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Earlier Topics
• Introduction to Cryogenic Engineering
• An introductory knowledge of Cryogenic
Engineering.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Current Topic
Topic : Gas Liquefaction and Refrigeration
Systems
• Basics of Refrigeration/Liquefaction
• Production of low temperatures
• Ideal thermodynamic cycle
• Various liquefaction cycles
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Introduction
Second Law of Thermodynamics
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Basics of Refrigeration
• Coefficient of Performance (COP) is
defined as the ratio of heat
extracted (QL) to the work input (W)
TH at a particular temperature.
QH
• Mathematically,
W
QL
QL COP =
W
TL
QL
COP =
QH − QL
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Basics of Refrigeration
• The best performance is delivered by
a system, when it adapts a reverse
Carnot Cycle as the working cycle.
TH
QH • The COP of such a system is called as
Carnot COP and is given by
W
TL
QL COP =
TH − TL
TL
• Carnot COP is often used as a
benchmark to compare the
performances of refrigerating
systems
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Basics of Refrigeration
• COP represents watt of cooling effect
obtained per Watt of power input at a
particular temperature.
300 K
TH
• For example, if it is desired to
QH maintain TL as 100 K with 1 W as
W cooling power. TH is at 300 K. The
Carnot COP is
QL
TL 100 1
TL100 K COP = = =
TH − TL 300 − 100 2
• It means that 2 W of input power is
required to deliver 1 W of cooling
power at 100 K.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Comparative Study
T WP/WC Carnot COP Actual COP
270 0.11 9 3.33 ~ 2.0
100 2 0.5 0.1 ~ 0.05
20 14 0.0714 0.01 ~ 0.005
4 74 0.0135 0.0014 ~ 0.0007
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Symbols
Symbols used in Liquefaction Cycle
Schematics
WC • QR – Heat of compression.
• WC – Work required for compression.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Symbols
Connecting Flow Lines
• The flow of liquid is assumed to be frictionless
and there is no pressure drop during this flow.
Liquid Container
• It is assumed that the container is perfectly
insulated from the surroundings.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Symbols
Expander
• The schematic for a expander is as shown. The
expansion is isentropic and during expansion it
produces work We.
We
Heat Exchanger
• It can either be a two-fluid type or triple-fluid
type depending upon the number of inlets and
outlets attached to the HX.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Methods of Production
1. Throttling 2. Heat
Method Exchanger
FluidA, in FluidA, out
High Low
Pr. Pr.
FluidB, out
FluidB, in
• Large systems may be formed by combination
of above two methods
Cold Heat
Exchanger
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Refrigerator
• A refrigerator operates in a closed
thermodynamic cycle.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Liquefier
• A Liquefier often produces cold
Makeup gas liquid, that is drawn off from the
system. For example, a nitrogen
liquefier produces LN2.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Comparative Study
Makeup gas Makeup gas
Liquefied gas
Refrigerator Liquefier Refr. + Liqu.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Joule – Thompson Expansion
High Low
Pr. Pr.
Initial Final
Parameter Initial Final • From 1st Law of
Mass flow m i m f Thermodynamics,
Enthalpy hi hf δ Q − δW =
dU
Velocity vi vf
Datum zi zf Qnet − Wnet = ∑ U −∑ U
out in
Heat Qnet
Work Wnet
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Joule – Thompson Expansion
• Applying the 1st Law
v 2f vi2
= m f h f +
Qnet − Wnet + gz f − m i hi + + gzi
2g 2g
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Joule – Thompson Expansion
v 2f vi2
= m f h f +
Q net − W net + gz f − m i hi + + gzi
2g 2g
h f = hi
• Hence, a Joule – Thompson expansion is an
isenthalpic expansion.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Joule – Thompson Effect
• T – p plot for any gas at
constant enthalpies are as
shown.
2 1
• As can be seen from the
figure, the constant enthalpy
line shows a maxima at a
particular temperature.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Joule – Thompson Effect
• Consider gas at state A in
the region-1 with pressure
and temperature as shown.
2 1
• It is expanded from state A
to state B at a constant
B enthalpy.
A
• As can be seen, this results
in increase in temperature of
the gas.
Pressure
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Joule – Thompson Effect
• Now, consider the gas
sample at state C in region-2
with pressure and
2 1 temperature as shown.
Pressure
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Joule – Thompson Effect
• This dividing line is called as
Tinv Inversion Curve.
D
• It is clear that the initial
state of the gas should be
inside the region-2 or below
Pressure
Tinv to have a cooling effect.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Joule – Thompson Effect
• From the earlier plot, Enthalpy (h) is a function of
both pressure (p) and temperature (T).
h= f ( p, T )
• Using the calculus, the following can be derived.
∂h ∂p ∂T
= −1
∂p T ∂T h ∂h p
∂s ∂s ∂s ∂s
=ds dT + = dp Tds T dT + T dp
∂T p ∂p T ∂T p ∂p T
∂ν Maxwell’s
cp − Equation
∂T p
∂v
=
Tds c p dT − T dp
∂T p ∂v
dh =
c p dT − T − v dp
∂T p
=
dh Tds + vdp
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Joule – Thompson Effect
• Also, using the calculus, the following can be
derived.
h = f ( p, T )
∂h ∂h ∂v
=dh dT + dp dh =
c p dT − T − v dp
∂T p ∂p T ∂T p
∂T ∂T ∂h
µ JT = = −
∂p h ∂h p ∂p T
1 ∂v
=µ JT T − v
cp ∂T p
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Joule – Thompson Effect
• For an ideal gas, the equation of state is RT
ν=
p
• Differentiating w.r.t T at constant p, we get
∂ν R ν
• On substitution, we get = =
∂T p p T
1 ∂ν 1 ν
µ JT
= T = −ν T −ν = 0
cp ∂T p c p T
• For an ideal gas µ JT = 0 . It means that the ideal
gas does not show any change in temperature
when it undergoes J – T expansion.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Thank You!
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay