XII ISC Chemiatry

EXPECTED QUESTIONS FOR BOARD EXAMINATION 2013

Answered by
PART II S.Narayana Iyer,M.Sc,M.Phil
SECTION A (PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY)
1. a) (i) The molecular weights of sodium chloride and glucose are determined by the depression of
freezing point method. Compared to their theoretical molecular weights what will be the observed
molecular weights when determined by the above method? Justify your answer.
Ans: The molecular weight of NaCl will be half of its theoretical molecular weight. NaCl is a
strong electrolyte. Hence ionizes completely. Glucose is a non-electrolyte and does not ionize in
aqueous solution.
(ii) An aqueous solution containing 1.7 g of cane sugar in 100 ml water begins to freeze at
-0.093oC.The cryoscopic constant (molal depression constant) of water is 1.86 K kg mol-1
Calculate the molecular weight of cane sugar.
1000 kf w 1000 x 1.86 x 1.7
Ans: m= = = 340
ΔTf W 0.093 x 100
(iii) A decinormal solution of NaCl exerts an osmotic pressure of 4.82 atmospheres at 27oC.
Calculate the degree of dissociation of NaCl. [R= 0.082 litre atmosphere K-1 mol-1]
Ans:
If NaCl does not dissociate

πnormal = nRT = 0.1 x 0.082 x 300 = 2.46 atmosphere

V 1
πobserved = 4.6 atmosphere
πobserved 4.6
i= = = 1.87
πnormal 2.46
In solution the number of particles per molecule x = 2
(NaCl U Na + + Cl - )
i - 1 1.87 - 1
The degree of dissociation α = = = 0.87
x -1 2 -1
ie. 87% dissociation
b) 2 g of benzoic acid dissolved in 25 g of benzene shows a depression in freezing point equal to
1.62 K. Molal depression constant (kf ) of benzene is 4.9 K kg mol-1. What is the percentage of
association of the acid in the solution?]
Ans:
100 kf w 1000 x 49 x 2
m= = =241.975 ≈ 242
ΔTW 1.62 x 25
α = 1 - i where x is the number of molecules associating to make the bigger molecular species.
1
1-
x

1
Normal molecular mass of benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) = 122

Normal molecular mass 122

i= = = 0.504
Observed molecular mass 242
1 - 0.504
α= = 0.992
1
1-
2
ie. 99.2% association
c. Calculate the mole fraction of water in a sodium hydroxide solution which has 80 g of NaOH and
54 g of H2O. [Relative atomic masses: Na = 23, O = 16 and H = 1]
Ans:
80
Number moles of NaOH = = 2 mol
40
54
Number moles of H O = = 3 mol
2
18
3
Mole fraction of H O = = 0.6 2

5
2. a) (i) Define molecularity of a reaction. Give the differences between the order of a reaction and
its molecularity.
Ans: The total number of molecules taking part in the rate determining steps as represented by the
simple chemical equation.
Molecularity Order
1. It is always a positive whole number 1. It may be whole number or fraction
2. It is never zero 2. It may be zero
3. It is purely a theoretical value 3. It is an experimental value

(ii) If a current of 0.5 ampere flows through a metallic wire for 2 hours, then how many electrons
would flow through the wire?
Ans: I = 0.5 A
t = 2 hours = 2 × 60 × 60 s = 7200 s
Thus, Q = It = 0.5 A × 7200 s = 3600 C
We know that number of electrons.
Then,

Hence, number of electrons will flow through the wire.

b) Calculate the potential of hydrogen electrode in contact with a solution whose pH is 10.

2
Ans: For hydrogen electrode, , it is given that pH = 10

[H+] = 10−10 M

Now, using Nernst equation:

= −0.0591 log 1010

= −0.591 V

c. Lead (II) sulphide has FCC crystal structure. The length of the unit cell of PbS crystal is 500 pm.
What is its density? [Pb = 207.2 and S = 32]
Ans:

Density ρ = M x z = 239.2 x 4 = 12.7 g cm-3

Na x a3 6.023 x 10-23 x (500 x 10-10)3
3. a State Kohlrausch’s law and give its mathematical expression mentioning the terms involved in
it.
Ans:
At infinite dilution when the dissociation of electrolyte is complete the molar conductivity of the
electrolyte is equal to the sum of the contribution of its individual ions.

λ + ν -λ -
∞ ∞
λ
∞
m
= ν+ +
ν+ = number of cations per formula unit of electrolyte

ν- = number of anions per formula unit of electrolyte

b. (i) A solution of 0.1N KCl offers a resistance of 245 ohms. Calculate the specific conductance
and the equivalent conductance of the solution if the cell constant is 0.571 cm-1
Ans:
1 0.571 -3
λ sp = x Cell constant =
-1
= 2.331 x 10 ohm cm
-1

R 245

3
 1000 1000 -3 -1 2 -1
λ eq. = x λ sp. = x 3.331 x 10 = 23.31 ohm cm eq
C 0.1
(ii) Write the Nernst equation and calculate the emf of the following cell at 298 K:

Mg(s) | Mg2+(0.001M) || Cu2+(0.0001 M) | Cu(s)

Ans:

For the given reaction, the Nernst equation can be given as:

= 2.7 − 0.02955

= 2.67 V (approximately)

4.a (i) Calculate the solubility of AgCl in 0.2 M solution of sodium chloride.

Ans:
Ksp(AgCl) = 1.2 x 10-10
AgCl → Ag+ + Cl-
NaCl → Na+ + Cl-
0.2M 0.2M
Let the solubility of AgCl in 0.2M NaCl solution is S
Ksp (AgCl) = [Ag+] [Cl-] = S(S + 0.2) = S2 + 0.2
S2 is too small and it can be neglected.
1.2 x 10-10 = 0.2S
1.2 x 10-10 -10
S (Solubility) = = 6 x 10 moles per litre
0.2
(ii) A current of 10 A is passed for 80 minutes and 27 seconds through a cell containing dilute
sulphuric acid.
How many moles of oxygen gas will be liberated at the anode?
Ans:
C = 10 A
T = 80 x 60 + 27 = 4827 seconds
Q = C x t = 10 x 4827 = 48270 Coulombs
96540 coloumb will liberate 8 gram of oxygen
48270 x 8
48270 coulomb will liberate = 4 g of oxygen
96540

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(iii) Calculate the amount of Zn deposited at the cathode when another cell containing ZnSO4
solution is connected in series (Zn = 65)
Ans:
65 x 48270
= 16.25 g
2 x 96540 coulombs of charge will liberate
2 x 96540
(iv) Calculate Ecell at 25oC for the reaction
Zn + Cu2+ (0.2M) → Zn2+ (0.5M) + Cu
o o
E Zn2+ E
= -0.76 volt and Cu2+ = 0.34 volt
Given Zn Cu
Ans:

o 0.0591 [Zn2+] [Cu(s)]

Ecell = E Cell - log
n [Zn(s)] [Cu2+]
EoCell = EoRight - EoLeft = 0.34 - (-0.76) = 1.1
0.0591 [0.5]
Ecell = 1.1 - log
2 [0.2]
0.0591
Ecell = 1.1 - x 0.398 = 1.1 - 0.011761 = 1.088239
2
b.(i) Define conductivity and molar conductivity for the solution of an electrolyte. Discuss their
variation with concentration.

Ans: Conductivity of a solution is defined as the conductance of a solution of 1 cm in length and

area of cross-section 1 sq. cm. The inverse of resistivity is called conductivity or specific
conductance. It is represented by the symbolκ. If ρ is resistivity, then we can write:

The conductivity of a solution at any given concentration is the conductance (G) of one unit volume
of solution kept between two platinum electrodes with the unit area of cross-section and at a
distance of unit length.

i.e.,

(Since a = 1, l = 1)

Conductivity always decreases with a decrease in concentration, both for weak and strong
electrolytes. This is because the number of ions per unit volume that carry the current in a solution
decreases with a decrease in concentration.

Molar conductivity:

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Molar conductivity of a solution at a given concentration is the conductance of volume V of a
solution containing 1 mole of the electrolyte kept between two electrodes with the area of cross-
section A and distance of unit length.

Now, l = 1 and A = V (volume containing 1 mole of the electrolyte).

Molar conductivity increases with a decrease in concentration. This is because the total volume V of
the solution containing one mole of the electrolyte increases on dilution.

The variation of with for strong and weak electrolytes is shown in the following plot:

(ii) Lead is precipitated as PbS while Zn is not precipitated when H2S is passed through an acidic
solution of lead nitrate and zinc nitrate
Ans:
H2S is a weak acid. In acidic medium dissociation of H2S is suppressed due to common ion effect
of H+ . This reduces the concentration of S2- ions in solution.
H2S R H+ + S2-
HCl R H+ + Cl-
Ksp of PbS 〈 Ksp of ZnS
In acidic medium because of low solubility product of PbS, its ionic product exceeds its Ksp value.
So it is precipitated. With the low concentration of S2- ions ionic product of ZnS does not exceed its
high Ksp value. So it is not precipitated.
c. What are the factors that influence the rate of a reaction?
1. The nature of the reactants. 2. concentration of the reactants. 3. surface area of the reactants.
4. temperature 5. light 6. catalyst.
5.(a) What is a semiconductor? Describe two main types of semiconductors and contrast conduction
mechanism in them.
Ans:
Semiconductor is a substance which has conductance between 10-6 to 10-4 ohm-1 m-1.There are two
types of semiconductors. (i) n-type semiconductors: when group 14 element having 4 valence
electrons is doped with group 15 element having 5 valence electrons, one electron becomes free to
move and its conductance increases. (ii) p-type semiconductors: when group 14 element is doped

6
with group 13 element having 3 valence electrons there is electron deficiency which moves like
positive charge.
b. Explain diamagnetic and paramagnetic materials,ferromagnetism,ferrimagnetism and
antiferrimagnetism.
Ans:Diamagnetic materials: these materials which are repelled by magnetic fields are called
diamagnetic materials. Eg.H2O,NaCl and benzene.
Paramagnetic materials: These materials are attracted by magnetic fields. They contain permanent
magnetic dipoles due to the presence of atom,ions or molecules with unpaired electrons. Eg. O2,
Cu2+ ions and Fe3+ ions.
Ferromagnetic materials: They show permanent magnetism even when the magnetic field is
removed. Eg. Fe,CrO2,Co and Ni. They show ferromagnetism at room temperature. CrO2 is the
oxide used to make magnetic tapes for use in cassette recorders.
Ferromagnetism: When magnetic moments are aligned in the same direction it gives rise to
ferromagnetism.

Schematic alignment of magnetic moments in ferromagnetism

Ferrimagnetism: When magnetic moments are aligned in parallel and antiparallel directions in
unequal numbers resulting in net moment.eg. Fe3O4,MgFe2O4,CuFe2O4,ZnFe2O4 etc

Schematic alignment of magnetic moments in ferrimagnetism

Antiferromagnetism: When magnetic moments are aligned in such a way that net magnetic moment
is zero, then magnetism is called antiferromagnetism. Eg MnO has antiferromagnetism.

Schematic alignment of magnetic moments in antiferromagnetism.

c. What are F-centres ?
Ans:
They are due to the presence of unpaired electrons in the anion position (hole) in the crystal lattice.
Electrons in such a vacancy absorb light from the visible region and radiate complimentary colour.
It leads to paramagnetism. (F = German word farbe meaning colour).

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An F-centre in a crystal
6.a What is a fuel cell? Explain Hydrogen-Oxygen fuel cell.
Ans:
A fuel cell is a device in which heat energy produced by the combustion of a fuel. Eg. Hydrogen is
directly converted into electrical energy. The combustion of a fuel is a redox reaction
oxidation

H2(g) + O2(g) H+(aq) + 2O2-

(H = 0) (O = 0) (H= +1) (O = -2)

reduction
This is also called Bacon cell. It consists of porous carbon electrodes containing catalysts finely
divided platinum and palladium. Concentrated NaOH solution is placed between the electrodes to
act as the electrolyte. H2 and O2 are bubbled through the porous electrodes into the NaOH solution.
The electrode reactions are given below:
Cathode: O2(g) + 2H2O(l ) + 4e– → 4OH–(aq)
Anode: 2H2 (g) + 4OH–(aq) → 4H2O(l) + 4e–
Overall reaction being:
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(l )
The product water is continuously removed from the electrolyte compartment.
The cell runs continuously as long as the reactants are supplied.Fuel cells produce electricity with
an efficiency of about 70 % compared to thermal plants whose efficiency is about 40%.

8
 Hydrogen-Oxygen fuel cell
b. Define corrosion.What is the chemical formula of rust?
Ans:
Corrosion is the process of slow conversion of metals into their undesirable compounds usually
oxides by the action of moisture and other gases present in the atmosphere. Rust is hydrated oxide
of iron and its formula is Fe2O3 x H2O
c. Explain Galvanization.
Ans:
Iron can be protected form rusting by covering its surface with a layer of more electropositive metal
like zinc. The process is called Galvanization. When the layer of zinc on the surface of iron comes
in contact with moisture,CO2 and O2 present in the atmosphere a protective invisible thin layer of
basic zinc carbonate ZnCO3Zn(OH)2 is formed.This prevents the rusting of iron.
7. a. Write the Arrhenius equation. Indicate how this equation can be used to calculate the quantities
involved in it?
Ans:
Arrhenius equation:
k = Ae -Ea RT
Ea
Taking logaritham: ln k = ln A - ( ln e = 1)
RT
Ea
log k = - + log A
2.303 RT
k = rate constant, T = temperature, Ea = activation energy,A = frequency factor and R = gas
constant.
1
A plot is drawn between log k against
T
A straight line is obtained.

9
slope of the line is = - Ea
2.303 R
Hence Ea can be calculated from the slope. Ea = - 2.303 R x slope
The y intercept of the plot will give the value of log A.

b. A first order reaction is 75% complete in 60 minutes. Find the half lilfe of this reaction.
Ans:

2.303 a
k= log
t (a- x)
75 x a 3
x= = a and t = 60 minutes
100 4
2.303 a
k= log
60 a- 3 a
4
2.303
k= log 4
60
= 0.0232 min-1
c. In the Arrhenius equation for a reaction the value of A and k are 4 x 1013 sec-1 and 1.155 x 10-3
sec-1 respectively.What will be the activation energy for the reaction at 400 K? ( R = 8.314 J mole-1)
Ans:

10
 Ea
log k = log A -
2.303 RT
Ea
log (1.155 x 10-3) = log (4 x 1013) -
2.303 x 8.314 x 400
Ea
− 2.9374 = 13.602 -
7658.86
Ea
16.5394 =
7658.86
Ea = 126672.9 J
8.a Explain the following terms with suitable examples.
Scottky defect:
Ans:
Schottky defect is basically a vacancy defect shown by ionic solids. In this defect an equal number
of cations and anions are missing to maintain electrical neutrality. It decreases the density of a
substance.eg NaCl,KCl etc.

Schottky defect

Frenkel defect:
Ans:
Ionic solids containing large differences in sizes of ions show this type of defect. When the smaller
ion (usually cation) is dislocated form its normal site to an interstatial site Frenkel defect is created.
It creates vacacy defect as well as an interstitial defect. Eg. AgCl,AgBr etc.

11
Frenkel defect
b. For a reaction A + B → product
The rate of the reaction is given by:
rate = k [A]1/2 [B]2
What is the order of the reaction?
Ans:
The order of the reaction = ½ + 2 = 21/2
c. What is the Nernst equation for the reaction:
Mn+(aq) + ne- → M(s) at 25oC
Ans:
2.303RT 1
EMn+/M = EoMn+/M - log n+
nF [M ]
c. Calculate Λ o
m for CaCl at 298 K. Given
2
λo
Ca2+ = 119 S cm2mol-1

λoCl- = 76.35 S cm2mol-1

Ans:
CaCl2 → Ca2+ + 2Cl-

Λ m(CaCl2) = λ
o o 2+
m (Ca ) + λ m (2Cl-)
o

Λom(CaCl2) = 119.2 + 2 x 76.3 = 271.6 S cm2mol-1

9. a. Write any three differences between potential difference and e.m.f.
Ans:
E.M.F POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
1.It is difference between 1.it is difference of potential
electrode potential of two electrodes between electrode in a closed
when no current is flowing through circuit.
circuit.
2. it is the maximum voltage obtained 2.it is less than maximum voltage
from a cell. obtained from a cell
3. it is responsible for steady flow of 3.it is not responsible for steady
current. flow of current
b. (i) Why an electrochemical cell stops working after sometime?
The reduction potential of an electrode depends upon the concentration of
solution with which it is in contact.
Ans:
As the cell works, the concentration of reactants decrease. Then according to Le chatelier’s
principle it will shift the equilibrium in backward direction. On the other hand if the concentration
is more on the reactant side then it will shift the equilibrium in forward direction. When cell works
concentration in anodic compartment in cathodic compartment decrease and hence E0 cathode will
decrease. Now EMF of cell is
E0 cell= E0 cathode – E0 anode
A decrease in E0 cathode and a corresponding increase in E0 anode will mean that EMF of the cell
will decrease and will ultimately become zero i.e., cell stops working after some time.

12
(ii). Explain Henderson–Hasselbalch equation.

In chemistry, the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation describes the derivation of pH as a measure of

acidity (using pKa, the negative log of the acid dissociation constant) in biological and chemical
systems. The equation is also useful for estimating the pH of a buffer solution and finding the
equilibrium pH in acid-base reactions (it is widely used to calculate the is isoelectric point of
proteins)The equation is given by:

Here, [HA] is the molar concentration of the undissociated weak acid, [A⁻] is the molar
concentration of this acid's conjugate base and is where is the acid
dissociation constant.

c. The resistance of a conductivity cell containing 0.001M KCl solution at 298 K is 1500 Ω. What is
the cell constant if conductivity of 0.001M KCl solution at 298 K is 0.146 × 10−3 S cm−1.

Ans: Given,

Conductivity, κ = 0.146 × 10−3 S cm−1

Resistance, R = 1500 Ω

Cell constant = κ × R

= 0.146 × 10−3 × 1500

= 0.219 cm−1

10.a. Time required to decompose SO2Cl2 to half of its initial amount is 60 minutes. If the
decomposition is a first order reaction, calculate the rate constant of the reaction.

Ans:

We know that for a 1st order reaction,

It is given that t1/2 = 60 min

13
b. The rate of a reaction quadruples when the temperature changes from 293 K to 313 K. Calculate
the energy of activation of the reaction assuming that it does not change with temperature.

Ans:

From Arrhenius equation, we obtain

Hence, the required energy of activation is 52.86 kJmol−1.

14
 Prepared by
PART II
Prof.S.Narayana Iyer M.Sc,M.Phil
SECTION B (INORGANIC CHEMISTRY)
1. (a) (i) How can ozone be manufactured by Siemen’s ozoniser? How is pure ozone recovered
from the products?
Ans:
The ozoniser consists of two co-axial tubes fixed at one end and having an inlet for oxygen and
outlet for ozonised oxygen. The inner side of the inner tube and the outer side of the outer tube are
coated with tin foils. The tin foils are connected to the terminals of an induction coil. Pure and dry
oxygen is passed through the annular space between the tubes and subjected to silent electric
discharge when oxygen is partly converted to ozone.
Electric
O2 2 O3
discharge

ozonised
oxygen

The ozonised oxygen is cooled when ozone condenses first in preference to oxygen.
(ii). Write the formulae of the following co-ordination compounds.
1. Tetracarbonylnickel(0)
Ans: Ni(CO)4
2. Potassiumdicyanoargentate(I)
Ans: K[Ag(CN)2]
(b). Give balanced equation for each of the following reactions.
(i) Chlorine and hot caustic soda
Ans:
3Cl2 + 6NaOH 5NaCl + NaClO3 + 3H2O
(ii) Sulphur dioxide and acidified KMnO4
Ans:
5SO2 + 2KMnO4 + 2H2O K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 2H2SO4

2. (a) Name the type of isomerism shown by the following pairs of compounds.
[PtCl2(NH3)4]Br2 and [PtBr2(NH3)4]Cl2
Give a chemical test to distinguish between the given pairs of isomers.
Ans:
Ionization isomerism
[PtBr2(NH3)4]Cl2 will give a white curdy ppt. with silver nitrate solution.
[PtCl2(NH3)4]Br2 will give a pale yellow ppt. with silver nitrate solution.
2.(b) (i) Draw the geometrical isomers exhibited by the compound [PtCl2(NH3)2]
Diamminedichloro platinum (II).

1
Ans:
Cl
NH3 Cl
NH3
Pt
Pt

Cl
NH3 NH3
Cl
Cis isomer Trans isomer
(ii) To which class of compounds does IF7 belong? What is the structure of the molecule?
Ans:
Interhalogen compounds.
Pentagonal bipyramidal
F
F
F

F F

F F

F
(iii). Give the balanced equation for the preparation of silver nitrate in the laboratory.
Ans:
3Ag + 4HNO3 3AgNO3 + 2H2O + NO
3.a Write the IUPAC names of the following compounds.
(i) [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 (ii) [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 (iii) K3[Fe(CN)6] (iv) K3[Fe(C2O4)3
(v) K2[PdCl4] (vi) [Pt(NH3)2Cl(NH2.CH3)]Cl
Ans:
(i) Hexamminecobalt (III) chloride (ii) Pentamminechloridocobalt (III) chloride
(iii) Potassiumhexacyanoferrate (III) (iv) Potassiumtrioxalatoferrate (III)
(v) Potassiumtrichloridopalladate (II) (vi) Diamminechlorido (methylamine) platinum (II)
chloride
b.(i) Explain the bonding in coordination compounds in terms of Valence Bond Theory (VBT)
Ans:
VBT was developed by Pauling. The main postulates are:
(i) A suitable number of vacant orbitals must be present in the central metal atom or ion for
formation of coordinate bond with the ligands.
(ii) Central metal ion can use appropriate number of s,p or d-orbitals for hybridization
depending upon total number of ligands.
(iii) The hybridized orbitals are allowed to overlap with those ligand orbiatls that can donate
an electron pair for bonding.
(iv) The outer orbitals (high spin) or inner orbitals (low spin) complexes are formed
depending upon whether outer d-orbitals or inner d-orbitals are used.

(ii) What are the limitations of VBT?

Ans:
(i) It cannot explain why different complexes of the same metal show different colour.

2
 (ii) It fails to explain the absorption spectra given by the co-ordination compounds.
(iii) It fails to explain why same metal ions in a complex in a particular oxidation state are
low spin (inner orbital complexes) while other complexes of the same metal ion in the
same oxidation state are high spin (outer orbital complexes). For example [Co(NH3)]3+
is low spin and [CoF6]3- is high spin.
4.a. Describe the Crystal Field Theory.
Ans:
The crystal field theory is based on the following assumptions.
(i) The attraction between the central metal and the ligand is purely electrostatic.
(ii) The transition metal atom or ion is considered as a positive ion of charge equal to the
oxidation state.
(iii) The transition metal atom or ion is surrounded by a definite number of ligands. The
ligands may be –ve ions or neutral molecules having lone pair of electrons.The negative
end of the dipole of the neutral molecule ligand is directed towards the metal ion.
(iv) The ligands are considered as point charges and produce an electric field. This electric
field changes the energy of the orbitals on the metal atom or ion.
(v) The electron on the central metal ion experience repulsive force from those on the
ligands. As a result electrons on the metal ion occupy the d-orbitals as far as away as
possible from the direction of approach of ligands.
(vi) In an isolated metal atom or ion d-orbitals have the same energy ie. all the d-orbitals are
degenerate.
(vii) In co-ordination compounds the interaction between the ligand and the metal ion causes
the five d-orbitals to split up. This crystal field splitting will be different in different
structures with different co-ordination compounds.

b. Draw figure to show the splitting of d-orbitals in an octahedral crystal field.

d orbital splitting in an octahedral crystal field

3
5. a Why is water a liquid and H2S a gas?
Ans:
H2O has oxygen as the central atom. Oxygen has smaller size and higher electronegativity as
compared to Sulphur.Therefore there is extensive hydrogen bonding in water which is absent in
H2S.Molecules of H2S are held together only by weak vander Waals’ forces of attraction. Hence
water exists as a liquid while H2S exists as a gas.
b. How does Cl2 reacts with
(i) Cold and dilute NaOH
Ans:
When Cl2 reacts with cold and dilute NaOH sodium chloride, sodium hypochlorite and water
are formed.
2NaOH + Cl2 NaCl + NaClO + H2O
(ii) Hot and concentrated NaOH
Ans: When Cl2 reacts with hot and concentrated NaOH it forms sodium chloride, sodium
chlorate and water.
6NaOH + 3Cl2 5NaCl + NaClO3 + 3H2O
c. Why is behaviour of fluorine different from the rest of the halogens?
Ans: Behaviour of fluorine is different from the rest of the halogens because:
(i) small size (ii) very high electronegativity (iii) low F-F bond dissociation enthalpy (iv) non-
availability of vacant d-orbital.
6.a. What are interhalogen compounds? Give their structures and properties.
Ans:
Halogens combine with each other due to difference in their electronegativity forming
compounds of type ABn where A is bigger atom and with low electronegativity value.
On the other hand B is smaller atom with high electronegativity value. The value of “n”
increases with an increase in the size of A. Maximum value of n for chlorine is 3,for bromine 5
and for iodine 7.
The following are known interhalogen compounds:
AB Type: ClF, BrF, BrCl, ICl and IBr
AB3 Type: ClF3, BrF3 and ICl3
AB5 Type: IF5 and BrF5
AB7 Type: IF7
Structures: Geometry on the basis of VSEPR Theory
(i) AB Type: eg. ClF. It is Linear molecule
(ii) AB3 Type: eg. ClF3.It has sp3d hybridization. It is T-shaped due to the presence of two
lone pairs of electrons on Cl atom.

(iii) AB5 Type: eg. IF5 It has sp3d2 hybridization. It is square pyramidal due to the presence of a
lone pair of electrons in Iodine atom.

4
(iv) AB7 Type: eg. IF7. sp3d3 hybridization. It is pentagonal bipyramidal.

Properties:
(1) The interhalogen compounds are gases or volatile liquids.
(2) These are more reactive than pure halogens.
(3) They are easily hydrolysed and act as oxidizing agents.
(4) The stability of bond is I-F5〉 I-Cl 〉 I-Br
(5) Their melting points and boiling points increase with increase in the difference of
electronegativity values
b. Why oxygen is a gas but Sulphur is a solid at room temperature. Justify.
Ans:
Due to its smaller size it can effectively form Pπ-Pπ bonds and forms O2 molecules. Also
intermolecular forces in oxygen are weak vander Waals’ which cause it to exist as a gas.
On the other hand Sulphur does not form M2 molecule but exists as a pluckered structure held
together by strong covalent bonds and hence it is a solid.

7. a. What is Lanthanoid contraction? Explain

5
As we move along the Lanthanoid series the atomic number increases gradually by one. This
means that the number of electrons and protons present in atom also increases by one. As
electrons are being added to the same shell the effective nuclear charge increases. This happens
because the increase in nuclear attraction due to due to the addition of proton is more
pronounced than the increase in the interelectronic repulsions due to the addition of electron.
Also with increase in atomic number the number of electrons in the 4f orbital also increases.
The 4f electrons have poor shielding effect. Therefore the effective nuclear charge experienced
by the outer electrons increases. Consequently the attraction of the nucleus for the outer
electrons increases. This results in a steady decrease in the size of Lanthanoids with increase in
atomic number. This is termed as Lanthanoid contraction.
b. What are the consequences of Lanthanoid contraction?
Ans:
(i) There is similarity in the properties of second and third transition series.
(ii) Separation of Lanthanoids is possible due to Lanthanoid contraction.
(iii) It is due to Lanthanoid contraction that there is variation in the basic strength of
Lanthanoid hydroxides. The basic strength decreases from La (OH)2 to Lu (OH)2.
8.a. Describe the preparation of potassium permanganate from pyrolusite.
Ans:
Potassium permanganate can be prepared from pyrolusite (MnO2) The ore is fused with KOH in
the presence of atmospheric oxygen.

Heat
2MnO2 + 4KOH → K2MnO4 + 2H2O
O2
The green mass of K2MnO4 is extracted with water and then oxidized electrolytically or by
passing chlorine into the solution.
Electrolytic oxidation:

K2MnO4
2K+ + MnO42-

+ -
H2O
H + OH
At anode manganate ions are oxidized to permanganate ion.

2- - -
MnO4
MnO4 + e
At Cathode:
2H+ + 2e-
H2
Or oxidation by chlorine:
2K2MnO4 + Cl2 → 2K2MnO4 + 2Cl2
-
2MnO42- + Cl2 → 2MnO4 + 2Cl-
6
b. How does acidified potassium permanganate solution react with (i) Iron (II) ions and (ii)
SO2 and (iii) oxalic acid?
Ans:
(i) Acidified KMnO4 solution oxidizes Fe (II) ions (green) to Fe(III) ions (yellow)i.e. ferrous ion
to ferric ions.
2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4 + 10FeSO4 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3 + 8H2O
(ii) Acidified KMnO4 oxidizes SO2 to H2SO4
2KMnO4 + 5SO2 + 2H2O K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 2H2SO4
(iii) Acidified KMnO4 oxidizes oxalic acid to CO2 and H2O
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5H2C2O4 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 10CO2
9.a. Name the important ores of silver. Describe the extraction of this metal by cyanide process.
Give equations.
Ans:
Argentite or silver glance (Ag2S) and Horn silver (AgCl)
The ore is crushed and concentrated by froth floatation process. The concentrated ore argentite
is leached for several times with an aqueous solution of NaCN when soluble sodium
dicyanoargentite (I) complex Na[Ag(CN)2] is obtained.
Ag2S +4NaCN
2Na[Ag(CN)2] + Na2S
The backward reaction is prevented by passing a current of hot air into the reaction mixture
solution so that air oxidizes Na2S to Na2SO4
Ag2S + 4NaCN + 2O2 2Na[Ag(CN)2] + Na2SO4
The solution containing Na[Ag(CN)2] is treated with zinc dust so that silver gets precipitated.
2Na[Ag(CN)2] + Zn 2Ag + Na2[Zn(CN)4]
It is further purified by electrolytic refining.
b. What is the principle involved in the metallurgy of silver?
Ans:
The principle involved is complex formation followed by metal displacement by the addition of
more electropositive metal Zn
10.a. Describe optical isomerism of complex compounds.
Ans:
Compounds which have the same molecular formula but rotate the plane of polarized light in
the opposite directions are called optical isomers and this property is called optical isomerism.
The isomer which rotates the plane of polarized light to the right is called dextrorotatory (+) and
isomer which rotates the plane of polarized light to the left is called laevorotatory (-). The
structures of the two optically active isomers of a compound are mirror images of each other.
These mirror images do not superimpose on each other. This would be possible only if the
molecule is asymmetric. They do not posses the plane of symmetry-a property called chirality.
Optical isomerism occurs among octahedral complexes of the type [M(aa)3] where aa is a
bidentate ligand eg. Trioxalatochromate (III) ion.

The dextro and laevo isomers of a compound are called enantiomorphs or enantiomers.
b. Explain co-ordination isomerism.
Ans:
This type of isomerism is shown by compounds which contain complex cation and a complex
anion. Co-ordination isomerism is caused by the interchange of ligands between the complex
cation and complex anion.

7
Eg. [Co(NH3)6] [Cr(CN)6] and [Cr(NH3)6][Co(CN)6]
Hexamminecobalt(III)hexacyanochromate and Hexamminechromiumhexacyanocobaltate.

8
 Prepared by
Prof.S.Narayana Iyer M.Sc,M.Phil
PART II
SECTION C (ORGANIC CHEMISTRY)
1. a. Draw three isomers of a compound with the molecular formula C3H9N. Name the isomers.
Ans:
H CH3

CH3-CH2-CH2-NH2 CH3-CH2-N-CH3 CH3-N-CH3

n-propylamine ethylmethylamine trimethylamine
IUPAC 1-propanamine IUPAC N-methylethanamine IUPAC N,N-dimethylmethanamine

or CH3-CH-CH3
isopropylamine (IUPAC 2-propanamine)
NH2
b. Give one chemical test to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds.
(i) 1-propanol and 2-propanol
Ans:
Both alcohols are treated with Lucas’ reagent and shaken. 2-propanol gives a turbidity after
5 minutes.1-propanol does not give any turbidity at room temperature.
(ii) Oxalic acid and benzoic acid.
Ans:
Oxalic acid turns acidified pink coloured KMnO4 colourless.Benzoic acid does not give this test.
c.(i) Identify the products A,B,C and D
PCl3 NH3 NaOH
CH3COOH A B C+D
Ans:
A = CH3COCl B = CH3-CO-NH2 C = CH3COONa D = NH3
(ii) Identify the reagents W,X,Y and Z.
W X Y Z
C6H6 C6H5SO3H C6H5ONa C6H5OH C6H5OCOCH3
Ans:
W = Fuming H2SO4
X = NaOH
Y = HCl
Z = CH3COCl or (CH3CO)2O
2.a. Write chemical equations for the following reactions and name the main product.
(i). formaldehyde with ammonia.
Ans:
6 HCHO + 4 NH3 6 H2O + (CH2)6N4
Hexamethylene tetramine (Trade name: Urotropine)
Urotropine is used as urinary antiseptic. It has the structure:

1
(ii) Acetone and sodium hypoiodite
Ans:
CH3-CO-CH3 + 3NaOI CH3I + CH3COONa
Iodoform
(yellow ppt.)
(iii) oxalic acid with glycerol at 260oC.
Ans:
CH2-OH CH2-O-CO CH2
COOH 260 C o
CH-OH + CHO - CO - 2CO2 CH
CH2-OH COOH - 2H2O CH2-OH CH2-OH
allyl alcohol
(iv) Acetic anhydride with ethylamine
Ans:
CH3-CO
CH3-CH2-NH2 + O CH3-COOH + CH3-CO-NH-CH2-CH3
CH3-CO Ethylacetamide
b. An organic compound A on analysis was found to contain C= 79.14% and H = 5.66%. When A
is treated with alkali it does not turn brown or become polymerized but reacts as follows:
2A + NaOH X+Y
Where. X = A + 2H
Y gives an acid Z on the addition of dilute HCl. Here Z = A + (O)
Identify the compound A and name the reaction it is undergoing by giving reasons in support of it.
Ans:
2C6H5CHO + NaOH C6H5CH2OH + C6H5COONa
A X Y

C6H5CH2OH = C6H5CHO + 2H
X A

C6H5COONa + HCl C6H5COOH + NaCl

Z
C6H5COOH = C6H5CHO + (O)
Z A
The reaction is called Cannizzaro’s reaction.
c. Write the structures of the isomeric ethers with formula C4H10O
Ans:
CH3
CH3-O-C3H7 C2H5-O-C2H5 CH3-O-CH
CH3
methoxypropane ethoxyethane 2-methoxypropane
3.a. Give two tests each to distinguish between (i) acetaldehyde and acetone.
Ans:
Acetaldehyde gives silver mirror with Tollen’s reagent.
CH3CHO + 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH CH3COONH4 + 2Ag + H2O + NH3
Silver mirror
Acetone does not give this test.
2
Acetaldehyde gives red ppt. with Fehling’s solution
CH3CHO + 2Cu2+ + 5OH- CH3COO_ + Cu2O + 3H2O
Red ppt.
Acetone does not give test.
(ii) Phenol and benzoic acid.
Ans:
Benzoic acid reacts with NaHCO3 to give effervescence due to the evolution of CO2
C6H5COOH + NaHCO3 C6H5COONa + H2O + CO2
Phenol does not give effervescence.
Phenol gives violet colour with neutral FeCl3 solution but benzoic acid gives a buff coloured ppt.
b. Explain the following with at least one example.
(i) Keto-enol tautomerism.
Ans:
A compound exists in two interconvertible forms, one containing a keto group and the other
containing an alcoholic group or enol group. The two forms continuously change into each other
through the oscillation of a proton and π electron.
O OH

CH3 C CH3 CH3 C CH2

Acetone Acetone
keto form enol form
(ii) Carbylamine reaction
Ans:
When a primary amine is heated with alcoholic caustic potash and chloroform an offensive smelling
compound called carbylamine (phenylisocyanide) is formed. This reaction is used as test for
chloroform or for a primary amine.
CH3 CH2 NH2 + CH3Cl + 3 KOH CH3 CH2 N C + 3KCl + 3H2O
alc
Ethylcarbylamine
(iii) Rosenmund’s reduction
Ans:
Reduction of acid chlorides (R-CO-Cl) to the corresponding aldehydes with hydrogen using
palladium as catalyst spread on BaSO4 is known as Rosenmund’s reduction. The presence of
BaSO4 does not allow reduction of aldehydes to alcohol.
O
Pd/BaSO4
+ H2 R CHO + HCl
R C Cl boling xylene
(iv) Haloform reaction
Ans:
Compounds containing CH3-CO- group or CH3-CHOH- group when heated with a halogen in
presence of excess alkali (NaOH) give trihalomethane (CHX3) and the sodium salt of carboxylic
acid containing one carbon atom less than the original molecule. Since trihalomethanes are called
haloforms this reaction is commonly called haloform reaction (chloroform,bromoform or
iodoform).
eg. CH3CH2OH + 4 I2 + 6 NaOH CHI3 + HCOONa + 5 NaI + 5 H2O
Iodoform
c. What are polyolefins? Give the reaction for the preparation of polythene, a polyolefin.
Ans:

3
Polyolefins are polymers derived from unsaturated hydrocarbons (olefins) or doubly bonded
hydrocarbon eg. polythene, polypropylene etc.
high temperature
n CH2 CH2 ( CH2 CH2 }
n
high pressure
4.a. (i) What are thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics? Give one example of each kind.
Ans:
Thermoplastics are polymers which can be softened on heating and becomes hard on cooling and
this process may be repeated as many times as desired. They are linear polymers. eg. polythene,
PVC etc
Thermosetting plastics are those which on heating change irreversibly into hard rigid infusible
material. They are cross-linked polymers. eg. Bakelite, melamine etc.
(ii) Give an example of a fibrous protein. Name the final product of hydrolysis of proteins. What is
denaturation of proteins?
Ans:
Hair, nail, silk, wool etc.
Alpha amino acid.
When soluble form of proteins are subjected to the action of heat,acid,alkali,or electrolyte,they
undergo coagulation and become insoluble in water. This is known as denaturation of proteins.
The process leads to the change in physical and chemical properties without affecting its chemical
nature.
b. Give the balanced equations for the following reactions.
(i) Benzaldehyde is treated with hydrogen cyanide.
Ans:
CN

C6H5 C O + HCN C6H5 C OH

H H
benzaldehyde
benzaldehyde cyanohydrin
(ii) Chlorine is passed through diethyl ether.
Ans:
CH3 CH2 O CH2 CH3 + Cl2 CH3 CH O CH CH3 + 2HCl

Cl Cl
(iii) Benzoic acid solution is treated with Na2CO3
Ans:
2 C6H5COOH + Na2CO3 2 C6H5COONa + H2O + CO2
c. An organic compound A with molecular formula C3H8O3 reacts with oxalic acid at 110oC to give
a monocarboxylic acid B.B gives a silver mirror with Tollen’s reagent and reduces acidified
potassium permanganate solution. Identify A and B and give the reaction of B with acidified
KMnO4 solution.
Ans:
A = Glycerol
CH2-OH
CH-OH

CH2-OH
B= Formic acid HCOOH

4
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5H2C2O4 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 5CO2 + 8H2O
5. a. How will you bring about the following conversions?
(i) Methyl alcohol to isopropyl alcohol.
Ans:
HI KCN H2O H+
CH3OH CH3I CH3-C N CH3COOH
- KI
Methyl acohol - H2O
Heat Ca(OH)2
CH3-CH-CH3
LiAlH4 distill
CH3-CO-CH3 (CH3COO)2Ca
OH reduction - CaCO3
isopropyl alcohol
(ii) Methyl alcohol to ethyl alcohol
HI KCN 4[H]
CH3OH CH3I CH3-C N
- KI CH3-CH2-NH2
Methyl acohol - H 2 O
Na/alcohol
NaNO2/HCl

CH3-CH2-OH
ethyl alcohol
b. Name the reagents used in the following conversions.
(i) Oxidation of a primary alcohol to carboxylic acid.
Ans:
KMnO4/KOH (alkaline KMnO4)
(ii) Oxidation of a primary alcohol to aldehydes.
Ans:
Cu/573K (hot reduced copper)
(iii) Bromination of phenol to 2,4,6-tribromophenol
Ans:
Br2 (aq) (Bromine water)
(iv) Benzyl alcohol to benzoic acid.
Ans:
KMnO4/ dil.H2SO4 (acidified KMnO4)
(v) Dehydration of propan-2-ol to propene
Ans:
Conc. H2SO4 at 443K
c. Write short notes on:
(i) Clemmensen’s reduction
Ans:
Clemmensen’s reduction is a method of converting carbonyl group to alkanes using zinc amalgam
and concentrated HCl
Zn-Hg/HCl
CH3CHO + 4[H] CH3-CH3 + H2O
acetaldehyde ethane
Zn-Hg/HCl
CH3-CO-CH3 + 4[H] CH3-CH2-CH3 + H2O
acetone propane
(ii) Wolff-Kishner reduction
Ans:

5
Wolff-Kishner reduction is a method of converting carbonyl group into –CH2- through hydrazone.
It uses hydrazine and KOH in high boiling solvent ethylene glycol.
NH2-NH2 KOH
CH3-CH = O CH3-CH= N.NH2 CH3-CH3
- H 2O glycol
acetaldehyde hydrazone ethane
453-473K
NH2-NH2 KOH
CH3-CO-CH3 CH3-C = CH3 CH3-CH2-CH3
- H2O || glycol
acetone propane
N.NH2 453-473K
hydrazone
6.a.
Discuss the bonding of the carbonyl group in formaldehyde
H-C=O
|
H
Ans:
The carbonyl carbon atom in HCHO is sp2 hybridized.
The carbon atom has formed one sigma with oxygen and other two sigma bonds with hydrogen
atoms. Carbonyl carbon atom has one unhybridized p-Atomic orbital present perpendicular to the
plane and overlap sideways with oxygen –Atomic orbital. The π electron cloud is present above and
below this plane.

b. Write a short note on aldol condensaton

Ans:
Aldol condensation is a reaction given by aldehydes and ketones containing alpha hydrogen. In the
presence of a dilute alkali beta hydroxyl aldehyde or beta hydroxyl ketone is formed.
OH
|
dil.NaOH
2CH3CHO CH3-CH-CH2-CHO
beta hydroxy aldehyde
or acetaldol
or 3-hydroxy butanol
OH
|
dil.NaOH
2CH3CHO CH3 C - CH2-CO-CH3
|
CH3
beta hydroxy ketone
or diactonyl alcohol

6
c. Draw the structures of the isomers of tartaric acid.
Ans:
COOH COOH COOH
| | |
H C OH HO C H H C OH
| | |
HO C H H C OH H C OH
| | |
COOH COOH COOH
(i) d-tartaric acid (ii) l-tartaric acid (iii) meso-tartaric acid
7.a. Write short notes on the following;
(i) Diazotisation
Ans:
Aromatic primary amines react with nitrous acid (prepared in situ from NaNO2 and a mineral acid
such as HCl at low temperatures (273-278K) to form diazonium salts. This conversion of aromatic
primary amines into diazonium salts is known as diazotization.
For example on treatment with NaNO2 and HCl at 273-278K aniline produces benzene diazonium
chloride with NaCl and H2O as byproducts.
NH2
N2Cl
NaNO2 HCl
+ NaCl + H2O
273-278K
aniline
benzenediazonium choride
(ii) Hofmann’s bromamide reaction
Ans:
When an amide is treated with bromine in an aqueous or ethanolic solution of NaOH a primary
amine with one carbon atom less than the original amide is produced. This degradation reaction is
known as Hofmann’s bromamide reaction. This reaction involves the migration of an alkyl or aryl
group from the carbonyl carbon atom of the amide to the nitrogen atom.
O
|| + Br2 + 4 NaOH R NH2 + Na2CO3 + 2 NaBr + 2 H2O
R C NH2 primary amine
eg.
O
||
CH3 C NH2 + Br2 + 4 NaOH CH3 NH2 + Na2CO3 + 2 NaBr + 2 H2O
acetamide Methyl amine
O
||
C6H5 C NH2 + Br2
+ 4 NaOH C6H5 NH2 + Na2CO3 + 2 NaBr + 2 H2O
benzamide aniline
(iii) What is coupling reaction?
Ans:
The reaction of joining of two aromatic rings through –N=N- bond is known as coupling reaction.
Arenediazonium salts such as benzene diazonium salts react with phenol or aromatic amine to form
coloured azo compounds.

7
 +
N NCl +H OH N N OH + Cl- + H2O

benzenediazonim chloride phenol parahydroxyazo benzene

(Orange dye)
+
N NCl +H NH2 N N NH2 + Cl- + H2O

benzenediazonim chloride p-aminoazobenzoic acid

aniline
(Yellow dye)
It can be observed that the para position of phenol and aniline are coupled with the diazonium salt.
This reaction proceeds through electrophilic substitution.
b. What is ammonolysis?
Ans:
When an alkyl or benzyl halide is allowed to react with an ethanolic solution of ammonia it
undergoes nucleophelic substitution reaction in which the halogen atom is replaced by an amino
group. This process of cleavage of the carbon-halogen bond is known as ammonolysis.

+
NH3 alc + R X R NH3 X
substituted ammonium salt
When substituted ammonium salt is treated with a strong base such as NaOH amine is formed.
Though primary amine is produced as the main product, this process produces mixture of primary,
secondary and tertiary amines and also a quaternary ammonium salt.
c. Explain acetylation.
Aliphatic and aromatic primary and secondary amines undergo acetylation reaction by nucleophilic
substitution when treated with acid chlorides, anhydrides or esters. This reaction involves the
replacement of the hydrogen atom of NH2- or = NH group by the acetyl group which in turn leads
to the production of amides.To shift the equilibrium to the right hand side the HCl formed during
the reaction is removed as soon as it is formed. This reaction is carried out in the presence of a base
such as pyridine which is a stronger base than amine.
Base
CH3-NH-CH3 + CH3COCl CH3-N - CH3 + HCl
N-methylmethanamine acetyl chloride
CO-CH3
N.N-dimethylethanamide
8.a. An organic compound C9H10O forms 2, 4-DNP derivative, reduces Tollen’s reagent and
undergoes Cannizzaro’s reaction. On vigorous oxidation it gives 1,2-benzenedicarbozylic acid.
Identify the compound.
Ans:

8
 C2H 5 NO2

CH = O + H2N NH NO2

2-ethylbenzaldehyde 2,4-DNP

Tollen's reagent C2H5 NO2

Ag
(silver mirror)
CH = N-NH- NO2
+
COO_ phenyl hydrazone

COOH
CHO
hot KMnO4 COOH
C2H5
KOH
vigor ous oxidat ion benzene 1,2-dicarboxylic acid
b. What happens when?
(i) acetaldehyde reacts with a trace of concentrated H2SO4
Ans:
It polymerizes into a trimer called paraldehyde.
O

Conc. H2SO4
CH3 - CH CH - CH3
3 CH3CHO
room temp.
O O

CH

CH3
paraldehyde
(ii) Propanamide is distilled with P2O5
Ans:
Propanenirile (ethyl cyanide) is formed.
P2O5
CH3-CH2- CO - NH2 CH3-CH2- CN + H2O
distilled
(iii) Urea is treated with conc.HNO3
Ans:
A white precipitate of urea nitrate is formed.
Conc.HNO3
H2N - CO - NH2 H2N - CO - NH2 HNO3
9.a (i) What is specific rotation?
Ans:

9
Specific rotation is defined as the angle of rotation produced by one decimeter length of a solution
having 1 g/mL of a substance.
t 100 x observed rotation
specific rotation [α]D =
length in decimetre x grams of substance
in 100 mL of solution
D stands for D-line of sodium light and t stands for temperature.
(ii) Name the apparatus used to measure optical activity.
Ans:
The apparatus used to measure optical activity is called polarimeter.
(iii) What is optical activity?
Ans:
Solution of certain substances have a remarkable property of rotating plane of polarized light either
towards left or towards right. This phenomenon of rotating the plane of polarized light is known as
optical activity. The compounds exhibiting this property are known as optically active compounds.
(iv) State two necessary conditions for a compound to show optical activity. Give one example of a
compound which shows optical activity.
Ans:
The conditions for a compound to show optical activity are:
1) presence of asymmetric or chiral carbon
2) There should be no plane of symmetry
3) It should not superimpose on its mirror image
Eg. Lactic acid, tartaric acid etc.
Give the name and formula of each A, B, C, D, E, and F in the following conversion reactions.
Conc. HNO3 Sn/HCl CHCl3 H2/Pt
[A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
Conc. H2SO4 heat
KOH
heat

CH3COCl (Acetyl Chloride)

[F]
Ans:

10
 NO2 NH2 N C
NH-CH3
Conc. HNO3 CHCl3
Sn/HCl H2/Pt
Conc. H2SO4 heat KOH
heat
[A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
Benzene Nitrobenzene Aniline phenyl isocyanide N-methyl
phenylamine

CH3COCl (actyl chloride)

NH-CO-CH3

[F] ACETANILIDE

c.(i) Name the monomer which on polymerization gives benzene. What type of polymerization is
this addition or condensation?
Ans:
acetylene on polymerization gives benzene.

3 C2H2

Benzene
This is an addition type of polymerization.
(ii) What is the common name of a polymer obtained by the polymerization of caprolactam?
Ans: Nylon-6.
10. a. Give the mechanism of esterification reaction.
Ans:
Conc. H2SO4
RCOOH + HOR' RCOOR' + H2O
Acid Alcohol Ester
Mechanism

11
 + OH 2
O + OH OH
R' OH fast
H+ (fast) (slow) +
C R C R C O R' R C O R'
R

OH OH OH H
OH

- H2O fast

- H+
R C O R' R C O R'
fast
+ OH
O
b. What is HVZ reaction? Explain with an example.
Ans:
Hell-Volhard –Zelinsky reaction. When aliphatic carboxylic acids containing α Hydrogens are
reacted with chlorine or bromine in the presence of small amount of red phosphorus the
corresponding alpha halo acids are obtained. This is called HVZ reaction.
For example:
Cl2 red P Cl2 red P Cl2 red P
CH3COOH CH2ClCOOH CHCl2COOH CCl3COOH
- HCl monochloro - HCl - HCl trichlro
acetic acid dichloro
acetic acid acetic acid acetic acid
c. (i) Give one example for each of the following:
1) Thermoplastic
Ans:
Teflon (-CF2-CF2-)n
2) Natural polymer.
Ans:
Natural rubber (polyisoprene)
[-CH2-C=C-CH-CH2-]
CH3
3) Condensation polymer.
Ans:
Nylon 66
O

[-NH-(CH2)6-NH-C-(CH2)4-C- ] n
O
(ii) What are chemotrops?
Ans:
Orgnisms that use redox reactions to produce ATP are called chemotrops.

12