EDIT (add more rrl & rrs)

Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter will tackle the various existing literature and studies that have been

conducted that are similar to this study. These pieces of literature may include articles, abstracts,

reviews, dissertations, and electronic media. Related pieces of literature are significant since they

provide a valid and important way of identifying existing patterns and gaps in social research,

They prevent the researchers from accidentally duplication another person’s research (Rozas,

2010)

According to Kornfeld (1997), a patient's maladaptation to the hospital environment can

produce important clinical changes. It is reasonable to suspect that such psychophysiological

responses can influence the course of illness. However, the environment can produce effects

which are more obviously a threat to a patient's physical wellbeing. Therefore, to consider the

impact of the hospital environment on patients is not mere compassion, but a medical necessity.

According to Professor Bryan Lawson, Dr. Michael Phiri, John Wells-Thorpe (2003), this

may well make them even more susceptible to the environment and more sensitive to it. A

patient in hospital may get the personal attention of a doctor for only a few minutes in a day and

slightly longer periods of personal care from nurses and therapists. However, they lay in bed, sit,

get pushed or walk around in their environment for many hours. It is reasonable therefore to

assume that this environment may be a contributory factor to their sense of well-being and actual

recovery.
 According to the study of Anna (2017), it has been found that patients’ stress levels can

be kept low if they feel a strong sense of place in the hospital, and are easily able to navigate

their way around in it. With the introduction of complex buildings and new systems, many

hospitals try to superimpose a signage system to direct patients. However, with the levels of

complexity involved due to the large scale, many new patients still encounter spatial

disorientation, which causes their hospital visit to become an unfavorable one.

Special Hospital Areas

According to Kornfeld (1997), as medicine becomes specialized, there is a need for

separate hospital units in which highly trained staff and special equipment can be concentrated to

allow for efficient care.

Isolation Units

According to Kornfeld (1997), sensory deprivation effects has also provided some insight

into the occasional acute psychiatric problems which occur in isolation rooms for patients with

infectious disease or where reverse precautions are needed. Here, the patients are in individual

rooms visited only by gowned and masked staff and family. The need for the mask and gown

undoubtedly reduces the number of visits.

Intensive Care Units

According to McKegney (1966), it has referred to an "intensive care syndrome" and

called it a new disease of medical progress. These are indeed psychiatric problems which appear

to be a reaction to the unique environment of the ICU itself and these phenomena will be
reviewed. However, intensive care is applied in a variety of medical and surgical settings and the

nature and extent of the psychiatric problems can vary.

Operating Room

According to Kornfeld (1997), the operating room had been considered one area where a

patient's psychological responses could be temporarily ignored. Recent reports have suggested

that this may be a false assumption. The work of Cheek and Levinson indicates that patients

may perceive remarks made while they were apparently anesthetized.

Recovery Room

According to Kornfeld (1997), typically, a recovery room is a large, open area in which a

group of patients lie about at various levels of consciousness; an area in which one may be lying

for 3 hours waiting for spinal anaesthesia to wear off, while across the room a patient who has

suddenly begun to bleed is being frantically worked upon by a group of physicians and nurses.

Until very recently little attention has been paid to the psychological responses of patients

in the surgical recovery room. However, a paper by (Winkelstein, C., Blacher R., Meyer B.,

1965) 19 questions the assumption that patients in the recovery room are too obtunded to be

aware of what goes on about them or to communicate their concern regarding their recent

surgery.