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Figure 1: LFDC relay with hinged Front cover removed to show the modular construction
2
Voltage:- CUfrenl:-
i!..__
ill'_ _ ~___ L
~-- ~-
+ +
(iiiJSuperimposed
Figure 2: Relationship between the superimposed and the faulted power system
The directional comparison protection within each relay determine the fault + I:J.vr L -"'Is
I:J.ir =
consists of an LFDC relay at each line direction and produce either a : Z1s :
end, communication between the forward or reverse decision. These
relays being provided by a signalling decisions are combined using either a where Z1s= : Z1s : L "'Is is the
channel and signalling equipment. blocking or permissive overreach effeclive source impedance
Conventional on/off signalling scheme to generate the required trip corresponding to the protected line
equipment can be used (eg. power signals. plus the source at the remote in·feed.
line carrier, microwave, fibre optics), The directional elements use the fault· The directional elements evaluate the
since the channel is only required to generated changes in the voltage and direction of the fau lt by comparing the
transmit a single command. The current signals at the relay location, polarity of the phase delayed
protection operates as a blocking or referred to as the superimposed superimposed voltage {!:J.v, L -"') with
permissive overreach scheme with an signals, to determine the direcfion of a the polarity of the superimposed
optional weak infeed feature fault. During a fault the voltage signal current (I:J.irl· The superimposed
available for the permissive overreach changes by I:J.vr and the current signal voltage is phose delayed by 78°;
schemes, and provides three pole or changes by I:J.ir. which approximates to the power
single and three pole tripping. Figure 2 illustrates that the faulted system source angle for most system
The range of applications includes: power system can be considered to configurations.
lines with or without series consist of two parts: the unfaulted A definite relationship exists between
compensation system and the superimposed system. the superimposed voltage and current:
The superimposed system defines the
uncompensated line adjacent to for a forward fault I:J.vr L -"'and
changes caused by the fault.
series compensated lines I:J.ir are of opposite polarity and
3
Scheme logic
for a reverse fault !:J.vr L - 0 and !:J.ir Operating Principle - Distance when it is polarised by sound phase
are of the same polarity. & Fault Detectors voltages since no memory voltage is
The comparison is performed by available.
mixing !:J.vr L - 0 and !:J.ir in The LFDC incorporates one complete Each distance element is implemented
accordance with the equation. zone of distance protection and a using a digital version of a
separate distance fault detector as conventional memory polarised mho
D0 p = : t:J.vrL - 0 - !:J.ir:-:t:J.vr L - 0 + !:J.ir:
shown in Figure 3. amplitude comparator. The
For a forward fau lt, since the
The optional menu-selectable distance comparator detects the fault as being
magnitude of !:J.v r L - 0 - !:J.ir is greater
protection does not rely on the within its operating zone when:
than the magnitude oft:J.vr L - 0 +!:J.ir,
signalling channel for its operation,
the directional operating signal, D0 p, : IZ + V pol : > : V - l Z + Vpol :
but is supervised by the forward
is positive.
directional decision. It is intended to
Conversely for a reverse fault, since where Vpol is the polarising voltage
give back-up protection in the event of
the magnitude of !:J.vr L - 0 +!:J.ir is and Z is half the reach seHing.
signalling failure, by acting as either
greater than the magnitude of an under-reaching instantaneous
!:J.vr L - 0 - !:J.ir, D0 p is negative.
Protection Followmg Breaker
protection, or a time delayed over-
Closure
The directional elements evaluate the reaching protection providing bock-up
polarity of D0 p and compare its value to the entire protected section. The The switch-on-to-Fault Feature offers
against operating thresholds to distance zone is implemented using instantaneous protection following
determine fau lt direction. All faults six forward-looking, memory polarised manual closure on to a fault. Tripping
causing a current change of greater mho distance elements {A-N, B-N, is normally initiated by the fault
than 0.21n and a voltage change of C-N, A-B, B-C, C-A). detectors, except during 3 phase
greater than the voltage seHing, are The fault detector, {comprising six close-up faults, when the detection of
detected. The directional elements will forward-looking and six reverse- an over-current, under-voltage
change their directional decision if looking, memory polarised mho condition instigates tri pping. An optional
required, for example during cross- distance elements A-N, B-N, C-N , A-B, channel-dependent directional earth
country fau lts. For security, and B-C, C-A) supervises the superimposed fault protection detects closure on to
change in decision is supervised by a directional elements during inter-circuit high resistance faults. A similar
distance fault detector. or cross-country faults. The forward technique is used following auto-
fault detector also provides protection reclosure on to a fault, but in this case
following manual or auto-reclosure, switch-on-to-Fault is not indicated.
4
Optional Directional Earth Fault
Protection
2 x 16 charocler=
-, aI d"ISpiay
1·I qUI·d cryst "IIi d"od
light emrn~ 1 es.
Most high resistance g round faults will
'\.
be detected by the superimposed
direction elements, but in some
applications additional directional
~
DIREOIONAl=
6 TRIP
5
Cose termin ols
I (o) ~ ~ 0 !.homng ttnh moke
"l.l('" before !bl & (c) discoonocl
(b) .,. Short terminals brec>k before (c)
(c) ~ long lermlnols
A
CAB
Phose rololion
A--~~~+---~.
B ----~~~4-----
c ----;::H-1t;::t:=t=;--
lb I
le i
Sicius
Auxiliary JIJ!lpfy
Yx(2)
Nole.l
I, Eorthing conneclioos os shown ore typiool on~. 3. Under nonnal opero~ng conditions t001oct 4. Breoler open s'atus input> must be connect.d if
2. Under heolrhy operorlng condi~ons conlod 97W·2 97Y-I Is held open ond 97Y-2 held dosed. busbor Yl's ore used ot If!he scheme Is
iJ held open ond 97W·I Is held dosed. The following conditions covse !hem 10 change stole: permissive overeoching
The K.llowing conditions co<M> lhese conlocb 1o change slote: A. loss of de supply 5. MCB relay blocUd input must be 011ergiled
A. loss of de supply 8. Deledion of hordwore loiwre } Co . when the MCB is open (required wlten o
B. loss of any internal de ra~ vologe. C. Seledion of tonlods blocked 'lim11~101\ MCB is RIIIKI insleod of YT lu1lll)
0. Selection of YTS OISA8l£0 Tesl Opt•on
Figure 5 : External connection diagram: directional comparison relay type LFDC 101. Single breaker version
6
Operator Interface since the READ and RESET keys implement a comprehensive range
remain accessible. An additional of test options, for example, a
All relay settings and records are feature is provided to allow the user to simple on-load directional test.
accessible from the integral operator view (but not change) each relay
interface shown in Figure 4 . setting by repeated presses of the sPffings
Information about the relay is displayed READ key.
on the liquid crystal display (led); the The colour coded light emitting diodes The setting option allows the relay to
7 keys drive the display and allow all (leds) show if any unusual conditions be set to suit each application.
the available information to be viewed. have arisen. The red TRIP led is The user con select:
The cursor keys (T. L -+, ..... ), the SET illuminated when the relay initiates voltage sensitivity of the directional
key and the two test sockets ore only break tripping and is not extinguished elements
accessible after removing the until the fault indication is reset. The
reach (set directly in secondary
transparent front cover. yellow ALARM led Rashes when a
impedance) and residual
These keys are used to select from a fault or alarm indication occurs and
compensation of the d istance
menu of operations which can be stays Hashing until all indica tions have
protection and fault detectors
displayed on the led. One such option been read. It then remains lit (but not
allows the relay settings to be altered. flashing) and only goes out when all scheme type, for example: blocking,
Any change which will affect relay indications ore reset. The yellow OUT permissive over reach, or
operation does not become effective OF SERVICE led is illumina ted when permissive over reach with weak
until the user has confirmed the the relay is inhibited from operating infeed echo and tripping
change by pressing the SET key. as a protedion. The green RELAY whether the distance protection is
Accidental changes ore prevented by HEALTHY led is always on when the enabled and if so, whether it is
allowing SET to be operative only at relay is functioning correctly, but is instantaneous or time delayed
certain points in the menu after switched off if the relay becomes whether the directional earth fault
appropria te warnings hove been faulty. element is enabled and if so,
displayed. Valid changes ore The relay incorporates self testing whether it is channel-aided or time
transferred to permanent memory, so including o continuous check of the delayed or both
that if the supply is lost, correct relay permanent memory which holds the value of scheme timers
settings etc. are always reinstated relay settings. If on error is detected,
when the supply is restored. single or three pole tripping
a warning is displayed on the led.
The test sockets con be used to send the conditions for which auto-
information about the relay to either a reclosure is blocked
Menu Options
parallel or serial printer. In addition, whether the directional earth fault
test points within the relay con be The menu provides on extensive range element is enabled during switch-
monitored on the PARALLEL socket. of o ptions, which allow the user to: on-to-fault conditions
When the relay trips, the dote and view and change the relay settings whether power swing blocking is
time of the fault, the element which change the configuration (baud enabled
initiated the trip and the faulty phases, role, etc.) of the R$232C serial port The menu is adaptive and only
are indicated on the led. If another displays the relevant settings; for
view time-togged records of the led
trip occurs, the display is example, if the distance proledion
indications for the last 10 alarms
automatically updated to show details has been disabled its reach setting is
of the new fault. The latest alarm view time-togged records of the led
not required and is automatically
conditions are also indicated. If fault indications for the last 3 faults.
removed from the menu.
or alarm indications ore present when (Separate storage of alarms and
the supply is lost, they are reinstated faults ensures that the last 3 faults
when the supply is restored. are always available even i n the
event of multiple a larms)
Each fault/alarm indication occupies
a single page (ie. 2 lines x 16 remove all post fault and alarm
characters) of the led. When several records from the memory
different indications occur each one view and change a calendar clock
can be displayed by pressing the transmit information to a printer, to
READ key. When all indications have provide a prinl-oul of relay settings,
been read, they can be cleared by fault and alarm records. The user
pressing the RESET key. For security, selects whether to transmit the
when the front cover is in place the information to the PARALLEL or
user has restrided access and cannot SERIAL port
change any parameters which affect
view and change a relay
relay performance. However, the
identification name for use on print-
indications can still be read and reset
outs
7
Remote Communications
22
All the options available on the menu I SIGNAlUNG DElAY 5ms I
are also available from a local or
Trip fime for rell al end A
remote terminal via an RS232C serial - 20
..§_
-------
communication port. Sockets are .,
-
E
provided on both the front and the ;=: t--
-~ 18
--------r- -------
rear of the relay for temporary or 0
:;;
permanent connection respectively. 0..
0
The socket on the rear can also 16
interface with a modem for Trip fime lor rer al end B
communication over a suitable link,
for instance a telephone line. 14
0 25 50 75 100
Faull Posifion I %of line from end A)
Self-Monitoring and Voltage
Transformer Fuse/MCB
Supervision Figure 6: Directionol comparison protection typical 50Hz operating times for a
permissive overreach scheme
The LFDC has comprehensive
continuous self-monitoring. If a failure 22
occurs, an alarm, is issued by closing I SIGNAlliNG DElAY 5ms I
the relay inoperative alarm contact
and extinguishing the RELAY 2o-
HEALTHY led. Diagnostic information
I
"'E
;=: Trip lime for relay ol end A
-
is automatically displayed if the failure
----- ----
.~ 18
is such that it does not d isable the
main processor and led. In the event
of failure of a VT fuse, the VT
0
0
:;;
a..
16
-
supervision logic disables the affected ~
Trip lime lor relay ol end B
directional elements, thereby blocking
14 I
relay operation. An optically coupled 0 25 50 75 100
isolator monitors the auxiliary contact
Foul! Posilion I %of line from end A )
of a miniature circuit breaker [mcb) if
the VT supplies are protected by an
mcb instead of fuses. Energising the Figure 7 : Directio nal comparison protection typical 60Hz operating times for a
permissive overreach scheme
optical isolator blocks relay operation.
When a VT supply is lost, an alarm is
issued by closing the VT supervision Technical Data
alarm contact.
Ratings
AC voltage [V nl 100 to 120V rms phase-phase
Contact Arrangements
AC current [lnl 1A or 5A rms per phase
The output contact arrangement for Frequency [fnl Nominal: 50 Hz or 60 Hz
single breaker applications is shown Operative range: 47.0 to 5 1.0 Hz or
in Figure 5. A version providing 6 sets 57.0 to 62.0 Hz
of trip A, trip B and trip C contacts is Auxiliary de voltage Nominal [V) Operative range [V)
also available for double breaker
[Vx[lll 24/27 19 32
applications. 30/34 24 41
(Power supply) 48/54 37.5 65
110/125 87.5 - 150
220/250 175 - 300
Auxiliary de voltage Nominal (V) Operative range (V)
(Vx!2)l 24/27 19 32
30/34 24 41
(Status inputs) 48/54 37.5 65
110/ 125 87.5 - 150
220/250 175 - 300
Note: Vx!2) may be different from
Yx( 1)
8
Dynamic Range/Maximum overoad ratings
Dynamic Range Ratings
AC voltage 1 .7Vn for measuring accuracy
9
Operating time
Permissive overreach scheme Closure of the signal send contact
(forward fault) :
50Hz minimum 6ms
typical 9ms
60Hz minimum 5ms
typical 8ms
Closure of the trip contact:
50Hz minimum 1Oms + signalling delay
typical 13ms + signalling delay
60Hz minimum 9ms + signalling delay
typical 12ms + signalling delay
Blocking scheme Closure of the signal send contact
(reverse fault);
50Hz minimum 7 ms
typical 9ms
60Hz minimum 6ms
typical 8ms
Closure of the tri p contact:
10
Current sensitivity The minimum operating current
(I min) is:
0.1341n if z<::3 .2n.
In
or
0.134In x 3.2 if z < 3.2n.
In x z In
If the distance protection is enabled,
z is the distance reach setting (Z). If
the distance protection is disabled,
z is the forward fault detector reach
setting (FD).
Voltage sensitivity The minimum operating voltage is
zero.
Accuracy A t fn and 20°C:
Reach:± 10% up to SIR =60.
Operating time Switch-on-to-fault: closure of trip
contact:
50Hz: minimum 26ms
typical 41 ms
60Hz minimum 26ms
typical 38ms
Fault evolving from an external to an
internal location: operating time of
the fault detector following the
internal fau lt:
50Hz minimum 17 ms
typical 38ms
60Hz minimum 12ms
typical 3 1ms
11
Accuracy At fn and 20°C:
Reach: ± 5% up to SIR= 15
Reach: ± 10% up to SIR= 60
System Impedance Ratio (SIR) is
defined as:
Zs/Z for phase-phase fau lts
Zs/(Z + KN.Z) for ground faults
where Zs is the total source
impedance per phase, Z is the
distance setting and KN in the neutral
compensation factor.
Timer ranges Time delayed distance
TZ(T) = 0.02s to 5.0s in 0.02s steps.
Timer accuracy TZ(T): ± 5ms
Operating time Under-reaching instantaneous
protection:
Closure of the trip contact:
50Hz minimum 24ms
typical 45ms
60Hz minimum 17ms
typical 40ms
12
Blocking scheme C losure of the trip contact:
50Hz minimum 45ms + TP
typical 50ms + TP
60Hz minimum 43ms + TP
typical 48ms + TP
(TP =maximum signalling delay + 6ms)
Output contacts
Ratings
Make and carry 7500VA for 0.2s,
(maxima 30A, 300V ac or de).
Carry continuously SA ac or de.
Break ac 1250VA
de SOW resistive
25W inductive at L/R = 40ms
(maxima 5A, 300V ac or de).
13
Environmental withstand
Termperature Operative range - 25°C to +55°C
Storage and transport - 25°C to +70°C
Humidity
IEC 68- 2 - 3
Long term damp heat 56 days at 93% RH and +40°C.
Enclosure protection
IEC 529 IP50 Category 2 (dust protected)
Vibration
IEC 255- 2 1-1 class 1 0.035mm displacement 10- 59Hz
0.5g acceleration 59- 150Hz
Voltage withstand
Insulation
IEC 255- 5
ANSI C37.90-1 978 2 kV rms for 1 minute between circuits
and case earth.
2kV rms for 1 minute between
independent circuits.
1.5kV rms for 1 minute across normally
open contacts.
High voltage impulse
IEC 255- 5 5kV peak, 1.2/50fJS, 0.5J
between circuits and case earth,
between independent circuits and
across terminals of the same circuit
High frequency disturbance
IEC 255- 22 - 1 class Ill
ANSI C37.90.1 - 1989 2.5kV peak between circuits and case
earth.
2.5kV peak between each independent
circuit and all other independent circuits
l.OkV peak cross terminals of the same
circuit at lMHz
Electrical fast transients
IEC draft document 41 B, 1990
ANSI C37.90.1 - 1989 4kV 5/50ns repetitive pulses
Electrostatic discharge
IEC 255- 22- 2 class Ill BkV discharge.
Radiated electromagnetic
interference test
IEC 255- 22 - 3 class Ill 27-500MHz, 1OV/m
Draft ANSI C37.90.2 25MHz- 1GHz 1OV/m
Auxiliary de supply
Supply interruptions
IEC 255- 11 Duration of interrupt 1Oms.
Supply ripple
IEC 255-11 ac component in de, 12% of rated de
value.
Mechanical construction
Mechanical durability
Loaded contact 10,000 operations minimum
Unloaded contact 100,000 operations minimum
Case dimensions Type LFDC relays are housed in
multi-module MIDOS cases (see Figure 8).
Case weight 15kg.
14
443 37-i f---252 - -JI-10
Boord: ~ription: Boord No.
-
--:l Ref- -
Hinged Front:
Pone! (GM0025) Front View (Cover removed)
0
I
-JI- 10 . .
Stde v1ew
~J
I 178
~
I I I I I """ ""i""IJI""i""IJI
SKID 1.8. 1.8. 1.8. T.B.
Front view: E F G H
(with cover end hinged front: -
ponel removed) II"" leo L lao 2 28 way max:
1 - - - - - - - 400 - - --1 Rear view
i:ll:J[ll:J
[ll:J[ll:J
[ll:J[ll:J
eoch way oa:epfi: r:
2-M4 Ring lermina s:
I!Jl:)I!Jl:)
I!Jl:)l[ll]
l[ll]l[ll]
or:
14 l[ll]rn::J 2-4,8 X 0,8:
I!Jl:)I!Jl:)
I!Jl:)I!Jl:) Snap on lerminals:
[ll:J[ll:J
[ll:J[ll:J
or:
28 1- Ring+:
[ll:J[ll:J
13 25 27
- 1-Snap on terminal
25 way ' D': Terminal block is numbered 1 Ia 28:
connector detail unless otherwise sloled
Panel cul-oul detail
Fixing slot:
10,6 long • 7 wide 25 way 'D' connector: 2 28 way max:
{socket fined) M4 earthing connection eoch way occepling:·:
\ I 2-M4 Ring terminals:
or:
SKID \~~,~ 18 l iB 1 8 TB
0
14 2-4,8 X 0,8:
Snap on terminals:
E IFIG H or:
0 0
L ~~~ o 13 25
1- Ring+:
28 1-Snap on terminal
Front view: Rear view
(with cover and hinged front: 25 way 'D': Terminal block:
panel removed) connector detail detail
15