SPSS

Summary
Correlation + Regression + ANOVA + T-test

戴頭盔: For any details, please refer to Yan’s lecture notes!

Types of data
• Nominal: Categorical nature
• e.g., gender
• Ordinal: The position in a serial order
• e.g., champion and the first runner-up in a race
• Interval: The degree between any equally separated countable values
are identical
• e.g., ʻ1ʼ, ʻ2ʼ and ʻ3ʼ
• Ratio: most of the measurements in science are in ratio scale,
• e.g., Kg, cm, L
Test of Mean Differences
• One sample t-test (a score compared with the standard)
• Paired sample t-test (pre-post comparison)
• Independent sample t-test (comparison of two means)
All t-test involve 1 IV and 1 DV, DV is scale/ ratio; IV is nominal (groups)
Test of Mean Differences
• One Way ANOVA (1 IV with many levels, 1DV)
• Two Way ANOVA (2 IV with many levels, 1DV)
• Within Subject ANOVA (repeated measure ANOVA)
• (Comparison of multiple time points)
Test of relationship
• Correlation (Pearson’r)
• Regression
• Cronbach Alpha (reliability)→Questionnaires
Correlation, regression

Decision
Case No A B C D • No IV/DV → correlation (Pearson’ r)
1 10 12 18 26
2 20 14 20 28
• IVs/ DV → regression (only 1 DV)
3 30 16 22 30
4 40 18 24 32
Correlation
• r(n)= … p<.05, <.01, <.001 , or >.05
• Effect size = r square = % of variance explained.
Example:
r(10) = -.631, p=0.05, yields marginal significance.
r square =0.3981, which explains 39.81% of variance.
Regression : steps
• 1. Read “ANOVA” table (report F(df1, df2), p<.05……etc.)
• 2. If ANOVA table is significant, then read the following index:
• b, beta, t, p
• Report those factors (IV) that are significant
• ALSO, report those factors (IV) that are NOT significant
• Beta is the effect size for individual factors
• OVERALL ADJUSTED R Square (capital letter R) – overall variance explained by
significant IVs.
Example 1:
Df1, df2 = F(4,5) =2.465, p>.05 , the model is not
significant.
Example 2:
F(4,5) = 12.465, p<.05, overall model is significant.
The following IVs can significantly predict DV:
IV1 (B=-0.557, Beta = -0.668, t=-1.890, p<.05),
IV3 (B=0.238, Beta= 0.341, t=1.177, p<.05).
IV1 negatively predicts DV, while IV3 positively predicts DV.
Beta of IV =-.668 indicates that when IV1 increase for 1SD, DV
will decrease for .668 SD.
Last Step:
Adjusted R square =0.394, indicating that
significant IVs can predict 39.4% of variance in DV.
Two-way ANOVA
• Assumption test: homogeneity test (in option) > equal variance
assumption.
• Levene’s Test F(df1,df2) = ……, p>.05
• Main test (option: effect size, power, descriptive)
• Report F (df1, df2) = , p<.05…
• Effect size = partial eta square, (0.01, 0.06, 0.14)
• Post-hoc Tukey test: report significant mean differences
• Mean difference, p-value (significant case only)
• Plot graph (smaller variable : separate lines)
F (1,6) = 24.00, p<.01, partial eta squared =
0.80, which is very high.
From post-hoc Tukey test, Group 1 is significantly
smaller than Group 3 (mean difference =-5,
p<.01). Other group comparisons do not yield
statistical significance.
Independent sample t-test
• Assumption test: Levene’s test (report F, p >.05 (good))
• Main test : t(df) = … p<.05, <.01, <.001
• Which group has larger mean?
From Levene’s Test, F=0.000, p>.05, equal
variance is assumed, t(10)=-5.56, p<.001.