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WHAT CHEMISTRY IS METALS

WORDS USED BY CHEMISTS 2 SODIUM AND POTASSIUM 58
T H E IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY 4 CALCIUM — FOR BUILDING 60
CHEMISTS OF THE PAST 6 L E T ' S COMPARE T W O METALS 62
ALUMINUM — IN ABUNDANCE 64
YOUR HOME LABORATORY MANGANESE — METAL OF MANY COLORS 66
EQUIPMENT FOR CHEMISTRY 9 W E LIVE IN AN AGE OF IRON 68
SETTING UP YOUR HOME LABORATORY 10 COPPER —YESTERDAY, TODAY 70
MAKING APPARATUS FOR EXPERIMENTS 12 SILVER — O N E OF THE " N O B L E " METALS 72
SCIENTIFIC MEASUREMENTS 14
CORRECT LABORATORY TECHNIQUES 16
MORE ABOUT FORMULAS
T H E SCIENTIFIC APPROACH VALENCES AND FORMULAS 74
M R . FARADAY'S CANDLE 18
You — SCIENTIST! 20 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS, AND MIXTURES 22 CARBON — ELEMENT OF A MILLION COMPOUNDS. 76
T H E CHEMISTRY OF CARBON COMPOUNDS 78
WATER AND GASES T H E FORMULAS OF CARBON COMPOUNDS 80
WATER — OUR M O S T IMPORTANT COMPOUND . . . 24
A LOT OF HYDROCARBONS 82
OXYGEN — T H E RREATH OF L I F E 26
CARBOHYDRATES — SWEET AND BLAND 84
HYDROGEN — LIGHTEST OF ALL 28
MANY KINDS OF ALCOHOLS 88
CARBON DIOXIDE 30
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS 90
NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS 32
FATS AND OILS FOR ENERGY 92
CHLORINE — FRIEND AND F O E 34
SOAP AND SOAP MAKING 94
P R O T E I N S — T H E BODY-BUILDING FOODS 96
CHEMICAL FORMULAS
COLLOIDAL DISPERSIONS 100
CHEMICAL SHORTHAND 36
NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL FIBERS 102
T H E PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS 38
PLASTICS — A MODERN GIANT 104
ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS
T H E MYSTERIES OF SOLUTIONS 40 CHEMICAL MATHEMATICS
WORKING WITH ACIDS 42 WORKING OUT CHEMICAL EQUATIONS 106
WORKING WITH BASES 43
SALTS — CHEMICALS OF MANY U S E S 46
T H E FUTURE OF CHEMISTRY
NONMETALS WHAT'S AHEAD IN CHEMISTRY? 109
IODINE — VIOLET OR BROWN? 48
SULFUR AND I T S COMPOUNDS 50 W H E R E TO G E T CHEMICALS AND EQUIPMENT . . . 110
SILICON — T H E ELEMENT Y O U STEP ON 54 COMMON CHEMICALS AND T H E I R FORMULAS 111
B O R O N — F U T U R E ROCKET-POWER E L E M E N T ? . . 56 INDEX 112

Acids, 23, 42, 4 3 ; carboxylic, 9 0 ;
fatty, 92, 9 3 ; household items
containing, 44; making, 4 4 ; test
for, 43, 44; traits of, 42
Acrolein, 93
Albumin, 9 7 , 99
Alchemists, 6, 7, 36
Alcohols, 7 9 , 88-89
Alum, 64, 65
Aluminum, 64-65; chloride, 6 4 ;
foil, 7 2 ; hydroxide, 65; sulfate,
64,65
Ammonia, 3 2 , 3 3 , 4 3 ; fountain, 3 3 ;
making, 3 3 ; solubility of, 3 3 ;
uses of, 32
Ammonium, a l u m , 6 4 ; chloride, 3 3 ;
cyanote, 7 8 ; hydroxide, 3 3 , 43
Apparatus, how to m a k e , 12, 16
Aristotle, 6
Arrhenius, Svante, 4 0
Atmosphere, 27
Atomic energy, 5
Atomic weights, 38, 3 9 , 107
Atoms, 36, 3 7 , 3 8 , 39
Baekelond, Leo H., 104
Balance, hand, 15
Balloons, 28
Bases, 2 3 ; household items contain-
ing, 45; test for, 4 3 , 4 5 ; traits
of, 43
Benzene, 80, 81
Berzelius, Jons, 36
Bessemer, Henry, 69
Borax, 5 7 ; bead test, 56
Boric acid, 57; test for, 57
Boron, 56
Boyle, Robert, 6, 7
Bronze, 70
Calcium, 6 0 - 6 1 ; bicarbonate, 6 0 ;
carbonate, 45, 6 0 , 6 1 ; chloride,
47, 61; hydroxide, 45, 60;
oxide, 45t 6 0 ; sulfate, 6 0 , 61
Candle, 18-19; contents of, 18
Carbohydrates, 7 9 , 84-87
Carbon, 7 6 ; atom, 3 7 ; compounds,
2 3 , 76-77, 7 8 , 8 0 - 8 1 ; forms of,
7 7 ; test for, 77
Carbonate, calcium, 45, 6 0 , 6 1 ;
copper, 7 1 ; cupric, 7 1 ; ferric,
6 9 ; iron, 69; magnesium, 6 3 ;
manganese, 6 7 ; potassium, 5 9 ;
sodium, 5 8 ; zinc, 63
Carbon dioxide, 3 0 - 3 1 ; cycle of, 3 0 ;
making, 3 0 , 3 1 ; test for, 3 1 ;
uses of, 30
Carboxylic acids, 7 9 , 90-91
Casein, 9 8 , 9 9 ; glue from, 9 8 ;
making of, 98
Cavendish, Henry, 28
Cellulose, 86
Charles, Jacques, 28
Cheese, 99
Chemical, common names, 1 1 1 ;
formulas. 1 1 1 ; where to buy,
110, 111
Chemistry, careers i n , 109; future
of, 109; importance, 4 ; w h a t it
is, 4
Chemists, 6
Chloride, aluminum, 64; ammonium,
3 3 ; calcium, 4 7 , 6 1 ; copper, 7 1 ;
cupric, 7 1 ; cuprous, 7 1 ; ferric,
6 8 ; ferrous, 6 8 ; iron, 3 5 , 6 8 ;
magnesium, 6 2 ; manganese, 6 7 ;
silver, 7 2 ; sodium, 4 1 , 5 8 ; zinc,
2 8 , 4 7 , 62
Chlorine, 3 4 - 3 5 ; bleaching w i t h ,
3 5 ; compounds, 3 4 , 3 5 ; making,
3 5 ; test for, 34
Chloroform, 89
Coal a g e , 7 6 ; mining, 76
Coagulation, 9 6 , 101
Colloidal dispersion, 100
Colloids, 2 3 , 1 0 0 - 1 0 1 ; light
test for, 101
Acetic acid. 90, 91 Compounds, 22, 23 Iron, 6 8 - 6 9 ; carbonate, 6 9 ; chloride, Rochelle salt, 8 5
Copper, 7 0 - 7 1 ; carbonate, 7 1 ; 3 5 , 6 8 ; hydroxide, 6 9 ; oxide, 6 8 ; Rubber, 82
chloride, 7 1 ; hydroxide, 7 1 ; salicylate, 9 1 ; sulfate, 6 9 ; Rust, 68
replacement of, 6 2 , 7 1 ; sulfide, 5 3 ; tannate, 91
salicylate, 9 1 ; sulfate, 6 2 , 7 1 ; Safety, 16
sulfide, 5 3 , 71 Kalium, 59 Sal ammoniac, 4 3
Copperas, 69 Kekule, August, 8 0 , 81 Salicylic acid, 9 0 , 91
Crystallization, 2 1 , 58 Kitchen as laboratory, 4 Salt, table, see Sodium chloride
Crystals, 4 1 , 64 Saltpeter, 3 2 , 4 1 , 5 9 , 61
Cuprammonium, 103 Laboratory, safety, 16; setting up, Salts, 2 3 , 4 6 - 4 7 ; household items
Cupric salts, 7 0 , 71 1 0 - 1 1 ; techniques, 16-17 containing, 4 7 ; making, 4 7 ;
Cuprous salts, 7 0 , 71 Lavoisier, Antoine, 6 names of, 4 6 ; solubility of, 108
Curie, M a r i e , 7 , 20 Lime, 4 3 , 60 Scheele, Karl, 7 , 2 6
Curie, Pierre, 7, 20 Lime water, 31 Schweitzer's reagent, 103
Lye, 43 Scientific method, 21
Dalton, John, 36, 3 7 Silicic acid, 55
D a v y , Humphry, 7 , 5 9 , 60 Magnesium, 6 2 - 6 3 ; carbonate, 4 7 , Silicon, 54-55
Decantation, 20 6 3 ; hydroxide, 6 3 ; sulfate, 4 1 , Silicones, 54
Democritus, 6 4 7 , 6 2 , 63 Silver, 7 2 - 7 3 ; bromide, 7 3 ;
Detergents, 9 5 Manganese, 66-67; carbonate, 6 7 ; chloride, 7 2 ; nitrate, 7 2 ; oxide,
Dispersions, colloidal, 100-101 chloride, 67; dioxide, 25, 66; 7 2 ; sulfide, 72
Distillation, destructive, 7 7 ; hydroxide, 6 6 ; sulfate, 66, 6 7 ; Soap, 9 4 - 9 5 ; h o w it acts, 94;
of ethanol, 8 9 ; of w a t e r , 61 sulfide, 5 3 , 6 7 making, 9 5 ; testing, 9 5
Measurements, 14 Soda ash, 5 9 , 94
Eggs, protein in, 96-97 MendeleefF, Dmitri, 3 9 Sodium, 5 8 ; acetate, 9 1 ; aluminate,
Electrolysis of w a t e r , 25 Metalloids, 23 64; bicarbonate, 58; bisulfale,
Elements, 2 2 , 2 3 , 38-39 Metals, 23 (see also individual 4 2 , 5 8 ; carbonate, 5 8 , 5 9 , 7 2 ;
Empedocles, 6 metals); tests for, 5 3 , 56 chloride, 4 1 , 5 8 ; flame test for,
Emulsification, 101 Methane, 8 0 , 8 1 , 83 5 9 ; hydroxide, 4 3 , 4 5 , 9 4 , 9 5 ; hy-
Equations, chemical, 106*108 Methanol, 8 8 , 89 pochlorite, 3 4 ; salicylate, 9 1 ;
Equipment, laboratory, 8 ; Metric system, 14 silicate, 54, 55; sulfate, 5 8 ;
improvised, 9 , 1 1 ; M i l k , protein i n , 98 sulfide, 5 3 ; tetraborate, 5 7 ;
where to buy, 110 Minerals, 54 thiosulfate, 4 9 , 5 1 , 5 2 , 7 3
Esters, 7 9 , 92 Mixtures, 2 2 , 23 Solutions, 2 0 , 2 3 , 4 0 - 4 1 ; behavior
Ethanol, 8 8 , 89 Moseley, Henry, 3 9 of, 4 1 ; conductivity of, 4 0 ;
Evaporation, 21 Muriatic acid, see Hydrochloric making, 4 1 ; saturated, 41
acid Starch, 86-87; making, 8 7 ; test
Faraday, Joseph, 18 for, 87
Fats, 9 2 - 9 3 ; extracting, 9 3 ; Naphthalene, 83 Stearin, 92
test for, 9 3 N a t r i u m , 58 Steel, 69
Fehling solution, 85, 8 7 , 98 Neutralization, 46 Stoppers, rubber, 12
Ferric salts, 6 8 , 69 N i t r a t e , potassium, 3 2 , 4 1 , 5 9 ; Sucrose, 84, 85
Ferrous salts, 6 8 , 69 silver, 72 Sugars, 84-85; test for, 8 5
Fibers, 102-103; tests for, 102, 103 Nitric acid, 42 Sulfate, aluminum, 6 4 ; calcium, 6 0 ,
Filtration, 2 0 , 21 Nitrogen, 3 2 - 3 3 ; in atmosphere, 32 6 1 ; copper, 6 2 , 7 1 ; ferric, 6 9 ;
Fire extinguisher, 3 0 Non-metals, 23 ferrous, 6 9 ; iron, 6 9 ; magnesium,
Formulas, 7 4 - 7 5 , 106; carbon 4 1 , 4 7 , 6 2 , 6 3 ; manganese, 66, 6 7 ;
compounds, 8 0 - 8 1 ; of common O i l , cracking of, 8 3 ; crude, 8 2 ; sodium, 5 8 ; zinc, 6 2 , 63
chemicals. 111 fractionating of, 82 Sulfide, antimony, 5 3 ; cadmium, 5 3 ;
Fractionating of o i l , 82 Oils, 92-93 copper, 53, 7 1 ; cupric, 7 1 ; hydro-
Frasch, Herman, 50 O l e i n , 92 gen, 5 2 , 5 3 ; iron, 2 2 , 5 3 ; manga-
Fructose, 84 Organic compounds, see Carbon nese, 5 3 , 6 7 ; silver, 7 2 ; sodium,
compounds 5 3 ; zinc, 5 3 , 63
Gasoline, 82 Orsted, Hans C , 64 Sulfur, 2 2 , 5 0 - 5 1 ; casting w i t h , 5 1 ;
Gelatin, 99 O x i d e , boric, 5 7 ; calcium, 6 0 ; forms of, 5 0 , 5 1 ; melting, 5 1 ;
Glass tubes, bending, 13; cutting, magnesium, 6 2 ; silver, 7 2 ; zinc, precipitated, 5 1 ; production
13; glazing, 13 62 of, 50
Glycerol, 9 2 , 93 O x y g e n , 26*27; in atmosphere, 2 7 ; Sulfur dioxide, 5 2 ; makinq, 52
Glossary, 2 making, 2 7 ; test for, 25 Sulfuric acid, 42
Glucose, 84, 85 Sulfurous acid, 44, 52
G r a h a m , Thomas, 100 Paracelsus, 6, 7 Symbols, alchemists', 2, 6, 3 6 ;
Peptization, 101 chemical, 36
H a l l , Charles, 6 4 , 65 Periodic table, 38-39
Hydrocarbons, 7 9 , 82-83 Permanganate of potassium, 66, 67 Table salt, see Sodium chloride
Hydrochloric a d d , 3 4 , 44 Petroleum, 82 Tannic acid # 90, 91
Hydrogen, 28-29; making, 2 8 , 2 9 ; Phenol, 91 Tincture of iodine, 48
safety w i t h , 2 9 ; test for, 2 5 , 28 Photography, 7 3 ; without a Titration, 46
Hydrogen iodide, 49 camera, 73 Turpentine, 83
Hydrogen peroxide, 26, 27, 67 Photosynthesis, 86
Hydrogen sulfide, 5 2 , 5 3 ; in chemi- Plaster of Paris, 61 Urea, 78
cal analysis, 5 3 ; making, 53 Plastics, 104-105; tests for, 104
Hydroxide, 4 3 ; aluminum, 6 5 ; Potash, 5 9 , 94 Valences, 7 4 - 7 5 ; chart of, 75
ammonium, 3 3 , 4 3 ; calcium, 6 0 , Potassium, 5 8 , 5 9 ; a l u m , 6 4 ; V i t r i o l , green, 69
6 1 ; copper, 7 1 ; cupric, 7 1 ; carbonate, 5 9 ; ferrocyanide, 6 8 ; Vulcanization, 50
ferric, 6 9 ; ferrous, 6 9 ; iron, 6 9 ; flame test for, 5 9 ; hydroxide, 9 4 ;
magnesium, 6 3 ; manganese, 6 6 ; iodide, 3 4 , 4 8 , 4 9 , 8 7 ; nitrate, Washington Monument, 64
potassium, 9 4 ; sodium, 4 3 , 9 4 ; 3 2 , 4 1 , 5 9 , 6 1 ; nitrite, 5 9 ; per- V/ater, 2 4 - 2 5 ; as a catalyst, 24;
solubility of, 108; zinc, 63 manganate, 6 6 , 67 clearing, 6 5 ; composition of,
Hypo, 4 9 , 5 1 , 5 2 , 7 3 Priestley, Joseph, 7, 26 2 4 , 2 6 ; distilling, 6 1 ; elec-
Proteins, 7 9 , 9 6 - 9 9 ; in e g g , 9 6 , trolysis of, 2 5 ; hardness of,
Indicators, color table, 4 4 , 4 5 ; 9 7 ; in foods, 9 6 , 9 7 ; in milk, 6 1 , 9 5 ; as solvent, 24
homemade, 4 2 ; types of 9 8 ; tests for, 9 7 , 99 W a t e r of hydration, 108
laboratory, 43 Proust, Joseph, 3 7 Waterglass, 55
Iodide, potassium, 3 4 , 4 8 , 4 9 , 87 Prussian blue, 68 Wohler, Friedrich, 7, 78
Iodine, 4 8 - 4 9 ; making, 4 8 , 4 9 ; Pyrolusite, 66
removing, 4 9 ; solubility of, 4 8 ; Zinc, 25, 62-63; carbonate, 6 3 ;
test for, 4 9 ; tincture of, 48 Radium, 2 0 , 21 chloride, 2 8 ; hydroxide, 6 3 ;
Iodoform, 89 Rayon, 102; making, 103 sulfate, 6 2 ; sulfide, 5 3 , 63
112