A Project Report On Pond Conservation, Development

and Protection
(Panniwala Mota Village Pond 2)

SUBMITTED FOR THE PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD

OF
Bachelor of Technology
IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING
BY

Mohit Kumar
(1511159019)

Under the Guidance of

Mr. Kamaldeep Singh
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Ch. Devi Lal State Institute of Engg. & Tech.

(Panniwala Mota)
Sirsa – 125055, Haryana, INDIA
Affiliated to G.J.U.S.T. Hisar
CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

I hereby certify that the work which is being presented

in the Project, titled “PROJECT REPORT ON POND
CONSERVATION, DEVELOPMENT AND
PROTECTION (Panniwala Mota Village Pond 2)”, in
the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award
of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology and submitted
in the Civil Engineering Department of Ch. Devi Lal
State Institute of Engg. & Tech., Panniwala Mota is an
authentic record of our own work carried out under the
supervision of Mr. Kamaldeep Singh Assistant
Professor, civil Engineering Department, Ch. Devi Lal
State Institute of Engg. & Tech., Panniwala Mota. The
matter presented in this Project Report has not been
submitted by us for the award of any degree of this or
any other University/Institute.

Mohit Kumar
(1511159019)
B.Tech 7th Sem

1
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the “Project Report on Pond Conservation,

Development and Protection (Panniwala Mota Village Pond 2)”, has
been completed and report has been submitted by Mohit Kumar (Roll No.
1511159019) to the Department of Civil Engineering, CDLSIET, for the
award of degree of B.Tech. in Civil Engineering. The candidate has been
evaluated through departmental evaluation procedure under Course Project
Report and found eligible/ineligible to pass the course.

Mr. Kamaldeep Singh

(Asst. Professor, Civil Engg. Dept.)
C.D.L.S.I.E.T Panniwala Mota
Sirsa (Haryana)

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is my pleasure to be indebted to various people, who directly or indirectly
contributed in the development of this work and who influenced my
thinking, behavior, and acts during the course of study.
I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Wazir Singh, worthy Director of
CDLSIET, Panniwala Mota, Sirsa for providing me an opportunity to
undergo project work I grateful to our respected guide Mr. Kamaldeep
Singh (Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Dept.) at CDLSIET, Panniwala
Mota, Sirsa for his kind, disciplined and invaluable guidance.
I am thankful to Mr. Manik Goyal, HOD, Civil Engg. Dept. for his support,
cooperation and motivation provided to me during the project work for
constant inspiration, presence and blessings.
I also extend my sincere appreciation to Mr. Harish Kumar Shakya,
Assistant Professor Civil engineering department at CDLSIET, Panniwala
Mota, Sirsa who provided his valuable suggestions and precious time in
accomplishing my project report.
Lastly, I would like to thank the almighty and my parents for their moral
support and my friends with whom I shared my day-to-day experience and
received lots of suggestions that improved my quality of work.

Mohit Kumar
(1511159019)
B.Tech, 7th Sem

3
 ABSTRACT

The objective of present work is to recognize the various problems allied

with village ponds and give technical assistant in the form of suggestions
for the identified problems. All the work is done under “Sahyog Club”
launched by the Chief Minister of Haryana. The aim of this club is to
provide clean water source for irrigation, house hold and other purpose.
In this project the focus was to study the current status of the ponds in
the nearby villages and suggest measures for maintenance and for
further future use. As per the directions received from the Director-
General, Technical Education Department, Panchkula, a “SAHYOG
CLUB” has been formed in Civil Engineering Department under the
guidance of SH. Manik Goyal, HOD, Civil Engineering Department with
following faculty members of Department:
1. Mr. Manik Goyal, Coordinator (SAHYOG Club)
2. Mr. Harish Kumar Shakya,
3. Mr. Kamaldeep Singh,
4. Mrs. Manju Godara,
The aim of the “SAHYOG CLUB” is to coordinate with the Gram
Panchayat for providing technical assistance for protection, conservation,
development and rejuvenation of ponds, utilization of pond water and
treatment thereof wherever required, recharging of the water to meet the
growing requirement of water in the area and utilization of affluent of
sewage treatment plants for the purpose of Irrigation.

4
 INDEX

CHAPTER PARTICULARS PAGE NO.

NO.

Candidate’s Declaration
Certificate
Acknowledgement 1- 4
Abstract

I Introduction 6-7

Visit of location
II
8 -13

III Problems and their protection,

conservation and development 14 - 23

Pond Water Test Results

IV 24 - 31
Suggestion from Villagers and New
V Technique Involved 32 - 38

VI Reference 39

5
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION:-
A pond is a body of standing water, either natural or artificial, that is usually
smaller than a lake. They may arise naturally in floodplains as part of a river
system, or they may be somewhat isolated depressions (examples include
vernal pools and prairie potholes). They might contain shallow water with
marsh and aquatic plants and animals. The type of life in a pond is generally
determined by a combination of factors including water level regime
(particularly depth and duration of flooding) and nutrient levels, but other
factors may also be important, including the presence or absence of shading
by trees, presence or absence of streams, effects of grazing animals, and
salinity.
Ponds are frequently human-constructed. In the countryside, farmers and
villagers dig a pond in their backyard or increase the depth of an existing
pond by removing layers of mud during the summer season. A wide variety
of artificial bodies of water is classified as ponds. Some ponds are created
specifically for habitat restoration, including water treatment. Others, like
water gardens, water features and koi ponds are designed for aesthetic
ornamentation as landscape or architectural features. Fish ponds are
designed for commercial fish breeding, and solar ponds are designed to
store thermal energy. Treatment ponds are used to treat wastewater.
Ponds can result from a wide range of natural processes. Any depression in
the ground which collects and retains a sufficient amount of precipitation can
be considered a pond, and such depressions can be formed by a variety of
geological and ecological events. Rivers often leave behind ponds in natural
floodplains after spring flooding, and these can be very important to breeding
fish, particularly in large river systems.

6
Uses

 Ponds are used for the provision of fish and other wildlife including
waterfowl , which is a source of food for humans .
 Ponds are also a major contributor to local ecosystem richness and
diversity for both plants and animals
 Waste stabilization pond are used as a low cost method for waste
water treatment
 They may also provide irrigation reservoirs at time of drought
 In the Indian subcontinent, Hindu temples usually have a pond
nearby so that pilgrims can take baths

SAHYOG CLUB
Haryana Chief Minister, Mr Manohar Lal launched “Sahyog Club” to which
students of engineering and polytechnic colleges of the State would be
registered as its members and entrusted the task of development and
cleanliness of village ponds.
The aim of the “SAHYOG CLUB” is to coordinate with the Gram Panchayat
for providing technical assistance for protection, conservation, development
and rejuvenation of ponds, utilization of pond water and treatment thereof
wherever required, recharging of the water to meet the growing requirement
of water in the area and utilization of affluent of sewage treatment plants for
the purpose of Irrigation.

7
 Chapter 2

VISIT OF LOCATION
The location of the pond is in village PANNIWALA MOTA, SIRSA,
HARYANA. Number of ponds are available is two, both on the near GOGA
TEMPLE. The area of the pond is 12 acres.

8
9
IMG. Pond 1

10
IMG. Pond 2

11
Specifications of Ponds

Pond 1- Depth-8’-10’(Feet)
Total Area-12Acres

Pond -2 - Depth-12’-14’(Feet)
Total Area-12 Acres

Sources Of Ponds

 Rain Water- Rain water is the main sources of water for ponds. It
mainly occurs during rainy seasons.

 Surface Water- Surface runoff can provide some of the best, and
some of the worst, quality water for ponds. In agriculture areas,
surface water quality is often highly degraded, with high level of
soluble pollutants.

 Sewage Water- As the ponds are directly connected with sewage

water from the houses situated around ponds.

Purpose Of Ponds

In Past times –
 Used for drinking water
 Worship purposes
 Domestic uses

In Present Times-
 Fishery Farming
 Animals Bathing
 Sewage Water out flow

12
Water sample collection :-
Water sample of the ponds are collected during visit of pond site two no. of
samples are collected from each pond. One from the one end or at the point
of entrance of water in pond (Inlet) & second is at other end (Outlet) of the
pond. Same is done for 2nd pond.

TESTING: -
Three type of test is done on collected samples
(i) T.S.S
(ii) B.O.D
(iii) pH value

13
 Chapter 3

PROBLEMS: -
Traditionally the ponds have played a very important part in the villages. In
fact, they are considered life lines of the villages. They are essential for use
of cattle, fisheries and ground water recharging etc. However, today the
existing ponds have been converted into cess pools due to: -

 Unlined Boundary –
Boundary lined is not proper as it has been observed that at many
places around the ponds the boundary wall has broken. due to this
there is a chances of accident of both animals and human.
 Connection of Sewage system-
It has been observed that sewage water from nearly located houses is
directly connected to the ponds. As the Sewage water contain harmful
bacteria and chemical get dissolve in ponds water and degrade it.
 Garbage Disposal-
It has been observed that ponds are filled with garbage’s like domestic
wastes polythene etc. which pollute the water.
 Animals Bathing-
In present days’ ponds are used for animals bathing due the this,
quality of ponds water is getting poor day by day. Due to bad quality
of water animals are falling sick and even dies.

 Diseases-
The pond water has become the breeding places for mosquitoes and
other fly insects. These fly insects cause various diseases in nearby
houses villagers are falling ill.

14
 Poor Drainage System-Drainage system is not effective as it is made
to transfer water through small channel. Channel are in poor condition
and are open and uncovered.

 Fishery Death-
According to villagers’ large number of fishes die every year due bad
quality of water and less dissolved oxygen. These causes unpleasant
smell all around the ponds.

Protection: -
Protecting the Pond Construction of the pond is not complete until you
have provided protection against erosion, wave action, trampling by
livestock, and any other source of damage. Ponds without this protection
may be short lived, and the cost of maintenance is usually high. Leave
borrow pits in condition to be planted so that the land can be used for
grazing or some other purpose. Grade and shape the banks or side slopes
of borrow pits to a slope that permits easy mowing, preferably no steeper
than 4:1, and allows the graded area to blend with the landscape. It is
often desirable to install vegetation to make the borrow area compatible
with undisturbed surroundings. Grade all areas or pits from which borrow
material has been obtained so they are well drained and do not permit
stagnant water to accumulate as breeding places for mosquitoes.

Wave Action
There are several methods of protecting the upstream face of a dam
against wave action. The choice of method depends on whether the
normal pool level remains fairly constant or fluctuates. An irrigation pond
is an example of the latter. In these ponds, water is withdrawn periodically
during the growing season and the water level may fluctuate from normal
pool level to near pond bottom one or more times each year. The degree
of protection required also influences the choice of method.

15
Berms.
If the water level in the pond is expected to remain fairly constant, a berm
8 to 10 feet wide located at normal pool level usually provides adequate
protection against wave action. The berm should have a downward slope
of about 6 to 12 inches toward the pond. The slope above the berm should
be protected by vegetation.

Booms.
Log booms also break up wave action. A boom consists of a single or
double line of logs chained or cabled together and anchored to each end
of the dam. Tie the logs end to end as close together as practicable. Leave
enough slack in the line to allow the boom to adjust to fluctuating water
levels. If you use double rows of logs, frame them together to act as a
unit. For best results place the boom so that it floats about 6 feet upstream
from the face of the dam. If the dam is built on a curve you may need
anchor posts on the face of the dam as well as at the ends to keep the
boom from riding on the slope. Booms do not give as much protection as
some of the other methods described but are inexpensive if timber is
readily available. They usually are satisfactory for small structures.

Riprap.
Rock riprap is an effective method of control if a high degree of protection
is required or if the water level fluctuates widely. Riprap should extend
from the top of the dam down the upstream face to a level at least 3 feet
below the lowest anticipated water level. Riprap is dumped directly from
trucks or other vehicles or is placed by hand. Hand placing gives more
effective protection and requires less stone. Dumping requires more stone
but less labour. The layer of stones should be at least 12 inches thick and
must be placed on a bed of gravel or crushed stone at least 10 inches
thick. This bed keeps the waves from washing out the underlying
embankment material that supports the riprap. If riprap is not continuous
to the upstream toe, provide a berm on the upstream face to support the
layer of riprap and to keep it from sliding downslope. If possible, use

16
stones whose colour is similar that in the immediate area. Allow grass to
grow through the riprap to blend with surrounding vegetation.

Livestock
Complete fencing of areas on which embankment ponds are built is
usually recommended if livestock are grazed or fed in adjacent fields.
Fencing provides the protection needed to develop and maintain a good
plant cover on the dam, the earth spillway, and other areas. It provides
clean drinking water and eliminates damage or pollution by livestock. If
you fence the entire area around the pond and use the pond for watering
livestock, install a gravity-fed watering trough just below the dam and
outside the fenced area. Fencing also enables you to establish an
environment beneficial to wildlife. The marshy vegetation needed around
ponds for satisfactory wildlife food and cover does not tolerate much
trampling or grazing. Not all ponds used for watering livestock need to be
fenced. On some western and Midwestern ranges, the advantages
usually derived from fencing are more than offset by the increased cost
and maintenance and the fact that fewer animals can water at one time.
A rancher with many widely scattered ponds and extensive holdings must
have simple installations that require little un keep and inspection.
Fencing critical parts of livestock watering ponds, particularly the earth fill
and the spillway, is usually advantageous even if complete fencing is
impractical.

17
Conservation: -

 Watershed Management: - Ponds are filled by rainfall runoff from

their watershed. An eroded watershed washes sediment into the
pond with each rain, reducing pond volume and the useful life of the
pond. A well planted watershed improves pond water quality. Grass
cover will help prevent sediments from washing.

 Water Level Maintenance: - Water can be maintained at a constant

level in ponds provided with a water supply other than watershed run
off. Ponds that are primarily filled from watershed run off are able to
fluctuated more during winter and spring because heavy rain may
raise water levels a foot or more in these ponds.

 Storage capacity: - Water storage capacity of ponds with extensive

areas of shallow water can be improved if they are drained and
deepened. The shallowest area in a pond should be atleast 3 feet
deep.

 Add Plant: - Plants shade the water and extract nutrient from the
water, depriving algae of the sunlight and food they need to flourish.
The best plants for algae control are with leaf structures such as
water lilies.

 Improve Filtration: - Ponds with fish need effective filtration. An

effective filter system must provide mechanical, aerobic biological,
anaerobic biological filtration. Mechanical filtration separates floating
solids and is accomplished by leaf nets, foam sponges. Aerobic
filtration transforms the toxic ammonia from fish waste into nitrates
and accomplished by aerobic microorganisms. Anaerobic filtration
completes the filtration process by transforming these nitrates into
nitrogen gas accomplished by anaerobic microorganisms

18
  Keep The Pond Clean: - If organic matter accumulates, it will be
necessary to empty and clean the pond in the early spring, but never
empty the pond during other season, cleaning removes the beneficial
microorganisms essential to maintaining clean water.

Development
Livestock
Clean water and ample forage are equally essential for livestock to be
finished out in a marketable condition. If stock water provisions in pasture
and range areas are inadequate, grazing will be concentrated near the water
and other areas will be under grazed. This can contribute to serious livestock
losses and instability in the livestock industry. Watering places must also be
properly distributed in relation to the available forage. Areas of abundant
forage may be underused if water is not accessible to livestock grazing on
any part of that area. Providing enough watering places in pastures
encourages more uniform grazing, facilitates pasture improvement practices,
retards erosion, and enables farmers to make profitable use of soil-
conserving crops and erodible, steep areas unfit for cultivation An
understanding of stock water requirements helps in planning a pond large
enough to meet the needs of the stock using the surrounding grazing area.
The average daily consumption of water by different kinds of livestock shown
here is a guide for estimating water needs.
Kind of livestock Gallons per head per day
Beef cattle and horses 12 to 15
Dairy cows (drinking only) 15
Dairy cows (drinking and barn needs) 35
Hogs 4
Sheep 2

19
The amount of water consumed at one pond depends on the average daily
consumption per animal, number of livestock served, and period over which
they are served

Irrigation
Farm ponds are now an important source of irrigation water, particularly in
the East, which does not have the organized irrigation enterprises of the
West. Before World War II irrigation was not considered necessary in the
humid East. Now many farmers in the East are irrigating their crops. Water
requirements for irrigation are greater than those for any other purpose
discussed in this handbook. The area irrigated from a farm pond is limited by
the amount of water available throughout the growing season. Pond capacity
must be adequate to meet crop requirements and to overcome unavoidable
water losses. For example, a 3-inch application of water on l acre requires
81,462 gallons. Consequently, irrigation from farm ponds generally is limited
to high-value crops on small acreages, usually less than 50 acres. The
required storage capacity of a pond used for irrigation depends on these
interrelated factors: water requirements of the crops to be irrigated, effective
rainfall expected during the growing season, application efficiency of the
irrigation method, losses due to evaporation and seepage, and the expected
inflow to the pond. Your local NRCS conservationist can help you estimate
the required capacity of your irrigation pond.

Fish production
Many land users are finding that fish production is profitable. A properly built
and managed pond can yield from l00 to 300 pounds of fish annually for each
acre of water surface. A good fish pond can also provide recreation and can
be an added source of income should you wish to open it to people in the
community for a fee. Ponds that have a surface area of a quarter acre to
several acres can be managed for good fish production. Ponds of less than
2 acres are popular because they are less difficult to manage than larger

20
ones. A minimum depth of 8 feet over an area of approximately 1,000 square
feet is needed for best management

Field and orchard spraying

You may wish to provide water for applying pesticides to your field and
orchard crops. Generally, the amount of water needed for spraying is small,
but it must be available when needed. About l00 gallons per acre for each
application is enough for most field crops. Orchards, however, may require
1,000 gallons or more per acre for each spraying. Provide a means of
conveying water from the pond to the spray tank. In an embankment pond,
place a pipe through the dam and a flexible hose at the downstream end to
fill the spray tank by gravity. In an excavated pond, a small pump is needed
to fill the tank.

Fire protection
A dependable water supply is needed for fighting fire. If your pond is located
close to your house, barn, or other buildings, provide a centrifugal pump with
a power unit and a hose long enough to reach all sides of all the buildings.
Also provide for one or more dry hydrants. Although water-storage
requirements for fire protection are not large, the withdrawal rate for
firefighting is high. A satisfactory fire stream should be at least 250 gallons
per minute with pressure at the nozzle of at least 50 pounds per square inch.
Fire nozzles generally are l inch to 1-1/2 inches in diameter. Use good quality
rubber-lined firehoses, 2-1/2 to 3 inches in diameter. Preferably, the hose
should be no more than 600 feet long. A typical firehose line consists of 500
feet of 3-inch hose and a 1-1/8-inch smooth nozzle. A centrifugal pump
operating at 63 pounds per square inch provides a stream of 265 gallons per
minute with a nozzle pressure of 50 pounds per square inch. Such a stream
running for 5 hours requires 1/4 acre-foot of water. If you live in an area
protected by a rural fire fighting organization, provide enough storage to
operate several such streams. One acre-foot of storage is enough for four
streams. Your local dealer in pumps, engines, and similar equipment can

21
furnish the information you need about pump size, capacity, and engine
horsepower.

Recreation
A pond can provide many pleasant hours of swimming, boating, and fishing.
The surrounding area can be made into an attractive place for picnics and
games. Many land users realize additional income by providing water for
public recreation. If the public is invited to use a pond for a fee, the area must
be large enough to accommodate several parties engaged in whatever
recreation activities are provided. If a pond is to be used for public recreation,
supply enough water to overcome evaporation and seepage losses and to
maintain a desirable water level. A pond used for swimming must be free of
pollution and have an adequate depth of water near a gently sloping shore.
Minimum facilities for public use and safety are also needed. These facilities
include access roads, parking areas, boat ramps or docks, fireplaces, picnic
tables, drinking water, and sanitary facilities. To protect public health, most
states have laws and regulations that require water supplies to meet certain
prescribed standards if they are to be used for swimming and human
consumption. Generally, water must be tested and approved before public
use is permitted. There are also rules and regulations for building and
maintaining public sanitary facilities. The state board of health or a similar
agency administers such laws and regulations. Contact your local health
agency to become familiar with those regulations before making extensive
plans to provide water for public recreation.

Waterfowl and other wildlife

Pond attract many kinds of wildlife. Migratory waterfowl often use ponds as
resting places in their flights to and from the North. Ducks often use northern
ponds as breeding places, particularly where the food supply is ample .
Upland game birds use ponds as watering places.

Landscape quality

22
Water adds variety to a landscape and further enhances its quality.
Reflections in water attract the eye and help to create a contrast or focal
point in the landscape. A pond visible from a home, patio, or entrance road
increases the attractiveness of the landscape and often increases land
value. Ponds in rural, suburban, and urban areas help to conserve or
improve landscape quality Regardless of its purpose, a pond’s appearance
can be improved by using appropriate principles and techniques of design.
Good design includes consideration of size, site visibility, relationship to the
surrounding landscape and use patterns, and shoreline configuration.

23
 Chapter - 4

POND WATER TEST RESULTS

1. pH TEST: -
Sampling Method for Ponds

Field Equipment

High Density Polyethylene sample bottle,500 ml

Cooler and Koolits or ice
Zip-loc bag (1-gallon size)

Method

Rinse a 500 ml bottle (including cap) three times with surface water at
the sampling site. Be sure to empty your rinse water away from your
sampling location.
Lower open sample bottle upside down to arm's length.
Underwater, turn bottle upside right and let it fill up.
When no more bubbles come up, cap the bottle underwater and bring
back up to the surface.
Put sample in cooler for delivery to lab
Record sample ID and write 'pH/ANC' in the Chemistry column.
Holding time is 8 hours for pH and 14 days for alkalinity.

Note: Put enough ice or equivalent in cooler to reduce sample

temperature to 4° C as soon as possible.

pH Measurement

24
Equipment Required:

pH-Meter
Buffers (4.01 and 7.00)
Deionized or distilled water

150ml Glass Beaker

Magnetic Stirrer
Stir Bar
100ml Graduated Cylinder (optional for pH measurement)

After calibrating your meter with the buffers, rinse the electrode(s) and
glassware with distilled or deionized water. Carefully measure 100 ml of your
sample and place in a 150 ml beaker for the pH and alkalinity part. Place
the rinsed electrode in the test sample. We strongly encourage letting all
samples come to room temperature in the tightly capped bottle before
analysing. If you are conducting other analyses with the sample water, keep
in mind that pH should be analysed within 5 minutes of uncapping the
sample bottle. The sample should be stirred very gently, preferably with a
magnetic stirrer. It may take up to 3 minutes for the reading to become
stable. When stable, but not in excess of 5 minutes, record the sample pH
to the nearest 0.01 pH unit

TEMPERATURE: -

The temperature of a body of water influences its overall quality as it can

harm aquatic organisms if it is outside the normal range. Temperature should
be measured at different locations and a change in temperature determined.
Temperature changes could indicate thermal pollution eg industrial pollution,
runoff from parking lots and rooftops, contributing to increase in overall
temperature. Shade is important to the health of the water body as it reduces
the warming effect of direct sunlight. Some human activities remove shade
trees from the area, allowing more sunlight to reach the water, causing the
temperature to rise. Temperature of the air above the water body may affect

25
water temperature depending on the depth of the water. Shallow water
bodies are more susceptible to temperature changes than deep water.

Factors affecting water temperature:

• Air temperature
• Amount of shade
• Soil erosion increasing turbidity
• Thermal pollution from human activities
• Unknown chemical reactions that weren’t previously occurring in the water
Effects of water temperature:
• Solubility of dissolved oxygen – more gas can be dissolved in cold water
than warm, therefore animals requiring a high level of dissolved oxygen will
only thrive in cold water
• Rate of plant growth – increased water temperature can cause an increase
in the photosynthetic rate of aquatic plants and algae, which can lead to
increased plant growth and algal blooms, and harm the local ecosystem
• Metabolic rate of organisms
• Resistance in organisms – if water becomes too hot or too cold,
organisms become stressed, lowering their resistance to pollutants,
diseases and parasites

BOD: - Oxygen available to aquatic organisms is found in the form of

dissolved oxygen. Oxygen gas is dissolved in a stream through aeration,
diffusion from the atmosphere, and photosynthesis of aquatic plants and
algae. Plants and animals in the stream consume oxygen in order to
produce energy through respiration. In a healthy stream, oxygen is
replenished faster than it is used by aquatic organisms. In some streams,
aerobic bacteria decompose such a large volume of organic material that
oxygen is depleted from the stream faster than it can be replaced. The
resulting decrease in dissolved oxygen is known as the Biochemical
Oxygen Demand (BOD).

When it rains, organic material found in the soil is transported in the

rainwater to streams and rivers. Additional organic material accumulates in

26
the stream when aquatic organisms die. Bacteria and other microorganisms
decompose this organic material. In a healthy body of water, this process
has only a slight impact on dissolved oxygen levels. It serves to release vital
nutrients, such as nitrates and phosphates, which stimulate algae and
aquatic plant growth. If the amount of decomposing organic material is too
high, dissolved oxygen levels can be severely reduced. In a body of water
with large amounts of decaying organic material the dissolved oxygen levels
may drop by 90%—this would represent a high BOD. In a mountain stream
with low levels of decaying organic material, the dissolved oxygen levels may
drop by only 10% or 20%—a low BOD. Organic materials, such as leaves,
fallen trees, fish carcasses, and animal waste, end up in the water naturally
and are important in the recycling of nutrients throughout the ecosystem.

Organic materials that enter the water as a result of human impact can be
considered sources of pollution. BOD levels are dependent on the body of
water being tested. Shallow, slow-moving waters, such as ponds and
wetlands, will often have large amounts of organic material in the water
and high BOD levels. A water sample from a pond could have an initial
dissolved oxygen reading of 9.5 mg/L. After the five-day incubation period,
the dissolved oxygen could be down to 1 mg/L resulting in a high

BOD level of 8.5 mg/L. In contrast, a water sample collected from a cold
mountain stream with an initial dissolved oxygen reading of 11 mg/L may
have decreased to 9 mg/L after incubation, resulting in a BOD of only 2
mg/L. Use Table 1 as a rough guide for the data you gather1 .

Table 1: Interpretation of BOD Levels BOD Level (mg/L)

Status 1–2 mg/L Clean water with little organic waster.

3–5 mg/L Moderately clean water with some organic waste.

6–9 mg/L Lots of organic material and many bacteria.

27
 >10 mg/L Very poor water quality. Large amounts of organic material in
the water.

Generally, steps in BOD testing are:

• Initial DO is measured on site.

• Five water samples are collected.

• Beginning 24 hours later, a sample is tested for dissolved oxygen every

24 hours for five days.

• If, before the fifth day, the dissolved oxygen concentration falls below 4
mg/L, oxygen is added to the remaining samples by aeration.

• The BOD value is the sum of the DO changes for all five bottles.

In the Preliminary Activity, you will gain experience using a Dissolved

Oxygen Probe as you determine the DO level of a water sample
provided by your teacher.

After completing the Preliminary Activity, you will first use reference
sources to find out more about BOD before you choose and investigate a
researchable question dealing with BOD.

Some topics to consider in your reference search are:

• Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

• dissolved oxygen

• water pollution

• eutrophication

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PROCEDURE

1. Prepare the Dissolved Oxygen Probe for use following instructions

from your teacher. Place the probe in a beaker filled with about 100 mL of
distilled water.

2. Connect the Dissolved Oxygen Probe to the interface and open the data-
collection program. Allow the probe to stay in the water for about 5 minutes
as the probe warms up.

3.Collect DO data.

a. Place the tip of the probe into the water sample being tested. Submerge
the probe tip to a depth of 4–6 cm.

b. Start data collection. Gently stir the probe in the water sample. Note: It is
important to keep stirring until you have finished collecting data.

c. Continue stirring and data collection until the readings have been
relatively stable (stable to the nearest 0.2 mg/L) for about 30 seconds, then
stop data collection.

d. Select the stable region of your graph, then display Statistics for that
region. Note and record the mean value for that region as the DO of the
water sample.

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Reduction of BOD
 By adding hydrogen peroxide: - we can reduce BOD by adding
hydrogen peroxide to the pond water. The hydrogen peroxide will
chemically attack the organics in the waste water, degrading them
and reducing the COD and BOD.

 By ozone: - ozone is economically viable for pond water treatment.

Water treatment with ozone is an effective method to reduce BOD
and COD levels in pond water. The use of ozone is very cost efficient
and environmentally friendly option for BOD and COD control and
reduction.

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 Chapter – 5
Suggestion from Villagers: -

While discussing about ponds from villagers, they gave following

suggestions: -

 There should be proper boundary all around the ponds.

 Animal bathing should be stopped.
 There should be proper drainage system.
 They demanded for proper Ghats for worship.
 There should be a garden all around the ponds, so that villagers can
sit there and to enjoy the beauty.
 Stoppage of throwing garbage into the ponds.

New Technique involved: -

Phytorid Waste water treatment Technology

 The system is based on the specific plants such as elephant grass,

reeds etc. normally found in natural wetlands with filtration and
treatment capability. Some ornamental as well as flowering plants
species such as Bamboo, Nerium, etc. can also be used for
treatment.
 The Pytorid technology can be constructed in series and parallel
module / cells depending on the land availability and quantity of
waste water to be treated
 It is a subsurface flow type in which waste water is applied to cell /
system filled with porous media such as crushed bricks, gravels and
stones. The hydraulic is maintained in such manner that waste water
does not rise to the surface retaining a free board at the top of the
filled media.
 The system consists of following three zones: -
 Inlet zone comprising of crushed bricks and different size of
stone
 Treatment zone consisting of same media as in inlet zone with
plant species
 Outlet zone

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  The reduction in treatment effluent for the total suspended
solids (TSS) varied from 70 to 80 percent, BOD from 78 to 84
percent, nitrogen from 70 to 75 percent, phosphorus from 52 to
64 percent.

 The treated effluent is useful for municipal gardens, fountains

and irrigation.

 The total area required for system is approx. 35 sq. m for 20

m^3 per day.

Salient Features: -

 Cost effective
 Negligible operation and maintenance expenses
 Minimum electricity requirements
 Smaller footprint
 Facilitates recycle and reuse of water
 No foul odour and no mosquitoes nuisance

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 Three pond system

WASTE STABILIZATION PONDS SYSTEM (Three Ponds System): -

This is a simple & effective system for treatment of waste water collected via
drainage system. The grey water so collected is made to pass through three
ponds, excavated at suitable land site, and placed serially to act as a
stabilization system in which grey water is stabilized, its pathogenicity is
reduced and stabilized water becomes useable. The system has mainly
three ponds namely: -
Anaerobic Pond
Facultative Pond
Maturation Pond

(a) ANAEROBIC POND: -

The grey water from the drains reaches the first pond that is anaerobic
pond. The pond should have a depth of 10 feet. The grey water
reaching the pond via drains, usually has high solid content. Grey
water is retained in this pond for 2 days. In this period, solids settle at
the bottom, where these are digested anaerobically. Thus, the
partially clarified liquid is discharged onwards into a facultative pond
for further treatment.

(b) FACULTATIVE POND: -

This pond should have a depth of 5 feet. The partially clarified water is
retained for 3 to 5 days. In this pond, oxidation of grey water takes place. It
is called „Facultative‟ because in this pond in the upper layer aerobic
conditions are maintained while in the lower layer, anaerobic conditions
exist. In this pond solids are generally taken care of by three mechanisms.
Aeration from air through the surface. Oxidation due to oxygen liberated

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through photosynthetic activity of algae growing in the pond because of the
availability of plant nutrients, from bacterial metabolism in water and the
incident light energy from sun. The pond bacteria utilize the algal oxygen to
metabolize the organic content of grey water. Thus the facultative pond plays
a very important role in stabilization of grey water. The process involved is a
natural process.

(c) MATURATION POND: -

The dimensions of maturation pond can be similar to facultative pond i.e.

depth of 5 feet & a retention time is also same i.e. 3 to 5 days. The stabilized
water from pond is led to this pond. The main function of the maturation
period is the destruction of pathogens. This pond is wholly aerobic.

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CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY
Step 1: - The diversion of the waste water entering the pond to a designated
place other than pond will be required before starting the work. Diversion
points can be more than one as per the topography & natural slope of the
village.
Step 2 :- Thereafter, pond is to be drained out by gravity or by pumping.
Step 3 :- De-silting of pond including removal of impervious layer created at
the bottom & its disposal, wherever required, will be done in this step.
Step 4 :- Construction of embankment including dressing, stabilization with
grass/plantation or brick lining, wherever required will be done.
Step 5 :- Laying of pipes and other fittings will be done at suitable depths
as per the design.
Step 6 :- Provision for out flow of treated water, through gravity or pumps, for
subsequent use in agriculture/fish farming/ground water recharging or final
disposal into nearby drain or the irrigation department, will be done in this
step.
Step 7 :- Provision of barbed wire fencing with Brick/RCC precast pillars has
to be done to ensure safety.
Step 8 :- Beautification shall be done through landscaping or by constructing
parks, fixing benches, solar lights etc.

Other technologies:- Besides the Waste Stabilization Ponds (WSP)

system, there are other technologies like Decentralized Waste Water
Treatment System (DEWATS). Alternative technologies have to be identified
and adopted for those ponds which are situated in abadi area and cannot be
shifted outside abide area. It has been observed that some of these
technologies are cost effective in respect of Capital cost as well as O & M
cost. Pilot project of 2 technologies have been taken up namely

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 Decentralized Waste Water Treatment System (DEWATS):-

This technology involves the following processes: -

(a) Construction of screening chamber for removal of floating waste
material such as polythene, tree leaves, etc.
(b)Construction of Sludge Stabilization Baffled Reactor designed as per
quality and quantity of waste water. This reactor requires retention period for
sludge stabilization through action of bacteria in anaerobic conditions.
(c) Construction of Vetiver Field Area which is designed as per discharge
coming from Baffled Reactor.
(d) After passing through boulders of different sizes and on surface vetiver
clumps, partially treated water would enter into the pond from top of retaining
wall in the shape of a sheet of water, causing natural aeration of this water.
(e)This treated water can be utilized by farmers for irrigation purposes,
through a mechanism provided by the department, involving diesel engines
and pipelines, or disposal into nearby Irrigation drain, wherever required.

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 REFERENCE

 https//:www.google.co.in
 https://civilseek.com/ ponds/
 https://civiltoday.com/ water sample test/
 Water Supply Engineering by Santosh Kumar Garg

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