Authority

MAX WEBER seen this as a form of power as legitimate by both those who possess it and who are
subject to it. Authority also deeply related to the structure of legitimacy, consent and social hierarchy in
society.” every such system attempts to establish and to cultivate the belief in its ‘legitimacy.’” Weber
distinguished 3 types:

1) Traditional authority: Weber argued that is rooted in beliefs and practices that have bene
passed down over time. This form of power is accepted and practiced because social institutions
have been a part of natural order, in Weber’s word, this traditionalist domination ‘rest upon
belief in the sanctity of everyday routines’

2) Charismatic authority: in contrast, rest only on the personal qualities of individual leaders and
receptivity of followers. Weber defines as “resting on devotion to the exceptional sanctity,
heroism or exemplary character of an individual person, and of the normative or order revealed
or ordained by him” (Weber 328)

3) Rational-legal authority: “resting on a belief in the ‘legality’ of patterns or normative rules and
the right of those elevated to authority under such rules to issue commands”. This is a function
of explicit rules or laws that define the legitimate use of power.

Division of labour (SMITH)

As far back in hunting and gathering society, people have been known about specialization, but not until
Smith firstly introduces this concept in The Wealth of Nation it becomes well-known as “the greatest
improvement in the productive powers of labour”. Division of labour refers to various tasks within a
system, where everyone has specialized role. Smith using the pin factory as an excellent example to
demonstrate how DOL effectively enhance productivity of the workers: 1stly, a workman focus on one
simple task, and gives him chance to devote entirely his employment to perfect an operation; 2ndly,
Smith emphasizes the impotence of saving time in line production, when

However, considerations of the psychological efficiency or the social efficiency actually limit the detailed
tasks that specialization could obtain. Marx argued that underlying of specialization, there is poverty in
individual motivations and actions, saying that a worker

Bureaucracy

A body of administrative office, and the produces and tasks involved in the particular system of
administration (a state or formal organization). Max Weber made the most contribution to the study of
the phenomenon. Its full value can be only seen as an outcome of the wide process of rationalization
and as related To Weber work on democracy and domination.
Domination or the legitimate exercise of power, require some kind of administration official stayed
between leader and voters within a democratic system. Bureaucracy develops when the legitimation is
the rational legal type, emphasizing the impersonal exercise of power according to the rational rule.

There are characteristics that allow a bureaucracy to function smoothly:

1) Specialization

Workers in a bureaucracy perform specialized tasks that call for training and expertise. Trained
personnel can accomplish their jobs efficiently. The downside of specialization is that the
workers working often in the de-skilling job become alienated from their work — that is,
refusing to take on a task that is outside the scope of their job description.

2) Hierarchical organization

The structure of a bureaucracy is called a hierarchy, a succession of tiers from the most menial
worker in the organization to the highest executive. Each level has clearly defined authority and
responsibilities.

3) Formal rules

Bureaucracies function under formal rules. These instructions state how all tasks in the
organization, or in a particular tier of the hierarchy, are to be performed. The rules are often
called standard operating procedures (SOP) and are formalized in procedures manuals. By
following the rules, bureaucrats waste no time in making appropriate decisions.

Capital / Wage labour (Marx)

1) Capital

Equipment of structures used to produce goods and services, in conjunction with other factor
such as labour and land that contributes to or enhances productive word.

2) Wage labour

Stays under category of Capital “capital consists of raw material, implement of labour” (Marx).
Therefore, it refers to work in the structure of productive relation, under capitalism, where work
can be contracted. In Mark’s formulation, capitalists hire labour power and extract labour from
it, given in his example of a farmer who gives his day labourer for 2 shillings a day but return him
4 shillings by producing fruits of the earth of twice value. Mark concludes that “capital can only
increase when it is exchanged for wage labour”
‘A farmer gives his day-labourer 2 shillings a day. Fort this 2 shillings he works throughout the day on the
farmer’s field , and so secures hums a return of 4 shillings. The farmer does not get merely get the value
which he had advanced the day-labourer replaced; he doubles it. He has thus spent or consumed the 2
shillings which he gives to the day labourer in a fruitful and productive fashion. He has bought for his
two shillings just that labour and force of the day labourer which produces fruits of the earth of the
twice of the value, and turns 2 shillings into 4. The day labourer, on the other hand, receives in place of
his productive force, which he just bargained away form the farmer , 2 shillings; and these he exchanges
for mean of subsistence; which mean of subsistence of he proceeds with more or less speed to
consume. The 2 shillings have thus bene consumer in the double fashion; productively for capital, since
they have bene exchanged for the labour force which produce the 4 shillings ; unproductively the
labourer , since they have been exchanged for means of subsistence which have disappeared forever,
and whose value he can only recover by repeating the same bargain and wage labour presupposes
capital. They condition on other and each brings the other into play.’ (Marx 12)

‘Capital and wage labour are two terms of one and the same proportion. The one conditions the other,
just in the same way as the usurer and the borrower condition each other mutually.’ (Wage and Labour-
Marx 13)

Mode of production

Within Marxist theory, It’s the relationship between the relations (the social structures that regulate the
relation between humans and the production of goods) and the forces of production (raw material,
labour and instruments that transform raw material into products).

1) The relations of production is two-fold:

. The control relation:

‘the labourer works under the control of the capitalist to whom his labour belongs; the
capitalist taking good care that the work is done in the proper manner, and that the means of
production are used with intelligence, so that there is no unnecessary waste of raw material and
no wear and tear of the implements beyond what is necessarily caused by the work’ (chapter 7
capital vol1)

. The ownership relation:

‘the labour process is a process between things that the capitalist has purchased, things that
have become his property. The product of this process belongs, therefore, to him, just as much
as does the wine which is the product of a process of fermentation completed in his cellar.’

2) The forces of production

Marx included the followings: ‘raw materials’ the bodies or substances to be worked upon in the
labour-process; ‘instrument of production’ the tools or machinery employed in modifying raw
materials; ‘labour power’ the human capacity for work (skills, fitness, knowledge and suchlike);
and finally the social division of labour required by the particular characteristics of a given
labour process.
Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft (Tonnies)
Gemeinschaft: (community) was the word of close, emotional, face to face ties, attachment to place,
ascribed social status, and a homogeneous and regulated community

“The relationship itself, and the social bond that stems from it, may be conceived either as having real
organic life, and that is the essence of Community [Gemeinschaft]” (Tonnies 17)

Gesellschaft:(society) linked with urbanism, industrial life, mobility, heterogeneity, and impersonality

“as a purely mechanical construction, existing in the mind, and that is what we think of as Society
[Gesellschaft].” (Tonnies 17)

Ideology
A cohesive set of beliefs, ideas, and symbols through which persons understand the world and their
place within it. It was developed by Kark Marx and Friedrich Engels

Social Structure
The most basic, enduring, and determinative patterns in social life. The concern for structures is,
however, sometimes distinguished from concern for process or action, and is thus not necessarily
equivalent to the whole concern of either authority. social structure was furnished by Marxism, which
related the diverse arenas of political, cultural, and religious life to an underlying economic structure,
or mode of production.