Name of Student: Aimee B. Montes Date Performed: Oct.

19, 2018
Section: 35L Date Submitted: Oct. 31, 2018
Group Number: 4

METAL-COMPLEX EQUILIBRIA

I. Introduction

A complex ion or metal complex is a charged species consisting of a metal ion

surrounded by ligands. A ligand is a molecule or ion having a lone pair of electrons that can be
donated to the metal ion forming a covalent bond, thus, is called electron pair donors (Chang,
2002). Lewis acid-base reactions in which a metal cation combines with a Lewis base result in
the formation of complex ions. The formation reaction is shown below:

M+L ML
where M is the metal ion and L is the ligand.

The crystal field model accounts for the colors exhibited by metal complexes. The crystal
field model is a model that describes the effect of the electrical field of neighboring ions on the energies
of the valence orbitals of an ion in a crystal. The splitting of d orbitals in the crystal field model not only
depends on the geometry of the complex, it also depends on the nature of the metal ion, the charge on this
ion, and the ligands that surround the metal. Ligands that give rise to large differences between the
energies of the t2g and eg orbitals are called strong-field ligands. Those at the opposite extreme are known
as weak-field ligands. Because they result from studies of the absorption spectra of transition-metal
complexes, these generalizations are known as the spectrochemical series. The spectrochemical series
is a list of ligands (attachments to a metal ion) arranged in order of their field strength or how tightly bond
the ligands are to the complex ion.

A measure of the tendency of a metal ion to form a particular complex ion is given by the
formation constant Kf which is also called the stability constant. This is the equilibrium constant for the
complex ion formation. The larger Kf is, the more stable the complex ion is. The formation constant or
stability constant can be written as:

Kf=
II. Materials

A. Reagents

List all the reagents used for the experiment including the amount and concentration
(if applicable)

B. Apparatus and Equipment

Include the dimension/capacity of the glasswares used.

Attachment of the picture of the setup is encouraged. Follow proper labelling of
figures as stated below in Part V.
III. Procedure

This should be in paragraph form following past participle tense of the verb, and
sentences must be in passive voice. As much as possible, do not use personal pronouns. Indicate
any modifications to the experiment.

Also, indicate the waste management protocol used in the experiment.

IV. Data/Observations

This should include the results of the experiment presented on tabular form, if applicable.
Negative or no results are accepted as long as they are a product of a carefully performed work.

Write all the raw data in the tables of the data blanks for Exercise 4. Just include here
the summary of the processed data and observations. Do not reiterate everything. Summarize
tables using graphs or another more comprehensive table, whichever appropriate. Follow proper
labelling of tables and figures.

Table 4.1 For table titles, use the data blanks in the manual as guide.

Figure 4.1 For necessary figures/graphs, observe proper labelling.

Graphs must have labels on the axes including the units of measure. Include legends if
necessary.

V. Discussion
 This should contain:
a. Comprehensive analysis of the results
b. Trends observed and generalizations formulated
c. Errors committed and the effect of these errors on the results
d. Other possible sources of errors
e. Suggestion/s on the improvement of the exercise (procedure, design, etc.)

Discuss in statements in paragraph form. Do not simply put bullets and answer the
postlab questions. Incorporate answers to the postlab questions in the flow of the discussion.
DO NOT SIMPLY INDICATE YOUR RESULTS; EXPLAIN YOUR RESULTS. Be organized
and systematic in stating all data and inferences. If necessary, also explain the probable reason
for some of the steps in the procedure.

Formula used for important calculations must also be included. Label formula/equation as
follows:

(Write the equation) (4.1)

Aside from the content of the discussion, also consider proper semantics and syntax of
sentences; I’m particular to grammatical correctness of statements. 

Use at least three journals/books as references in explanations; DO NOT PLAINLY

RELY ON THE INTERNET. Parenthetical in-text citations in APA format is suggested. See
downloadable formats for APA citation. DO NOT PLAGIARIZE. (Honor and excellence)

VI. Conclusion

This should only include the important points, trends, principles/theory of the exercise.

VII. Literature Cited/Bibliography

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch12/crystal.php

Sample Calculations

This is a separate attachment that I would require in relation to necessary calculations made for
the completion of data. SHOW COMPLETE SOLUTIONS for ALL important calculations. This
should also be typewritten. Final answers must be emphasized either putting an underline or
making the answer bold.
Remember that each full report is worth 10% of your final grade, so give it your best. 