 8(103)
sb = = p 2
= 159.15 MPa
Ab 4 (0.008 )
P 8(103)
ss = = p 2
= 39.79 MPa
As 4 (0.02 - 0.0122)
Normal Strain: Applying Hooke’s Law
sb 159.15(106)
Pb = = = 0.00227 mm>mm Ans.
Eal 70(109)
ss 39.79(106)
Ps = = = 0.000884 mm>mm Ans.
Emg 45(109)
Ans:
Pb = 0.00227 mm>mm, Ps = 0.000884 mm>mm
181
Mechanics Of Materials 9th Edition Hibbeler Solutions Manual
Full Download: http://testbankreal.com/download/mechanics-of-materials-9th-edition-hibbeler-solutions-manual/
*3–44. An acetal polymer block is fixed to the rigid plates 400 mm

at its top and bottom surfaces. If the top plate displaces P ⫽ 2 kN
2 mm horizontally when it is subjected to a horizontal force
P = 2 kN, determine the shear modulus of the polymer.
The width of the block is 100 mm. Assume that the polymer
200 mm
is linearly elastic and use small angle analysis.
Normal and Shear Stress:

V 2(103)
t = = = 50 kPa
A 0.4(0.1)
Referring to the geometry of the undeformed and deformed shape of the block
shown in Fig. a,
2
g = = 0.01 rad
200
Applying Hooke’s Law,
t = Gg; 50(103) = G(0.01)
G = 5 MPa Ans.
182
This is sample only, Download all chapters at: testbankreal.com
More news on internet:
Acoustics is the branch of physics that deals with the study of all mechanical
waves in gases, liquids, and solids including topics such as vibration, sound,
ultrasound and infrasound. A scientist who works in the field of acoustics is an
acoustician while someone working in the field of acoustics technology may be
called an acoustical engineer. The application of acoustics is present in almost all
aspects of modern society with the most obvious being the audio and noise control
industries.
Hearing is one of the most crucial means of survival in the animal world, and
speech is one of the most distinctive characteristics of human development and
culture. Accordingly, the science of acoustics spreads across many facets of human
society—music, medicine, architecture, industrial production, warfare and more.
Likewise, animal species such as songbirds and frogs use sound and hearing as a
key element of mating rituals or marking territories. Art, craft, science and
technology have provoked one another to advance the whole, as in many other
fields of knowledge. Robert Bruce Lindsay's 'Wheel of Acoustics' is a well
accepted overview of the various fields in acoustics.[1]
The word "acoustic" is derived from the Greek word ἀκουστικός (akoustikos),
meaning "of or for hearing, ready to hear"[2] and that from ἀκουστός (akoustos),
"heard, audible",[3] which in turn derives from the verb ἀκούω (akouo), "I
hear".[4]
The Latin synonym is "sonic", after which the term sonics used to be a synonym
for acoustics[5] and later a branch of acoustics.[6] Frequencies above and below
the audible range are called "ultrasonic" and "infrasonic", respectively.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Early research in acoustics
1.2 Age of Enlightenment and onward
2 Fundamental concepts of acoustics
2.1 Definition
2.2 Wave propagation: pressure levels
2.3 Wave propagation: frequency
2.4 Transduction in acoustics
3 Acoustician
3.1 Education
4 Subdisciplines
4.1 Archaeoacoustics
4.2 Aeroacoustics
4.3 Acoustic signal processing
4.4 Architectural acoustics
4.5 Bioacoustics
4.6 Electroacoustics
4.7 Environmental noise and soundscapes
4.8 Musical acoustics
4.9 Psychoacoustics
4.10 Speech
4.11 Ultrasonics
4.12 Underwater acoustics
4.13 Vibration and dynamics
5 Professional societies
6 Academic journals
7 See also
8 Notes and references
9 Further reading
10 External links
History
Early research in acoustics
The fundamental and the first 6 overtones of a vibrating string. The earliest records
of the study of this phenomenon are attributed to the philosopher Pythagoras in the
6th century BC.
In the 6th century BC, the ancient Greek philosopher Pythagoras wanted to know
why some combinations of musical sounds seemed more beautiful than others, and
he found answers in terms of numerical ratios representing the harmonic overtone
series on a string. He is reputed to have observed that when the lengths of vibrating
strings are expressible as ratios of integers (e.g. 2 to 3, 3 to 4), the tones produced
will be harmonious, and the smaller the integers the more harmonious the sounds.
If, for example, a string of a certain length would sound particularly harmonious
with a string of twice the length (other factors being equal). In modern parlance, if
a string sounds the note C when plucked, a string twice as long will sound a C an
octave lower. In one system of musical tuning, the tones in between are then given
by 16:9 for D, 8:5 for E, 3:2 for F, 4:3 for G, 6:5 for A, and 16:15 for B, in
ascending order.[7]
Aristotle (384–322 BC) understood that sound consisted of compressions and

rarefactions of air which "falls upon and strikes the air which is next to it...",[8] a
very good expression of the nature of wave motion.
In about 20 BC, the Roman architect and engineer Vitruvius wrote a treatise on the
acoustic properties of theaters including discussion of interference, echoes, and
reverberation—the beginnings of architectural acoustics.[9] In Book V of his De
architectura (The Ten Books of Architecture) Vitruvius describes sound as a wave
comparable to a water wave extended to three dimensions, which, when interrupted
by obstructions, would flow back and break up following waves. He described the
ascending seats in ancient theaters as designed to prevent this deterioration of
sound and also recommended bronze vessels of appropriate sizes be placed in
theaters to resonate with the fourth, fifth and so on, up to the double octave, in
order to resonate with the more desirable, harmonious notes.[10][11][12]
During the Islamic golden age, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973-1048) is believed to
postulated that the speed of sound was much slower than the speed of
light.[13][14]
Principles of acoustics have been applied since ancient times : A Roman theatre in
the city of Amman.
The physical understanding of acoustical processes advanced rapidly during and
after the Scientific Revolution. Mainly Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) but also Marin
Mersenne (1588–1648), independently, discovered the complete laws of vibrating
strings (completing what Pythagoras and Pythagoreans had started 2000 years
earlier). Galileo wrote "Waves are produced by the vibrations of a sonorous body,
which spread through the air, bringing to the tympanum of the ear a stimulus which
the mind interprets as sound", a remarkable statement that points to the beginnings
of physiological and psychological acoustics. Experimental measurements of the
speed of sound in air were carried out successfully between 1630 and 1680 by a
number of investigators, prominently Mersenne. Meanwhile, Newton (1642–1727)
derived the relationship for wave velocity in solids, a cornerstone of physical
acoustics (Principia, 1687).
Age of Enlightenment and onward

The eighteenth century saw major advances in acoustics as mathematicians applied
the new techniques of calculus to elaborate theories of sound wave propagation. In
the nineteenth century the major figures of mathematical acoustics were Helmholtz
in Germany, who consolidated the field of physiological acoustics, and Lord
Rayleigh in England, who combined the previous knowledge with his own copious
contributions to the field in his monumental work The Theory of Sound (1877).
Also in the 19th century, Wheatstone, Ohm, and Henry developed the analogy
between electricity and acoustics.
The twentieth century saw a burgeoning of technological applications of the large

body of scientific knowledge that was by then in place. The first such application
was Sabine’s groundbreaking work in architectural acoustics, and many others
followed. Underwater acoustics was used for detecting submarines in the first
World War. Sound recording and the telephone played important roles in a global
transformation of society. Sound measurement and analysis reached new levels of
accuracy and sophistication through the use of electronics and computing. The
ultrasonic frequency range enabled wholly new kinds of application in medicine
and industry. New kinds of transducers (generators and receivers of acoustic
energy) were invented and put to use.
Fundamental concepts of acoustics

Jay Pritzker Pavilion
At Jay Pritzker Pavilion, a LARES system is combined with a zoned sound

reinforcement system, both suspended on an overhead steel trellis, to synthesize an
indoor acoustic environment outdoors.
Definition
Acoustics is defined by ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 as "(a) Science of sound, including
its production, transmission, and effects, including biological and psychological
effects. (b) Those qualities of a room that, together, determine its character with
respect to auditory effects."
The study of acoustics revolves around the generation, propagation and reception
of mechanical waves and vibrations.
The fundamental acoustical process
The steps shown in the above diagram can be found in any acoustical event or
process. There are many kinds of cause, both natural and volitional. There are
many kinds of transduction process that convert energy from some other form into
sonic energy, producing a sound wave. There is one fundamental equation that
describes sound wave propagation, the acoustic wave equation, but the phenomena
that emerge from it are varied and often complex. The wave carries energy
throughout the propagating medium. Eventually this energy is transduced again
into other forms, in ways that again may be natural and/or volitionally contrived.
The final effect may be purely physical or it may reach far into the biological or
volitional domains. The five basic steps are found equally well whether we are
talking about an earthquake, a submarine using sonar to locate its foe, or a band
playing in a rock concert.
The central stage in the acoustical process is wave propagation. This falls within
the domain of physical acoustics. In fluids, sound propagates primarily as a
pressure wave. In solids, mechanical waves can take many forms including
longitudinal waves, transverse waves and surface waves.
Acoustics looks first at the pressure levels and frequencies in the sound wave and
how the wave interacts with the environment. This interaction can be described as
either a diffraction, interference or a reflection or a mix of the three. If several
media are present, a refraction can also occur. Transduction processes are also of
special importance to acoustics.
Wave propagation: pressure levels

Main article: Sound pressure
Spectrogram of a young girl saying "oh, no"

In fluids such as air and water, sound waves propagate as disturbances in the
ambient pressure level. While this disturbance is usually small, it is still noticeable
to the human ear. The smallest sound that a person can hear, known as the
threshold of hearing, is nine orders of magnitude smaller than the ambient
pressure. The loudness of these disturbances is related to the sound pressure level
(SPL) which is measured on a logarithmic scale in decibels.
Wave propagation: frequency

Physicists and acoustic engineers tend to discuss sound pressure levels in terms of
frequencies, partly because this is how our ears interpret sound. What we
experience as "higher pitched" or "lower pitched" sounds are pressure vibrations
having a higher or lower number of cycles per second. In a common technique of
acoustic measurement, acoustic signals are sampled in time, and then presented in
more meaningful forms such as octave bands or time frequency plots. Both of
these popular methods are used to analyze sound and better understand the acoustic
phenomenon.
The entire spectrum can be divided into three sections: audio, ultrasonic, and
infrasonic. The audio range falls between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz. This range is
important because its frequencies can be detected by the human ear. This range has
a number of applications, including speech communication and music. The
ultrasonic range refers to the very high frequencies: 20,000 Hz and higher. This
range has shorter wavelengths which allow better resolution in imaging
technologies. Medical applications such as ultrasonography and elastography rely
on the ultrasonic frequency range. On the other end of the spectrum, the lowest
frequencies are known as the infrasonic range. These frequencies can be used to
study geological phenomena such as earthquakes.
Analytic instruments such as the spectrum analyzer facilitate visualization and

measurement of acoustic signals and their properties. The spectrogram produced
by such an instrument is a graphical display of the time varying pressure level and
frequency profiles which give a specific acoustic signal its defining character.
Transduction in acoustics
An inexpensive low fidelity 3.5 inch driver, typically found in small radios
A transducer is a device for converting one form of energy into another. In an
electroacoustic context, this means converting sound energy into electrical energy
(or vice versa). Electroacoustic transducers include loudspeakers, microphones,
hydrophones and sonar projectors. These devices convert a sound pressure wave to
or from an electric signal. The most widely used transduction principles are
electromagnetism, electrostatics and piezoelectricity.
The transducers in most common loudspeakers (e.g. woofers and tweeters), are
electromagnetic devices that generate waves using a suspended diaphragm driven
by an electromagnetic voice coil, sending off pressure waves. Electret microphones
and condenser microphones employ electrostatics—as the sound wave strikes the
microphone's diaphragm, it moves and induces a voltage change. The ultrasonic
systems used in medical ultrasonography employ piezoelectric transducers. These
are made from special ceramics in which mechanical vibrations and electrical
fields are interlinked through a property of the material itself.
Acoustician
An acoustician is an expert in the science of sound.[15]
Education
There are many types of acoustician, but they usually have a Bachelor's degree or
higher qualification. Some possess a degree in acoustics, while others enter the
discipline via studies in fields such as physics or engineering. Much work in
acoustics requires a good grounding in Mathematics and science. Many acoustic
scientists work in research and development. Some conduct basic research to
advance our knowledge of the perception (e.g. hearing, psychoacoustics or
neurophysiology) of speech, music and noise. Other acoustic scientists advance
understanding of how sound is affected as it moves through environments, e.g.
Underwater acoustics, Architectural acoustics or Structural acoustics. Others areas
of work are listed under subdisciplines below. Acoustic scientists work in
government, university and private industry laboratories. Many go on to work in
Acoustical Engineering. Some positions, such as Faculty (academic staff) require a
Doctor of Philosophy.
Subdisciplines
These subdisciplines are a slightly modified list from the PACS (Physics and
Astronomy Classification Scheme) coding used by the Acoustical Society of
America.[16]
Archaeoacoustics
Main article: Archaeoacoustics
The Divje Babe flute

Archaeoacoustics is the study of sound within archaeology. This typically involves
studying the acoustics of archaeological sites and artefacts.[17]
Aeroacoustics
Main article: Aeroacoustics
Aeroacoustics is the study of noise generated by air movement, for instance via
turbulence, and the movement of sound through the fluid air. This knowledge is
applied in acoustical engineering to study how to quieten aircraft. Aeroacoustics is
important to understanding how wind musical instruments work.[18]
Acoustic signal processing

See also: Audio signal processing
Acoustic signal processing is the electronic manipulation of acoustic signals.
Applications include: active noise control; design for hearing aids or cochlear
implants; echo cancellation; music information retrieval, and perceptual coding
(e.g. MP3 or Opus).[19]
Architectural acoustics
Main article: Architectural acoustics
Symphony Hall Boston where auditorium acoustics began

Architectural acoustics (also known as building acoustics) involves the scientific
understanding of how to achieve a good sound within a building.[20] It typically
involves the study of speech intelligibility, speech privacy, music quality, and
vibration reduction in the built environment.[21]
Bioacoustics
Main article: Bioacoustics
Bioacoustics is the scientific study of the hearing and calls of animal calls, as well
as how animals are affected by the acoustic and sounds of their habitat.[22]
Electroacoustics
See also: Audio Engineering and Sound reinforcement system
This subdiscipline is concerned with the recording, manipulation and reproduction
of audio using electronics.[23] This might include products such as mobile phones,
large scale public address systems or virtual reality systems in research
laboratories.
Environmental noise and soundscapes

Main article: Environmental noise
See also: Noise pollution and Noise control
Environmental acoustics is concerned with noise and vibration caused by
railways,[24] road traffic, aircraft, industrial equipment and recreational
activities.[25] The main aim of these studies is to reduce levels of environmental
noise and vibration. Research work now also has a focus on the positive use of
sound in urban environments: soundscapes and tranquility.[26]
Musical acoustics
Main article: Musical acoustics
The primary auditory cortex is one of the main areas associated with superior pitch
resolution.
Musical acoustics is the study of the physics of acoustic instruments; the audio
signal processing used in electronic music; the computer analysis of music and
composition, and the perception and cognitive neuroscience of music.[27]
Psychoacoustics
Main article: Psychoacoustics
Psychoacoustics explains how humans respond to sounds.[28]
Speech
Main article: Speech
Acousticians study the production, processing and perception of speech. Speech
recognition and Speech synthesis are two important areas of speech processing
using computers. The subject also overlaps with the disciplines of physics,
physiology, psychology, and linguistics.[29]
Ultrasonics
Main article: Ultrasound
Ultrasound image of a fetus in the womb, viewed at 12 weeks of pregnancy

(bidimensional-scan)
Ultrasonics deals with sounds at frequencies too high to be heard by humans.
Specialisms include medical ultrasonics (including medical ultrasonography),
sonochemistry, material characterisation and underwater acoustics (Sonar).[30]
Underwater acoustics
Main article: Underwater acoustics
Underwater acoustics is the scientific study of natural and man-made sounds
underwater. Applications include sonar to locate submarines, underwater
communication by whales, climate change monitoring by measuring sea
temperatures acoustically, sonic weapons,[31] and marine bioacoustics.[32]
Vibration and dynamics

Main article: Vibration
This is the study of how mechanical systems vibrate and interact with their
surroundings. Applications might include: ground vibrations from railways;
vibration isolation to reduce vibration in operating theatres; studying how vibration
can damage health (vibration white finger); vibration control to protect a building
from earthquakes, or measuring how structure-borne sound moves through
buildings.[33]
Professional societies
The Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
The European Acoustics Association (EAA)
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Institute of Acoustics (IoA UK)
The Audio Engineering Society (AES)
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Noise Control and Acoustics Division
(ASME-NCAD)
International Commission for Acoustics (ICA)
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Aeroacoustics (AIAA)
International Computer Music Association (ICMA)
Academic journals
Main category: Acoustics journals
Acta Acustica united with Acustica
Applied Acoustics
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (JASA)
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Express Letters (JASA-EL)
Journal of the Audio Engineering Society
Journal of Sound and Vibration (JSV)
Journal of Vibration and Acoustics American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Ultrasonics (journal)

Mechanics of Materials 9th Edition Hibbeler Solutions Manual

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Mechanics of Materials 9th Edition Hibbeler Solutions Manual

Caricato da

Copyright:

Mechanics©Of Materials 9th Edition Hibbeler Solutions Manual

3–2. Data taken from a stress–strain test for a ceramic are

= 55.3 A 103 B ksi

(33.2) A 103 B ¢ 2 ≤ ¢ 0.0006

3–3. Data taken from a stress–strain test for a ceramic are

(33.2) A 103 B ¢ 2 ≤ (0.0004 + 0.0010) ¢ ≤

(7.90) A 103 B ¢ 2 ≤ (0.0012) ¢ ≤

(12.3) A 103 B ¢ 2 ≤ (0.0004) ¢ ≤

In Eq.(1), 87 is the number of squares under the curve.

3–6. A specimen is originally 1 ft long, has a diameter of

= 8.83 A 103 B ksi

3–7. A structural member in a nuclear reactor is made of a

Allowable Normal Stress:

sallow = 19.17 ksi

A = 0.2087 in2 = 0.209 in2 Ans.

Stress–Strain Relationship: Applying Hooke’s law with

s = EP = 14 A 103 B (0.000555) = 7.778 ksi

P = sA = 7.778 (0.2087) = 1.62 kip Ans.

*3–8. The strut is supported by a pin at C and an A-36 steel

sAB = EPAB; 19.10 = 29.0(103)PAB

PAB = 0.6586(10 - 3) in>in

dAB = PAB LAB = 0.6586(10 - 3)(124.71)

= 0.0821 in. Ans.

3–10. The stress–strain diagram for a metal alloy having s (ksi)

From the stress–strain diagram, Fig. a,

sy = 60 ksi sult = 100 ksi

PY = sYA = 60 C p4 (0.52) D = 11.78 kip = 11.8 kip Ans.

Pult = sult A = 100 C p4 (0.52) D = 19.63 kip = 19.6 kip Ans.

3–11. The stress–strain diagram for a steel alloy having an s (ksi)

Thus, the permanent set is

PP = 0.05 - 0.003 = 0.047 in>in.

Then, the increase in gauge length is

¢L = PPL = 0.047(2) = 0.094 in. Ans.

*3–12. The stress–strain diagram for a steel alloy having s (ksi)

sPL = 60 ksi PPL = 0.002 in.>in.

sPLPPL = C 60(103) D (0.002) = 60.0

C (ui)t D approx = 38 c15(103)

3–13. A bar having a length of 5 in. and cross-sectional

Normal Stress and Strain:

3–14. The rigid pipe is supported by a pin at A and

a + ©MA = 0; FBD A 45 B (3) - 600(6) = 0 FBD = 1500 lb

The normal stress developed in the wire is

sBD = EPBD; 30.56 = 29.0(103)PBD

PBD = 1.054(10 - 3) in.>in.

dBD = PBD LBD = 1.054(10 - 3)(60)

= 0.0632 in. Ans.

3–15. The rigid pipe is supported by a pin at A and an

a + ©MA = 0; FBD A 45 B (3) - P(6) = 0 FBD = 2.50 P

LBD¿ = 2602 + 0.0752 - 2(60)(0.075) cos 143.13° = 60.060017

Thus, the normal strain is

LBD¿ - LBD 60.060017 - 60

Then, the normal stress can be obtain by applying Hooke’s Law.

sBD = EPBD = 29(103) C 1.0003(10 - 3) D = 29.01 ksi

Since sBD 6 sy = 36 ksi, the result is valid.

P = 569.57 lb = 570 lb Ans.

*3–16. The wire has a diameter of 5 mm and is made from

Equations of Equilibrium: The force developed in wire DE can be determined by

FDE a b(0.8) - 80(9.81)(1.4) = 0

Normal Stress and Strain:

Since sDE < sY , Hooke’s Law can be applied

PDE = 0.5829(10-3) mm>mm

dDE = PDELDE = 0.5829(10-3)(1000) = 0.583 mm Ans.

3–17. A tension test was performed on a magnesium alloy s (ksi)

sYS = 25.9 ksi Ans.

3–18. A tension test was performed on a magnesium alloy s (ksi)

Permanent Elongation: From the stress–strain diagram, the strain recovered is

dP = PPL = 0.00318(2) = 0.00637 in. Ans.