Angle Modulation

The modulated wave consists of an unmodulated carrier, plus various amplitude

modulated terms.

Not bandlimited…. Infinite bandwidth (theoretically)

However, most of the power resides in a finite bandwidth.

EEE F311 Comm_Systems; I Semester 2016-17 1

 Narrowband FM
(NBFM)

This approximation is a linear modulation, similar to AM.

Bandwidth is 2B.

EEE F311 Comm_Systems; I Semester 2016-17 2

 Wideband FM
(WBFM)

EEE F311 Comm_Systems; I Semester 2016-17 3

Estimation of Bandwidth of FM signal:

Carson’s rule

EEE F311 Comm_Systems; I Semester 2016-17 4

 The amplitude 𝐴 in 𝑣𝐹𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃(𝑡) should be constant,
but may vary due to noise.

A ‘Hard Limiter’ and a Bandpass filter are used to

remove the amplitude variations.

𝑣𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑣𝑜 (𝑡)

EEE F311 Comm_Systems; I Semester 2016-17 5

 Hard limiter input and the corresponding output:

Incoming FM modulated wave:

𝑡
𝑣𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐴 𝑡 cos ∅(𝑡) where ∅ 𝑡 = 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑓 −∞
𝑚 ∝ d∝

The output of hardlimiter can be expressed as:

Since A(t)>= 0,
+1 cos ∅ > 0
𝑣0 ∅ =
−1 cos ∅ < 0

𝑣0 ∅ is a periodic square wave function and therefore can be expressed as a

Fourier series.

EEE F311 Comm_Systems; I Semester 2016-17 6

 4 1 1
𝑣0 ∅ = (cos ∅ − cos 3∅ + cos 5∅ − ……)
𝜋 3 5

Substituting for ∅,

The bandpass filter has center frequency at 𝜔𝑐 and a bandwidth 𝐵𝐹𝑀.

EEE F311 Comm_Systems; I Semester 2016-17 7

 The radio receiver used in broadcast AM and FM systems,
is called the Super heterodyne Receiver.

AM range: 530 to 1710 kHz IF: 455 kHz

(for example, If fc=1000 kHz, fLO=1455 kHz)
We pick fLO higher than fc, because this leads to a smaller tuning
ratio of the max to min tuning frequency for the local oscillator.

• Image frequency In FM radio, the IF is at 10.7 MHz.

• High selectivity at IF stage

EEE F311 Comm_Systems; I Semester 2016-17 8

Angle modulated signals are immune to nonlinear
distortions

• Consider the signal passed through a non-linear

device with non-linearity
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑥 3 (𝑡)
and then filtered using a BPF centered at 𝜔𝑐 .
• AM signal will have m(t) and m3(t) at the output
leading to distortion.
• FM signal will not have any such distortion.

EEE F311 Comm_Systems; I Semester 2016-17 9

Angle modulation signal is less vulnerable than AM to
small-signal interference from adjacent channels

Consider interference of an unmodulated carrier with another sinusoid.

The received signal is

where

EEE F311 Comm_Systems; I Semester 2016-17 10

If the signal r(t) is passed through a PM/FM demodulator,
the output will be

EEE F311 Comm_Systems; I Semester 2016-17 11

Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis in FM
systems

Preemphasis and
Deemphasis filters’
frequency responses.

EEE F311 Comm_Systems; I Semester 2016-17 12

FM Radio Broadcasting
• Max value of freq deviation, f = 75 kHz.
• Consider B = 15 kHz

This gives,
Deviation ratio,  = 5
Approx. Bandwidth of FM signal
= 2(f +B)
=180 kHz

In Practice, 200 kHz is allocated to each FM transmitter.

EEE F311 Comm_Systems; I Semester 2016-17 13

EEE F311 Comm_Systems; I Semester 2016-17 14
FM stereo broadcasting

Sterophonic systems should be compatible with original

monophonic FM systems. That means:
• The older monophonic receivers should be able to
receive the signal.
• The total transmission bandwidth should still be 200
kHz.

EEE F311 Comm_Systems; I Semester 2016-17 15

EEE F311 Comm_Systems; I Semester 2016-17 16
Stereo FM Transmitter

EEE F311 Comm_Systems; I Semester 2016-17 17

Stereo FM receiver

EEE F311 Comm_Systems; I Semester 2016-17 18