Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
36th
Annual
VCEA
Conference
and
Expo
Andrew
Tong
Department
of
Chemical
and
Biomolecular
Engineering
The
Ohio
State
University
May
19th,
2015
Kingsport,
TN
Large-‐Scale
CCS
Projects
40
• 60
total
CCS
projects
– 15
less
than
2012
report
– Decline
in
CCS
due
mostly
to
United
States
Europe
–
no
large-‐scale
CCS
30
Africa
opera4on
an4cipated
un4l
2018-‐2020
South
America
• 21
CCS
ac4ve
projects:
Other
Asia
under
construc4on
or
in
20
Middle
East
opera4on
– 40
MMTPY
CO2
capture
Australia
– 14
ac4ve
CCS
projects
Canada
located
in
North
America
10
• 3
addi4onal
projects
to
China
receive
final
investment
for
Europe
construc4on
an
opera4on
in
2014
0
• United
States
leading
in
CCS
Planning
Construc4on
Opera4on
projects
Statoil/Shell
860
MW
NG
Power
Plant,
Draugen,
Norway
CO2+H2O
Spent
Air Particulate
CO2
Capture
Efficiency,
% 0 90 96.5
FGD Stack
Removal
ID
Fan
Net
Power
Output,
MWe 550 550 550
Fly
Ash
and
Carrier
Particle
Fines
Net
Plant
HHV
Heat
Rate,
9,165
12,663
10,084
Fe2O3
kJ/kWh
(Btu/kWh) (8,687) (12,002) (9,558)
Coal Coal
Prep. Reducer
Electricity
Net
Plant
HHV
Efficiency,
Existing
equipment
39.3 28.5 35.6
for
repowering
case
Combustor
%
FeO/Fe
Steam HP IP LP
Carrier
Particle
Cost
of
Electricity,
$/
Makeup
(Fe2O3) 80.96
132.56
102.67
Water
Steam
Cycle
MWh
Air
Increase
in
Cost
of
Existing
equipment
ID
Cooling
Existing
equipment
-‐
63.7
26.8
for
repowering
case Fan
Pump
Tower for
repowering
case Electricity,
%
Fe2O3 Fe
Sequestration
Reducer:
Coal
+
Fe2O3
→
Fe/FeO
+
CO2
+
H2O
(endothermic)
CL
Process
reduces
exergy
loss
by
Oxidizer:
Air/H2O
+
Fe/FeO
→
Fe2O3
+
Spent
Air/H2
(exothermic)
recupera4ng
the
low
grade
heat
while
producing
a
larger
amount
of
Overall:
Coal
+
Air
→
CO
+
H O
+
Spent
Air
(exothermic)
high
grade
heat
2 2
Reducer
Opera4on
Modes
of
Chemical
Looping
Reactor
Systems
Mode-‐1
Mode-‐2
Bubbling,
Moving packed,
turbulent, fast
Operation Regime or multistage
fluidized, or
fluidized bed
spouted bed
Fuel
Fuel
Thomas,
T.,
L.-‐S.
Fan,
P.
Gupta,
and
L.
G.
Velazquez-‐Vargas,
“Combus[on
Looping
Using
Composite
Oxygen
Carriers”
U.S.
Patent
No.
7,767,191
(2010)
Chemical
Looping
Reactor
Opera[on
Phase
Diagram
–
Thermodynamic
Restric[ons
?50# 0.05#atm#O2#
O2#+#4Mn3O4#=#6Mn2O3#
O2+2Cu2O=4CuO# O2#+#6MnO#=#2Mn3O4#
?100#
O2#+#4Fe3O4#=#6Fe2O3#
O2+4Cu=2Cu2O#
?150#
?200#
ΔG#(kj/mol)#
O2+2Ni#=#2NiO#
99.5%CO2/0.5%CO#
?250#
?300#
O2+.5CaS=.5CaSO4#
O2#+#2Fe#=#2FeO#
?350#
20H2:80H2O# O2#+#6FeO#=#2Fe3O4#
12
Cyclic
Redox
of
Pure
Fe2O3
with
Hydrogen
400
350
300
Force
(N)
250
200
150
100
50
Fresh
10
C ycles
100
C ycles
Coal
Direct
Chemical
Looping
(CDCL)
25
kWth
Sub-‐Pilot
Demonstra4ons
CDCL
OSU
Moving
Bed
Reactor
Configura[on
Reducer
(Sec[on
A)
25
kWth
Sub-‐Pilot
Demonstra[on
Fuel
Fuel
Flow
Fuel
Type
Enhancer
Feedstock
(lb/hr)
Conversion
Coal
volatile
CH4
0.1-‐0.4
H2
99.80%
Lignite
0.7-‐2.0
CO2/H2O
94.90%
Coal
char
Metallurgical
0.05-‐3
CO2/H2O
50-‐97.30%
Coke
Sub-‐
0.05-‐7
CO2/H2O
60
–
99+%
Bituminous
Coal
Bituminous
0.05-‐3
CO2/H2O
70
–
95%
Anthracite
0.2-‐0.7
CO2/H2O
95.50%
Biomass
Wood
pellets
0.1
CO2
75
–
99%
8 0.35
• <0.25%
CO
and
CH4
in
reducer
outlet
=
full
fuel
0.3
conversion
to
CO2/H2O
6
CO2
0.25
Combustor
Syngas
Fuel
Fe
/
FeO
H2
&
Steam
General
Observa[ons:
•
High
fuel
conversion
Oxidizer
Fe3O4
25
kWth
SCL
Sub-‐Pilot
Unit
25
kWth
SCL
Sub-‐Pilot
Demonstra[on
Reducer
Gas
Profile
–
3
Day
Demonstra[on
Reducer
Profile
–
Methane
Test
Oxidizer Gas Profile– 3 Day Demonstra[on Reducer Profile -‐ Simulated NCCC Air-‐Blown Gasifier Feed
Reducer'
– Process
Control
• Instrumenta4on
requirements
• Process
safety
interlocks
• Automated
process
control
philosophy
Syngas$
– Opera4ons
Fe/FeO$
• Real
syngas
feed
performance
results
• Long
term
opera4on
experience
• High
purity
H2
genera4on
H2$
Oxidizer'
• High
syngas
conversion
• Project
Team
– Babcock
&
Wilcox
Power
Genera[on
Group,
Inc.
(B&W
PGG):
Design
Engineering
H2O$
– Louis
Perry
&
Associates
(LPA):
Balance
of
Plant
Combustor'
– The
Perry
Group
Ltd.
(PGL):
Construc4on
Management
Fe3O4$
– Par[culate
Solid
Research,
Inc.
(PSRI):
Cold
model
study
– CONSOL
Energy,
Inc.:
Techno-‐economic
analysis
– Clear
Skies
Consul[ng
LLC:
Project
Management
Air$
OSU
SCL
250
kWth-‐
3MWth
High
Pressure
Pilot
Unit
Opera[on
for
Hydrogen
Genera[on
Chemical
Looping
Par4al
Oxida4on
(CLPO)
The
OSU
CTS
Chemical
Looping
Process:
Mass
and
Energy
Balance
Natural
pre-heat Syngas
Specifica[ons
T
=
600
C
Gas
5.6 kg/hr
1 2 H2/CO
=
2.06
Coal (PRB)
15 oC
4
CO2
(
v/v)
=
10
%
10 bar
15.592 kg/hr Steam
3
Syngas
(
dry
basis
v/v)
=
84.8
%
Pre-‐condi[oning
1 kmol/hr
600C
Fe2O3
Carbon
Capture
:
90.2
%
T
=
1180
C
Material
&Energy
Balance
Table
Fe2O3/C
=
0.756
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
S2
S1
S1
Reducer
~ 10 bar
P
(bar)
29
29
11
1.01
11
10
1.01
10
10
Mass
kg/hr
5.615
5615
18.01
0
69.24
59.59
0
0
0
Mole
Flow
kmol/hr
Syngas
CH4
0.35
0.35
H2O
1
0.08
CO2
0.12
N2
1.89
1.89
S2
O2
0.51
0.001
Coal (PRB)
pre-heat
15 oC
7 Air
10 bar
5 10 bar
1.113 kg/hr
Pre-‐condi[oning
T
=
700
C
69.74 kg/hr
Economic Analysis
Case
Descrip[on Technology
Status Reference
MBL-‐1 Reference
from
DOE/NETL
(341/101514)
coal
Conven[onal NETL
MBL
Report
feedstock
without
CO2
capture
MBL-‐2 Reference
from
DOE/NETL
(341/101514)
coal
Conven[onal NETL
MBL
Report
feedstock
with
CO2
capture
OSU-‐1 OSU
CLG
–
2
reactor
system
–coal
only Advanced N/A
OSU-‐2 OSU
CLG
–
2
reactor
system
–coal
and
natural
gas Advanced N/A
2.00
1.78
1.75
1.48
1.50
1.41
Case
MBL-‐1 MBL-‐2 OSU-‐1 OSU-‐2 1.25 Capital Costs
Required
Selling
1.18
1.23
0.81
Fixed Costs
Driver