.:..

Past Simple
I I You I He I She I It I We I • completed actions that happened at Julianne graduated from Oxford
They changed. a specific time in the past University three years ago.

Did I I you I he I she I it I we I • actions that happened one after the Will set the alarm, grabbed his keys and
they change? other in the past ran out of the house.

I I You I He I She / It I We I • past habits or actions When I was young, we took the tram into
They did not (didn't) change. town every weekend.

Past Continuous
I / He I She I It was running. • actions in progress at a particular I was having a shower at eight o'clock last
We I You I They were running. time in the past night. That's why I didn't hear the phone.

Was I I he I she I it running? • an action in progress in the past that While we were jogging around the block
Were we I you I they running? was interrupted by another action we bumped into an old friend of ours.

I I He I She I It was not (wasn't) • two actions in progress at the same Dan was planting a tree while Lily was
running. time in the past watering the plants.
We I You I They were not (weren't)
running. • to set the scene in a narrative It was perfect! The sun was shining, our
guests were arriving and music was
ploying softly in the background.

Expressions of Time
Past Simple
yesterday, ago, last week/month/year, in April, in the 90s, in those days, in 2003, in the morning/afternoon/evening,
at night, back then
Past Continuous
at nine o'clock, [at five o'clock) yesterday, as, while, at that time, last week/year, on Thursdays, this morning

� ALERT!
� We do not use stative verbs in continuous tenses.

used to
I I You I He I She/ It I We I They used to swim.
Did I I you I he I she I it I we I they use to swim?
I I You I He I She I It I We I They did not (didn't)
use to swim.
• past habits or states When my sister and I were younger, we used
to ride our bikes to school.
Hannah used to be very shy, but now she's
much more confident.
I didn't use to eat fish often, but now I'm
trying to eat healthily so I eat it once a week.

would
I / You I He I She I It I We I They would ('d) speak. • past habits, but not As students, we would always have lunch in
past states the canteen.
Would I / you I he I she I it I we I they speak?
When I worked in advertising, I would never
I I You I He I She / It I We I They would not leave the office before nine in the evening.
(wouldn't) speak.

18
 Grammar

::>-ast Perfect Simple

:u He I She I It I We I • an action or state that happened before It was midnight and the children
- -=. 'lad ('d) eaten. a specific time in the past had already gone to bed.

-:: I you I he I she I it I we I they eaten? • an action or state that happened before The burglar had already escaped
another action in the past when the police arrived .
.:... He I She I It I We I They had not
=-.sand -,:::n't) eaten.

::"':1 into P3st Perfect Continuous

OU I He I She I It! We I • an action in progress in the past before Pat had been training for hours
- =. had ['d] been walking. another past action or time when he hurt his leg.

:. :ck last he I she I it I we I • an action that had just finished or was Amy looked exhausted as she had
: . -g? in progress and that had an effect at a been working all afternoon.
specific time in the past

oeen walking.

-c_
-_
-2 »ntit, when, already, barely ... when, by the time, hardly ... when, it was the first time, for, since,
- 2 crevious day/month/year, no sooner ... than,
••--=--,- -:-s ;; :::;- since, How Jong ... ?, years before/earlier

_ e ... bs in continuous tenses.

s.:-:e:i.ces with the correct form of the verbs. Use past tenses.
:: : ............ ed at Wimbledon, the tennis final (almost finish).
___________ (drive) for three hours before I _
-- ...::.. ostl
- -� .=fS 'inally (reach) the area, the forest fire
__________ (already burn) a number of houses.
____________ (never think) of becoming a doctor before she
__________ [meet) the volunteers in Africa.
______________ (play) the drums loudly while I
__________ (try) to finish my homework.
_____________ (have) a great idea, _
_______________ (start) writing.
_________ (you I notice) that my hair was different before I
_________ (mention) it to you?
--------------� (wait) in the departure lounge to board their plane
_____________ [hear) about the cancellation.
______________ (rehearse) for the play, the star
______ [falloff) the stage and (break) her arm.
____________ (see) the documentary on TV last night,
________ (never I hear) of the Tuareg people.

UNIT 2 19
 Unit 2
Circle the correct words.
1 Before I got to know Olivia, I had never met I had never been meeting such a sensitive person.
2 When Dan and Liam were kids, they would always fight I had always been fighting.
3 Ed was very worried because his younger brother was missing I had been missing all morning.
4 My relatives used to live I would live in Saudi Arabia, but now they have relocated to the UK.
5 Back in 2012, when she would graduate I graduated from university, Mackenzie didn't use to be I wouldn't
be very sociable.
6 I didn't use to enjoy I wouldn't enjoy walking to work, but now I do.
7 Tom felt great; it was the first time he was travelling I had travelled by plane.

Read the article and choose the correct answers.

1 2 Years a Slave
7 2 Year.s a Slave is an award-winning film that tells
the story of an African American called Solomon
Northup who ( 1} _ be a free man until one day in
1841 when his life (2} _ completely.
Northup (3} _ in New York for years when one day,
two men (4) _ him a temporary job as a musician
in Washington, a place Northup (5) _ to before.
However, once they arrived, the two men (6} _ him
and sold him into slavery.
During the years that followed, .North up's life as a slave (7) _ unbearable. He was no longer a free man and had
to endure many years of humiliation and cruelty. Northup was a slave for 1 2 years before he was finally rescued
and (8) _ the chance to go back to his family.

1 a was b used to c had d would

2 a changed b was changing c would change d had changed
3 a lived b would live c had been living d was living
4 a offered b were offering c had offered d used to offer
5 a had never gone b didn't go c wasn't going d had never been
6 a would drug b were drugging c had been drugged d drugged
7 a became b was becoming c used to become d had been becoming
8 a was having b had c had had d had been having

20
 Grammar

-Jmplete the biogs with the correct form of the verbs. Use past tenses.

: �r most inspirational moments - which is yours?

always be never imagine notice play surf

ouldn't
=-:otball player
_ most inspirational moment? It has to be the time when I first watched Pele playing football.
: rt) my dream to play football professionally. When I was
:ung, I (2) football in the living room and my mum would
::: ·.ays shout at me. One day, while I (3) the Internet, I
4) an advertisement for football trials. Amazingly, I was
s.xcessful and got a place on a local team. Before that day, I (5) -----------------
:::-at my dream would come true. Now here I am, playing football for a living.

decide sing play start take part tell

Singer
,\ell, it all (6) in the basement of my best friend's
-ouse. People (7) me that I had a good voice and one
cay, while I (8) one of my favourite songs and my friends
:::le and Josh (9) the guitar and the drums, it hit me!
.Ve (10) there and then to give it a shot. A few months
and had ater, my friends and I (11) in this reality show - and the
=scued rest is history.

buy change cut make never dream teach talk walk watch

Chef
Watching Jamie Oliver on TV!
I (12) of learning to cook and then I (13) _
__________ Jamie's TV series and my life (14) _
for the better! I was exhausted, I (15) at the local college
-=-=oming
all day and I was very hungry! There was hardly anything in the fridge, just a few basic things, and while I
':? ·ng
(16) a slice of bread, Jamie (17) _
__________ about a really easy recipe. I ( 18) _
to the corner shop, (19) the ingredients and
(20) myself some delicious pasta! Now I cook regularly for
family and friends and I've got myself a bit of a reputation.

UNIT 2 21
 Unit 2
Choose the correct answers.
By the time Elisa_ at the theatre, the play_.
a arrived I had already begun b had arrived I began
2 Every Saturday the athlete_ around the park to keep fit.
a used to run b was running
3 Our teacher_ about our results a few weeks before he_ them to us.
a knew I was giving b knew I gave
4 My colleague and I_ on the experiment for a year before we_ a solution.
a were working I were finding b had been working I found
5 Once the burglar_ any jewellery he found, he_ out of the window to escape.
a had stolen I would jump b stole I had jumped
6 The members of the audience_ to each other while Katrina_ her presentation.
a were speaking I gave b were speaking I was giving

Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs. Use past tenses.

Life lessons
Jake Edmonds (1) (always be)
the most popular boy on campus, there was no doubt about it. If
you had to describe him in a few words, you'd say he was attractive,
sociable and had a great sense of humour. Also, as he
(2) (play) sports and winning
since he was a child, he had earned the respect of teachers and students
alike. He had it all!
At weekends, Jake was always busy. Why wouldn't he be? He had so
many friends and none of us (3) --------------
(ever ask) what he got up to. What nobody realised, however, was that
he (4) (hide) a secret from all of us for a very long time.
One Saturday night, as we (5) (walk) to our halls of residence after a
night out, we (6) (notice) Jake running along the street. We
(7) (shout) his name, ran after him and even
(8) (call] him on his phone, but he didn't answer. The following day, he
(9) (refuse) to discuss it.
To cut a long story short, we later found out that with the help of his grandmother, Jake
( 10) (raise] his little brother for a number of years. University during the
day, homework at night and playtime with his younger brother in the afternoons.
He (11) -------------- (use) the words embarrassed and dishonest to describe his
behaviour towards us. The only words we could think of were unselfish, mature and responsible. Jake
(12) (teach) us that things aren't always the way they seem and we in turn
showed him how important it is to confide in his friends.

22
 Grammar

- Actlon
.... ete the second sentence so that it is similar in meaning to the first, using the word given. Do not
? the word given. Use between two and five words, including the word given.
--nothy interviewed the pilot and then wrote his article .
.\FTER
---,,othy wrote his article the pilot.

- :..s children, my brother and I never got on with each other.

USE
.;s children, my brother and I on with each other.

;: started raining as soon as I got home.

BARELY
___________________ it started raining.

- : fell and broke my arm during the football match.

WHILE
: fell and broke my arm football.

5 I had never visited the Spanish Steps in Rome before.

TO
It was the first time the Spanish Steps in Rome.

6 In the summer, she usually got up early in the mornings and went for a swim.
WOULD
In the summer, she ___________________ early in the mornings and go for a swim.

= in turn

UNIT 2 23
 Unit 2 Grammar

ECCE in Action
Choose the correct word or phrase to complete the sentences.
Before I saw the film Gravity, I_ so interested 11 I didn't recognise Jack; he_ so tall since I had la.
in space! seen him.
a never was a was growing
b had never been b grew
c would never be c had grown
d was never being d had been grown

2 My family and I _ the possibility of moving abroad 12 'Did you get there in time?'
long before I got a job in the UK. 'Yes. As soon as we�-· the races began: -
a were discussing a did arrive
b had to discuss b would arrive
c had been discussing c were arriving
d discussed d had arrived
3 By the time Harriet decided to travel with us, we_ 13 By the time Sally_ the stairs to the fifteenth floor.
our flights. the lift had been fixed.
a had already booked a climbed
b had booked already b would climb
c already booked c used to climb
d booked already d was climbing

4 I _ in London for five years when the company I 14 How long_ the robbery for before they actually
work for offered me a job in Cyprus. went ahead with it?
a was living a had the thieves been planning ...,
b had been living b did the thieves plan
c would live c did the thieves use to plan
d lived d would the thieves plan

5 By the time Andrew got home, his wife_ dinner. 15 _ to hip hop music in the 90s?
a was already eaten a Were people dancing
b had already eaten b Did people use to dance
c had already been eating c Had people danced
d did already eat d People would dance

6 'How long_ for when the storm broke?' 16 Patricia called me on my mobile phone, but at the
'About an hour.' time, I_ an email so I couldn't answer.
a were they sailing b they had been sailing a wrote b had written -
c had they been sailing d they had sailed c was writing d would write

7 The security guard was watching the fans while the 17 During his career as a pilot, Dad_ to exotic
tennis player_ autographs. destinations.
a had been signing b had signed a was flying b would fly
c was signing d was signed c had flown d had been flying

8 When I was at school, students_ their teachers 18 _ transferred to the Paris office when the new
more than they do today. director arrived?
a were respecting b used to respect a Did you use to be b You were
c had respected d had been respecting c Had you been d Had you been getting

9 _ chemistry lessons at school? 19 The fog_ thicker and thicker and we were scared.
a Were you enjoying b Had you enjoyed a was getting b would get
c Would you enjoy d Did you use to enjoy c had got d had been getting

10 Oliver and Betty hardly knew each other when 20 As soon as_ the brochure, he decided to plan a
they_ to get married. trip to Egypt.
a had decided b decided a he was reading b he had read
c were deciding d had been deciding c did he read d had he read
24
 Vocabulary

s: had last ccabulary in Action

Match the words 1-10 with the definitions a-j.
friendly and willing to talk to others a honest
2 truthful b mature
3 fair; thinking or acting logically c patient
4 calm and willing to wait without complaining or getting annoyed ct reasonable
5 behaving in a sensible way, as you would expect an adult to behave e respectful
6 showing that you think someone is important and being careful to treat them politely f responsible
7 able to understand other people's feelings g selfish
8 understanding that it is your job or duty to do something h sensible

9 practical and showing good judgment sensitive

iO caring only about yourself and not other people sociable
;::.�'1th floor,

Add prefixes to the adjectives to form opposites.

dis- im- in- un- ir-

1 __ honest 4 __ reasonable 7 __selfish

actually 8 __sensitive
2 __ mature 5 __ respectful
3 __ patient 6 __ responsible 9 __sociable

Complete the sentences with adjectives from exercises A and B.

1 Can you wait for a minute, please? Don't be so _
2 Matthew was upset. It was of you to talk about jobs when he has been unemployed for so
long.
3 Katherine is only eleven, but she thinks and acts like a sixteen-year-old. She is very _
for her age.
4 I asked my music teacher to be with me. I wanted to know if I really have enough talent
�-= at the to be a professional musician.
5 You shouted at your boss; that was very of you.
6 I don't think Danielle will come to the party with you. She is and she doesn't like
being with lots of people.

Complete the sentences with time and the correct form of the verbs below. You may need to make
- rig other changes too.

� new find give have pass spend waste

We very little to get to the train station. Hurry!

2 Don't trying to persuade the boss to give us more money. He simply won't.
3 quickly when you are having fun!
_re scared.
4 Even though the students had a lot of homework, they had to to practise for
the match.
5 I appreciate it when my grandchildren with me at the weekends.
:: olan a 6 Do you think she will us some off if we ask her nicely?

UNIT 2 25
 Unit 2
Complete the sentences with the prepositions below.

about at by in (x2) to of (x2) on with

1 Although we are twins. Mary and I are very different. We have absolutely nothing common!
2 When we were growing up, Leah was jealous me.
3 Mark can't stand living himself.
4 When Tanya and I worked at the college together, she was always complaining how the
students dressed.
5 Could you introduce me your new assistant? She seems very interesting.
6 We met at a dance, went out the following evening and got married a month later. It was love
_______ first sight!
7 I know Roberta is demanding, but I am still fond her.
8 You're a teenager and I understand that your friends are the centre of your world, but you can still confide
_______ me if you want to.
9 Nowadays parents put a lot of pressure their children to do well at school.
10 Coping all these responsibilities is impossible!

Rewrite the sentences with the correct form of the phrasal verbs below. You may need to make other
changes too.

break down break up bring up fall through fall out grow up

hand down let down rely on take after

My grandma took care of me while I was growing up, so we're very close.

2 After being together for ten years, the actress and her boyfriend ended their relationship.

3 The two brothers have had an argument.

4 Everybody says that I am similar in character and looks to my father.

5 Katie doesn't see her father often, but when she does, he always disappoints her.

6 Our neighbours are great. We can always depend on and ask for help from them.

7 Freddie spent his childhood years in India and he has fond memories of the country.

8 The farm has been passed from father to son for generations.

9 The gymnast was under so much pressure that she started crying .
..
10 The sale of our house didn't go ahead and I was disappointed.

26
 Vocabulary

Six people were asked to talk about a special relationship they have. Complete what they said with the
:orrect form of the phrasal verbs below.

look after look back on look down on look to look up to look out for
common!

crother is special to me. My football coach is When my grandfather was alive, he spent a lot of
-�n we were growing up, amazing. I have a lot of time with me. He always seemed to know what to
- the :: aways (1) _ respect for him. I really do and I would (3) _
_____ me and didn't _ him for advice when I was having problems at

c--=-----
(2)

//""'---�
e; ;:;nyone hurt or upset me. school. He never judged me.
him.

_ sister is quite a few years I (5) _ My best friend came from a poor
:
j -ger than me and because _________ the family. Some rich kids at school
• .m and Dad both work, I days when I used to work in (6) ----------
marketing with great fondness. ______ him and thought
_______ her when I It was tough but I learnt a lot they were better than him. But today
�::: norne from school. We get from my colleagues. Those he is one of the most successful
e other
on very well together. were special relationships. businessmen in the country.

v
,�
Complete the table.

Imlml
acceptable
accept (1 )
unacceptable
.
annoyed
annoy I (2)
annoying

(3) _
care care
(4) --------
decision j(S) _
aecide
indecision I
(6) ---------
(7) _
offend offence
(8) --------
satisfactory
unsatisfactory
satisfy (9) --------
satisfying
satisfied

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in capitals.
I have to work again this weekend. It's very _ ANNOY
2 Uncle Al is a very driver. He is always talking on his phone
and he doesn't wear a seat belt. CARE
3 Lawrence is so . He still hasn't made up his mind what to wear
to his brother's wedding and the big day is tomorrow! DECIDE
4 It gave me great to put my books away after the exams were over. SATISFY
5 I am writing to confirm my of your offer of a job. ACCEPT
6 Your comments about overweight people caused . You should OFFEND
apologise.
UNIT 2 27
 Unit 2
FCE in Action
Complete the text with one word in each gap.

Communication today
In the past, when people wanted to communicate, they used the telephone or simply arranged to meet with
friends or family. I look (1) on those days fondly, but today the way we communicate
and socialise is very different and there are many reasons for the change.

First of all, we (2) a lot of time chatting online, and instead of (3) _
together with our friends to confide (4) them about a problem or to discuss the things
that we may have in (5) , we prefer to write short messages to them. either using our
mobile phones or on social networking sites. Of course, this means that the nature of our relationships has
changed and we no longer find it easy to express ourselves.

Is it, perhaps, easier for us to communicate in writing? Are people unable to deal (6) _
the real-life reactions that our friends, family or colleagues may have? Certainly, it is much easier to
(7) someone down in writing rather than face to face!

The truth is that the personal relationships we valued as we were growing up are slowly disappearing and it
is now common for people to sit in their home all (8) themselves, with the world at
their fingertips .

28
 Vocabulary

oose the correct word or phrase to complete the sentences .

.\s Jamie's uncle_ him up, they have a very good 11 Please stop being so_! You're sixteen years old but
relationship. you're acting like an eight-year-old.
th a grew a immature
-·cate b brought b angry
r; fell c thoughtful
d took ct respectful

:·s difficult to find people you can confide_ 12 Helen enjoys going out and meeting new people.
-owadays. She's an extremely_ person.
� things
a in a rational
5 our b to b reasonable
·as c satisfied
c with
j for ct sociable

'a•-cus and Jeanette are twins. but they don't have a 13 There is a lot of pressure_ professional football
:: n_. players to perform well in every single match.
a resemblance a under
: dentity b on
- common c with
:: it
:. similarity ct about
:: at
z ; should think of others more and not be so_. 14 After getting terrible exam results, Melissa _ in
a sensitive b sensible front of everyone.
- se'lse ct selfish a broke down b let down
c fell through d came over
_ _ ooks _ her older sister and hopes to be like
3" ::re day. 15 Wendy has always been a_ person. I'm certain
a �= to b down on she'll make the right decision.
ct to a reasonable b thoughtless
c dishonest ct annoying
:::: :o _ with an uncle of mine whom I haven't
--=--:: =..om in years. 16 Henry is_ towards his colleagues and everyone
- ::-:act b keep in touch likes him.
i==1 touch d lose touch a careless b offensive
c respectful ct impatient
- • _ a lot of time commuting to work every day.
- : asses b spends 17 You are a clever student, so your low marks are
+ cs d spares sirnply L,..
a unacceptable b offensive
:.s _ of you to talk about Karen in front of John. c unavailable ct unable
:- _. broke up two days ago and both of them
18 Alex feels that he won't be able to do the [ob L;

b annoying himself.
ct anxious a on b by
c to ct of
- - - - colleagues _ last week. They had a serious
19 Her beautiful diamond ring was_ down to her by
b fell out her grandmother.
ct fell through a given b brought
c handed d taken
_ :a� .sn't at all_. It breaks down every time I
20 They are always complaining_ each other. I really
b unreliable don't know why they stay together.
ct reliably a fur b 00
c with d about

UNIT 2 29