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RESEARCH 3.

The Presentation/sharing – effective presentation and sharing of results

- includes any gathering of data, information and facts for the advancements 4. The Packaging – writing of the full research manuscripts following the
of knowledge APA documentation

WHAT IS RESEARCH? ETHICS OF RESEARCH

 Leedy (2009) procedure done to support a demonstrable fact in answering a  Nuremberg Code, 1948 states that “voluntary consent of the human
question or resolving a problem subject is absolutely essential”

 Kerlinger (2008) the systematic controlled and critical investigation of  Helsinki Declaration developed by the World Medical Association and
hypothetical propositions about presumed relations among natural contains all the basic ethical elements designed to address any possible
phenomena harm on subjects who participate in research.

 Thomas Kuhn (1987) the most important precondition for science is that  Belmont Report of 1979 from the National Commission for the Protection
researchers possess a wide range of practical skills for carry out scientific of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research on the
work following an inquisitive thinking. concepts of respect of persons and in assessing risks and benefits
(beneficience) and subject selection (justice)
 Collins Dictionary (1999) defines as “systematic investigation to establish
facts which means to search again taken from the prefix re – denoting a  Gregory (2005) a qualitative research involving human subjects without
repetitive action and search, meaning to seek” any permission lacks an adequate moral basis

 Etymologically the word research is derived from the Middle French 3 REQUIREMENTS OF INFORMED CONSENT
“recherche” which means “to go about seeking”
 Disclosure – to be sincere in supplying the human subjects with the
4 PHASES OF SYSTEMATIC PROCEDURE information necessary in a language that is clearly understood to make a
free decision.
1. The Design – starts with a problem, then conceptualizes into variables
and measures with theorizing as support  Capacity – comprehension and ability of the human subjects to understand
the information provided and form a reasonable judgment based on the
2. The Implementation – from actual data gathering to analysis and potential consequences of the decision to participate in the study.
interpretation, bringing the research to its conclusions and
reconceptualization with recommendations as end in view
 Voluntariness – the free will of human subjects in decision making without QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
being subjected to external pressure such as coercion, manipulation, or
undue influence.  J.W Creswell (1994): “An inquiry process of understanding a social or
human problem based on a building a complex holistic picture formed
Mukherji and Albon (2010) includes a “set of principles which relate to correct with words, reporting detailed views of informants and conducted in a
conduct and standards related to a moral code specifying right from wrong.” natural setting.”
CCDDPPR
 L. Locke, F. Spirduso, and S.J. Silverman (1987): To understand a
1. Deception - know the study all about. particular situation, event, role, group, or interaction.

2. Protection of participants from harm – protects the participants from  W. Neumann (2007): The major difference between qualitative and
psychological and physical harm. quantitative lies in the use of data. Quantitative studies use hard data
which are statistical and characterized by numbers or digits. On the other
3. Right to withdraw - the right to discontinue their participation. hand, qualitative uses soft data in the form of impressions, words,
sentences, photos, symbols, and so fort.
4. Debriefing - be informed of the nature and purpose of the research
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
5. Confidentiality – information obtained is confidential.
 Participant Observation – Demands immersion in the natural setting of
the research participant. This is commonly used in ethnographic type of
6. Privacy – Respect for participant’s privacy and psychological well-being
research.
must be obsessed.

 Observation – Systematic recording of events, behaviors, artefacts in the


7. Concern – any unethical practice of researchers may be reported in
social setting of the study.
observance of ethics in research.

 In-depth Interviewing - resembles conversation, but with predetermined


response categories.

 Focus Group Interviewing – involves 7-10, at times 6-8 people who are
unfamiliar with one another and have been selected because they share
certain characteristics that are relevant to the research problem or
inquiry.
 Content Analysis – calls for systematic examination of forms of 3. Phenomenology – Refers to the study of how people find their experiences
communication to document patterns objectively as shown in letters, meaningful. Its primary goal is to make people understand their experiences
emails, minutes of meetings, policy statements and a lot more. about death of loved ones, care for handicapped persons, friendliness of
people, etc.
 Narratology – Inquires a great deal of sensitivity between participant and
researcher. Ideally, a friendly atmosphere pervades during the story 4. Content and Discourse analysis – Analysis of substance and content of the
telling, retelling and reliving of personal experiences. mode of communication through a given framework.

Example:
 Films, videos, photographs – These provide visual records of events ,
especially the films and videos The Reflection of Marx’s Alienation to the Works of Ernest Hemingway

KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 5. Historical Analysis – Examination of primary documents to make you
understand the connection of the past events to present times.

1. Case Study – Involves long –time study of a person, group, organization, or Examples:
situation. It seeks to find answer to why such thing occurs to the subject. Uses Fire and Quake in the Construction of Old Manila, 1789-1803
varieties of data collection

Example:

The Effects of Philex Mining Operations to the Cardiovascular-related


wellness of Duayan, Camarines Norte

2. Ethnography – A study of particular cultural group to get a clear


understanding of its organizational set-up, internal operations, lifestyle, and
culture.

Examples:

A Study of Lifestyle and Condition of Philippine Urban Poor


LITERATURE REVIEW KINDS OF LITERATURE REVIEW
- involves a systematic identification of necessary information related to a 1. TRADITIONAL
research problem. (Chua, n.d)
Referred to as the Narrative Literature Review, which provides a quick overview
PURPOSE of the current studies. Explains the necessity of the research to-be in the context
of the literature and gives light to the gray areas.
 help in identifying and refining the research problem
 help in avoiding unnecessary duplication of previous works
 help in searching for a range of theoretical and conceptual frameworks and 2. INTEGRATIVE
issues
This review synthesizes findings from different approaches. (Whittemore & Knafl,
 allow the researcher to foresee significant issues, and
2005) Facilitates for the integration of qualitative and quantitative methods.
 suggest how the planned research work can contribute to knowledge

SOURCES
3. SYNTACTIC
 Journal Articles
 Monographs Synthesizes high quality empirical information to answer a given question, aims to
 Digital Databases minimize “bias and ensure transparency”
 Conference Proceedings
 Theses and Dissertations
 Empirical Studies 4. SCOPING
 Government Reports
is often used at the beginning of an article, dissertation or research proposal. It is
 Historical records
conducted before the research begins, and sets the stage for this research by
 Statistical Handbooks
highlighting gaps in the literature, and explaining the need for the research about
 Articles
to be conducted, which is presented in the remainder of the article.
CHARACTERISTICS

 Materials must be recent as possible.


 Materials should be objective and unbiased as possible.
 Must be relevant to the study
 Must not too few, nor too many, researchers discretion is advised, but
consider the availability of existing materials.
TYPES OF SOURCES WRITING A SYNTHESIS
1. PRIMARY SOURCES - A synthesis is a discussion that draws on or more sources. It refers to
bringing together materials to create an integrated whole. This is a
Publications in which researchers report the results of their studies. Findings are
procedure done to execute the review of the literature. This helps to:
communicated directly from author to the readers. Common types include
monthly research journals and historical documents. This also include interviews TYPES OF SYNTHESIS
and testimonies.
1. EXPLANATORY

2. SECONDARY SOURCES Aims to help in understanding a topic. Presented in a reasonably objective


manner. May include descriptions, sequence of events or state of affairs.
Publications in which authors describe the work of others (Franenkel &Wallen,
2008). Examples are reference books found in the library, which contains
numerous information cited from other works. 2. ARGUMENTATIVE

Aims to let the researcher put his or her own view with a support on relevant
facts drawn from sources presented in a logical manner.

CATEGORIES OF SOURCES (Frankel 2015)

 Document - written or printed materials that have been reproduced in


another form.
 Numerical Records - subcategory of documents, e.g test scores, census
reports, attendance, etc.
 Oral Statements - include any source that is not written but transmitted
orally.
 Relics - pertain to non-document objects that contain relevance on a
subject matter.
EFFECTIVE RESEARCH REVIEW 2. Empirical Literature

 Focus - theories, methods, outocomes, and practices and applications  Findings from related studies
 Goal - bridging and generalising the theories and concepts under study  Comparison of findings
 Coverage - looks on how wide the study must be
 Organization or format - helps in designing the presentation WRITING A COHERENT REVIEW
 Audience - should consider
 Cite
4 TECHNIQUES  Compare
 Contrast
1. SUMMARY  Critique
Simplest form in which the gist of each literature must be presented one after the  Connect
other.
STRUCTURE (Prieto et.al, 2017)
2. ILLUSTRATION
1. INTRODUCTION
Detailed description of a concept done by explaining it out of a certain reference
Often a single paragraph which introduces a topic and provides scholarly context
can be identified as an attempt to present an example.
for the review. It also identifies over-all knowledge about the topic.
3. TWO OR MORE REASONS
2. BODY
Done by stating the thesis initially, then add supporting data from the literatures.
The content must be categorized either according to:
4. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
 theme
Technique that will lead into examining two materials; by looking at their  theoretical perspective
similarities (explained together) and differences  methodology
 Chronological
KEY COMPONENTS
3. CONCLUSION
1. Theoretical Literature
Often a single paragraph that provides a statement of the over-all summary of the
 definition of concepts, keywords findings derived from the gathered sources.
 different views of the concepts
 relationship of the concept to others 4. GUIDELINES
REFERENCING STYLES QUOTATIONS

1. APA (American Psychological Association) 1. Short quotation – Einstein (1945) stated that a person “who can drive
safely while kissing a pretty girl is simply not giving the kiss the attention
Gives emphasis on the Author and date. Standard style used in Psychology and it deserves” (p. 15).
other Social Sciences. The latest edition is the 6th.
2. Long quotation – Kastoryano (2000) stated that engaging in transnational
practices may result in:
2. MLA (Modern Language Association)
an institutional expression of multiple belonging, where the country of origin
Widely used in the fields of modern literature and linguistics. Author-based, but
becomes a source of identity, the country of residence a source of rights, and the
instead cites the page number where the statement was derived from. Latest is
emerging transnational space, a space of political action combining the two or
the 2016 8th edition.
more countries. (p. 311)

3. Harvard Style
CITATIONS FOR PARAPHRASE
Generic term for any style containing the author-date referencing. There are
1. Author-Focus (author, year stated first)
other subtypes of this generic format which has specific technicalities.
Adams (2012) stated that Malaysians love to sleep in class.
4. Kate L. Turabian
2. Info-Focus (author, year stated later)
Widely used in the Arts and Humanities, this style prefer a continuous narration
of the content by using footnote style of referencing. Malaysian students love to sleep in class (Adams, 2012).

APA STYLE
It is important to remember that:

 APA follows the Author, Year format either Adams (2012) or (Adams,
2012)
 Only author’s lastname or surname is used. For Malay names, full
name/first name can be used.
 In the reference list, the cited sources are listed in alphabetical order
(From A to Z).
APA STYLE FOR CITATIONS REFERENCING

 1 Author
Books
Adams (2012) or (Adams, 2012)
 Lastname, F. (Year). Full title of the book. Place: Publisher.

 2 Authors Comfort, A. (1997). A good age. London, UK: Mitchell Beazley.

Ali and Abu (2012) or (Ali & Abu, 2012)


 Lastname, A., & Lastname, B. (Year). Title of the book. Place: Publisher.

 3 to 5 Authors Adams, M., & Kelvin, C. (2001). How to be a millionaire. Mason, OH: O’rielly
Media.
1st time = list all. Adams, Ali, and Abu (2010) OR
 3 to 7 authors –List all the names accordingly.
(Adams, Ali, & Abu, 2010).
Adams, M., Simon, K., Jelly, B., & Kevin, A. (2001). How to get rich faster. Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia: MPH Publishing.
2nd time onwards = use et al. Adams et al. (2010) OR

(Adams et al., 2010)  More than 7 authors - List the first six authors, … and the last author – No
“&”

Miller, F., Choi, M., Angeli, L., Harland, A., Stamos, J. A., Thomas, S., . . . Rubin, L.
(2009). The simple way to heaven. New York: Thomson Learning.
Journal Article

 Lastname, F. (Year). Title of the article. Name of the journal,


Volume(Number), pages.

Mickey, K. (2010). Become a good student. Journal of Education, 13(2), 29-82.

Zimmer, M., & Kim, B. (2012). Thinking without thinking. Journal of Psychology,
113(3), 134-182

Web Pages

(when no date of publication is given, the retrieved date is needed)

 Lastname, F. (Year). Title of the webpage. Retrieved from


http://www.website.com.

Kevin, M. (2010). The world is flat. Retrieved from


http://www.psychology.com/worldisflat.html.

 Lastname, F. (n.d.). Title of the webpage. Retrieved DATE from


http://www.website.com.

Kevin, M. (n.d.). The world is flat. Retrieved September 13, 2012 from
http://www.psychology.com/ worldisflat.html.

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