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1. Introduction
Bushing faults are one of the most frequent causes of
transformer failures. On the base of CIGRE WG A2.43
data it is estimated that in most serious failures, con-
nected with re, this percentage reaches 56%. Bushings
diagnostics in Poland is based on measurements made
during transformers periodical tests i.e. oine. In many
cases it enables to reveal defects in early stages of de-
velopment and to change faulty devices on time. Nev-
Fig. 1. Arrangements for measurements bushings tan δ
ertheless these actions are not sucient, especially for and C: (a) I UST, tan δ1
and C1 measurement, (b)
bushings which have been more than 20 years in service. II GST, tan δ2 and C2 measurement.
This situation is probably caused by lack of dierences
in testing period of new transformers and transformers of
long year exploitation. Currently transformers are tested should not dier more than 10% from rated capacitance
every two or ve years, depending of their power and volt- [1, 2]. But in spite of long tradition of this measure-
age. As a result technical status of bushings is not eval- ment, there still exist diculties in results interpretation,
uated in the period between tests. Because of that fact caused by inuence of conditions at which measurement
can be obtained either by increasing frequency of tests Main factors inuencing tan δ results are:
2. Oine mode
faulty bushings, but for bushings without defects volt-
age dependence of tan δ is negligible (Fig. 2).
∗ corresponding author; e-mail: jerzy.buchacz@elektryka.com.pl In gure above healthy and faulty bushing do not
reveal dierences in tan δ level with 10% to 20% of
(900)
Inuence of External Factors on Results . . . 901
◦
rated voltage, but dierences increase with voltage. It ence on dissipation factor at 20 C starts to be signicant
means that some defects are not possible to be diag- at 3% of moistness.
nosed by tan δ measurement that enables applying 12 kV Water content in bushing insulation causes its acceler-
maximum. ated deterioration and increases probability of fault.
comparative (reference),
sum of currents.
Measurement I (high air humidity), 13 ◦C Table III presents results collected from periodical tests
Up tan δ Cx of dissipation factor tan δ and bushings capacitance with
Bushing type Phase Arrangement∗
[kV] [%] [pF]
medium values evaluated on-line.
I 10 2.09 276.8
OIP 145/275-800 2A From comparison of periodical tan δ measurements
II 2 2.51 1545
I 10 0.95 300.9 with on-line results we can conclude that they are simi-
OIP 145/275-800 2B
II 2 1.93 2015 lar for bushing mounted on phase A, but for remaining
I 10 1.15 303.4 phases, in spite of signicant dierences in ambient tem-
OIP 145/275-800 2C
II 2 2.35 1651
peratures, on-line are lower. In graphs we can also see in-
Measurement II, 15 ◦C
I 10 0.76 273.2 uence of transformer load changes on tan δ values. Fig-
OIP 145/275-800 2A ure 13 shows tan δ after transformer de-energizing, that
II 2 1.00 1510
I 10 0.61 300.7 obtains higher values than during normal operation.
OIP 145/275-800 2B
II 2 1.24 1997
I 10 0.77 302.2
OIP 145/275-800 2C
II 2 1.47 1618
∗
I measurement in arrangement line tap to insulated test tap,
II measurement in arrangement test tap to grounded line tap.
Temperature inuence and transformer power on rel- that values of dissipation factor considered as permissi-
ative change of capacitance were not found. On the ble for oine measurements are nor valid for measure-
bases of analysis was revealed that during operation the ments on-line. Proper evaluation and making technical
changes take place in the range of ±2%. Dissipation fac- decisions about bushings exploitation, assuming that all
tor of bushings in operation does not exceed 1.0%, but factors disturbing measurements are suppressed, new cri-
during transformer de-energizing reaches 1.5%. It means teria for bushings tested on-line are demanded.
TABLE III
Results of periodical measurements of bushings tan δ and capacitance.
tan δ tan δ
◦ ◦
∗ Up (temp. 20 C) (medium temp. 5 C) Cx
Bushing type Phase Arrangement
(oine) (on-line)
[kV] [%] [%] [pF]
OIP
1A I 12 0.84 0.8 244.5
245/545/630
OIP
1B I 12 0.67 0.2 224.9
245/545/630
OIP
1C I 12 0.93 0.5 233.4
245/545/630
∗
I measurement in arrangement line tap to insulated test tap.
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