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STATUS AND OUTLOOK
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
FALL 2018 • VOL. 31 • NO. 4 FEATURES

PUBLISHER
Randolph W. Hurst
E-Mail: randy@electricity-today.com
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22 SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES

AND IMPLEMENTATION
FEATURE GREEN POWER GRID Utility Communication Network
Architecture
Most utilities implement a
two tier, to a four-tier smart
grid communication network
architecture, depending on the
specific applications they plan to
deploy. The tiers are defined as
follows and illustrated in Figure 2.
• Tier 1: The utility’s core IP
network, which often connects
many of its distribution
substations. This tier is generally
implemented with fiber-optics.
In most cases, the Tier 1 network
provides a 10/100/1000BASE-T
Figure 2 – Typical Smart Grid
Communication Network Architecture
Tier 1
(>1 Gbps typical)
Tier 2
(1-50 Mbps typical)
Data Center
Utility Core IP
Network Layer
(Fiber, PTP, PTMP)
Field Area
Network (FAN)
(Broadband Mesh, PTMP)
Ethernet port on a virtual

local area network (VLAN)-
capable Ethernet switch as the
demarcation point for the Tier
2 FAN. Tier 3
Neighborhood IEDs Mobile
• Tier 2: The Field Area Network (RF/Low bandwidth)
Area Networks (NANs) (Switches, Cap Banks, Workforce
(FAN) fills the gap between (AMI Collectors, Meters) Reclosers, FCIs)
the core Tier 1 networks and

devices, as well as personnel, in
Private Wireless Networks that Combine Technologies
30
the field. Substation automation
devices (e.g., breaker controllers, Tier 4 Home Area
(HAN) Network (HAN)
voltage regulators, and (In-home displays, ZigBee,
THE SMART GRID:

Internet)
remote terminal units (RTUs)),
distribution automation devices
BY BURT WILLIAMS, Director of Global Marketing, ABB Wireless multipoint (PTMP) and narrowband PTP/PTMP technologies
Carrier Ethernet
FEATURE SMART GRID extend communication from the substation control house to the
Introduction substation yard and along distribution feeders.
Increasingly, electric utilities are deploying intelligent electronic
is becoming an
devices (IEDs) and other smart apparatus in substations and along
distribution feeders as well as equipping field workers with laptop, Figure 1 – Two-way Communication
OVERACHIEVING,
tablet and handheld computers. Electric utilities are also installing This article describes how a combination of private wireless mesh
specialized computers and software in substations plus enterprise
software applications in their data centers to automate various
facets of utility operations.
increasingly
and broadband PTP/PTMP technologies, coupled with narrowband
wireless technologies for specific applications, can meet the
requirements for modern wireless utility communication networks. It
IT’S KIND OF OUR THING.
These technologies are often labeled smart grid. They enable
valuable applications such as automated metering infrastructure
(AMI), substation automation, distribution automation, outage
popular method
also compares and contrasts the capabilities of these private wireless
networking technologies with data services provided by public cellular
network operators.
management, automatic load
shedding, and the ability to of delivering
STATUS AND OUTLOOK

manage alternative energy sources. Advanced Smart Devices
These applications enable vast
improvements in utility efficiency,
Control Systems
fiber broadband Two-way
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Delivering broadband data services Figure 1. Two-way communication out of inspections. Delivering the sharpest results, truest
to subscribers enables intelligent devices Two-way
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in the field to provide data out of predictive maintenance.
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F
iber-based broadband services to the home continue to gain computers in substations and
return and provide the longest lifespan. Electricity Today Magazine
favor among utilities, based, in part, on the marketing of will outline four currently popular residential broadband fiberdata centers. A modern wireless Mobile Workforce
fiber’s performance capabilities. Electric utilities have all en- technologies and discuss their relative merits in meeting the communication network is a key
countered a marketing piece touting the superior network speeds operational and cost requirements for delivering residential voice,
possible with fiber. In addition, while speed is great, it is not the video, and data services.
element in this overall electric utility
Two-way
only reason operators find fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) implementa- However, before detailing each technology, we must consider communication infrastructure.
Communications
tions attractive. Using fiber-based technologies to deliver last mile delivered services on a utility’s broadband network. If a utility Private
uses wireless networks built FLIR.ca/T1K ®
broadband services also provides significant operational benefits. the network strictly to deliver best effort Internet Protocol (IP)using wireless mesh, broadband
Dissimilar to copper-based services, such as digital subscriber data services, such as high speed Internet, then a Passive Opticalpoint-to-point (PTP), point-to-
line (DSL) or a hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC) cable modem, fiber isNetwork (PON) is an excellent choice due to its high bandwidth
immune from external electrical noise, and passive fiber networks
and low operating costs.
are simple to manage since operators do not have to continually If the network will also support voice services—especially tra-
adjust active amplifiers. This convenience significantly lowers the
ditional time-division multiplexing (TDM) subscriber interfaces—16 | SECOND QUARTER 2016 FREE Subscription: www.electricity-today.com FREE Subscription: www.electricity-today.com SECOND QUARTER 2016 | 17
operational overhead necessary to deliver a consistent broadbandthen utilities must consider how to deliver this service. Especially in
experience to customers. An increased number of operators are the case of rural networks, it is common for companies to use exist-
choosing to build fiber networks because of fiber’s ability to deliver
ing TDM switches, rather than voice over internet protocol (VoIP)-
high bandwidth with a lower operational effort. based systems. Additionally, an operator’s decision to deliver video
Operators can choose from several fiber-based broadband services—either traditional RF/QAM (Radio Frequency/Quadrature GIGABIT PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORKING (GPON) ficient encoding method. Lastly, the ITU-T G.984 standard clearly
technology options. Since building a broadband network is a Amplitude Modulation or IP—to subscribers will influence the Within the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) resides defines important operational mechanisms to support protection
long-term investment, utilities could encounter challenges when selection of fiber technology. Only a few fiber technologies can the Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T). This body switching, dynamic bandwidth allocation, and power leveling.
determining a technology that will deliver the best economic natively support RF/QAM. develops standards that help ensure information and communica- These well-defined standards provide improved multi-vendor
tion technologies from various suppliers will work together. interoperability between devices known as optical network units
In 2003, the ITU-T released a series of specifications under the (ONUs) and optical line terminals (OLTs). Both pieces of equipment
title G.984, which defines gigabit passive optical networking, or perform multiple tasks, but for the sake of this feature, think of
GPON. Built upon earlier versions of passive optical networking ONUs as responsible for converting the optical signals carried by
standards, GPON increased the transmission rates for passive opti- fiber to electrical signals necessary for telecom services; and OLTs
cal network (PON) to 1.2 gigabits per second. Originally, GPON had as the technology that connects a FTTH network with an operator’s
a technical advantage in that it could accommodate not only na- regional or national network.
tive Ethernet frames, but also asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) Since traditional telephone operators selected GPON as an
cells and TDM services, making it an ideal choice for delivering early FTTH solution, equipment manufacturers have long sup-
simultaneous voice and data services to customers. ported native telephone interfaces in their customer premises
Additionally, gigabit passive optical networking utilizes a equipment. This feature, coupled with GPON natively support-
very efficient non-return-to-zero (NRZ) encoding mechanism ing traditional TDM and even ATM frames, gives utilities a great
that provides bandwidth efficiencies over its main competitor, method to work with their legacy time-division multiplexing
Ethernet passive optical network (EPON), which uses a less ef- switching systems.
6
EPON and GPON standards define each technology’s ability to transport differing types of network traffic
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ADVERTISER INDEX
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16 CUEE 2018 FLOORPLAN www.electricity-today.com
FREE Subscription: www.electricity-today.com FALL 2018 | 5

ADVERTISER INDEX
ADVERTISER PAGE WEBSITE
ABSOPULSE Electronics Ltd. 5 www.absopulse.com
Aero Tec Laboratories (ATL) 6 www.atlinc.com
AGO Industries Inc. 31 www.ago1.com
Brenco 11 www.brenco-inc.com
Candura Instruments 25 www.candura.com
Delta Star Inc. 19 www.deltastar.com
FLIR 32 www.flir.ca
High Voltage, Inc. 15 www.hvinc.com
Jomar Innovative Software 23 www.jomarsoftcorp.com
Jubb Utility Supply Limited 24 www.jubbutility.com
K-Line Insulators Limited 2 www.k-line.net
Lineman’s Testing Laboratories (LTL) 1, 29 www.ltlutilitysupply.com
Novabraid 26 www.novabraid.com
P&R Technologies 13 www.pr-tech.com
POSI+ 21 www.posiplus.com
Tallman Equipment Co. Inc 3 www.tallmanequipment.com
Timberland Equipment Limited 27 www.timberlandequipment.com
The Von Corporation 5 www.voncorp.com
Valard 7 www.valard.com
Wilson Bohannan Lock Company 30 www.padlocks.com
Zensol 27 www.zensol.com
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FEATURE SMART GRID
FROM SMART GRID TO NEURAL GRID
ENERGY
RICHELLE ELBERG
Principal Research Analyst
FROM SMART GRID TO
By: Navigant Research
MACKINNON LAWRENCE
NEURAL GRID
Senior Research Director
Industry Transformation and the Top
navigant.com
INDUSTRY Five Technologies
TRANSFORMATION AND THEPoised
TOPtoFIVE
BringTECHNOLOGIES
the
Grid into the Cloud
POISED TO BRING THE GRID INTO THE CLOUD
1 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION 1.1 Neural Grid Takes Smart In the Neural Grid,the
Grid into dataCloud
and intelligence reside largely in
NEURAL GRID TAKES SMART GRID INTO THE CLOUD the cloud, managing the intersection of generation assets
T
The Neural Grid represents more than Smart Grid v2.0—much more. Today, the
he Neural Grid represents more than Smart Grid and distribution networks with energy customers, buildings,
smart grid implies the legacy mechanical power transmission and distribution
v2.0—much more. Today, the smart grid implies transportation infrastructure, city systems, and distributed
(T&D) networks enhanced by pockets of automation, connectivity, and centralized
the legacy mechanical power transmission and energy resources (DER) assets (solar, wind, microgrids,
IT systems. The Neural Grid implies a vastly more powerful platform of hard and soft
distribution (T&D) networks enhanced by assets
pockets of EVs, demand
leveraging ubiquitous response
connectivity, programs,
the cloud, robotics, etc.). Asset
artificial ownership is
intelligence
automation, connectivity, and centralized (AI),
IT systems. The
edge computing, diverse
and and sensing
pervasive utility grid data and
to perform assetsofwork
a variety energywithandthird-party
non-
Neural Grid implies a vastly more powerfulenergy
platform of hard It isdata
applications. andgame
the end assets
forto coordinate
grid energy
modernization, supply and
transforming demand.
legacy
infrastructure
and soft assets leveraging ubiquitous connectivity, theinto a platform that will support
In a nutshell, the Neurala fully
Gridmature
takesEnergy Cloud1 environment.
the world’s largest
cloud, robotics, artificial intelligence
Figure 1.1 Grid Transformation Is Underway
(AI), edge computing, and pervasive
sensing to perform a variety of
Smart Grid 1.0: Smart Grid 2.0: Neural Grid:
energy and nonenergy applications. One-way, electro- Pockets of Widespread Ubiquitous connectivity, sensing,
mechanical grid connectivity connectivity cloud-based AI, edge
It is the end game for grid and automation and automation computing and automation
modernization, transforming legacy
infrastructure into a platform that Utilities Today
will support a fully mature Energy (Source: Navigant Research)

Figure 1.1 Grid Transformation Is Underway
Cloud1 environment. In the Neural Grid, data and intelligence reside largely in the cloud, managing the
intersection of generation assets and distribution networks with energy customers,
buildings, transportation infrastructure, city systems, and distributed energy resources
8 | FALL 2018 (DER) assets (solar, wind, microgrids, EVs, demandFREE
response programs,
Subscription: etc.). Asset
www.electricity-today.com
ownership is diverse and utility grid data and assets work with third-party data and
In a nutshell, the Neural Grid takes the world’s largest machine— owners to benefit. The Neural Grid platform has the potential to
the grid—and gives it a brain. It replaces dumb network assets empower utilities as the Energy Cloud paradigm, described in
machine—the grid—and gives it a brain. It replaces startups, will maneuver to grab market share. Meanwhile,
(poles and wires) with intelligent, multifunction infrastructure Section 2.1, emerges. Those that ignore these longer-term trends,
dumb network assets (poles and wires) with intelligent,
that interacts with cloud-based intelligence for energy and non-
residential and commercial end users will also participate.
however, risk marginalization.
multifunction
energy purposes.infrastructure that interacts with cloud-based Those with their own generation capabilities will be enabled
intelligence for energy and nonenergy purposes. 1.2provide
to Neuralenergy
Grid Growth
or otherMarkets for Today
micro services, muchandas Uber and
Figure 1.2 Smart Grid vs. Neural Grid Tomorrow
Airbnb have enabled new revenue streams to individuals
GRID ASSETS
with cars or a spare bedroom.
Navigant Research forecasts indicate that DER such as solar
As the Neural
and energy Grid
storage, butevolves, the incumbent
also microgrids, VPPs, and status
more, could
UTILITY NOC
Smart Grid
Grid assets are pervasive;
of utilities
provide doesenergy
enough not guarantee
capacity tothem a dominant
meet global demandrole.
by 2035.
CITIES some connected to the
utility NOC; many not.
Theoretically,
The when this
unidirectional point
value is reached—if
chain not in
that serves a 2035, then in
captive
2040 or 2045—the legacy grid will no longer be necessary.
SUBURBS
audience in the utility model of today will be replaced
by a multidirectional Neural Grid platform that allows a
In practice, the evolution of the market and changes to
RURAL
wide
energydiversity of market
infrastructure will beparticipants and asset
lumpy, with some owners
regions taking
WIND FARM
Neural Grid to
technology to its limits early while others remain dependentto
benefit. The Neural Grid platform has the potential
empower utilities
level as the Energy Cloud paradigm emerges.
Distributed energy assets
SOLAR
are smart, leveraging the upon a certain of legacy infrastructure for decades to
cloud for AI and autonomous
STORAGE
integration
come. In
Those Hawaii,
that ignoreNavigant
these expects the combination
longer-term of solar and
trends, however, risk
storage to reach parity with utility power prices within the next
CLOUD
marginalization.
few years. In most markets, this parity may be much further off—
but the day will come.
(Source: Navigant Research) NEURAL GRID GROWTH MARKETS FOR TODAY AND
Figure for
Imagine, 1.2example,
Smart ifGrid
polesvs. Neural
in the Grid grid integrate
distribution TOMORROW
The challenge for owners of legacy infrastructure in the interim
small cells for 5G networks, enabling ubiquitous low latency, will be to upgrade
Navigant Research their networks
forecasts with dynamic,
indicate that DERintelligent,
such as solar
broadband communications throughout the network. This then and autonomous features that enable more than the transport
and energy storage, but also microgrids, VPPs, and more,
makes possible a multitude of new applications and revenue of electrons. The Neural Grid platform must support an open
Imagine, for example, if poles in the distribution grid could provide enough energy capacity to meet global
streams for asset owners. In the Neural Grid, a reconfiguration environment for new services creation; these services may be
integrate small cells for 5G networks, enabling ubiquitous demand
the only wayby 2035. Theoretically,
in which when this
utilities can safeguard thepoint is reached—
stickiness of
of distribution grid assets enables new network functions and
low latency,assets
eliminates broadband
renderedcommunications throughout
obsolete by widespread the
distributed iftheir
notcustomer
in 2035, base
thenininthe
2040longorrun.
2045—the legacy grid will no
network. This then makes possible a multitude of
solar, community microgrids, or virtual power plants (VPPs).new longer be necessary.
applications and revenue streams for asset owners. In the TheInInternational Energy
practice, the Agencyof
evolution (IEA)
thecurrently
market projects
and changes to
The Neural Grid enables deep customer involvement and choice investments in T&D grids over the 2012-2035 timeframe to be $7.2
Neural Grid, a reconfiguration of distribution grid assets energy infrastructure will be lumpy, with some regions
and sets the stage for premium services and pricing. Both trillion, 40% for replacement of existing infrastructure and 60% to
enables new network build new infrastructure. If even a third of that new infrastructure
energy and non-energy tied service offerings will be offered by
functions and eliminates
a variety of actors in the ecosystem that leverage their access to will not be needed within 20 years, nearly $1.4 trillion is freed up for
assets
customerrendered obsolete
and market data. by investment in infrastructure and capabilities that help transition the
widespread distributed solar, smart grid efforts of today to the Neural Grid platform of tomorrow.
Utilities, but microgrids,
also third parties This is a significant number, and the opportunities it could support
community or such as telcos, tech giants, DER
service and product vendors, and new startups, will maneuver will also be significant.
virtual power plants (VPPs).
to grab market share. Meanwhile, residential and commercial
The Neural Grid enables
end users will also participate. Those with their own generation This white paper defines the Neural Grid and identifies critical
deep customer
capabilities involvement
will be enabled to provide energy or other micro components of the ecosystem. It describes the conditions
and choice
services, muchandassets
Uberthe
and Airbnb have enabled new revenue necessary for accelerated market expansion and highlights
stage
streamsforto
premium
individualsservices
with cars or a spare bedroom. informative parallels which can be found in the mobile industry.
It also identifies the top five growth markets that stand to
and pricing. Both energy
As the Neural Grid evolves, the incumbent status of utilities benefit as the smart grid investments of today transform into the
and non-energy tied service Neural Grid market of the future.
does not guarantee them a dominant role. The unidirectional
offerings will be offered by
value chain that serves a captive audience in the utility model of
a today
variety of
will beactors in the
replaced by a multidirectional Neural Grid platform
ecosystem
that allows that leverage
a wide diversity of market participants and asset
their access to customer and
market data.
Utilities, but also third
parties such as telcos, tech 4
giants, DER service and
product vendors, and new

taking technology to its limits early while others remain in the mobile industry. It also identifies the top five
dependent upon a certain level of legacy infrastructure growth markets that stand to benefit as the smart grid
for decades to come. In Hawaii, Navigant expects the investments of today transform into the Neural Grid
combination
1.2.1 1.2.1
Neural ofGrid
Neural solar andEnabling
Enabling
Grid storage to reach parity with utility
Technologies
Technologies market of the future.
power prices within the next few years. In most markets, this
Navigant has identified
Navigant has identified the following five technology
the following five technology segments
segments and interact
and interactseamlessly with humans
seamlessly with humans thanks to natural
thanks to natural
parity may be
as offering
much
soundsound
furtheropportunities
investment
off—but thetoday day and will come. NEURAL GRID ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES
as offering investment opportunities todayevenand even language processing,
language they will
processing, theybe willable
be to perform
able to perform repetitious
repetitious
The challenge
greater upside
greater infor
upside theowners
inlonger of legacy
term:
the longer term: infrastructure in the Navigant
maintenance has and
maintenance identified
monitoring thetasks.
and monitoring following
They They
tasks. five
will technology
also
will have the the
also have
interim will be to upgrade their networks with dynamic, segments
intelligence astooffering
intelligence tackle
to tacklesound
new investment
problems,
new problems, reduce opportunities
human
reduce human and today
error,error, and
• Connectivity:
• Connectivity: Fiber,Fiber,
low power wide wide
low power area (LPWA)
area (LPWA)
intelligent, and autonomous features that enable more than andkeepevenpeople
keep safe. safe.
greater
people upside in the longer term:
technologies,
technologies,and licensed
and licensed spectrum solutions
spectrum (i.e., private
solutions (i.e., private
the transport of beelectrons. The • AI:• AIAI: takes analytics and the
andcloud’s ability to store a
to Neural Grid platform must AI takes analytics the cloud’s ability to store a
4G, 5G)4G,will
5G) imperative
will be imperative formation
to formationof the ofNeural Grid. Grid.
the Neural
virtually unlimited
virtually arsenal
unlimited of information,
arsenal images,
of information, and more
images, and more
support anInmeantime,
In the open environment
the meantime, existing for new services
connectivity
existing solutions
connectivity creation;
support
solutions supportthese CONNECTIVITY: Fiber, low power wide area (LPWA)
to allow for machine
to allow for machinelearning and intelligent
learning automation.
and intelligent automation.
smart grid
smart deployments
grid deployments occurring today.
services may be the only way in which utilities can safeguard
occurring Connectivity
today. Connectivityto theto the technologies, and licensed spectrum solutions (i.e.,Grid.
private
Ultimately, cloud-based
Ultimately, cloud-basedAI is the
AI isbrain in the
the brain inNeural Grid.
the Neural
billions of grid
billions ofand
gridenergy
and energyassetsassets
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of tomorrow. This is a significant number, and the cost sensors integrated into virtually every element of grid
2 THE 2 THE NEURAL NEURAL GRID GRID AND AND THETHE ENERGY ENERGY CLOUD CLOUD
opportunities it could support will also be significant. and energy infrastructure will provide the data that allows for
2.1 The
2.1 Energy
The Energy Cloud Cloud
This white paper defines the Neural Grid and identifies analytics and AI to manage every layer of the Neural Grid.
critical components
The Neural Grid is
The Neural Grid of
oneisof the
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Figure 2.1 Emerging Energy
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INDUSTRIAL
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2018 Navigant Consulting,
Consulting, Inc. AllInc. All rights
rights reserved.
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(Source:
Consulting,
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Inc.
Inc. All All
rights Research)
Research)
rights reserved.
reserved.
Figure 1.2 Smart Grid vs. Neural Grid Figure 1.2 Smart Grid vs. Neural Grid
5 5

building-to-grid (B2G), transportation-to-grid (T2G), the Internet of Energy (IoE),
transactive energy (TE), smart cities, and Neural Grids.
data in the cloud and interact Figure 2.2 Energy Cloud Platforms
seamlessly with humans thanks Navigant Energy Cloud 4.0
to natural language processing,
they will be able to perform Network of Networks
Blockchain
repetitious maintenance and
monitoring tasks. They will also Renewables
Smart
have the intelligence to tackle new Cities
Storage
Big Data
problems, reduce human error, Internet

Smart
and AI
Transactive of Energy Buildings

and keep people safe. Energy
Neural
Integrated
AI: AI takes analytics and the cloud’s Grid
DER Smart
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ability to store a virtually unlimited Building Transportation Computing
Street Lights
2 Grid 2 Grid
arsenal of information, images, Electric
Buses
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Learning
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Charging
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brain in the Neural Grid. Electric

Vehicles
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CYBERSECURITY: Ubiquitous Homes DER
connectivity and data collection © 2018 Navigant Consulting, Inc. © 2018 Navigant Consulting, Inc.
heighten the already clear need All rights reserved. All rights reserved.
for vigilance with data security for

Figure 2.2
The trend Energy
toward Cloud
platforms Platforms
goes beyond the energy industry. Enabled by a new era of
customers, systems, assets, etc. As digitization across the global economy, emerging platforms are replacing linear value
chains in which successive value is added to core raw materials before distribution to the
end consumer. Upstart companies and customers now have greater access to alternative
solutions that may compete on efficiency, price, customization, or any combination thereof.
In this shifting landscape, volumetric sales—number of goods sold, units shipped, kilowatt-
Servicing Utilities, Electrical Contracting,
hours—face unprecedented competition. When emerging technologies or platforms
and Power Line Construction
combine, so-called second and third order effects emerge, which enlarge the potential value
pool further.
Today’s most profitable organizations are no longer so much a collection of resources

and capabilities as a set of platforms. Value is increasingly created through stickiness of a
platform rather than differentiated products. Actors may play one or several roles across
platforms, but those actors that control the platform have greater opportunities to scale
their business rapidly and will have more success insulating themselves from competition.
Sales and Rental 800-247-5442 Contact Us

www.brenco-inc.com Today
Brenco_UP_1801 1 1/3/18 9:03 AM

wh
can be grouped into four component categories: infrastructure, end-
cell
user devices, and applications and services, all of which are layered
Sm
on top of enabling technologies. This representation of the Neural
the Neural Grid forms, widespread, holistic cybersecurity that pla
Gridcontrol
ecosystemtheand
platform have greater
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of category componentsto scale
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eas
solutions will be critical. their business
exhaustive) are rapidly
illustratedand will have
in Figure more description
2.3. Further success insulating
of each
app
themselves from competition.
category follows.
per
Each of these technology areas are rich with opportunities am
Figure 2.3 Neural Grid Platform Components
for market growth in the near term as first-generation smart • End
grids deploy. These five segments are poised for accelerated of t
(hockey stick) market expansion as the Neural Grid platform wit
comes to be. end
cha
THE NEURAL GRID AND THE ENERGY CLOUD • Ap

sma
THE ENERGY CLOUD
dev
The Neural Grid is one of several platforms identified by ser
Navigant as underpinning the Energy Cloud, which in for
turn defines a highly distributed, networked, and dynamic
The in
energy environment. In the Energy Cloud, multiple
applic
interrelated platforms connect end users to a diverse set of APPS END-USER DEVICES INFRASTRUCTURE
next-g
products and services, with grid-sourced power provision Billing Services
Call Center
Smart Meters
Smart Phones/Tablets
Transmission Grid
Distribution Grid what t
Customer Portals Smart Thermostats Solar
just one of several value streams. Analytics Smart Appliances Wind
Microgrids
It will b
Cloud Services EV Charging Stations
The Energy Cloud is already forming, fueled by Data Storage & Management
Energy Markets
Home Storage Utility Scale Storage perfor
technological advancement, falling costs, changes in many,

Cloud Computing Edge LPWA Connectivity 5G

customer demand, and regulatory shifts. Between $1
(Source: Navigant Research)
(Source: Navigant Research)
2.2.1
trillion and $2 trillion in new revenue opportunities will Oppo
be created in the Energy Cloud by 2030, according to •Figure 2.3technologies:
Enabling Neural Grid Platform
Computing andComponents
connectivity enable the
Neural Grid. The rise of powerful, affordable computing—from Naviga
Navigant estimates. These transactions will flow through
tiny distributed devices to the cloud—combined with a wide identifi
multiple overlapping customeroriented growth platforms
range of connectivity options, also increasingly affordable, are revenu
such as integrated distributed energy resources (iDER), NEURAL GRID PLATFORM COMPONENTS
powering massive transformation across all industrial verticals. than h
building-to-grid (B2G), transportation-to-grid (T2G), the Navigant defines
In the coming the Neural
decade, 5G networksGridinplatform
particular as
willan
provide a nearly
Internet of Energy (IoE), transactive energy (TE), smart autonomous grid leveraging
powerful backbone artificial
for Neural Grid intelligence (AI),
applications. techno
cities, and Neural Grids. connectivity, cloud robotics, and sensing technologies also do
The trend toward platforms goes beyond the energy across grid and non-grid energy assets. The Neural Grid
industry. Enabled by a new era of digitization across the supports ubiquitous automation, self-healing, seamless
global economy, emerging platforms are replacing linear DER integration, customer engagement and involvement,
value chains in which successive value is added to core raw and ultimately,
2. Navigant, the
Navigating the integration of dispersed
Energy Transformation, 2016. markets
materials before distribution to the end consumer. Upstart for TE.2
companies and customers now have greater access to The Neural Grid ecosystem can be thought of in terms 7
alternative solutions that may compete on efficiency, price, of both emerging and evolving technologies, products,
customization, or any combination thereof. and services that can be grouped into four component
In this shifting landscape, volumetric sales—number categories: infrastructure, enduser devices, and applications
of goods sold, units shipped, kilowatthours—face and services, all of which are layered on top of enabling
unprecedented competition. When emerging technologies. This representation of the Neural Grid
technologies or platforms combine, so-called second and ecosystem and some examples of category components
third order effects emerge, which enlarge the potential (not exhaustive) are illustrated in Figure 2.3. Further
value pool further. description of each category follows.
Today’s most profitable organizations are no longer so
much a collection of resources and capabilities as a set of ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES: Computing and connectivity
platforms. Value is increasingly created through stickiness of enable the Neural Grid. The rise of powerful, affordable
a platform rather than differentiated products. Actors may computing—from tiny distributed devices to the cloud—
play one or several roles across platforms, but those actors combined with a wide range of connectivity options,

also increasingly affordable, are powering massive The interplay of smart infrastructure, end-user devices,
transformation across all industrial verticals. In the coming and applications and services, all of which arise on the
decade, 5G networks in particular will provide a powerful back of next-generation computing and connectivity
backbone for Neural Grid applications. technologies, is what takes the smart grid of today into the
Neural Grid future. It will be adaptive—in real time—and
INFRASTRUCTURE: In the energy sector, enabling leverage AI in the cloud to perform not only the functions of
technologies have given rise to Smart Grid 1.0 applications today’s electric utility, but also many, many more.
for grid infrastructure such as smart metering and real-time
monitoring and management of transmission and To read the full whitepaper go to: www.navigant.com/
distribution (T&D) substations or solar and wind farms. Going insights/energy/2018/from-smart-grid-to-neural-grid
forward, smart, multifunction infrastructure
replaces the electromechanical devices
of the past with assets that gather and making life visibly safer
process data and share it in the cloud
for a multitude of use cases, in addition
to performing their legacy functions.
Smart infrastructure combines previously
separate assets into more efficient,
multipurpose forms, such as utility poles,
which provide multifunctionality like
lighting, communications cells, or digital
SpanLite TM
Self-Illuminated
display technologies. Power Line Marker
Smart infrastructure, combined with
other Neural Grid platform elements
Meets FAA Advisory
and seamlessly integrated DER will Circular 70/7460-1L
ease the path to going off-grid. They (Dec. 2015)
will also enable new applications and Installs directly on
services that leverage their geographic live lines up to 500 kV
pervasiveness, established rights of
way, and the massive amount of data
collected by each asset.
END-USER DEVICES: End users

will have a growing number of
touchpoints—devices or interfaces—
they use to interact with their energy
usage, services, and providers. These
smart end-user devices will include
smart meters, appliances, EV charging
infrastructure, smartphones, and more.
APPLICATIONS AND SERVICES:

Standards and the ubiquity of smart BirdMarkTM & FireFlyTM FAA Obstruction SpanMarkTM & QuikMarkTM
infrastructure and elegant, plug-and-play Bird Diverters Lights Low Line Markers
end-user devices will give rise to a plethora
of applications and services—both energy
and non-energy related and designed for
both consumers and enterprises.
making life visibly safer
800-722-8078 • pr-tech.com
6824

FEATURE ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Recommendations for the U.S. Department of Energy By: Electricity Advisory Comittee
INTRODUCTION
N
$15.0 B
atural and man-made disasters threaten the
electric grid’s ability to deliver reliable, high-quality $12.1 B
$11.0 B
power. Routine voltage sags and momentary $10.0 B $8.9 B
interruptions impact power quality and are costly to $7.2 B
$7.8 B
producers and consumers. As the U.S. economy becomes $4.8 B $5.2 B

increasingly dependent on information and communication $3.6 B
$1.6 B
technologies, access to reliable high-quality electricity is $0.7 B
needed to be competitive in the global marketplace.
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
A resilient grid can absorb shocks to prevent disruptions,
Hybrid Electric Vehicles Plugin Electric Vehicles
manage disruptions as they occur, and return to normal
operation quickly. As a result, the magnitude and duration Figure 1. U.S. Hybrid and Plug-in Electric
of disruptive events is reduced. To be resilient, the grid must Vehicle Revenue2
have the capability to (1) anticipate, (2) absorb, (3) adapt to
and (4) rapidly recover from disrupting events (Appendix A).
The rising cost of grid disruptions underscores the need With the EV market on a steady foundation, automakers
to identify cost-effective strategies and investments that are beginning to develop offerings and technologies that
can increase the resilience of the U.S. power system.1 The will likely accelerate market acceptance. As a result, the load
emerging market of electric vehicles (EVs) presents a new on the electric grid from EVs will grow so it is important
opportunity to improve the grid. The plug-in EV market has to examine the potential impact on grid reliability and
grown from around 30,000 vehicles in 2011 to estimated resiliency. The investments needed to integrate EVs into
684,000 in 2016. This translates to a six-year compound the electric grid could even potentially be leveraged as a
annual growth rate (CAGR) in unit volume of 87%, and means of strengthening the reliability and resilience of the
nearly $7.8 billion vehicle sales revenue in 2016. grid. While EVs offer well-to-wheel greenhouse gas and local

pollution reductions,3 they may also be a key to enhancing for these grid services will vary across states and regions.
grid security. Current levels of reserve margins and shares of variable
This work product examines the ability of integrated renewable energy will influence the potential revenue
storage from EVs to enhance grid resilience. Three modes of opportunities for EVs from reserve, voltage control and
EV integration are considered: frequency regulation markets.
• Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) - Smart and coordinated EV
charging for dynamic balancing to make vehicle charging APPROACH
more efficient; it does not require the bi-directional flow Our approach included a review of the literature,
of power between the grid and the vehicle. questionnaire responses from members of the Department
• Vehicle-to-Building (V2B) – The discharging of electricity of Energy’s (DOE) Electricity Advisory Committee (EAC),
from EVs to building energy management systems, discussions with experts in the field of EV grid integration,4
providing back-up and emergency services to homes and examination of information about relevant pilot
and businesses; it requires a bi-directional flow of power projects.5
between the vehicle and the grid and/or distributed This work product examines how each of these modes of
energy resources and the ability to discharge power to EV integration can provide cost-effective resilience services.
the building. Specifically, the scope covers:
• Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) - EVs providing the grid with access • The technology readiness of EVs to contribute to grid
to mobile energy storage for frequency and balancing of reliability and resilience;
the local distribution system; it requires a bi-directional • The magnitude of the benefits that could be delivered;
flow of power between the grid and the vehicle to enable • The business and ownership models that might
provision of advanced grid services. be deployed including the role of intermediaries,
Each mode of EV integration comes with a unique set aggregators, and coordinators;
of grid resilience attributes and possibilities,
4225_HVI_Electricity_Today_Ad.pdf 1 and the
6/6/18 need
2:51 PM • Possible arrangements for securing revenues for grid
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633 3M Personal Safety Division 301 Cambrian College 536 ENWIN Utilities Ltd.
325 Abloy Canada Inc. 422 Candura Instruments 612 Epson LABELWORKS PX
634 Accutech 425 Cantega Technologies Inc. 407 ERLPhase Power Technologies
625 Action First Aid Inc. 310 Cembre Inc. 129 FLIR Systems
440 Aevitas Inc. 902 Channell Commercial Cnada Inc. 223 G&W Canada
139 AGO Industries Inc. 211 Chess Electric 516 Gap Wireless
131 Almetek Industries Inc. 219 Commercial Truck Equipment Corporation 321 Genics Inc.
120 Almita Piling Inc. 522, 523 Composite Power Group Inc. 335 Greenlee Utility
200 Altec Industries Ltd. 624 Costello Associates Inc. 323 GRID2020
136 Amac Equipment Ltd. 421 Crown Technical Systems Canada 320 HAEFELY HIPOTRONICS
417 Anixter Power Solutions 437 Domino Highvoltage Supply Inc. 240 HCE Telecom
436 Atlantic Braids Ltd. 434 DragonWear® 231 HD Electric Company
420 Barry Cordage Ltd. 300 Duncan Instruments Canada Ltd. 140 Henderson Oliver Sales
122 BAUR Instruments 330 DuraSystems Barriers Inc. 234 Hendrix / Kerite
539 Bel Volt Sales Ltd. 322 E2E Utility Solutions 540 Hilti Canada
306 Bell Lumber & Pole Co. 207 Eagle Eye Power Solutions 517 Huskie Tools
107 Bierer 319 East Penn Canada 1000 Hydro One
203 Burndy Canada Inc. 606 Electricity Distributors Association 406 ILSCO of Canada

Wifi-FI Zone 117 RCC Electronics
100 Reptame Equipment Inc.
239 Rodan Energy Solutions
619 S&C Electric Canada Ltd.
418 Shawcor
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209 Sherrill Inc.
616 Site 2020
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423 Slingco America
409 SOLTEX Inc.
Altec Industries Ltd. 519 Spartaco Group of Companies
P61 424 SPIDA Software
102 Stella-Jones Inc.
135 Stinson Equipment Ltd.
SHOW
429 Streamlight Inc.
ENTRANCE
428 Super Sucker Hydro Vac Service Inc.
435 Superior Signals Inc.
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617 SWS Warning Lights Inc.
402 TA Networks
328 Talon Cable Cleats/Zip Cable Tray Systems
340 TAP REPORT
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413 IML North America 1002 MEARIE Group
904 Infrastructure Health & Safety Association 401 Megger Ltd. P45 International Trucks
439 Microgreen Solar P21 K-Line Maintenance & Construction Ltd.
529 JELCO 217 MillWorks MFG Ltd. P60 Kenworth Truck Company
230 Jesstec Industries Inc. 128 MindCore Technologies Inc. P31 LTL Utility Supply
137 Joe Johnson Equipment 916 MWG Apparel Corp P44 Megger Ltd.
341 Jomar Softcorp 318, 441 Nordmin Engineering Ltd. P37 Milwaukee
103, 104 Jubb Utility Supply Ltd. 411 North American Wood Pole Council P4 Oak-land Ford Lincoln
912 K-Line Insulators Ltd. 521 The Okonite Company P25 Pelsue
317 K.P.C. Power Electrical Ltd. 116 Oldcastle Enclosure Solutions P39 Posi-Plus Technologies Inc.
108 KA Factor Group Inc. 241 On Track Safety Ltd. P35 POWERTRAXX
308 Ketchum Manufacturing Inc. 618 Pefco Ontario P8 Protekbodies
228 KH Industries 229 Pelsue P15 Shepherds Utility Equipment Sales (1989) Ltd.
302 Kinectrics Inc. 507 Phoenix Manufacturing Ltd. P11 Sherman + Reilly
235 LaPrairie 312 Plastic Techniques Inc. P47 TE Connectivity
920 Lightning Equipment Sales Inc. 528 Potti Corp. P43 Timberland Equipment Ltd.
329 Lineman’s Testing Laboratories 337 Power Source Instruments P27 Utilicon Engineered Precast Structures
501, 506 LineStar Utility Supply 535 Preformed Line Products P2 Valard Construction LP
101 Log To Finish Wood Products 303 PROVIX P5 W.E. Enterprises Ltd.
639 LTL Utility Supply 201 Rasco FR P55 Wajax

more detail.
Figure 2: Types of grid resilience services and the overall potential impact of various modes of EV
integration.
Grid to Vehicle (G2V) Vehicle to Buildings (V2B) Vehicle to Grid (V2G) Current and Future Impact of
Demand
Integrated Electric Vehicles
Voltage
Response Emergency
Back-up Control (1 = Small Impact; 5 = Large Impact)
4
Valley Demand
Filling Charge Frequency
Regulation
3
Reduction
2
Negative
Demand Reserves Reserves 1
Response
0
Negative Capacity Grid-to Vehicle Vehicle-to-Building Vehicle-to-Grid
Frequency Demand
Regulation firming
Response
Current Impact Future Impact
Figure 2: Types of grid resilience services and the overall potential impact of various modes of EV integration.
resilience, which may involve novel business models and KEY FINDINGS
non-utility market participants; and TYPES OF GRID RESILIENCE SERVICES
• The challenges that could threaten viability and cost- Ten types of resilience and reliability services3 related to EV
effectiveness and the solutions that could enable the integration are identified and defined in Appendix A. This
successful contribution of each mode to grid resilience. list is a subset of a much larger array of possibilities. For
example, there are many different types of reserves that
As emerging non-utility actors, such as owners of EV fleets could be specified.
and aggregators, become more active, it is important to Figure 2 identifies 4 types of grid resilience services that
understand their evolution and the kind of business models appear to be closely aligned with each of the three modes
that can optimize their value through the grid. Non-utility of EV integration. 6 Some services are common to more
market aggregators have been involved in distributed solar than one mode of integration, such as frequency regulation
and demand response for more than a decade. They are which is common to both V2G and G2V. Other services are
now also consolidating around mobile energy storage (i.e., unique to a particular mode, such as back-up generation,
electric vehicles), stationary energy storage, microgrids, and where EVs can be used to power homes, hospitals, and
other parts of the grid. In the solar market, consumers are shelters, thereby reducing the casualties and economic cost
becoming “prosumers”—both producing and consuming of grid disruptions.7
electricity, facilitated by the fall in the cost of solar panels. The four types of services are listed in rank order (from
Grid-integrated vehicles are another form of “prosumership” top to bottom) based on the potential for grid-integrated
where the vehicle owner can be a consumer as well as a vehicles to provide grid resilience services, as evaluated
provider of grid services. by the EAC experts. The figure also identifies the survey
responses of our experts on the potential of each EV
integration mode to provide value to grid resilience now
Questions to be explored include:
and in the future (specifically, 2030).
1. Which mode of grid integration is likely to have the
greatest impact on grid resilience?
ALTERNATIVE BUSINESS MODELS
2. What grid resilience services can each of these modes
An array of different business models exist that could be
provide today and in the future?
used to deliver resilience and reliability services to markets.
3. Which models of non-utility participation would maximize
There is an emerging role of non-utility participants
grid resilience in terms of asset ownership, interactions with
operating in the EV-grid marketplace. The evolving
utilities, and the provision of mobility services?
market structure is combining consumers with third-party
4. What technological, socio-economic/financial, and
producers and aggregators in a variety of novel ways, some
regulatory challenges need to be overcome for a full
of which are consistent with the sharing economy. A core
deployment of G2V, V2B, and V2G?
concept of the sharing economy is the ability to capture

and redistribute the idle capacity of existing assets.8 By (1) technological, (2) socio-economic/financial, and (3)
increasing the usage of products and assets, economic policy/regulatory.
productivity is enhanced. In most advanced economies, Survey participants expressed strong concerns about
owners drive their cars only a few hours each day, offices are the degradation of batteries and the voiding of battery
often empty, large sections of homes are unoccupied much warranties with bidirectional charging. Alternatively, some
of the time, stores have peak- and off-peak shopping hours, respondents suggested that the damage to batteries could
and power plants have substantial unutilized capacity.9 be reduced and battery quality could be maintained with
Collaborative consumption could potentially put this excess proper monitoring: batteries that are “grid managed” can
capacity to better use.10 maintain their health and last longer than unmanaged
The EAC questionnaire asked respondents to consider batteries in EVs used just for mobility.
alternative business models for grid-integrated vehicles; Because EVs can lead to surges in demand for charging
the results are shown in Table 2 found in Appendix B. power over space and time, owners of DC fast charging
“Aggregators contracting with fleet owners” was seen to stations have to pay for transformer upgrades as well as
be the most valuable approach for aggregators to deliver “demand charges”. Payments to charging station owners
grid services. Warranty coverage by manufacturers and and aggregators for ancillary services was also a concern, as
aggregators was viewed as the most helpful way to manage was the challenge of valuing ancillary services in a vertically
the impact of grid integration on the potential degradation integrated market.
of batteries. Additional concerns clustered around interoperability
standards, communication standards, and cybersecurity
CHALLENGES TO EVS AS SOURCES OF GRID RESILIENCE as well as the well-documented role of range anxiety and
The EAC questionnaire asked respondents to consider access to charging infrastructure. See Table 3, found in
three types of challenges to grid-integrated vehicles: Appendix B, for more detail.
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There is a significant economic and technical potential
for integrating EVs with the power grid.
LESSONS FROM PAST AND ONGOING PILOT PROJECTS could generate between $623 and $1,014 in V2G service
AND SIMULATIONS RELATED TO GRID-INTEGRATED revenue streams.12 Others have estimated the monetary
VEHICLES benefits to be in the range of $100–300 per year per
In a G2V pilot, the BMW i ChargeForward, is an example participating vehicle.13 This could potentially reduce the
where EV owners can “opt-in” for smart charging where total cost of ownership of an electric vehicle.14
the managed charging by BMW would help to provide Oak Ridge National Laboratory is partnering with UPS on
demand response services to Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E). a DOE-funded project focused on developing high-power,
The National Renewable Energy Laboratory used California’s bidirectional wireless charging for electric delivery trucks.
Low Carbon Grid Study to quantify value to the grid from Technology will allow power to flow both ways, so vehicle
managed charging by using three levels of managed loads can power the electric grid for the UPS facility in the event
for 13 TWh of annual load from three million EVs in 2030. of an electricity outage. The goal is a V2G mode, with 6.6 kW
Simulation results show that management of the EV fleet’s wireless power transfer to building or grid loads providing
aggregate load from unmanaged to 100% managed results grid support functions or ancillary services that can
in savings between $210 million and $660 million annually strengthen grid resilience.15
in generation system costs, depending on grid conditions.11 The DOE’s Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO) is funding
There is also the possibility of distribution deferral—avoiding vehicle/grid integration projects that cross multiple
line upgrades and component capacity until a later date – domains. VTO is assessing the impact of providing various
which could mean real dollars for the utility. grid services on EVs and key components such as batteries
A University of Delaware and PJM case study illustrates and power electronics.16 For example, the National
the ability of EVs to bid frequency regulation services into Renewable Energy Lab and the University of Delaware
competitive markets. In a simulation assessment, Shinzaki, have developed an active state-of-charge management
Sadano, Maruyama, and Kempton estimate that a vehicle program that can ensure enough charge for the next trip

and provide grid services, while reducing the effects of This could include, for instance, coordination of a testbed
battery degradation over time and quantifying the impact for demonstration of standards interoperability. IEEE
of vehicle-to-grid technologies on a battery’s lifespan.17 has identified 14 different interfaces with different
Finally, Nissan is working to deploy 6kW bi-directional functionalities amongst EVs, communication systems,
charges in Japanese homes in the wake of Fukishima. They and charging stations.18 19 Standards currently cover these
deployed 7,000 Nissan Leafs to provide 3-5 days of power different interfaces, but it is not clear that these standards
for a household from each Leaf. regulating North American markets are sufficient for
There is a significant economic and technical potential for managing vehicle-to-grid transactions.20
integrating EVs with the power grid. Going forward, it will be
crucial to assess the specific values and challenges associated RECOMMENDATION #2: The DOE should increase support
with each ancillary service that these integrated vehicles can for research to evaluate the range of possibilities for using
generate, in the context of different modes of EV integration. EVs for grid services, effects at both the distribution and
transmission level, mitigation techniques to avoid negative
RECOMMENDATIONS grid impacts, and impacts of bidirectional charging on the
Five recommendations emerged from discussions of this lifetime of EV batteries when used within such systems.
work product during the course of six monthly conference The voltage impact of growing EV penetration, fast charging,
calls with the Smart Grid Subcommittee (SGS) and interim and bidirectional charging should be considered. For
conference calls with subsets of the Subcommittee. The list example, connecting EVs to the grid to provide frequency
of five recommendations does not reflect any rank ordering. regulation could produce voltage fluctuation and harmonics
pollution.21 There are also concerns that bi-directional
RECOMMENDATION #1: The DOE should increase support charging will lead to accelerated degradation of batteries,
for research to create and harmonize standards needed for and as a result, OEMs typically nullify vehicle warrantees
EVs to integrate with the grid and participate in the market, when owners deploy V2B and V2G modes of operation. The
particularly with respect to bilateral exchanges. DOE should work with OEMs to assess the circumstances
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under which their warranty exclusions may be waived, The transportation needs of EVs create different state of
especially for emergency situations. Enhancing grid resilience charge (SOC) conditions as the vehicles move through the
with integrated storage will require EV battery systems that transportation system, and this feature is quite different
manage energy storage, charge control, and communications from grid interactions with stationary energy storage.
as well as off vehicle power converter systems that control DC
energy flow to and from the EV battery system.22 REFERENCES
1 National Academy of Sciences, Enhancing the Resilience of the Nation’s
Electricity System, Washington, DC: National Academies Press (Sept. 2017),
RECOMMENDATION #3: The DOE should commence available at https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24836/enhancing-the-resilience-of-
the-nations-electricitysystem.
a comprehensive economic study that analyzes US EV 2 Advanced Energy Economy and Navigant Research. 2018. “Advanced Energy
penetration scenarios, grid impacts and investment Now – 2017 Market Report”.
3 Elgowainy, Amgad, Jeongwoo Han, Jacob Ward, Fred Joseck, David Gohike,
requirements to provide charging infrastructure and Alicia Lindauer, Tod Ramsden, Mary Biddy, Mark Alexander, Steven Barnhart,
generation requirements. Ian Sutherland, Laura Verduzco, and Timothy J. Wallington. 2018. “Current and
Future United States Light-Duty Vehicle Pathways: Cradle-to-Grave Lifecycle
Corresponding grid resilience and other societal benefits Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Economic Assessment,” Environmental Science
and Technology, 52 (4).
should be quantified as co-benefits of transportation 4 These included valuable inputs provided by participants in a meeting on
electrification. Distribution capacity upgrades are likely “Grid-Integrated Vehicles,” co-hosted by Chattanooga’s Electric Power Board and
the Georgia Institute of Technology on March 1, 2018. https://cepl.gatech.edu/
needed to support EV charging. In addition, grid investment projects/sgp/GIV
is required to support new peak demand. These distribution 5 Anmol Soni and Karthik Kandasamy (Georgia Institute of Technology) provided
valuable assistance with the development of the questionnaire of the DOE’s
and generation investments may be used as leverage to Electricity Advisory Committee.
create additional grid resiliency. 6 Brown, Marilyn A., Shan Zhou, and Majid Ahmadi. 2018. “Governance of the Smart
Grid: An international review of evolving policy issues and innovations,” Wiley
Interdisciplinary Reviews (WIREs): Energy and Environment, DOI: 10.1002/wene.290.
RECOMMENDATION #4: The DOE should increase support 7 Tomodachi. 2016. “Tokyo Aims to Realize Hydrogen Society by 2020.”
Japanese Government. Retrieved May 13, 2018 from https://www.japan.go.jp/
for research on the range of business models for EV charging tomodachi/2016/spring2016/tokyo_realize_hydrogen_by_2020.html
8 Finley, K. (2013). Trust in the Sharing Economy: an exploratory study. University
infrastructure, policies that create barriers or incentives to of Warwick.
each, and provide materials to guide state decision making 9 Bhushan, B. & S.K. Soonee. Utilisation of Idling Capacity of Captive Power
Plants – A Viable Alternative. Annexure-B “open Access” in the Indian Context
for ownership, control and rate-basing methodology given 10 Demailly, D., & Novel, A.-S. (2014). The sharing economy: make it sustainable.
the objective of increased reliability and resilience. Iddri, 3(14), 30. Retrieved from http://www.phibetaiota.net/wp-content/
uploads/2014/10/The-Sharing-Economy-and-Sustainability.pdf
As EV adoption levels and grid integration become 11 Zhang, Jiucai, Tony Markel, and Jennie Jorgenson. 2018. “Value to the Grid
material, there is a need to better understand the pros and from Managed Charging based on California’s High Renewables Study,” IEEE PES
Transactions on Power Systems.
cons of alternative use cases that support different business 12 Shinzaki, S., Sadano, H., Maruyama, Y., & Kempton, W. (2015). Deployment of
models and provide different benefits for the grid, new vehicle-to-grid technology and related issues (0148-7191). 13 Richardson, D. B.
Electric vehicles and the electric grid: a review of modeling approaches, Impacts,
businesses (aggregators), and the public. The development and renewable energy integration. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 19, 247–254 (2013).
14 Lee, Dong-Yeon, Valerie M. Thomas, and Marilyn A. Brown. 2013. “Electric
of the metrics for such assessment, and an understanding
Urban Delivery Trucks: Energy Use, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Cost-
of the policy environment that supports or inhibits each Effectiveness,” Environmental Science and Technology, 47(14) 8022-2030.
15 Burak Ozpineci. 2018. “Technology Development: Updates, Challenges and
business model in different parts of the country are also key opportunities,” presentation to the EAC SGS, May 17.
needs. 23 24 Ultimately, a “multi-sided market” may evolve to 16 Lee Slezak. 2018. “Vehicle Technologies Office Grid and Infrastructure R&D,”
presentation to the EAC SGS, March 15.
enable peer-to-peer energy transactions possibly spanning 17 https://www.nrel.gov/esif/partnerships-university-of-delaware.html
multiple local distribution areas.25 18 https://tec.ieee.org/standards
19 NIST/SGIP Catalog of Standards - http://collaborate.nist.gov/twiki-sggrid/bin/
view/SmartGrid/SGIPCoSStandardsInformationLibrary
RECOMMENDATION #5: The DOE should fund additional 20 Pratt, Richard, and Krishnan Gowri. 2012. “Vehicle to Grid Communication
Development,” PNNL-SA-94337. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/
V2G pilot projects to better understand these challenges, files/2014/03/f13/vss122_pratt_2013_p.pdf
21 Falvo, Maria Carmen, Danilo Sbordone, Safak Bayram, and Michael
public acceptance, the costs and benefits to vehicle owners,
Devetsikiotis. 2014. “EV Charging Stations and Modes: International Standards,”
and best practices to best optimize the outcome of electric International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drivers, Automation
and Motion.
transportation and grid infrastructure development. 22 California Public Utility Commission. 2017. “VGI Requirements Sub Group
While energy storage integration with the grid has Final Report,” September 6, http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/vgi/
23 California Public Utility Commission. 2017. “Work Plan for Vehicle-Grid
been proven technically for numerous cases, using the Integration Working Group,” http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/vgi/
storage in vehicles for grid support carries unknowns in 24 https://www.afdc.energy.gov/bulletins/technology-bulletin-2015-08.html
25 De Martini, Paul and Lorenzo Kristov. 2015. “Distribution Systems in a High
terms of the impacts on the vehicle, acceptance by the Distributed Energy Resource Future, Ed. Schwartz, Lisa C. Vol. FEUR Report No. 2.
owner and adoption by the utilities to pursue this strategy. 2015. LBNL-1003797.
https://emp.lbl.gov/publications?page=6

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FEATURE SMART GRID
Smart Grid
Technologies and
Implementation
By: J.O. Petinrin, Mohamed Shaaban and J.O. Agbolade., Smart Grid Technologies and
Implementation. Aust. J. Basic & Appl. Sci., 9(20): 396-405, 2015
A
dvances in information and communication functions than the transmission system. In this vein, the
technology (ICT) have been utilized over the year fundamental objective of any SG implementation on the
by utility industry in order to improve power DS should enable all infrastructures to allow all desirable
quality, reliability, efficiency and security. Growing concern functions of optimizing the operation of the DS to
for environment, increasing complexity in managing achieve maximum benefits to utilities and end users alike
convectional grid, energy sustainability and independence, (Meliopoulos, A.P.S., 2011; Metke, A.R. and R.L. Ekl, 2010).
aging asset base, demand growth and search for service These goals are achievable only via a system that will enable
quality continue to stress the need for a quantum leap accurate and regular monitoring of the DS.
in application of such technologies. This leap towards a As far as system planning is concerned, the planning process
smarter grid is now known as smart grid (SG) (Moslehi, K. can be greatly improved by applying the data received from
and R. Kumar, 2010). smart grid technologies (SGTs). In fact, expansion plans change
The basic expectation of utility industries in this century under different weighted combination of objective functions
is to meet growing demand: reliably, cleanly, sustainably and different cases according to the SGTs in the system; while
and at low cost. That is the principal focus for the the objective function in itself can also be improved due to the
definition of SG policies on the global level. European SG existence of SGTs (Tekiner-Mogulkoc, H., 2012).
concept – EU Smart Grids Technology Platform vision for There are indeed some energy-related benefits
Europe’s Electricity Networks on the future was launched from deploying the SGTs in the distribution network.
in 2006 (Schmid, J., 2010). The SG vision is targeting for Nonetheless, it requires further development of the SGTs
new product, process and services, improving industrial and integrating them into the grid structure. This could
efficiency and use cleaner energy resources. The SG vision allow the self-healing functionality of the grid and facilitate
is highly essential as a means to support the nation’s the integration of distributed generation technologies. For
environmental as well as economical ambitions. There instance, the SGTs can be employed to expedite reactive
are already a number of various emerging technologies power compensation using dynamic VAR devices. Enabling
within the transmission and distribution networks which technologies in terms of information and communications
can contribute towards improving system operation and can definitely unclog the realization of these SG functions.
management. In addition, there is increased use of digital The use of SGTs will have a societal impact in the
communication and control including smart metering and near future (Sim›es, M.G., 2011), since it will not be only
advanced grid wide area real-time monitoring. affecting network operators and grid users, but also
The distribution system (DS) is of prime significance since individual homeowners (Molderink, A., 2010). With the
it used to be a passive network with far less automated envisioned transition from a hierarchically controlled grid

to a distributed controlled one, end information and communication applications integrated with RG, distribution
users will become increasingly aware of and consumer technologies (Petinrin, J.O. and M. Shaaban, 2012). This gives
their energy consumption patterns and opportunity to consumers to manage their electricity usage and select
can accordingly decide to balance their economically efficient offerings; apply automation and alternative resources
lifestyle and business requirements as an for delivery system reliability and stability. SG is not necessarily a specific
active customer of the grid. combination of parts as much as it is a process for using information and
This paper basically provides a review of communications to integrate all the components that make up each electric
the different technologies associated with system. SG is system integration with the objective of promoting customer
the smart grid and its likely applications choice; improve reliability and integration of renewables.
on the existing grid system. The main
features of the SG are first outlined and
the technologies needed to realize a
smart system infrastructure is highlighted. Innovative Next Generation Software
The vision for the future grid along with for Electrical, Water and Gas Utilities
its implementation issues is further
articulated. The challenges that may Utility Software Platform
hinder the implementation are spelled out
Customer Information System Meter Data Management
and conclusions are presented. CIS Billing Engine with Automated provides data for CIS Billing,
Templates improve Billing Accuracy Virtual Net Metering and alarms for
and Customer Services monitoring AMI Health
SMART GRID CONCEPT:
The SG is a compilation of concepts,
ERP, Operations, Asset and Financial Management
technologies, and operating practices Job, Work Order and Project Estimating/Tracking for Actual/Variance Reporting
intended to bring the electric grid into the and Capitalization of Assets are integrated with Cost of Services.
21st century.
There is no single template that defines Resource Schedule Board
exactly what the SG will look like or how Scheduling for Purchase Orders, Service Orders,
it will operate in any given area. Without Work Orders and Projects.
Work Force Management is supported
a consensus template everybody tends to by Work Orders and Mobile devices.
construct their own imagine vision of how Surface
the technologies, systems, and customers

will interact. There is also the reality that Instantaneous Voltage
OMS Support
and Current PING
customer mix, geography, weather and for GIS and SCADA
for locating outages and
other factors will almost certainly make rapid Crew Dispatching Integration Services.
the SG in each service area a little unique.
Literature review on (Baumeister, T.,
Warehouse Inventory and Maintenance and Repairs
2010) stated different definitions of SG Purchasing Management for Equipment and Vehicles
but, The European Commission Task
Force on Smart Grid (Petinrin, J.O. and M.
Shaaban, 2012; Zhang, Z., 2011) defined The Private Cloud and SaaS model include
SG as “an electricity network that can Cyber Security and a Disaster Recovery Site
hosted by JOMAR in Cogeco/PEER1 locations.
intelligently (as shown in Fig.1) integrate
the action of all users connected to it
(producers and consumers of electricity)
to ensure economically efficient,
sustainable power system with minimal
losses and high level of power quality, INNOVATIVE SOFTWARE
security and safety”. sales@jomarsoftcorp.com w w w. j o m a r s o f t c o r p. c o m Te l : 5 1 9 - 7 4 0 - 0 5 1 0
Then, SG can be said to be a system of Trademarks of Software and Systems shown are the property of their respective vendors.

Strong/Security: The security of the utility grid natural disasters, protection, information security and
is its capability to mitigate disturbances and other vulnerabilities.
contingencies. It quickly identifies cyber and Optimization: Improvement in the use of asset
physical attacks and responds to man-made and and effective minimization of operation and
maintenance cost. Fig. 1: Intelligent energy systems.
Smart Meters
Intelligent
Homes
Intelligent
Communication
Operations Service
Markets Provider
Intelligent Solar Panels
Electric
Vehicles Demand Response
Management
System
Bulk
Generation
Transmission Customer
Distribution
Central Management
Intelligent
System
Offices
Intelligent
Secure Communication Flows
Generation Electrical Flows
Domain
Industry
Intelligent
Energy Storage Fig.
Fig. 2: Smart grid 2: Smart
conceptual model grid conceptual
(FitzPatrick, model2010).
G. and D. Wollman, (FitzPatrick, G.
Fig.energy
Fig. 1: Intelligent 1: Intelligent
systems. energy systems. and D. Wollman, 2010).
Compatibility: Provision of centralized power capabilities that will in turn enable grid operators to
generation, distributed power generation and energy deliver a higher level of system reliability, even in
The development of smart grid is to be an automated, digi-
storage unityventional
is compatible.grid system, to maximizethethe output
face of the system
of ever-growing demand. There will be
Integration: It involves optimization, reductions in peak demand, the proliferation of
talized, widely distributed energy delivery network. SG applies
information and minimize
integration and thethe energy consumption.
standardization and renewableThe conceptual
generations, andmod-
a corresponding
refinement of the management. Different functions of reduction of carbon dioxide emission, as well as
the use of digital technology to improve reliability security,
SGand el of
is illustrated SG 3.is shown in Fig. 2. The smart
in Fig. grid such
pollutants enable for utilities to
as mercury.
efficiency (both economy and energy) of the electric system There are interchange electricity
lots of benefits around
to a wide range
constituencies in fully implemented SG. There will
of the network as efficiently
Utility companies will and
experience lower
distribution losses, reduce maintenance costs and
from large generation, through the delivery system to electrici-
be a quantumeconomically as possible.
improvement in monitoring It also allows
and control the homeowner
defer capital and
expenditure. Customers will have
ty consumers and a growing number of distributed-generation business the use of electricity as economically as possible. It
and storage devices (Petinrin, J.O. and M. Shaaban, 2013). is to accomplish reliability and efficiency, as well as optimisa-
The basic concept of SG is to apply monitoring, analysis, con- tion in operation, planning, and demand side management
trol, information and communication capabilities to the con- (DSM), which includes the use of diverse resources (Lo, C.H.
and N. Ansari, 2011; Breuer, W., 2007; Mukhopadhyay, S.,
Fig. 2: Smart grid conceptual model (FitzPatrick, G. and D. Wollman, 2010).
2011). The primary concept of a smart grid involves the idea
of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) to improve the
Compatibility: Provision of centralized power capabilities that will in turn enable grid operators to
generation, distributed power generation and energy DSM
deliver a higher level of system reliability, even in and energy efficiency (EE). It has improved to embrace
storage unity is compatible. the face of ever-growing demand. There will be
Integration: It involves optimization, reductions in peak demand, the proliferation of features such as self-healing, interactive, and strong/
more
information integration and the standardization and
refinement of the management. Different functions of
renewable generations, and a corresponding
reduction of carbon dioxide emission, as well as
security, optimisation, compatibility, and integration.
SG is illustrated in Fig. 3. pollutants such as mercury.
There are lots of benefits to a wide range of Utility companies will experience lower
constituencies in fully implemented SG. There will distribution losses, reduce maintenance costsFEATURES
and OF SMART GRID:
be a quantum improvement in monitoring and control defer capital expenditure. Customers will have
While the initial concept of a SG was with the notion of
advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) to improve the
demand side management (DSM) and energy efficiency, it
has developed to include more features:
Self-healing: One of the required features of the SG is to
be self-healing, able to be preventive, corrective, emergent
YOUR ONE STOP DISTRIBUTOR
and restorative (Giri, J., 2009; Heydt, G.T., et al., 2009). It
FOR ALL YOUR ELECTRICAL & UTILITY quickly detects and reacts to power disturbances with no or
PRODUCTS & EQUIPMENTS minimum effect on the end-user.
Interactive: It obtains the intelligent interaction
between utility grids and end-user to achieve energy flow,
information flow and capital flow in bi-directional way.
STRONG/SECURITY: The security of the utility grid is its

capability to mitigate disturbances and contingencies. It
quickly identifies cyber and physical attacks and responds
to man-made and natural disasters, protection, information
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greater control over their energy usage and costs, the benefits of a more reliable energy supply.
including generating their own power, while realizing
INTEGRATION: It involves optimization, information
Fault and
integration and the standardization and refinement of
the management. Different functions of SG are illustrated
Stability Reactive
Diagnosis Power Control
in Fig. 3. There are lots of benefits to a wide range of

Intelligent control
Schemes & devices
Management Control constituencies in fully implemented SG. There will be
Coordination
management
Intelligent controls
a quantum improvement in monitoring and control
capabilities that will in turn enable grid operators to
Optimize units and and demand Distributed
Demand Side Energy usage
Intelligent Grid reduction Generation for
Management
Analysis Automation Emergency
Use deliver a higher level of system reliability, even in the face
Min. loss/voltage
Optimal plant
Survivability with
of ever-growing demand. There will be reductions in peak
and optimal switching intelligence
demand, the proliferation of renewable generations, and
a corresponding reduction of carbon dioxide emission, as
System Network
Restoration Reconfiguration well as pollutants such as mercury.
Utility companies will experience lower distribution losses,
Fig. 3: Functions of smart grid. reduce maintenance costs and defer capital expenditure.
Fig. 3: Functions of smart grid.
Smart Grid Technologies: supposes to be, these enabling technologies Customers
must be will have greater control over their energy usage
Smart grid incorporates many of the already involved and utilized. and costs, including generating their own power, while
existing technologies on conventional grid and
involves thesecurity
applicationand of other vulnerabilities.
communication and Power Electronics: realizing the benefits of a more reliable energy supply.
control skills to optimise the operation of the whole Power electronics is essential in the
electrical grid. Some of the SG technologies in use implementation of smart grids because of the
today are: 1) OPTIMIZATION: Improvement
Real time situation awareness and in the useof ofrenewable
integration asset and energy sourcesSMARTwhich GRID TECHNOLOGIES:
analysis of the distribution system that can drive requires highly developed power converter system.
effective minimization
improve system operational practices that will,of operation and maintenance cost.
According to (Phadke, A., 2009; Tiwari, A.Smart and V. grid incorporates many of the already existing
improve reliability. 2) Fault location and isolation Ajjarapu, 2011; Zhang, X., 2008), flexible alternating
that speed recovery when necessary outage does current transmission system (FACTS) and high technologies on conventional grid and involves the
COMPATIBILITY:
occur by allowing Provision
work crew to drastically narrowof centralized power(HVDC) provide fast dynamic
voltage direct current
application of communication and control skills to optimise
the search for a down line. 3) Substation automation voltage, power flow and stability control of the
enables utilitygeneration, distributed
to plan, monitor, power generation
and control and energy
power grid, it improves the operation of the whole electrical grid. Some of the
efficient use of transmission
equipment in a decentralized way, which makes assets. The installation of FACTS devices helps the
storage unity is compatible.
better use of maintenance budgets and boost power grid in adjusting voltage and power SGflow
technologies in use today are: 1) Real time situation
reliability. 4) Smart meter allow utility customers to dynamically and flexibly. Also, it militates against
participate in time-of-use pricing program and have network congestion and blackout. Power electronic
greater control over their energy usage and cost. 5) also includes an emergency command system and
SCADA/DMS put more analysis and control advanced distribution automation (ADA) and related
functions in the hand of grid operators. 6) Voltage technologies. ADA system includes system
control, through reactive power compensation and monitoring and control, power distribution system
the broader application of power electronics, increase management functions and interaction with the user
transmission capacity of existing lines and improve (such as load management, measurement and real-
the resilience of the power system as a whole. time pricing).
For the existing power grid to be transformed
into a smart grid there is need for power engineering Distributed Energy Access:
technologies to meet energy demand and strategies to It is a small unit of electricity resources. It is
control it. Smart Grid is positioned to take advantage connected to the low voltage side of the distribution
of new technologies, such as plug-in hybrid electric system at different locations close to the end user
vehicles, various forms of distributed generation, (Kumar, R., 2011). It is an intelligent network system
solar energy, smart metering, lighting management including intelligent judgment with adaptive ability
systems, distribution automation, and many more. and distributed management which monitor, collect
For the proposed smart grid to be the real smart it and convey information of the network for the end-

awareness and analysis of the distribution system that and many more. For the proposed smart grid to be the real
can drive system operational practices that will, improve smart it supposes to be, these enabling technologies must
reliability. 2) Fault location and isolation that speed recovery be involved and utilized.
when necessary outage does occur by allowing work
crew to drastically narrow the search for a down line. 3) POWER ELECTRONICS:
Substation automation enables utilities to plan, monitor, Power electronics is essential in the implementation of
and control equipment in a decentralized way, which makes smart grids because of the integration of renewable energy
better use of maintenance budgets and boosts reliability. 4) sources which require a highly developed power converter
Smart meters allow utility customers to participate in time- system. According to (Phadke, A., 2009; Tiwari, A. and
of-use pricing programs and have greater control over their V. Ajjarapu, 2011; Zhang, X., 2008), a flexible alternating
energy usage and cost. 5) SCADA/DMS put more analysis current transmission system (FACTS) and high voltage
and control functions into the hands of grid operators. 6) direct current (HVDC) provide fast dynamic voltage, power
Voltage control, through reactive power compensation flow and stability control of the power grid, and improves
and the broader application of power electronics, increases efficient use of transmission assets. The installation of FACTS
transmission capacity of existing lines and improves the devices helps the power grid in adjusting voltage and
resilience of the power system as a whole. power flow dynamically and flexibly. Also, it militates against
For the existing power grid to be transformed into a smart network congestion and blackout. Power electronic also
grid there is need for power engineering technologies to includes an emergency command system and advanced
meet energy demand and strategies to control it. Smart distribution automation (ADA) and related technologies.
Grid is positioned to take advantage of new technologies, ADA system includes system monitoring and control, power
such as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, various forms distribution system management functions and interaction
of distributed generation, solar energy, smart metering, with the user (such as load management, measurement and
lighting management systems, distribution automation, real-time pricing).
DISTRIBUTED ENERGY ACCESS:

It is a small unit of electricity resources. It is connected to
the low voltage side of the distribution system at different
locations close to the end user (Kumar, R., 2011). It is an
intelligent network system including intelligent judgment
with adaptive ability and distributed management which
Novablue monitor, collect and convey information of the network for
Double Braid Polyester
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Polyspec operation and energy efficiency.
Double Braid Polyester
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Measurements and signals coming from different networks
Oletec – 12 through sensors can be utilized by controllers to give self-
High Dielectric winch &
lifeline ASTM F1701-05
healing in sub-second time frame (Kumar, R., 2012; McBee,
5/8” Avg. Tensile 9,900 lb. K.D. and M. Simoes, 2011) of the system under disturbances
or fault condition. The use of bi-directional smart meter
Polytec – 12 accompanies different applications such as measurement
Polyester pulling line
coated x 5000 ft length of energy use at different times in a day, it is cost effective
5/8” Avg. Tensile 16,000 lb. and it informs the user rates of energy consumption most
especially during the peak period (Carpinelli, G., 2013)
so that the consumer can take an adequate decision by
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energy consumption most especially during the peak fluctuations in solar and wind generation, as well as
measure, analyze, planning - protection
and execute – prevention
the process of (Lane,
assist T.W. and
in development picture
of aof much
the grid dynamic
more for
detailed
period (Carpinelli, G., 2013) so that consumer can to shift energy consumption from peak hours by
take adequate decision by changes in electric usage planning and
providing energy balancing, load following, - protectionJ.C. Rounds, 2007).
– prevention (Lane,The successful
T.W. and operation
picture ofassists
the grid control,
dynamicandfor
post incident
system analysis.
planning,
from normal consumption patterns in response to increased supply redundancy and systemJ.C. Rounds, 2007). to
reliability. Thefacilitate monitoring
successful operationand control to
assists increase
control, and the
post incident analysis.
changes in the electricity overtime. The smart meter to facilitate monitoring and control to increase the
Bulk Generation Capactiy

and flexibity
is increased
Other
Substations
Residential
Customer
Distributed
Computing Commercial
Communication Customer
Infrastructure
Multi Dwelling
Unit
Industrial Smart Substation

Commercial Energy Industrial
Storage Customer
Distribution Load Serving

Transmission Substation
Comprehensive Substation Entity
Communication Smart
Residential Switching
Communication Sensor
Device
Fig. 5: A smart grid communication platform (Gungor, V.C., et al., 2011).
Fig. 4: Application of energy storage and future Fig. 5: A smartFig.
Fig. 4: Application of energy storage and future smart grid (Crossland, A.F., 2014). 5: A smart grid communication platform
grid communication platform (Gungor, V.C., et al., 2011).
The smart grid (Crossland, A.F.,
capability of distributed storage to store 2014).
renewable energy, demand response, energy storage (Gungor, V.C., et al., 2011).
The SG communication infrastructure comprises
of four network sectors: core (or backbone, metro),
using phase measurement unit (PMU
measurement system (WAMS). Als
non-despatchable energy from renewable energy and electric transportation (Peterson, M. and TheB.N.
SG communication infrastructure comprises using phase measurement unit (PMU) and Wide Area
middle-mile
core (or (or back-haul), last mile (or access,systemadequate
(WAMS).integrated
Also theresensors. meas
sources can certainly improve system reliability Singh, 2010). A SG communication ofplatform four network
as sectors: backbone, metro), measurement should be
middle-mile distribution), and homes and premises. These integrated
four and automation system with inform
(Yang, Z., 2010). Energy storage such as battery, depicted in Fig. 5 is a step to SG realization. The SG (or back-haul), last mile (or access, adequate sensors. measurement, control
monitoring sectors interconnecting with one another for fast diagnosis and timely
system and consumer voltage deficiency,
thermal, hydrogen, superconducting magnetic energy
storage (SMES) devices, and ultra-capacitors play
harmonic
must be connected with a flexible power
communication network with energy monitoring
tion, transmission,
distribution),
secured and homes and premises. These four
supported by with
managementsectors interconnecting
marketing
various another and
one technologies service
fundamentally
for provision
fast diagnosis occurrence to new
and automation system with information technology
and timely in response
any partto of anythe
assemble the communication infrastructure of the management andpower
efficiency operat
distortion, and on-set equipment
an important role to minimized the impact of
load changes and fluctuations in solar and wind
sudden failure.
strategies which is essential for a very
sensors and actuators nodes. Communication
supported
number concerned
ofby various
assemble the communicationSG. groups.
technologies fundamentally
infrastructure of the
occurrence in any
management and efficiency
part of
of congestion
the system,
and minimization
operation, potential outag
generation, as well as to shift energy consumption network is the key enabler needed SG. for the SG includes data sensing, collection,
The integration of heterogeneousofnetwork
transmission,
congestion will and potential
autonomously outages,when and the situatio
to work
from peak hours by providing energy balancing, load achievement of SG. The communication provides The integration assist to facilitate efficiency
of heterogeneous network will communication
autonomouslyfor the whenrestoration.
the situationMonitoring and contro
required fast
following,ENERGY
and increasedSTORAGE:
supply redundancy and advance control and monitoring including communication
assist support
to facilitate efficiency use and
SG. The communication storing.
of different the A large
fortechnologies fornumber
the SG
restoration. ofto sensors
Monitoring make the smart grid
and controlling self-healin
are essential
system reliability. the involvement of generation, transmission, communications
SG. The use of different technologies for the SG will certainly rely on the associated and self-configuring.
to make the smart grid self-healing, self-organizing
Energy storage facilities relievemarketing congestion and
and service constrains,
provision to new concernedbasedwilland
communications networkintelligent
certainly rely on the electronic
characteristics. The geographical
associated devicesneeds, task(IEDs) are deployed
and self-configuring.
Information and Communication Technology: groups. objectives, including utilization and services to I. Vision of Future Smart Grid:
Smartprovide easyuse connection of renewable sources andsensing,
makeobjectives, inincluding
electric components, substations, homes, and premises.
network characteristics. The geographical needs, task
grid makes of information and SG includes data collection, customers willand
utilization affect the
services choices
to ofI. technologies
Vision of Future Smart Modernization
Grid: of the existin
communication technology (ICT) to take care of the transmission, communication and storing. A largewill affect development
the choicesofoffrom the SG communications. The generally accepted gridglobally.
has beenDue
islanding possible, and
reliability impact of the SG resources such as allow load leveling and peak
number of sensors based and intelligent
customers The data
electronic of the collected
fundamental the
technologies
component for making devices are aggregated
Modernization and
of the existing
development SG communications. The thegenerallySG work accepted
will regulation
globally. Due initiatives, the momen
to policy and
shaving (Wen, S., 2015). The application of energy storage fundamental sent to be
component control
afor
robust
providing
making
the
centers
andthedynamic
utility
SG work
the
for operators
communications
will
ability of real
or
regulation
time,
automated
network,
two-way
vision
initiatives, system
the has increased for
momentum recently.
the SGThere
be a robust and dynamic communications network, vision has increased recently. Therefore each countryand
has developed beautiful plans
is shown in Fig. 4. Energy storage such as battery, thermal, providing to the measure, analyze,
utility communications
the ability and
of real throughout
time, execute
two-way the gridhas the
and process
enabling
developed of
vision
beautiful planning
for transition
plans - from existing
and strategies, with g
communications throughout interactionthewithgrideach
andcomponent
enabling fromvision fuel source to
for transition available
from SGTs.
existing grid to SG with the
hydrogen, superconducting magnetic energy storage interactionprotection with eachend – prevention
user.
component from fuel source (Lane,to T.W. andSGTs.
available J.C. Rounds, 2007).
An image of the future is reve
An image of thevision. futureThe vision defines
throughthe SGexp
(SMES) devices, and ultra-capacitors play an important end user. The successful operation assists to facilitate
Control, Automation and Monitoring:vision. The vision defines monitoring
SG looks and
is revealed
the like, how it for
expectation operates,
what a
role in minimizing the impact of sudden load changes and controladvanced
Control, Automation andThese
to increase
are technologies essential
Monitoring: the workload SG to offer
efficiency
looks howvision
like, and of the power
itstrengthen
operates, and thesystem require
cost. The
These are technologies protective
essential relaying,
to offermeasurements,
vision of the faultpower essential
system requirefor today’s’ grid ismo
for the future
fluctuations in solar and wind generation, as well as to advanced the security
protective records
protection
and
relaying, event record
measurements,
securityforofthe
thepower
powersystem
of fault
the grid.
for the power
Synchronous
system
essential
systemasmust understanding
for today’s’ phasor
as
be ensured by of the
understanding
necessary
of
to inspire
the
grid modernization. The vision will
records and event record vision will createpassion, investm
alignment
shift energy consumption from peak hours by providingsecurity measurement
of the power system units
must be(PMUs) which
ensured by amass
necessary data passion,
to inspire frequently in and progress
investment
energy balancing, load following, and increased supply a power cycle are being deployed to assist in development
redundancy and system reliability. of a much more detailed picture of the grid dynamic for
The capability of distributed storage to store non- system planning, control, and post incident analysis.
despatchable energy from renewable energy sources can The SG communication infrastructure is comprised of four
certainly improve system reliability (Yang, Z., 2010). network sectors: core (or backbone, metro), middle-mile (or
back-haul), last mile (or access, distribution), and homes and
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY: premises. These four monitoring sectors interconnecting
Smart grid makes use of information and communication with one another supported by various technologies
technology (ICT) to take care of the reliability impact of the fundamentally assemble the communication infrastructure
SG resources such as renewable energy, demand response, of the SG.
energy storage and electric transportation (Peterson, M. and The integration of a heterogeneous network will assist
B.N. Singh, 2010). A SG communication platform as depicted to facilitate efficiency communication for the SG. The use
in Fig. 5 is a step to SG realization. The SG must be connect- of different technologies for the SG communications will
ed with a flexible power secured communication network certainly rely on the associated network characteristics. The
with energy management strategies which is essential for a geographical needs, task objectives, including utilization
very number of sensors and actuators nodes. Communica- and services to customers will affect the choices of
tion network is the key enabler needed for the achievement technologies development of the SG communications. The
of SG. The communication provides advance control and fundamental component for making the SG work will be a
monitoring including support of the involvement of genera- robust and dynamic communications network, providing

the utility the ability of real time, two-way communications
throughout the grid and enabling interaction with each
component from fuel source to end user.
CONTROL, AUTOMATION AND MONITORING:
The Source for Electrical

These are technologies essential to offer advanced protective
relaying, measurements, fault records and event record for the
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VISION OF FUTURE SMART GRID:
Modernization of the existing grid has been generally
accepted globally. Due to policy and regulation initiatives,
the momentum for the SG vision has increased recently.
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to SG with the available SGTs.
An image of the future is revealed through SG vision.
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system required for the future is essential for today’s
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system that reorganizes all elements of the power grid and
Index Contact:
communicates its status and the effect of consumption

Index Index Contact:
Contact:
Line Posts ....................................................... Page
Line Posts ....................................................... Page Page
Mechanical Line Ratings
Posts ............................................. 2
.......................................................
Mechanical RatingsRatings ............................................. 2
EquivalencyMechanical .............................................
.......................................................... 2 2
Equivalency ..........................................................
Equivalency 2
.......................................................... 2
Packaging ............................................................ 3
Packaging ............................................................
Packaging 3
............................................................ 3
decisions (including economic, environmental and

Sample Polymer Specification ............................. 3
SampleSamplePolymer Specification
Polymer .............................
Specification 3
............................. 3
Table ..............................................................4 &5
Table ..............................................................4
Table &5
..............................................................4 &5
Catalog Key ......................................................... 4
... and more

CatalogCatalog
Key ......................................................... 4
Key ......................................................... 4
Universal Clamp ................................................... 6
Universal Clamp ................................................... 6
ApplicationUniversal Clamp...................................................
Curves.........................................7 &8 6
Application CurvesCurves.........................................7 &8
reliability effects) to automated decision making system of

Application .........................................7 &8
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A SG vision is required to set the foundation for a

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characteristics and the milestones for achieving it. AB, SK, Northern Territories, Nunavut & Yukon: 800-530-8640
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FEATURE SMART GRID
THE SMART GRID:

STATUS AND OUTLOOK
By: Richard J. Campbell, Specialist in Energy Policy
T
he electrical grid in the United States comprises all automation to detect and react to local changes in usage,
of the power plants generating electricity, together improve system operating efficiency, and, in turn, reduce
with the transmission and distribution lines and operating costs while maintaining high system reliability.”
systems that bring power to end-use customers. The “grid” In 2007, Congress passed the Energy Independence and
also connects the many publicly and privately owned Security Act. Title XIII of the act described characteristics of
electric utility and power companies in different states the Smart Grid and directed DOE to establish a Smart Grid
and regions of the United States. However, with changes Investment Matching Grant (SGIG) program to help support the
in federal law, regulatory changes, and the aging of the modernization of the nation’s electricity system.
electric power infrastructure as drivers, the grid is changing In 2014, DOE concluded that the adoption of Smart
from a largely patchwork system built to serve the needs of Grid technologies was accelerating but at varying rates
individual electric utility companies to essentially a national “depending largely on decision-making at utility, state, and
interconnected system, accommodating massive transfers of local levels.” DOE noted that the nation’s electricity system
electrical energy among regions of the United States. is in the midst of “potentially transformative change,” with
The modernization of the grid to accommodate today’s challenges for Smart Grid deployment remaining with
more complex power flows, serve reliability needs, and respect to grid-connected renewable and distributed
meet future projected uses is leading to the incorporation of energy sources and adaptability to current and future
electronic intelligence capabilities for power control purposes consumer-oriented applications.
and operations monitoring. The “Smart Grid” is the name Costs of deploying the Smart Grid remain an issue, and
given to this evolving intelligent electric power network. study estimates vary. While some DOE programs have
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) describes the Smart supported grid modernization, Congress has not explicitly
Grid as “an intelligent electricity grid—one that uses digital appropriated funding for deployment of the Smart Grid
communications technology, information systems, and since the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.
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SMART GRID | ELECTRIC VEHICLES | OVERHEAD T&D | CUEE 2018

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