Imperfection Concept Tutorial for Steel Design Analysis

Imperfection Concept — SOFiSTiK TUTORiALS http://www.sofistik.de/documentation/2016/en/tutorials/steel-design/impe...
IMPERFECTION CONCEPT
Introduction
This document provides a short introduction to the general stability approach based on
imperfections and second order analysis, which is allowed according to EN 1993-1-1. This tutorial
will focus only on the imperfection problem, but not on the design of elements. Design topics are
described in other tutorials such as Portal Frame. A simple steel frame is analysed in this tutorial.
The tutorial provides guidance for:
Stability verification,
Imperfections.
Note: A basic SOFiSTiK knowledge is required for this tutorial.
Objectives
Generate loads inside SOFiPLUS

Run linear analysis
Generate load combinations
Run second order analysis
Project Description
This project is fully done using Graphical User Interface (GUI). However, it could be completely
reproduced via text input - CADINP language. The intention of this tutorial is to guide you through a
simple single-span frame example and introduce the general work-flow for imperfections in
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SOFiSTiK. Some theoretical background is given as well.
Geometry
A simple one-span steel frame is presented. The frames are on a 5 m spacing. The frame height is
5000 mm with a span of 6000 mm.
Design code
This tutorial is based on EN 1993-1-1.
Materials
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Number Grade Notes
1 S 355 (EN 10025-2) tf < 16 mm, thus fy = 355 MPa
Cross-sections
Number Title Notes
1 HEA 200 For whole frame
Loads
Number Title Action Load Value
1 Self-weight G (Permanent) Automatically generated
2 Dead load G (Permanent) 1,0 kN/m2
3 Imposed Q (Variable) 2,0 kN/m2
4 Wind load +Y W (Variable) 1,0 kN/m2
5 Wind load -Y W (Variable) 1,0 kN/m2
11 Imperfection IMP Sway 1/200, bow 1/200 (stress-free)

(Imperfection)
Note: SOFiSTiK has a tool for an Automatic Wind Load Generation. A tutorial with this topic will
be available soon.
Load combinations
Leading Accompanying
Number Title Permanent Variable Variable
1001 1.35*LC1+1.35*LC2+1.50*LC3+0.9*LC4+1.0*IMP 1.35 Imposed Wind 1.5 * 0.6

1.5
1002 1.35*LC1+1.35*LC2+1.50*LC3+0.9*LC5-1.0*IMP 1.35 Imposed Wind 1.5 * 0.6

1.5
1003 1.35*LC1+1.35*LC2+1.05*LC3+1.5*LC4+1.0*IMP 1.35 Wind Imposed 1.5 *

1.5 0.7
1004 1.35*LC1+1.35*LC2+1.05*LC3+1.5*LC4-1.0*IMP 1.35 Wind Imposed 1.5 *

1.5 0.7
Download Project Files
You will find the ⇗ data files on our ftp-server.
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Note: You need the current SONAR login and password to get access to the files.
Theoretical Background
Stability verification
Different stability verification methods are provided in EN 1993-1-1.. The goal is the same – to
consider the second-order effects and imperfections. EN 1993-1-1 allows several ways to account
for the second-order effects and imperfections. Chapter 5.2.2 (3) states:
According to the type of a frame and the global analysis, second order effects and imperfections
may be accounted for by one of the following methods:
a. both totally by the global analysis,

b. partially by the global analysis and partially through individual stability checks of members
according to 6.3,
c. for basic cases by individual stability checks of equivalent members according to 6.3 using
appropriate buckling lengths according to the global buckling mode of the structure.
EN 1993-1-1 chapter 5.2.2 (7) and (8) describes the stability verification for members:
In accordance with chapter 5.2.2 (3) the stability of individual members should be checked
according to the following:
a. If second order effects in individual members and relevant member imperfections (see 5.3.4)
are totally accounted for in the global analysis of the structure, no individual stability check for
the members according to 6.3 is necessary.
b. If second order effects in individual members or certain individual member imperfections (e.g.
member imperfections for flexural and/or lateral torsional buckling, see 5.3.4) are not totally
accounted for in the global analysis, the individual stability of members should be checked
according to the relevant criteria in 6.3 for the effects not included in the global analysis. This
verification should take account of end moments and forces from the global analysis of the
structure, including global second order effects and global imperfections (see 5.3.2) when
relevant and may be based on a buckling length equal to the system length.
A clear presentation of the mentioned methods has been published in “Deutscher Stahlbautag 2012;
Aachen, 18. Oktober 2012” by Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ulrike KUHLMANN, Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter GÜNTHER
and Dipl.-Ing. Antonio ZIZZA. The methods are the following:
Method a)
Method b1)
Method b2)
Method c)
And will be presented in the following figures:
Method a):
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Method b1):
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Method b2):
Method c):
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Summary of methods:
Step-by-Step
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Generate loads inside SOFiPLUS
Open the “Loadcase Manager” in SOFiPLUS:
See also: In the background of the dialog “Loadcase Combination Manager” the module called
“SOFiLOAD” is used. Please refer to SOFiLOAD Manual for more information.
Create a new loadcase with action type “IMP Imperfection”. The user may create as much
imperfection loadcases as is needed for a project:
Now open the dialog “Line Load” from register “Element Loads”:
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“Element Loads” are the loads related to elements. Imperfection kind load is always related to
element. Please refer to SOFiLOAD Manual for more information, key-words “element load”,
“imperfection”.
Here is an example, how the text input of an imperfection looks like:
Create a new imperfection load by selecting load “Class” as Imperfection:
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Select the “Type” of imperfection. The user may decide between a discrete imperfection in
[mm] or a relative imperfection, as a factor to the total length:
Select the “Distribution” of imperfection. There are several distribution types such as Linear,
Quadratic and Cubic:
Give a value of an imperfection:
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We have defined linear varying and quadratic imperfections in our example. These should
represent a sway imperfection for the frame and bow imperfections for columns:
Tip: There are several ways to view the input of imperfections. The user can either view imperfections
graphically in the module WinGRAF, or view it numerically in the Report Browser.
Imperfection graphical representation inside WinGRAF:
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Imperfection numerical representation inside Report Browser:
All loadcases:
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Run linear analysis
After the system is exported to SSD, the user can open the task “Linear Analysis” to run the linear
analysis of load cases. It can be seen that the imperfection loadcase is not supplied for this task.
Imperfection is only available in analysis according to the second (or third) order theory.
Imperfection cannot be used for a linear analysis of single loadcases.
Note: A loadcase Imperfection is defined with TYPE IMP. The loadcases of this type allow the use
of imperfection loads for the definition of loadcase combinations for the analysis according to the
second (third) order theory. It is meaningless to use imperfection loadcases for a linear analysis of
single loadcases with ASEor STAR2 and to superimpose these linear loadcases with MAXIMA, as
imperfection alone does not create any additional effects, unless a second order analysis is
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performed. For imperfections the program is capable to handle a cubic function distribution directly
for a single beam.
The same is valid for text input. If a linear analysis has been chosen with “SYST PROB LINE” and
all loadcases are chosen with “LC NO ALL”, the solver will ignore the imperfection loadcases.
Input:
Output:
Generate load combinations
Open the task “Define Combinations”. It can be seen here as well, that imperfection loadcase
is not supplied for this task. Even if the user creates a “Standard Superposition”, imperfection
will not be in the selection list, as imperfection is not to be used for the superposition of
linear loadcases with MAXIMA/WinMAX:
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Open the task “Loadcase Combination Manager”. Now the imperfection loadcase is available
and the user can create load combinations including an imperfection:
Note: There are two ways to create Load Combinations inside the task “Loadcase Combination
Manager”. The user may create them manually or automatically. Automatic Load Combination
generator is a tool based on Objective Functions.
Load Combinations created manually:
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Load Combinations created automatically:
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Run second order analysis
Open the task “Analysis of Combined Loadcases” and run the 2nd (3rd) Order Analysis:
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Note: Alternatively the user may define global/local imperfection in the task “Analysis of Combined
Loadcases” directly. Click on “no inclination” in column “Inclination”. Define either a global sway
imperfection or an imperfection directly from a loadcase in which case a factor of displacement or a
scaling of the maximum can be entered.
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Imperfection Concept Tutorial for Steel Design Analysis

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Imperfection Concept — SOFiSTiK TUTORiALS http://www.sofistik.de/documentation/2016/en/tutorials/steel-design/impe...

The tutorial provides guidance for:

Note: A basic SOFiSTiK knowledge is required for this tutorial.

Generate loads inside SOFiPLUS

SOFiSTiK. Some theoretical background is given as well.

This tutorial is based on EN 1993-1-1.

Number Grade Notes

1 S 355 (EN 10025-2) tf < 16 mm, thus fy = 355 MPa

1 HEA 200 For whole frame

1 Self-weight G (Permanent) Automatically generated

2 Dead load G (Permanent) 1,0 kN/m2

3 Imposed Q (Variable) 2,0 kN/m2

4 Wind load +Y W (Variable) 1,0 kN/m2

5 Wind load -Y W (Variable) 1,0 kN/m2

11 Imperfection IMP Sway 1/200, bow 1/200 (stress-free)

1001 1.35*LC1+1.35*LC2+1.50*LC3+0.9*LC4+1.0*IMP 1.35 Imposed Wind 1.5 * 0.6

1002 1.35*LC1+1.35*LC2+1.50*LC3+0.9*LC5-1.0*IMP 1.35 Imposed Wind 1.5 * 0.6

1003 1.35*LC1+1.35*LC2+1.05*LC3+1.5*LC4+1.0*IMP 1.35 Wind Imposed 1.5 *

1004 1.35*LC1+1.35*LC2+1.05*LC3+1.5*LC4-1.0*IMP 1.35 Wind Imposed 1.5 *

Download Project Files

You will find the ⇗ data files on our ftp-server.

a. both totally by the global analysis,

And will be presented in the following figures:

Generate loads inside SOFiPLUS

Open the “Loadcase Manager” in SOFiPLUS:

Here is an example, how the text input of an imperfection looks like:

Create a new imperfection load by selecting load “Class” as Imperfection:

Give a value of an imperfection:

Imperfection graphical representation inside WinGRAF:

Imperfection numerical representation inside Report Browser:

Run linear analysis

Generate load combinations

Load Combinations created manually:

Load Combinations created automatically:

Run second order analysis

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1001 1.35LC1+1.35LC2+1.50LC3+0.9LC4+1.0IMP 1.35 Imposed Wind 1.5 0.6

1002 1.35LC1+1.35LC2+1.50LC3+0.9LC5-1.0IMP 1.35 Imposed Wind 1.5 0.6

1003 1.35LC1+1.35LC2+1.05LC3+1.5LC4+1.0IMP 1.35 Wind Imposed 1.5

1004 1.35LC1+1.35LC2+1.05LC3+1.5LC4-1.0IMP 1.35 Wind Imposed 1.5