PERSONALITY AND INTELLIGENCE

PERSONALITY Operates on the reality

Pattern of enduring characteristics that
produce consistency and individuality in a
given person.
Refers to individual differences in
characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling
and behaving.
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACHES TO
PERSONALITY
Personality is motivated by inner forces and
conflicts about which people have little
awareness and over which they have no
control.
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
Sigmund   Freud’s   theory   that  
unconscious forces act as determinants
of personality.
UNCONSCIOUS
a part of the personality that
contains the memories, knowledge,
beliefs, feelings, urges, drives, and
instincts of which the individual is
not aware
a   “safe   haven”   for   memories   of   which they first occur.
threatening events
THE COMPONENTS OF PERSONALITY
THE ID
The raw, unorganized, inborn
part of personality.
Reduces tension created by
primitive drives related to
hunger, sex, aggression, and
irrational impulses.
Operates on the pleasure
principle: reduce tension and
maximize satisfaction.
EGO
The part of personality that
provides a buffer between the
id and the outside world.
principle: instinctual energy is
restrained to keep individual
safe and to help integrate the
person into society.
SUPEREGO
The final component of
personality to develop, it
represents the rights and
wrongs of society as handed
down   by   a   person’s   parents,  
teachers, and other important
people.
Includes the conscience: makes
you feel guilty if you do
something morally wrong.
FREUD’S  PSYCHOSEXUAL  STAGES
how personality develops
individuals encounter conflicts
between the demands of society
and their own urges for pleasure
Sexuality: pleasure rather than lust
FIXATIONS
Unresolved conflicts that
persist beyond the stage in
Come from having needs
ignored or being overindulged
during that stage
STAGE 1: ORAL STAGE
(BIRTH – 1 ½)
infant’s   center   of   pleasure   is   the  
mouth
Fixation: may lead to adult who is
unusually interested in oral
activities: eating, talking, smoking
(Biting or swallowing)
STAGE 2: ANAL STAGE
(1 ½ - 3)
child’s   center   of   pleasure   is   the  
anus
toilet training – pleasure comes
from retaining and expelling feces
 Fixation: may lead to adult who has
Anal Retentive Character
unusually rigid, orderly, and
punctual
Anal Expulsive Character
STAGE 3: PHALLIC STAGE
(3-6)
child’s   center   of   pleasure   is   the   impulses onto another
genitals
Difficulties in phallic stage may lead
to improper sex-role behavior &
failure to develop a conscience
OEDIPAL CONFLICT
a   child’s   unconscious   sexual   development in the face of
interest in the opposite-sex
parent
typically resolved by
identification with the same-sex
parent
wanting to be like that person
imitating his or her behavior
and adopting similar beliefs and
values
STAGE 4: LATENCY PERIOD
(6 – adolescence)
children’s   sexual   concerns   are
temporarily put aside
after resolving the oedipal conflict
sexual interest becomes dormant,
even in the unconscious
STAGE 5: GENITAL STAGE
(adolescence – adulthood)
sexual feelings reemerge
focus on mature, adult sexuality
(sexual intercourse)
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
Unconscious strategies people use to
reduce anxiety by concealing its
source from themselves and others.
Repression
primary defense mechanism, in
which unacceptable or
unpleasant id impulses are
pushed back into the unconscious
Rationalization
Cognitive   reframing   of   one’s  
perceptions
Making excuses
Denial
Refusal to accept reality
Projection
Attribution of one's undesired
Sublimation
The channeling of unacceptable
impulses into more acceptable
outlets
Regression
Reversion to an earlier stage of
unacceptable impulses
Reaction Formation
Converting of wishes or impulses
that are perceived to be
dangerous into their opposite
NEO-FREUDIAN PSYCHOANALYSTS
Psychoanalysts who were trained in
traditional Freudian theory but who later
rejected some of its major points.
JUNG’S  COLLECTIVE  UNCONSCIOUS
CARL JUNG
Collective Unconscious
a common set of ideas, feelings,
images, and symbols that we inherit
from our ancestors, the whole human
race, and even animal ancestors
Archetypes
KAREN  HORNEY’S  PERSPECTIVE
championed  women’s  issues
believed personality develops in the
context of social relationships &
depends on the relationship between
parents and child
ALFRED ADLER
Adler proposed that the primary
human motivation is a striving for
superiority, not in terms of
superiority over others, but in a
 quest for self-improvement and
perfection.
Inferiority complex
Feelings of inferiority in adults that they
developed as children, when they were
small and limited in their knowledge
about the world.
TRAIT, LEARNING, BIOLOGICAL AND
EVOLUTIONARY, AND HUMANISTIC
APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY
TRAIT APPROACHES
TRAIT THEORY
Seeks to identify basic traits necessary
to describe personality
Traits
Consistent personality characteristics
and behaviors displayed in different
situations.
Propose that all people possess certain
traits, but the degree varies and can be
quantified
EYSENCK’S   THREE   DIMENSIONS   OF   Faith in the ability to carry-out
PERSONALITY:
Extraversion: degree of sociability
Neuroticism: emotional stability
Psychoticism: the degree to which
reality is distorted
The  “Big  Five”  Model  of  Personality
OCEAN
LEARNING APPROACHES
Learning theories of personality emphasize
the external environment.
SKINNER’S  BEHAVIORIST  APPROACH
B.F. Skinner
Personality is a collection of learned
behavior patterns.
Responses are caused by patterns of
reinforcements received in the past.
SOCIAL COGNITIVE APPROACHES
Albert Bandura
Emphasize   influence   of   a   person’s  
cognitions, as well as observation of
others’  behavior.
People can foresee the possible
outcomes of certain behaviors in a
specific setting w/o actually carrying
them out.
Observational learning
Self-Efficacy
Belief  in  one’s  personal  capacities
specific behavior or produce a
desired outcome
Self-Esteem
Component of personality that
encompasses our positive and
negative self-evaluation
How we feel about ourselves
BIOLOGICAL & EVOLUTIONARY APPROACHES
The important components of personality
are inherited.
TEMPERAMENT
The basic, innate disposition that
emerges early in life.
Quite consistent, with significant
stability from infancy well into
adolescence.
HUMANISTIC APPROACHES proposes eight spheres of intelligence, each
emphasize   people’s   innate   goodness   and   relatively independent of the others
desire to achieve higher levels of (Howard Gardner)
functioning 1. Musical
2. Bodily Kinesthetic
SELF-ACTUALIZATION 3. Logical-Mathematical
A state of self-fulfillment in which people 4. Linguistic
realize their highest potential, each in a 5. Spatial
unique way (Rogers and Maslow). 6. Interpersonal
7. Intrapersonal
UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD 8. Naturalist
An attitude of acceptance and respect on
the part of an observer, no matter what a INFORMATION-PROCESSING APPROACH
person says or does. The most accurate measure of intelligence
is provided by the way people store material in
COMPARING APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY memory and use that material to solve
No single approach is the best intellectual tasks.
explanation of personality
No clear way to scientifically test the EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
theories against each other Set of skills that underlie the accurate
Personality can be viewed from a assessment, evaluation, expression, and
number of perspectives simultaneously regulation of emotions.

INTELLIGENCE REFERENCES

The capacity to understand the world, think Feldman, R. S. (2011) Essentials of

rationally, and use resources effectively when Understanding Psychology (9th
faced with challenges.
edition). New York: McGraw-Hill
G OR G-FACTOR
The single, general factor for mental Feldman, R. S. (2010) Psychology and Your
ability assumed to underlie intelligence Life. Philippines: McGraw-Hill
in some early theories.

FLUID INTELLIGENCE
Reflects information – processing
capabilities, reasoning, and memory

CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE
The accumulation of information, skills,
and strategies that are learned through
experience and can be applied in
problem-solving situations.
Reflects our ability to call up
information from long-term memory.

THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES