Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
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CHAPTER 1
BACKGROUND OF THE
STUDY
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I. INTRODUCTION
of our era and it has impacted the world in many important ways. Communication,
networks, and systems technologies are developed for the purpose of information
processing which involves identification, communication, control and security. This gives
microwave radio waves. It provides high radio frequency signal between two points. It is
widely used for point-to-point communication because of its short wavelength that allows
conveniently sized antennas to direct them in narrow beams and can be pointed directly
relay systems. There are various types of microwave radio communication systems,
progresses each year due to its low cost but highly reliable characteristic. The remarkable
in recent years gave tremendous traffic in the spectrum resulting to poor services among
telecommunication’s providers.
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level of performance is the absolute purpose of this group. This project intends to provide
service to a huge number of users by providing usage of the frequency beyond 1GH,
which will offer a wider bandwidth usage. The group believes this is one of the resolutions
system between the town of Sto Tomas and San Fernando City located in the province
theory.
To address the present situation in the area wherein there is a lack of bill payment
Cooperative (PELCO).
A. General Objective:
of the line-of-sight that will obtain a system reliability of 99.99% and can be used
B. Specific Objectives:
The proponents ought to determine a possible and accessible setting for the
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To accomplish accurate computations that will make this design realistic and
functional.
subject.
A. SCOPE
• The area of study is from San Fernando City to Sto. Tomas in the
province of Pampanga.
• The designers presumed that they were the first to put up a wireless
• Information about the site was obtained based on the internet and
PAGASA.
NTC.
B. DELIMITATIONS
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• The group did not take in to account other microwave system in the
communication system between Sto. Tomas and San Fernando City. A side from
To the Public. This project will provide a steadfast and excellent service in
To the Students. This will serve as an inspiration for them to study more
and be exposed in the communication field. This will help them understand the role
them to create more of projects like this for the greater good in the future.
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increases
(upper frequency limit) and the lowest usable frequency of the device (lower
frequency limit)
Decibel (symbol dB). means of expressing change of power level with respect to
Radiated power (EIRP). signal reflections from the terrain and beam banding
Fade Margin . measure of how much signal attenuation due to the multipath and
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Free Space. space that does not interfere with the normal radiation and
propagation of waves
theoretical condition).
Free Space. used to predict the received signal strength when the
Propagation Model. transmitter and receiver have a clear and unobstructed Line-
expressed in Hertz.
removed from the radio horizon of signal to allow free space propagation
Fresnel Zone. series of concentric ellipsoid surfaces which surrounds the straight
Hertz (symbol Hz). measure of frequency equal to one cycle per second; named
electromagnetism
Is equal to 10dB.
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Line -of -Sight (symbol LOS). straight line from a radar antenna to a target Major
lobe. the maximum lobe in the radiation pattern in which the greatest amount of
radiation occurs
exercises jurisdiction over the supervision, adjudication and control over all
Net Path Loss. the sum of all the gains and losses within the path length
Panning. refers to the degree of tilt the antenna must be tilted in order to ensure
desired path length, required configuration, and prevailing climate and terrain
Path Profile. graph showing the path of the beam relative to the Earth’s surface
indicating high and low contours taken from a set of topographical maps.
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Path Unavailability. percent of time that the system is expected to operate without
outage.
more stations.
Power Output. the power of the radio signal as it leaves the RF unit.
source
Radome. a dome-shaped cover made from a material through which radio waves
receiving antenna.
Receiver. an electronic device that converts a radio signal from a modulated radio
Receiver Sensitivity. the minimum signal level required for proper receiver
operation.
Receiving Antenna. the device used to pick up the RF signal from space.
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Reliability. the assurance that a component will perform in a specified manner for
higher level and/or higher power, or onto the other side of an obstruction, so that
Surface Wave. radio waves that travel along the contours of the earth by being
highly attenuated.
Superhigh frequencies (SHF). are signals in the 3 GHz to 30 GHz range and are
include the majority of the frequencies used for microwave and satellite radio
communications systems
System Gain. the sum of the transmitter power output and the receiver sensitivity.
Topographic Maps . also called contour maps, topo maps or topo quads (for
contour lines
Transmission line. cable that connects the transmitter to the antenna or the
Transmission Line Loss (TLL). the power loss that occurs with the signal travels
in a bounded medium.
includes light, smoke, sound, wire lines, and radio frequency waves.
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convert the information into a signal suitable for transmission over a given
communication medium
includes light, smoke, sound, wire lines, and radio frequency waves
Transmitting Antenna. the device used to send the transmitted signal energy into
space
Watt. the scientific unit of electrical power, rate of doing work at the rate of one
joule per second; named after a Scottish engineer and inventor James Watt (1736-
1819)
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CHAPTER 2
SITE OVERVIEW
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A. Brief Description
Central Luzon region of the Philippines. Lying on the northern shore of Manila
northeast, Bulacan to the east, the Manila Bay to the centralsouth, Bataan to
the southwest and Zambales to the west. Its capital is the City of San Fernando.
natives living along the banks (pampáng) of the Pampanga River. Its creation
in 1571 makes it the first Spanish province on Luzon Island (Cebu in Visayas
Bacolor in the province briefly served as the Spanish colonial capital when
Great Britain invaded Manila as part of the Seven Years' War. At the eve of the
under martial law for rebellion against the Spanish Empire; it is thus
represented on the Philippine national flag as one of the eight rays of the sun.
kilometres (9.9 mi) north of the provincial capital. The province is home to two
Philippine Air Force airbases: Basa Air Base in Floridablanca and the former
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United States Clark Air Base in Angeles City. By 2015, the province has
B. PAMPANGA PROVINCE
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C. ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION
Angeles ‡ 1st — 411,634 326,336 4.52% 60.27 23.27 6,800 18,000 33 15°08′24″N 120°35′16″E
Apalit 4th 4.9% 107,965 101,537 1.18% 61.47 23.73 1,800 4,700 12 14°57′01″N 120°45′36″E
Arayat 3rd 6.1% 133,492 121,348 1.83% 134.48 51.92 990 2,600 30 15°09′00″N 120°46′03″E
Bacolor 3rd 1.8% 39,460 31,508 4.38% 71.70 27.68 550 1,400 21 14°59′47″N 120°39′05″E
Candaba 4th 5.1% 111,586 102,399 1.65% 176.40 68.11 630 1,600 33 15°05′33″N 120°49′39″E
Floridablanca 2nd 5.7% 125,163 110,846 2.34% 175.48 67.75 710 1,800 33 14°58′33″N 120°31′43″E
Guagua 2nd 5.3% 117,430 111,199 1.04% 48.67 18.79 2,400 6,200 31 14°57′55″N 120°38′01″E
Lubao 2nd 7.3% 160,838 150,843 1.23% 155.77 60.14 1,000 2,600 44 14°56′16″N 120°36′01″E
Mabalacat ∗ 1st 11.4% 250,799 215,610 2.92% 83.18 32.12 3,000 7,800 27 15°13′22″N 120°34′24″E
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Macabebe 4th 3.5% 75,850 70,777 1.33% 105.16 40.60 720 1,900 25 14°54′30″N 120°42′53″E
Magalang 1st 5.1% 113,147 103,597 1.69% 97.32 37.58 1,200 3,100 27 15°12′53″N 120°39′42″E
Masantol 4th 2.6% 57,063 52,407 1.63% 48.25 18.63 1,200 3,100 26 14°53′04″N 120°42′35″E
Mexico 3rd 7.0% 154,624 146,851 0.99% 117.41 45.33 1,300 3,400 43 15°03′53″N 120°43′12″E
Minalin 4th 2.2% 47,713 44,001 1.55% 48.27 18.64 990 2,600 15 14°58′04″N 120°41′09″E
Porac 2nd 5.7% 124,381 111,441 2.11% 314.00 121.24 400 1,000 29 15°04′20″N 120°32′28″E
San Fernando † 3rd 14.0% 306,659 285,912 1.34% 67.74 26.15 4,500 12,000 35 15°01′45″N 120°41′34″E
San Luis 4th 2.5% 54,106 49,311 1.78% 56.83 21.94 950 2,500 17 15°02′21″N 120°47′27″E
San Simon 4th 2.4% 53,198 48,353 1.83% 57.37 22.15 930 2,400 14 14°59′42″N 120°46′45″E
Santa Ana 3rd 2.5% 55,178 52,001 1.14% 39.84 15.38 1,400 3,600 14 15°05′41″N 120°45′57″E
Santa Rita 2nd 1.9% 40,979 38,762 1.06% 29.76 11.49 1,400 3,600 10 14°59′56″N 120°37′05″E
Santo Tomas 4th 1.8% 40,475 38,062 1.18% 21.30 8.22 1,900 4,900 7 14°59′38″N 120°42′16″E
Sasmuan (Sexmoan) 2nd 1.3% 28,004 27,254 0.52% 91.80 35.44 310 800 12 14°56′10″N 120°37′21″E
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II. TOPOGRAPHY
occupying the south-central section of the Central Luzon region. When Angeles City
kilometers (796.32 sq mi). The province is bordered by Tarlac to the north, Nueva
Ecija to the northeast, Bulacan to the east, the Manila Bay to the central-south, Bataan
Its terrain is relatively flat with one distinct mountain, Mount Arayat and the
notable Pampanga River. Among its municipalities, Porac has the largest land mass
with 314 square kilometers (121 sq mi); Candaba comes in second with 176 square
kilometers (68 sq mi); followed by Florida blanca with 175 square kilometers (68 sq
mi). Santo Tomas, with an area of 21 square kilometers (8.1 sq mi), is the smallest.
III. CLIMATE
The province of Pampanga has two distinct climates, rainy and dry. The rainy
or wet season normally begins in May and runs through October, while the rest of the
year is the dry season. The warmest period of the year occurs between March and
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Sto Tomas has a tropical climate. The summers here have a good deal
of rainfall, while the winters have very little. The temperature here averages
The least amount of rainfall occurs in February. The average in this month is 12
mm. The greatest amount of precipitation occurs in July, with an average of 477 mm.
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This city has a tropical climate. Most months of the year are marked by
significant rainfall. The short dry season has little impact. The temperature
here averages 26.8 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2395 mm.
The least amount of rainfall occurs in January. The average in this month is 11
mm. The greatest amount of precipitation occurs in August, with an average of 538 mm.
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IV. POPULATION
The following figures are the results of Philippine Statistics Association (PSA)
formerly known as the National Statistics Office (NSO) Census in the Pampanga
Province. (source: www.psa.com)
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V. DEFINITION OF TERMS
Climatological Normal. period averages computed for a uniform and relative long
Rainfall (mm). the amount of precipitation (rain, hail, etc.) expressed in millimeters
Rainy Days (RD). a rainy day is defined as a period of 24 hours beginning at 8AM
Minimum temperature (°C). the minimum temperature in °C recorded for the day,
observation.
Wet Bulb Temperature (°C). It gives the temperature in °C that an air parcel would
in it.
Dew point (°C). the temperature in °C at a given pressure, to which the air must
space above and pressure increases slightly as the new vapor is added.
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CHAPTER 3
SITE CONSIDERATION
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I. SITE CONSIDERATIONS
The possibility of extreme and unusual weather condition such as maximum expected wind velocity and
ranges of temperature
Grounding system
Security
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The frequency allocation is based on the Microwave channel plan given by National Telecommunication
Commission.
A. Antenna Considerations
The antenna diameter was based on our 14.20-15.350 GHz operating frequency range.
B. Radio Considerations
The amount of radio gain available is 25dBm as determined by transmitter power output based on the
specification.
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The radio’s range of frequency band includes 15GHz which is the design’s pre-assigned operating
frequency.
Equipment maintenance and supervisory functions built in, such as order wire, auxiliary data channel and
control.
Equipment reliability.
The equipment can work with different modulation formats. It supports 16QAM modulation
C. Tower Considerations
The size and weight of the antenna and the transmission line system.
The anticipated wind loading was identified under harsh condition and additional loading.
D. SHELTER CONSIDERATION
The shelter should be large enough to accommodate all needed equipment and at the same time allow
people to move freely around the area.
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A standby equipment should be provided for possible power interruption to maintain system operation.
Generators and batteries are to be provided which serve as standby power equipment.
The lightning protection that will be used must contain appropriate conductive path for lightning currents.
Able to disperse atmospheric discharge in order to prevent surge current to enter the equipment and
ensure safety in the facility.
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Availability of area for installation of grounding system. This leads to the requirement and utilization of
chemical rods or wells.
Must be coordinated with lightning protection in order to prevent abrupt surge entering to the equipment
thus making the equipment safe.
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CHAPTER 4
DESIGN COMPUTATION
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∆𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
Latitude = 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 + 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
2 −𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒1
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𝑦′
= (𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒2 − 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒1 ) + 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑦
1.15𝑘𝑚
= [15°05′ 00′ ′ − 15°00′00′′] + 15°00′00′′
9.2𝑘𝑚
𝑥′
= (𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒2 − 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒1 ) + 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑥
4.15𝑘𝑚
= 8.98𝑘𝑚 [120°45′ 00′ ′ − 120°40′00′′] + 120°40′00′′
= 𝟏𝟐𝟎°𝟒𝟐′𝟏𝟖. 𝟔𝟒′′ 𝑬
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∆𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
Latitude = 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 + 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
2 −𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒1
𝑦′
= (𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒2 − 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒1 ) + 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑦
4.10𝑘𝑚
= [15°10′ 00′ ′ − 15°05′00′′] + 15°05′00′′
9.2𝑘𝑚
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= 𝟏𝟐𝟎°𝟑𝟔′𝟕. 𝟖𝟐′′ 𝑬
= 0.9999966484
d= cos-1 (0.9999966484)
d= 0.1483426755 x 60 x (1852/1000)
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d= 16.483838811km
Center Frequency
Frequency Separation
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(2.32)(14.18)
𝐻𝑛 = 17.3√(14.9189)(16.4838)
𝐻𝑛 = 6.327485247 = 𝐻
𝑑1 (ℎ2 −ℎ1 )
𝐻= − ℎ0 + ℎ1
𝐷
Since h1 = a1 + e1
ℎ1 = 19 𝑚 + 1 𝑚
ℎ1 = 20 𝑚
(14.18)(ℎ2 −20𝑚)
6.327485247 = − (58 + 15 + 1.9351529) + 20
16.4838
ℎ2 = 91.216032 𝑚
Since h2 = a2 + e2
91.216032 𝑚 = 𝑎2 + 73 𝑚
𝒂𝟐 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟐𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝒎
V. Antenna Gain
Given Parameters:
Bft (Diameter in ft) = 7.87401575 ft
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a. Diameter: 2.4 m
b. Frequency Band: 15 GHz
c. Antenna Gain: 48.9 dB
VI. Losses
A. Transmission Line Loss (TTL)
Note: Multiplier for the attenuation factor was obtained from the antenna height with an allowance of 2m
for both sites
For site A: (19 m + 2 m) = 21 m
For site B: (18.2 m + 2 m) = 20.2 m
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D (Distance) = 16.4832
C. Miscellaneous Loss
𝑨𝑯𝟐 𝑶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟎𝟗𝟔𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟐𝟓𝟒 𝒅𝑩
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6.09 4.81
𝐴𝑜 = (7.19𝑥10−3 + (14.9189)2 +0.227 + (14.9189−57)2 +1.5) 𝑥(14.9189)2 𝑥10−3 𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚
𝑨𝒐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒅𝑩
log 𝑓1−log fx
M= log f1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓2
log(12)−log (14.9189)
M= log(12) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔(15)
M = 0.9757
α = α1 – M (α1 – α2)
α = 1.217 – 0.9757 (1.217 – 1.154)
α = 1.1555
b = 2.3 x Rp-0.17
b = 2.3 x (0.0001)-0.17
b = 11.00849
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ln (b x ecd )
µ= 𝑑
ln (11.00849 x e0.30321 x 9.32620 )
µ= 9.32620
µ = 0.55951
Ar = 0.21330 dB
VII. Reliability
Given Parameters:
FC = 14.9189 GHz
D = 16.4838 km
B = 7.874015 ft (2.4m)
AG = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟖𝟗𝟖𝟔𝟔𝟏𝟔𝟒 dB
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Distance From Distance From Earth Bulge (m) Path Elevation Terrain Type Ground Trees and Obstruction
Point B (m) Point A (m) (m) Elevation Buildings Height
0 16500 0 75 Residential/ 75 75
Urban
100 16400 0.096470588 73 Residential/ 73.09647059 73.09647059
Urban
200 16300 0.191764706 73 Residential/ 73.19176471 15 88.19176471
Urban
300 16200 0.285882353 72 Residential/ 72.28588235 72.28588235
Urban
400 16100 0.378823529 73 Residential/ 73.37882353 73.37882353
Urban
500 16000 0.470588235 70 Residential/ 70.47058824 70.47058824
Urban
600 15900 0.561176471 71 Residential/ 71.56117647 71.56117647
Urban
700 15800 0.650588235 71 Residential/ 71.65058824 15 86.65058824
Urban
800 15700 0.738823529 70 Residential/ 70.73882353 70.73882353
Urban
900 15600 0.825882353 69 Residential/ 69.82588235 69.82588235
Urban
1000 15500 0.911764706 66 Residential/ 66.91176471 66.91176471
Urban
1100 15400 0.996470588 69 Woodland 69.99647059 69.99647059
1200 15300 1.08 65 Woodland 66.08 66.08
1300 15200 1.162352941 66 Woodland 67.16235294 67.16235294
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Path Profiling
Distance From Distance From Earth Bulge (m) Path Elevation Terrain Type Ground Trees and Obstruction
Point B (m) Point A (m) (m) Elevation Buildings Height
1400 15000 1.323529412 69 Woodland 70.32352941 70.32352941
1500 14900 1.402352941 64 Residential/ 65.40235294 65.40235294
Urban
1600 14800 1.48 61 Residential/ 62.48 15 77.48
Urban
1800 14700 1.556470588 62 Residential/ 63.55647059 63.55647059
Urban
1900 14600 1.631764706 62 Residential/ 63.63176471 63.63176471
Urban
2000 14500 1.705882353 62 Residential/ 63.70588235 63.70588235
Urban
2100 14400 1.778823529 59 Woodland 60.77882353 60.77882353
2200 14300 1.850588235 59 Woodland 60.85058824 60.85058824
2300 14200 1.921176471 58 Woodland 59.92117647 59.92117647
2400 14100 1.990588235 58 Woodland 59.99058824 59.99058824
2500 14000 2.058823529 59 Woodland 61.05882353 61.05882353
2600 13900 2.125882353 58 Residential/ 60.12588235 60.12588235
Urban
2700 13800 2.191764706 55 Residential/ 57.19176471 15 72.19176471
Urban
2800 13700 2.256470588 57 Residential/ 59.25647059 59.25647059
Urban
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Path Profiling
Distance From Distance From Earth Bulge (m) Path Elevation Terrain Type Ground Trees and Obstruction
Point B (m) Point A (m) (m) Elevation Buildings Height
2900 13600 2.32 55 Residential/ 57.32 57.32
Urban
3000 13500 2.382352941 54 Residential/ 56.38235294 56.38235294
Urban
3100 13400 2.443529412 54 Residential/ 56.44352941 56.44352941
Urban
3200 13300 2.503529412 54 Residential/ 56.50352941 15 71.50352941
Urban
3300 13200 2.562352941 52 Residential/ 54.56235294 54.56235294
Urban
3400 13100 2.62 53 Residential/ 55.62 55.62
Urban
3500 13000 2.676470588 51 Residential/ 53.67647059 53.67647059
Urban
3600 12900 2.731764706 50 Residential/ 52.73176471 15 67.73176471
Urban
3700 12800 2.785882353 50 Residential/ 52.78588235 52.78588235
Urban
3800 12700 2.838823529 49 Residential/ 51.83882353 51.83882353
Urban
3900 12600 2.890588235 49 Residential/ 51.89058824 51.89058824
Urban
4000 12500 2.941176471 58 Residential/ 60.94117647 15 75.94117647
Urban
4100 12400 2.990588235 49 Residential/ 51.99058824 51.99058824
Urban
4200 12300 3.038823529 46 Residential/ 49.03882353 49.03882353
Urban
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Path Profiling
Distance From Distance From Earth Bulge (m) Path Elevation Terrain Type Ground Trees and Obstruction
Point B (m) Point A (m) (m) Elevation Buildings Height
4300 12200 3.085882353 46 Residential/ 49.08588235 49.08588235
Urban
4400 12100 3.131764706 46 Residential/ 49.13176471 49.13176471
Urban
4500 12000 3.176470588 45 Residential/ 48.17647059 48.17647059
Urban
4600 11900 3.22 46 Residential/ 49.22 49.22
Urban
4700 11800 3.262352941 46 Residential/ 49.26235294 15 64.26235294
Urban
4800 11700 3.303529412 44 Residential/ 47.30352941 15 62.30352941
Urban
4900 11600 3.343529412 45 Residential/ 48.34352941 48.34352941
Urban
5000 11500 3.382352941 44 Residential/ 47.38235294 47.38235294
Urban
5100 11400 3.42 42 Woodland 45.42 45.42
5200 11300 3.456470588 42 Woodland 45.45647059 45.45647059
5300 11200 3.491764706 41 Woodland 44.49176471 44.49176471
5400 11100 3.525882353 40 Woodland 43.52588235 43.52588235
5500 11000 3.558823529 40 Cultivated Land 43.55882353 43.55882353
5600 10900 3.590588235 39 Cultivated Land 42.59058824 42.59058824
53
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Path Profiling
Distance From Distance From Earth Bulge (m) Path Elevation Terrain Type Ground Trees and Obstruction
Point B (m) Point A (m) (m) Elevation Buildings Height
5700 10800 3.621176471 39 Cultivated Land 42.62117647 42.62117647
5800 10700 3.650588235 39 Cultivated Land 42.65058824 42.65058824
5900 10600 3.678823529 39 Cultivated Land 42.67882353 42.67882353
6000 10500 3.705882353 39 Cultivated Land 42.70588235 42.70588235
6100 10400 3.731764706 39 Residential/ 42.73176471 42.73176471
Urban
6200 10300 3.756470588 38 Residential/ 41.75647059 41.75647059
Urban
6300 10200 3.78 37 Residential/ 40.78 15 55.78
Urban
6400 10100 3.802352941 36 Residential/ 39.80235294 15 54.80235294
Urban
6500 10000 3.823529412 34 Residential/ 37.82352941 15 52.82352941
Urban
6600 9900 3.843529412 33 Cultivated Land 36.84352941 36.84352941
6700 9800 3.862352941 33 Cultivated Land 36.86235294 36.86235294
6800 9700 3.88 32 Cultivated Land 35.88 35.88
6900 9600 3.896470588 32 Cultivated Land 35.89647059 35.89647059
7000 9500 3.911764706 31 Cultivated Land 34.91176471 34.91176471
54
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Path Profiling
Distance From Distance From Earth Bulge (m) Path Elevation Terrain Type Ground Trees and Obstruction
Point B (m) Point A (m) (m) Elevation Buildings Height
7100 9400 3.925882353 31 Residential/ 34.92588235 34.92588235
Urban
7200 9300 3.938823529 33 Residential/ 36.93882353 36.93882353
Urban
7300 9200 3.950588235 33 Residential/ 36.95058824 15 51.95058824
Urban
7400 9100 3.961176471 29 Residential/ 32.96117647 15 47.96117647
Urban
7500 9000 3.970588235 29 Residential/ 32.97058824 32.97058824
Urban
7600 8900 3.978823529 30 Woodland 33.97882353 33.97882353
7700 8800 3.985882353 30 Woodland 33.98588235 33.98588235
7800 8700 3.991764706 30 Woodland 33.99176471 33.99176471
7900 8600 3.996470588 28 Woodland 31.99647059 31.99647059
8000 8500 4 27 Woodland 31 31
8100 8400 4.002352941 27 Residential/ 31.00235294 31.00235294
Urban
8200 8300 4.003529412 26 Residential/ 30.00352941 30.00352941
Urban
8300 8200 4.003529412 25 Residential/ 29.00352941 29.00352941
Urban
8400 8100 4.002352941 24 Residential/ 28.00235294 28.00235294
Urban
55
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Path Profiling
Distance From Distance From Earth Bulge (m) Path Elevation Terrain Type Ground Trees and Obstruction
Point B (m) Point A (m) (m) Elevation Buildings Height
8500 8000 4 23 Residential/ 27 27
Urban
8600 7900 3.996470588 22 Woodland 25.99647059 25.99647059
8700 7800 3.991764706 23 Woodland 26.99176471 26.99176471
8800 7700 3.985882353 21 Woodland 24.98588235 24.98588235
8900 7600 3.978823529 19 Woodland 22.97882353 22.97882353
9000 7500 3.970588235 21 Woodland 24.97058824 24.97058824
9100 7400 3.961176471 18 Residential/ 21.96117647 21.96117647
Urban
9200 7300 3.950588235 18 Residential/ 21.95058824 15 36.95058824
Urban
9300 7200 3.938823529 19 Residential/ 22.93882353 15 37.93882353
Urban
9400 7100 3.925882353 20 Residential/ 23.92588235 23.92588235
Urban
9500 7000 3.911764706 20 Residential/ 23.91176471 23.91176471
Urban
9600 6900 3.896470588 16 Tropical Grass 19.89647059 19.89647059
9700 6800 3.88 17 Tropical Grass 20.88 20.88
9800 6700 3.862352941 17 Tropical Grass 20.86235294 20.86235294
56
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Path Profiling
Distance From Distance From Earth Bulge (m) Path Elevation Terrain Type Ground Trees and Obstruction
Point B (m) Point A (m) (m) Elevation Buildings Height
9900 6600 3.843529412 17 Tropical Grass 20.84352941 20.84352941
10000 6500 3.823529412 19 Tropical Grass 22.82352941 22.82352941
10100 6400 3.802352941 17 Residential/ 20.80235294 20.80235294
Urban
10200 6300 3.78 19 Residential/ 22.78 22.78
Urban
10300 6200 3.756470588 17 Residential/ 20.75647059 15 35.75647059
Urban
10400 6100 3.731764706 16 Residential/ 19.73176471 15 34.73176471
Urban
10500 6000 3.705882353 15 Residential/ 18.70588235 18.70588235
Urban
10600 5900 3.678823529 16 Woodland 19.67882353 19.67882353
10700 5800 3.650588235 17 Woodland 20.65058824 20.65058824
10800 5700 3.621176471 16 Woodland 19.62117647 19.62117647
10900 5600 3.590588235 14 Woodland 17.59058824 17.59058824
11000 5500 3.558823529 11 Woodland 14.55882353 14.55882353
11100 5400 3.525882353 11 Cultivated Land 14.52588235 14.52588235
11200 5300 3.491764706 11 Cultivated Land 14.49176471 14.49176471
57
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Path Profiling
Distance From Distance From Earth Bulge (m) Path Elevation Terrain Type Ground Trees and Obstruction
Point B (m) Point A (m) (m) Elevation Buildings Height
11300 5200 3.456470588 10 Cultivated Land 13.45647059 13.45647059
11400 5100 3.42 9 Cultivated Land 12.42 12.42
11500 5000 3.382352941 10 Cultivated Land 13.38235294 13.38235294
11600 4900 3.343529412 10 Residential/ 13.34352941 13.34352941
Urban
11700 4800 3.303529412 10 Residential/ 13.30352941 13.30352941
Urban
11800 4700 3.262352941 10 Residential/ 13.26235294 13.26235294
Urban
11900 4600 3.22 10 Residential/ 13.22 15 28.22
Urban
12000 4500 3.176470588 9 Residential/ 12.17647059 15 27.17647059
Urban
12100 4400 3.131764706 9 Residential/ 12.13176471 15 27.13176471
Urban
12200 4300 3.085882353 8 Residential/ 11.08588235 11.08588235
Urban
12300 4200 3.038823529 7 Residential/ 10.03882353 10.03882353
Urban
12400 4100 2.990588235 8 Residential/ 10.99058824 10.99058824
Urban
12500 4000 2.941176471 7 Residential/ 9.941176471 9.941176471
Urban
12600 3900 2.890588235 6 Woodland 8.890588235 8.890588235
58
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Path Profiling
Distance From Distance From Earth Bulge (m) Path Elevation Terrain Type Ground Trees and Obstruction
Point B (m) Point A (m) (m) Elevation Buildings Height
12700 3800 2.838823529 6 Woodland 8.838823529 8.838823529
12800 3700 2.785882353 7 Woodland 9.785882353 9.785882353
12900 3600 2.731764706 6 Woodland 8.731764706 8.731764706
13000 3500 2.676470588 5 Woodland 7.676470588 7.676470588
13100 3400 2.62 6 Residential/ 8.62 8.62
Urban
13200 3300 2.562352941 6 Residential/ 8.562352941 8.562352941
Urban
13300 3200 2.503529412 4 Residential/ 6.503529412 6.503529412
Urban
13400 3100 2.443529412 3 Residential/ 5.443529412 15 20.44352941
Urban
13500 3000 2.382352941 3 Residential/ 5.382352941 15 20.38235294
Urban
13600 2900 2.32 5 Residential/ 7.32 15 22.32
Urban
13700 2800 2.256470588 5 Cultivated Land 7.256470588 7.256470588
13800 2700 2.191764706 3 Cultivated Land 5.191764706 5.191764706
13900 2600 2.125882353 5 Cultivated Land 7.125882353 7.125882353
14000 2500 2.058823529 5 Cultivated Land 7.058823529 7.058823529
59
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Path Profiling
Distance From Distance From Earth Bulge (m) Path Elevation Terrain Type Ground Trees and Obstruction
Point B (m) Point A (m) (m) Elevation Buildings Height
14100 2400 1.990588235 3 Cultivated Land 4.990588235 4.990588235
14200 2300 1.921176471 5 Residential/ 6.921176471 6.921176471
Urban
14300 2200 1.850588235 5 Residential/ 6.850588235 6.850588235
Urban
14400 2100 1.778823529 5 Residential/ 6.778823529 6.778823529
Urban
14500 2000 1.705882353 5 Residential/ 6.705882353 6.705882353
Urban
14600 1900 1.631764706 5 Residential/ 6.631764706 6.631764706
Urban
14700 1800 1.556470588 4 Residential/ 5.556470588 15 20.55647059
Urban
14800 1700 1.48 4 Residential/ 5.48 15 20.48
Urban
14900 1600 1.402352941 3 Residential/ 4.402352941 15 19.40235294
Urban
15000 1500 1.323529412 3 Residential/ 4.323529412 4.323529412
Urban
15100 1400 1.243529412 4 Residential/ 5.243529412 5.243529412
Urban
15200 1300 1.162352941 3 Residential/ 4.162352941 4.162352941
Urban
15300 1200 1.08 2 Residential/ 3.08 3.08
Urban
60
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Path Profiling
Distance From Distance From Earth Bulge (m) Path Elevation Terrain Type Ground Trees and Obstruction
Point B (m) Point A (m) (m) Elevation Buildings Height
15500 1000 0.911764706 4 Residential/ 4.911764706 4.911764706
Urban
15600 900 0.825882353 5 Tropical Grass 5.825882353 5.825882353
15700 800 0.738823529 4 Tropical Grass 4.738823529 4.738823529
15800 700 0.650588235 5 Tropical Grass 5.650588235 5.650588235
15900 600 0.561176471 4 Tropical Grass 4.561176471 4.561176471
16000 500 0.470588235 5 Tropical Grass 5.470588235 5.470588235
16100 400 0.378823529 2 Cultivated Land 2.378823529 2.378823529
16200 300 0.285882353 2 Cultivated Land 2.285882353 2.285882353
16300 200 0.191764706 3 Cultivated Land 3.191764706 3.191764706
16400 100 0.096470588 3 Cultivated Land 3.096470588 3.096470588
16500 0 0 5 Cultivated Land 5 5
61