دليل الترجمة للمصطلحات الانتخابية

National Democratic Institute
An English-Arabic
Translator’s Guide
to Election Terminology
Prepared by May Ahmar
»æWƒdG »WGô≤Á~dG ~¡©ŸG
ºLÎŸG π«dO
á«HÉîàf’G äÉë∏£°üª∏d
»HôY-…õ«∏μfEG
ôªMC’G »e OG~YEG
An English-Arabic
Translator’s Guide
to Election Terminology
Prepared by May Ahmar
»æWƒdG »WGô≤Á~dG ~¡©ŸG
ºLÎŸG π«dO
á«HÉîàf’G äÉë∏£°üª∏d
»HôY-…õ«∏μfEG
ôªMC’G »e OG~YEG
The National Democratic Institute for International Affairs
The National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) is a nonprof-

it organization working to strengthen and expand democracy worldwide.
Calling on a global network of volunteer experts, NDI provides practical assis-
tance to civic and political leaders advancing democratic values, practices and
institutions. NDI works with democrats in every region of the world to build
political and civic organizations, safeguard elections, and promote citizen par-
ticipation, openness and accountability in government.
For more information, please contact:
National Democratic Institute »æWƒdG »WGô≤Á~dG ~¡©ŸG

for International Affairs á«dh~dG ¿hDƒ°û∏d
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Please send your feedback or comments to:
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National Democratic Institute for International Affairs, Beirut-Lebanon.

Copyright © National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2005. 06/05. All rights
reserved. Portions of this work may be reproduced and/or translated for noncommercial purposes
provided NDI is acknowledged as the source of the material and is sent copies of any translation.
I Forward
Compiling the English based jargon of election

work and translating it into a language as intricate
and uncompromising as Arabic is a daunting
mission. NDI's Arabic Publication Center in Beirut
is not the first to try, but with 630 entries, NDI's
Translator's English-Arabic Guide to Election Termino-
logy may have left only few stones unturned. Even
the most obscure expressions have been discussed
and definitions have been attempted.
It would be an understatement to say that Arabic

speakers are passionate about Arabic and quick to
debate usage, nuance and meaning. Yet another
component of the debate is the issue of regional
differences. In Lebanon, for example, "mabsut"
means happy. In Iraq "mabsut" means well beaten.
As with most communication, context is everything.
As NDI expands democracy and governance

programs throughout the Arabic speaking world,
Arabic speakers on the Middle East and North Africa
(MENA) team will inevitably be at the forefront of
creating new and precise idiom to convey the
concepts and ideas central to NDI's work.
The team at the Arabic Publication Center, who

developed this Guide, humbly offers this first effort
with the hope that it will not only prove useful to
NDI programs but that it will spark the regional
discussion necessary to refine and improve its
content. The Guide is meant to be used as a reference
document for NDI staff and contract interpreters. It is
not meant to be the final, authoritative resource.
User feedback is essential - comments and thoughts

on terms, definition, usage, and regional application
are desired and actively solicited. To make this
process as simple as possible, each copy of the
Guide contains self-addressed, tear-off, mail-in
sheets for comments. All that is required is a stamp.
Comments and suggestions can also be emailed to
the NDI translation team at:
arabictranslation@ndi.org.
Ms. May Ahmar, Arabic Publication Center Coor-
dinator in Lebanon, developed the project and served
as the primary and final editor. She was assisted by
Ms. Hiba Charara with research and by Lebanon
staff member, Ms. Nour Al Assad with translation.
The glossary included in "The Political Campaign

Planning Manual" by J.Brian O'Day for NDI, was
added verbatim to the Guide. Other primary sources
and websites are gratefully acknowledged below:
The UNTERM: It is a Multilingual Database

including terminology related to the United Nations’
work in elections, governance and other programs.
http://157.150.197.21/dgaacs/unterm.nsf
The UNDP Programme on Governance in the Arab

Region (POGAR). www.pogar.org
ACE PROJECT Glossary: www.aceproject.org

(Produced by the International Foundation for
Election Systems (IFES), the International Institute
for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA)
and the United Nations Department of Economic
and Social Affairs (UNDESA))
Other secondary sources included:
The Boulder Community Network (BCN): it provides

non-profit organizations with information about
community issues. http://bcn.boulder.co.us
Elections Canada is an independent body establi-

shed by parliament. This website is part of an effort
to provide accessible information about the federal
electoral system. www.elections.ca
Access Clark County is the official website for the

Clark County in Nevada. It provides information
about local government, legislation, and public services
for local constituents. www.accessclarkcounty.com
www.dictionary.com
www.answers.com
Please accept our thanks in advance for your

feedback. We look forward to hearing from you.
Joseph Hall, Senior Advisor

Middle East and North Africa
Beirut, Lebanon
jhall@ndi.org
A
1 Absentee Ballot - Administration Clerk
Absentee Ballot A ballot used by voters who are unable ’ ø˘jò˘dG ¿ƒ˘Ñ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG É˘¡˘e~˘î˘ à˘ °ùj ´GÎbG äÉ˘˘bÉ˘˘£˘ H »˘˘gh
/ÚÑFÉ¨dG ´GÎbG äÉbÉ£H to go to the polls to vote, either because
áªLÉf ÜÉÑ°SC’ ´GÎb’G õcGôe ¤EG ∫ƒ°UƒdG ¿ƒ©«£à°ùj
á«HÉ«¨dG ´GÎb’G äÉbÉ£H they are disabled or will be away from
the district on election day. Often it is O~q ÙG Ωƒ«dG ‘ IôFG~dG øY º¡HÉ«¨d hCG ,áj~°ùL ábÉYEG øY
mailed to the voters and they must send
it back to the board of elections before
πÑb á«HÉîàf’G áÄ«¡dG ¤EG ~jÈdÉH kÉÑdÉZ π°SôJh .´GÎbÓd
Election Day. See Ballot. ábÉ£H/á«HÉîàf’G ábÉ£ÑdG ô¶fG .´GÎbÓd O~ÙG Ωƒ«dG
.´GÎb’G
Absentee Voting / Ballot A voting method by which people can ábQh ÖNÉædG π°Sôj .~jÈdG ≥jôW øY ≥Ñ°ùŸG âjƒ°üàdG
»HÉ«Z ´GÎbG cast their ballots without going to the
¿hO øe ,¬H πé°ùe ƒg …òdG ÒZ ¿Éμe øe âjƒ°üàdG
polling place on election day. According
to various state laws or constitutions, ÒJÉ°SO hCG ÚfGƒ≤d Ék≤ahh .´GÎb’G ¿Éμe ¤EG ÜÉgòdG
voters have a time frame by which they
can obtain a ballot before the election,
¬æª°V ¿ƒ∏°üëj »æeR QÉWEÉH ¿ƒÑNÉædG ~q«≤àj ,IOq~©àe
mark it, and then usually mail it, sealed, É˘¡˘fƒ˘∏˘°Sô˘jh º˘¡˘«˘ë˘°Tô˘
q e ¿hQÉ˘à˘î˘jh ´GÎb’G á˘bÉ˘£˘H ≈˘˘∏˘ Y
to the appropriate election official.
.ÚÑ°SÉæŸG äÉHÉîàf’G ‹hDƒ°ùe ¤EG áeƒàfl ~jÈdÉH
Absolute Majority In most countries, an absolute majority øe %50 øe ÌcCG »g á≤∏£ŸG á«Ñ∏Z’G ,¿G~∏ÑdG º¶©e ‘
á≤∏£e á«Ñ∏ZCG is more than 50 per cent, but in some, to
qualify for an absolute and not just sim- ,á≤∏£ŸG á«Ñ∏ZCÓd πgq ÉC àdG ,iôNG ¿G~∏H ‘ øμd ;äGƒ°UC’G
ple majority, it is 70%. .%70 ≈∏Y ∫ƒ°ü◊G »æ©j ,Ö°ùëa á«Ñ∏ZCÓd ÉaÓN
Accessibility The electorate, and its representatives, á«q HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG ¤EG Gƒ∏°üj ¿CG º¡«∏ã‡h ÚÑNÉæ∏d øμÁ
∫ƒ°UƒdG á«fÉμeEG have full access to the process during all
âjƒ°üàdGh π«é°ùàdG ¤EG á∏ª◊G øe -É¡∏MGôe πq c ‘
its stages — campaigning, registration,
voting and counting — and have the øe ÚÑNÉædG πq c ¤EG ∫ƒ°UƒdG á«q fÉμeEG ºg~æYh -RôØdGh
ability to reach all the voters by having
sufficient means (funding) and access.
.(πjƒªàdG É¡«a ÉÃ) á«aÉc πFÉ°Sh ≈∏Y º¡dƒ°üM ∫ÓN
Ad Hoc Electoral Districts Electoral districts that are periodically .kÉjq QhO Ég~j~– OÉ©jo á«q HÉîàfG ôFGhO »g
áàqbƒD e /á°UÉN
q áq«HÉîàfG ôFGhO redrawn.
Additional Member Another term for a Mixed Member »q Ñ°ùæq dG ájƒ° ©dG ΩÉ¶f ¤EG IQÉ°TEÓd ôNBG í∏£°üe ƒg
System Proportional System.
á«aÉ°VE’G ájƒ° ©dG ΩÉ¶f .§∏àıG
Adjudication The hearing and deciding of a legal .áªμÙG ‘ á«fƒfÉb á«° b ‘ QGô≤dGh ´Éªà°S’G
/äÉYRÉæŸG ‘ π°üØdG QGôb case in a court of law.
/(áªμfi) ºμM
á©LGôŸG á«dBG
Administration Clerk responsible for organizing materials for ‘ I~YÉ°ùŸGh »HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«∏d OGƒŸG º«¶æJ øY ∫hDƒ°ùe
…QGOEG ÖJÉc Polling Day and assisting with post
ΩÉ«≤dG ¤EG áaÉ°VEG ,»HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG ~©H á«fƒfÉb äÉÑ∏£àe
Polling day statutory requirements, in
addition to performing general adminis- .áqeÉY ájQGOEG ΩÉ¡Ã
tration and clerical functions.
2 Administrative Exclusion- Amendment of Electoral Law
Administrative Exclusion Administrative exclusion occurs when Ú∏qgƒD ŸG ¢UÉî°TC’G ™æªoj ÚM q…QGOE’G AÉ°übE’G ç~ëj
…QGOE’G AÉ°übE’G people who are ostensibly eligible to
áLQ~e ÒZ ºgAÉª°SCG q¿’C ,º¡q≤M á°SQÉ‡ øe ÜÉîàfÓd
vote are not entitled to vote because they
have been left off the voters list. They AÉ°übEÓd Gƒ°Vqô©J º¡qfGC πªàÙG øªa .ÚÑNÉqædG áëF’ ‘
may be excluded, for example, simply
by their own choice or personal habits,
kGô¶f hCG ,kÓãe á«°üî°ûdG
q º¡JGOÉY ÖÑ°ùH hCG ,º¡JOGQEG AπÃ
or due to limitations of the system of ¬«a ÉÃ ,ø∏©j ’ …òdG ÚÑNÉqædG π«é°ùJ ΩÉ¶f Oh~◊
voter registration, such as a poorly pub-
licized deadline for completing the reg-
.π«é°ùqàdG ÜÉH ∫ÉØbE’ áq«FÉ¡qædG á∏¡ŸG øY ,ájÉØμdG
istration process.
Advance Voting Voting taking place in the days in the »HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG ‘ âjƒ°üàdG πÑb ºàj …òdG ´GÎb’G
/Ω~q ≤àe âjƒ°üJ lead up to polling day by voters who will
Ωƒ˘˘j âjƒ˘˘°üà˘˘dG º˘˘¡˘ «˘ ∏˘ Y Qò˘˘©˘ à˘ j ø˘˘jò˘˘dG ÚÑ˘˘NÉ˘˘æ˘ dG ÈY
≥Ñ°ùe /Ω~q ≤àe ´GÎbG not be able to vote on election day. Also
known as early voting, or advance .Ω~u ≤àŸG âjƒ°üàdÉH ∂dòc ±ô©jo h ,äÉHÉîàf’G
polling.
Advertisements A form of voter contact in which the ô˘LCG ™˘a~˘H á˘∏˘ª◊G Ωƒ˘≤˘J ,ÚÑ˘˘NÉ˘˘æ˘ dÉ˘˘H ∫É˘˘°üJÓ˘˘d á˘˘≤˘ jô˘˘W
»FÉY~dG ¿ÓYE’G campaign pays to have the mass media
ádÉ°SôdG ô¶fG .á«eÓY’G §FÉ°SƒdG ÈY ¬∏≤æd ¿ÓYE’G
deliver the message. See Message,
Mass Media and Paid Media. .ôLC’G ´ƒa~ŸG ΩÓYE’G ∂dòch ΩÓYE’Gh
Affiliated Associated with, or a member of, a áª¶æe hCG »°SÉ«°S ÜõM ‘ ƒ° Y hCG ,ÜõM ¤EG m ºàæe
ºq ° æe /Ö°ùp àn æeo political party or political organization.
.á«°SÉ«°S
Alien/Non-C
Citizen Individuals living in a country who are Gƒfƒμj ¿CG ÒZ øe ø«q ©e ~∏H ‘ ¿ƒ°û«©j øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G
/øWGƒe ÒZ/»ÑæLCG not legal citizens of the nation or of the
.É¡«a ¿ƒª«≤j »àdG áj’ƒdG hCG ádh~∏d Ú«Yô°T ÚæWGƒe
ÖjôZ state in which they reside.
Allocation of Seats Distribution of seats to political parties or kÉ≤ah Úë°TôŸGhCG á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMC’G ≈∏Y ~YÉ≤ŸG ™jRƒJ
~YÉ≤ŸG ™jRƒJ/¢ü«°üîJ candidates according to votes received.
.É¡«∏Y Gƒ∏°üM »àdG äGƒ°UCÓd
Alphabetical Voting In some elections the voters are required O~q fi O~©H ΩÉ«≤dÉH ¿ƒÑNÉæq dG Ωõ∏jo ,äÉHÉîàf’G ¢ ©H ‘
kÉ≤ah âjƒ°üqàdG to make a set number of choices. Many
º˘¶˘©˘e ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æq ˘dG ø˘e ~˘j~˘©˘dG ò˘î˘àq ˘jh .äGQÉ˘«˘à˘N’G ø˘e
…q ~éHC’G Ö«Jôàq ∏d voters will make most of these choices
alphabetically as the candidates are list- êGQOEG á≤jôW ≥ah ,…q ~éHC’G Ö«Jôàq dG Ö°ùM º¡JGQÉ«N
ed on the ballot, without any evaluation
as to the candidates’ qualifications.
º˘«˘«˘ ≤˘ J …q CG É‰hO ,´GÎb’G á˘˘bQh ≈˘˘∏˘ Y Úë˘˘°TôŸG
q AÉ˘˘ª˘ °SCG
.Úë°TôŸG
q äÓgq ƒD Ÿ
Alternative Vote Under the Alternative Vote system you »æ©j ∂dP .á«∏° aC’G QÉ¡XEG ≈∏Y ~ªà©ŸG ´GÎb’Gƒg
πj~ÑdG âjƒ°üàdG vote by showing your preferences. This
¿CG √~jôJ …òdG í°TôŸÉH
q kAG~àHG π°ù∏°ùàdÉH Úë°TôŸG ™°Vh
means putting each candidate in order -
from the candidate who you most want ¬∏° ØJ
q …òdG í°TôŸÉH kAÉ¡àfEGh ,∫hCq ’G ∑QÉ«àNÉc ,íHôj
to win as your 1st choice, to the candi- .íHôj ¿CG qπbC’G
date who you least want to win as your
last choice.
Amendment of A revision or change made in the elec- á˘ª˘¶˘fC’Gh »˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ f’G ¿ƒ˘˘fÉ˘˘≤˘ dG ‘ Ò«˘˘¨˘ J hCG ô˘˘¶˘ f IOÉ˘˘YEG
Electoral Law toral law and regulations by formal pro-
»HÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉ≤dG πj~©J cedure.
.»ª°SQ AGôLEG ∫ÓN øe á«HÉîàf’G
3 Apathy, Voters - Audit (Electoral)
Apathy, Voters A trend among some voters to lack of Úë˘°TôŸGh ,á˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdÉ˘˘H Oô˘˘Ø˘ dG ΩÉ˘˘ª˘ à˘ gG Ω~˘˘Y , á˘˘WÉ˘˘°ùÑ˘˘H
I’ÉÑe’ interest in voting, politics, candidates,
.áeÉ©dG πFÉ°ùŸGh
and other public issues.
Apparentement A device used in some list proportional π˘«˘ã˘ª˘qà˘dG í˘FGƒ˘d ΩÉ˘¶˘f ¢ ©˘H ‘ Ω~˘˘î˘ à˘ °ù˘˘oJ á˘˘∏˘ «˘ °Sh »˘˘g
/»HÉîàfG ∞dÉ– representation systems which enables
øY ¿ÓYE’G øe áØ∏àıG ÜGõMC’G øqμ“ »c »Ñ°ùqædG
äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ »q Hõ◊G OÉëqJ’G separate parties to declare themselves
.~YÉ≤ŸG ™jRƒJ ±~¡H É¡ØdÉ–
linked for the purpose of seat allocation.
Appropriation Money used to pay for government- É¡«∏Y â≤aGh »àdG ∞jQÉ°üŸG ™a~d áe~îà°ùŸG ∫GƒeC’G
/(∫GƒeC’G) ¢ü«°üîJ approved expenditures.
.áeƒμ◊G
äGOÉªàY’G ~°UQ
Approval Voting A single seat election method, which ÜÉ˘°ùà˘MG ÈY É˘ª˘qfEG ,~˘MGh m~˘©˘≤˘e ÜÉ˘î˘à˘f’ á˘≤˘ jô˘˘W »˘˘g
/O~q ©àe âjƒ°üJ uses a majority of lower choices. It is a
É˘¡˘dÓ˘N ø˘e ø˘μÁ á˘«˘∏˘ª˘Yƒ˘g :á˘qjƒ˘fÉ˘qã˘dG äGQÉ˘«ÿG á˘˘qjÌcCG
/∫ƒÑ≤dG âjƒ°üJ voting procedure in which voters can
/¿É°ùëà°S’G vote for, or approve of, as many candi- ø˘˘e ¬˘˘fh~˘˘jô˘˘j …ò˘˘ dG O~˘˘ ©˘ ˘∏˘ ˘d Gƒ˘˘ Jƒ˘q ˘ °üj ¿CG ÚYÎ≤˘˘ ª˘ ˘∏˘ ˘d
dates as they wish. Each candidate
á≤aGƒŸG approved of receives one vote, and the
.íHôj äGƒ°UC’G øe O~Y ÈcCG ÖMÉ°Uh .Úë°TôŸG q
candidate with the most votes wins.
At-LLarge Candidates for certain types of offices á≤£æe Gƒ∏ãª«d Ö°UÉæŸG ¢ ©Ñd Úë°TôŸG ÜÉîàfG øμªoj
/¥É£ædG ™°SGh may be elected to represent certain geo-
hCG Iô˘FGO π˘ã˘e á˘«˘ª˘°Sô˘dG á˘£˘∏˘°ùdG ¥É˘£˘f ø˘ª˘°V á˘«˘aGô˘¨˘ L
Qƒ¶fi ÒZ graphic areas within the jurisdiction, such
as a district or ward. Only the residents of ≥˘˘WÉ˘˘æŸG √ò˘˘g ‘ §˘˘≤˘ a Úª˘˘«˘ ≤˘ ª˘ ∏˘ d ø˘˘μ˘ ª˘ oj .á˘˘«˘ MÉ˘˘ °V
the district may vote for the office. But if ‘ í°Tôª∏d
a candidate is elected at-large, he repre-
q âjƒ°üàdG q” GPEG øμdh .Ö°üæª∏d âjƒ°üàdG
sents the entire jurisdiction, and all voters πc äƒ°üjh q ,É¡∏c ¬à≤£æe πuãªoj Ég~æY ,m™°SGh m¥É£f
may vote for the office. .Ö°üæª∏d ÚYpônà≤ŸG
At-LLarge District A district often with sub districts in it or hCG á«Yôa ôFGhO I~Y øª° àJ IÒÑc IôFGO kÉÑdÉZ »æ©Jh
¥É£ædG á©°SGh IôFGO where more than one candidate shares
~b .É¡°ùØf IôFG~dG ‘ í°Tôe øe ÌcCG ∑Î°ûj å«M
the same district. A mayor may run “at-
large” while the city council members IôFGO ≈∏Y äÉHÉîàf’G ßaÉÙG Ö°üæŸ í°TôŸG
q ¢Vƒîj
run in districts. See Multi Mandate.
áæj~ŸG ¢ù∏› ájƒ° ©d ¿ƒë°TôŸG Éªæ«H ¥É£ædG á©°SGh
ô¶fG .IO~ÙG ºgôFGhO ‘ äÉHÉîàf’G ¿ƒ°Vƒîj (áj~∏ÑdG)
.áj’ƒdG O~©J /~YÉ≤ŸG O~q ©J /~YÉ≤ŸG O~©àe
At-llarge Plurality see Block Voting. .…ƒ∏àc ´GÎbG ô¶fG
âjƒ°üJ/™°SGh O~q ©J
á∏eÉ°T á«Ñ∏ZCG/á∏àμdG
Attitudes This describes how the voters feel going -´GÎbÓd ¿ƒ¡éàj ÚM ÚÑNÉædG ôYÉ°ûe ∞°Uh »æ©j Gòg
∞bGƒe into the election - either satisfied or angry,
º˘¡˘ «˘ ∏˘ Y ≈˘˘¨˘ £˘ j π˘˘gh §˘˘î˘ °ùdG ΩCG É˘˘°Vô˘˘dÉ˘˘H ¿hô˘˘©˘ °ûj π˘˘g
feeling better off or worse off, etc…
...ïdEG ,CGƒ°SCG ΩCG π° aCG ¿ƒμ«°S º¡dÉM q¿ÉC H ¢SÉ°ùM’G
Audit (Electoral) The independent examination of records ¿É˘ª˘° d äÉ˘WÉ˘°ûæ˘dGh äÓ˘˘é˘ °ù∏˘˘d π˘˘≤˘ à˘ °ùŸG ¢üë˘˘Ø˘ à˘ dG
/á«fƒfÉ≤dG á©LGôŸG and activities to ensure compliance with
,ájò«Ø˘æ˘à˘dG äGAGô˘L’E Gh ,á˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdGh ,á˘£˘∏˘°ù∏˘d ∫É˘ã˘à˘e’G
/»HÉîàf’G QÉ°ùª∏d established controls, policy, and opera-
á«HÉîàf’G áÑ°SÉÙG tional procedures, and to recommend .É¡«a áë°VGh äGÒ«¨J …CG ∫ƒM äÉ«°UƒJ Ë~≤àdh
any indicated changes in controls, poli-
cy, or procedures.
B
4 Balanced Budget - Baseline Poll
Balanced Budget A financial condition whereby any level áeƒμ◊G øe iƒà°ùe …CG ¥ÉØfEG É¡«a ¿ƒμj ,á«dÉe ádÉM
áfRGƒàe áfRGƒe of government spends as much money
QOÉ˘˘°üe h ÖFGô˘˘° dG π˘˘«˘ NG~˘˘ e ø˘˘ e ¬˘˘ JGOGô˘˘ jE’ kÉ˘ ˘jhÉ˘˘ °ùe
as it takes in, mainly from taxes and
other revenue sources. .iôNCG äG~FÉY
Ballot /Ballot Paper The official document voters will use to A’OEÓd ÖNÉædG É¡e~îà°ùj »àdG á«ª°SôdG á≤«KƒdG »gh
ábQh /ÜÉîàfG ábQh cast their vote, thus making their choic-
∫Ó˘N ø˘e »˘HÉ˘î˘à˘ f’G ¬˘˘Jƒ˘˘°U π˘˘≤˘ fh ,´GÎb’Gh ¬˘˘Jƒ˘˘°üH
´GÎbG ábÉ£H/´GÎbG es known.
.¬JGQÉ«N øjh~J
Ballot Box Container into which the voters place .´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG ¿ƒÑNÉædG á«a ™° j ¥h~æ°U
´GÎb’G ¥h~æ°U their ballot papers.
Ballot Initiative Also called a ballot measure, referen- »Ñ©°ûdGq AÉàØà°S’G hCG ,âjƒ°üàq dG AGôLEÉH kÉ° jCG ±ô©Jh
âjƒ°üàq dG IQOÉÑe/ìGÎbG dum or proposition. A ballot initiative is
ìGÎbG øY IQÉÑY ƒgh .âjƒ°üàdG ìGÎbG hCG âjƒ°üà∏d
a proposed piece of legislation (a law)
that people can vote on. .¬fCÉ°ûH Ö©°ûdG
q ´Î≤j ¿CG øμÁ (¿ƒfÉb ´hô°ûe hCG) ™jô°ûJ
Ballot Placement This is the place where the candidate’s ô¡¶j å«M Úë°TôŸG áëF’ ≈∏Y Ú©ŸG ¿ÉμŸG »æ©Jh
áëFÓdG ≈∏Y ™°VƒŸG name appears on the ballot. If there are
øe ÒãμdG ∑Éæg ¿Éc ¿EGh .»HÉîàf’G √õeQ hCG í°TôŸG º°SG
á«HÉîàf’G a lot of candidates on the ballot or it is
otherwise long, voters will often not ∫ƒ˘W IOÉ˘jR »˘æ˘ ©˘ j É‡ É˘˘¡˘ °ùØ˘˘f á˘˘ë˘ FÓ˘˘dG ≈˘˘∏˘ Y Úë˘˘°TôŸG
read all the way down the list, thus giv-
ing candidates with a higher placement a
IAGôb Ω~Y ¤EG ÚÑNÉædG Oƒ≤«°S ∂dòa ,áëFÓdG-ábÉ£ÑdG
better chance. ≈¶ë«°S …òdG í°TôŸG ¿EÉa ∂dòdh .ÉgÉfOCG ≈àM áëFÓdG
.π° aCG ¢Uôa ≈∏Y π°üë«°S áëFÓdG ≈∏YCG ™bƒÃ
Ballot Structure The kinds of choices voters can make on ≈∏Y É¡H Ωƒ≤j ¿CG ÖNÉæ∏d øμÁ »àdG äGQÉ«àN’G ´GƒfCG
/âjƒ°üàq dG áëF’ á«æH a ballot. The range of choices includes:
áeÓY ™°Vh :äGQÉ«àN’G ∫É› øªq ° àjh .´GÎb’G ábQh
´GÎb’G ábQh marking a single choice for party or can-
didate, indicating a set of preferences, or ,äGQÉ«àN’G øe O~Y ™°Vh hCG ,ÜõM hCG í°TôŸ I~MGh
weighting choices by ranking candidates.
.á∏° ØŸG äGQÉ«àNÓd GQÉ¡XEG Úë°TôŸG Ö«JôJ hCG
Ballot Tampering/ Deliberately spoiling the paper ballots of OGô˘jo ø˘jò˘dG ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æq ˘dG âjƒ˘°üJ ¥GQhCG OÉ˘˘°ùaEG ~˘˘ªq ˘ ©˘ J ƒ˘˘g
Vote Tampering the voters one seeks to Disenfranchise.
äGƒ°UC’ÉH ÖYÓJ .âjƒ°üàq dG ≥q M øe ºg~jôŒ
Balloting See Voting. .âjƒ°üJ /´GÎbG /ÜÉîàfG ô¶fG

´GÎb’G /âjƒ°üàdG
Baseline Poll A political poll taken to determine as øμ‡ Q~b ÈcG ~j~ëàd √DhGôLEG ºàj »°SÉ«°S ´Ó£à°SG ƒgh
/…~YÉ≤dG §ÿG ´Ó£à°SG much information about the voters as ‘ -IOÉY -√DhGôLEG ºàjh .ÚÑNÉædG øY äÉeƒ∏©ŸG øe
/»°SÉ°SCG ´Ó£à°SEG possible, usually done early in the cam-
paign before there is much political É¡WÉ°ûf º° N ‘ ¢VƒÿG πÑb á∏ªë∏d IôμÑŸG πMGôŸG
‹hq oCG ´Ó£à°SEG activity. See Political Poll and ´Ó£à°SGh »°SÉ«°ùdG ´Ó£à°S’G ô¶fCG .»°SÉ«°ùdG
Tracking Poll. .»Ñ≤©J ´Ó£à°SG/≥M’ ´Ó£à°SEG /á©HÉàŸG
5 Bias - Block Vote/ Bloc Vote
Bias A leaning in favor of or against some- IÉHÉfi ,√~q °V RÉ«ëf’GhCG ,¢üî°T hCG A»°T π«° ØJ hCG π«r e
õ«q – thing or someone; partiality or prejudice. .πeÉ– hCG
Bicameral Parliament In government, bicameralism is the ¿ÉŸôH hCG Ú«©jô°ûJ Ú°ù∏Û á°SQÉªŸG ƒg ,áeƒμ◊G ‘
/π«ãªàdG »FÉæK ¿ÉŸôH practice of having two legislative or par- ¢ù∏ÛG hCG »˘FÉ˘æ˘ã˘dG ¿ÉŸÈdG π˘ª˘à˘ °ûjh ,π˘˘«˘ ã˘ ª˘ à˘ dG »˘˘FÉ˘˘æ˘ K
Ú°ù∏éÃ ¿ÉŸôH liamentary chambers. Thus, a bicameral
parliament or bicameral legislature is a .Ú°ù∏› ≈∏Y »FÉæãdG »©jô°ûàdG
parliament or legislature which consists
of two Chambers or Houses.
Bill Proposed act not yet passed by Parliament. .~©H ¿ÉŸÈdG √qô≤oj ⁄ ¿ƒfÉb ìGÎbEG
¿ƒfÉb ´hô°ûe
Bipartisan Consisting of, or supported by, members É°Uƒ°üNh ,Éª¡æe ΩƒY~e hCG ,ÚHõM AÉ° YCG øe ∞qdƒD e
/ÚHõM øe ~js ƒD e of two parties, especially two major .OÓÑdG ‘ Úq«°SÉ«°S ÚHõM qºgCG
ÚHõëH ≥q∏©àe political parties.
Birth Registry Official records or certificates of peo- πé°ùJ »àdG á«ª°SôdG IO’ƒdG äGOÉ¡°T hCG äÓé°ùdG
á«°üî°ûdG ∫GƒMC’G πq é°S ple's births, or where these records are .äÓé°ùdG √òg ßØ– å«M ¿ÉμŸG hCG ,¢UÉî°TC’G IO’h
/äGO’ƒdG πé°S kept. In some countries it is necessary
øe á«ª°SQ áî°ùf ≈∏Y ,¿G~∏ÑdG ¢ ©H ‘ ,∫ƒ°ü◊G Öéj
to produce an official copy of one's birth
certificate to prove citizenship or voting .´GÎb’G ≥M hCG á«°ùæ÷G äÉÑKE’ OÓ«ŸG IOÉ¡°T
eligibility.
Blank Ballot A blank ballot is simply that no mark is ájCG ´Î≤ŸG É¡«∏Y ™° j ⁄ »àdG ´GÎb’G ábQh »g ,áWÉ°ùÑH
/¢VÉ«H ≈∏Y ábÉ£H made on the ballot, meaning that the …C’ äƒ°üjq ⁄h í°Tôe …C’ ¬Jƒ°üH p ∫~oj ⁄h ,áeÓY
AÉ° «H ábQh voter did not vote for any of the candi-
.ábQƒdG ≈∏Y ìGÎbG …CG ~°V hCG ìGÎbG
dates on the ballot, nor did they vote for
or against a proposition on the ballot.
Blanket Primary A primary election in which the names ‘ Úë°TôŸG

q πq c AÉª°SCG É¡«a Oô°ùoJ á«q dhCG ä
l ÉHÉîàfG »g
á∏eÉ°T áq«dhCG äÉHÉîàfG of all the candidates for all the parties .I~MGh ´GÎbG ábQh ≈∏Y káaÉc ÜGõMC’G
are on one ballot.
Blind Pull In areas where there is considerable sup- øj~jDƒŸG øe ¬H ¿É¡à°ùj ’ O~Y É¡«a ôaƒàj »àdG ≥WÉæŸG ‘
≈ªYC’G Öë°ùdG port for the candidate - say six out of ten ¿h~jDƒj ÚÑNÉf Iô°ûY πc øe áà°S π≤ædh -í°Tôª∏d
voters support the candidate - it may
benefit the campaign if as many voters øμ‡ O~Y ÈcCÉH ™a~dG á∏ªë∏d kÉj~› ¿ƒμj ~b -í°TôŸG
as possible go to the polls, regardless of ~j~– øY ô¶ædG ¢ ¨H
whether or not the supporters have been
q ,´GÎb’G õcGôe ¤EG ÚÑNÉædG øe
identified. If everyone in an area is á≤£æŸG ‘ ¢üî°T πc ™«é°ûJ ” ƒ∏a .í°Tôª∏d øj~jDƒŸG
encouraged to vote, then this is consid- õcGôŸ ''≈˘ª˘Y’G Öë˘˘°ùdG'' »˘˘æ˘ ©˘ ˘j ∂dò˘˘ a ,´GÎbÓ˘˘ d
ered a “blind pull” to the polls. See
GOTV and Pull. âjƒ°üàdG ™«é°ûJ/''∂Jƒ°U íæeEG'' ô¶fG .´GÎb’G
.Öë°ùdGh
Block Vote/ Bloc Vote A multi-seat election method. A system ≈∏Y ÖNÉf πc π°üëj .IO~q ©àe ~YÉ≤Ÿ ´GÎbG á≤jôW
/…ƒ∏àoc ´GÎbG of voting in multi-member districts. ‘) Iô˘ZÉ˘°ûdG ~˘˘YÉ˘˘≤ŸG O~˘˘©˘ d hÉ˘˘°ùe äGƒ˘˘°UC’G ø˘˘e O~˘˘Y
á∏àc âjƒ°üJ Each elector is given as many votes as
there are seats (e.g., in a legislative ÚÑNÉæ∏d ≥ëj ä’É◊G ÌcCG ‘h ,(»©jô°ûàdG º°ù÷G
6 Block Vote/ Bloc Vote - Boundary Delimitation
body) to be filled, and in most cases the º˘¡˘JGAÉ˘ª˘à˘fG ø˘Y ô˘˘¶˘ æ˘ dG ¢ ¨˘˘H Úë˘˘°Tô˘˘ª˘ ∏˘ d âjƒ˘˘°üà˘˘dG
electors are free to vote for individual
candidates regardless of party affilia-
¿CG ÚÑNÉæ∏d øμÁ ,ÜÉîàf’G áª¶fCG º¶©e ‘ .á«Hõ◊G
tion. In most bloc vote systems the elec- áMÉàŸG äGƒ°UC’G øe ¬fh~jôj …òdG O~©dG Gƒe~îà°ùj
tors may use as many or as few of their RƒØdG ≈∏Y ~ªà©ŸG …ƒ∏àμdG âjƒ°üàdG áª¶fCG ‘ .º¡d
votes as they wish. In First Past the Post
bloc voting systems, the candidates with O~Y ÈcCG ≈∏Y ¿ƒ∏°UÉ◊G ¿ƒë°TôŸG RƒØj ,ÉJGƒ°UCG ÌcCÓd
the most votes win--an absolute majori- É° jC
ty is not required. Also known as At-
k G ±ô©j .á≤∏£ŸG á«Ñ∏ZCÓd IQhô°V ’h ,äGƒ°UC’G øe
Large Plurality .™°SGƒdG O~q ©àdÉH
Board of Elections Usually a non-partisan board or multi- øe πμ°ûJ hCG Ú«HõM ÒZ AÉ° YCG øe ÖdÉ¨dG ‘ ¿ƒμàJh q
äÉHÉîàf’G áÄ«g partisan board set up to oversee the elec-
¿É˘ª˘°Vh äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ≈˘∏˘Y ±Gô˘°TEÓ˘d IOq~˘ ©˘ à˘ e ÜGõ˘˘MCG
tion and make sure that it is conducted
fairly. See Election Commission. .äÉHÉîàf’G áæ÷ ô¶fG .áfÉeCGh ágGõæH ÉgÒ°S
Borda Count A voting system for single or multiple IOq~©àŸG ~YÉ≤ŸG hCG ~MGƒdG ~©≤ŸG äÉHÉîàf’ »HÉîàfG ΩÉ¶f
GOQƒH ~q Y seat elections using rank preference
Ö«˘˘JÎdÉ˘˘H äGQÉ˘˘«˘ à˘ N’G ™˘˘° J ´GÎbG á˘˘bQh ΩG~˘˘î˘ à˘ ˘°SÉ˘˘ H
ballots.
.π° ØŸG
Booth Capturing The act of seizing and controlling a »c ,¬«a ºqμëqàdGh ´GÎbG õcôe ≈∏Y AÓ«à°S’G áq«∏ªY »g
äGÒéM ≈∏Y Iô£«°ùdG
q polling station so that many fraudulent
Gòg Ω~îà°ùj) IÒãc áq«dÉ«àMG mäGƒ°UCÉH ¬«a A’OE’G ºàj
´GÎb’G votes may be cast there (this term is used
.(~æ¡dG ‘ í∏£°üŸG
in India).
Booth Management Managing the booths in the polling .á«HÉîàf’G õcGôŸG ‘ á«YGÎb’G äGÒé◊G IQGOEG á«∏ªY
´GÎb’G äGÒéM IQGOEG station.
Bottleneck The term used to describe the individual, hCG ¿Éμe hCG Ée ¢üî°T ∞°Uƒd í∏£°üŸG ∂dP Ω~îà°ùj
á∏bôY place or position that causes the flow of
á˘˘£˘ °ûfC’G hCG äÉ˘˘eƒ˘˘∏˘ ©ŸG ≥˘˘a~˘˘J á˘˘∏˘ bô˘˘Y ÖÑ˘˘°ùj Ö°üæ˘˘ e
information or other activities to slow
down or halt. .É¡©æe hCG iôNC’G
Bottoms Up A multi-seat election method. The same ≈∏Y âjƒ°üàdG πãe ƒgh .IO~q ©àŸG ~YÉ≤∏d »HÉîàfG ΩÉ¶f
πØ°SC’G øe ÜÉîàf’G IOÉYEG as Instant Runoff Voting except runoff
I~j~÷G äGQh~dG q¿GC AÉæãà°SÉH Úë°TôŸG
q Ö«JôJ ¢SÉ°SCG
cycles stop when number of remaining
candidates is equal to the number of ÚbÉÑdG Úë°TôŸG O~Y íÑ°üj Ée~æY ∞qbƒàJ äÉHÉîàfÓd
seats to be filled.
.IôZÉ°ûdG ~YÉ≤ŸG O~©d ÉjhÉ°ùe
Boundary (Electoral) Something that marks an electoral limit .á«HÉîàf’G Oh~◊G Úq©j A»°T
á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG Oh~M or border.
Boundary Delimitation The process of drawing boundaries of .~YÉ≤ŸG ™jRƒ˘J ±~˘¡˘H á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ô˘FGh~˘dG Ú«˘©˘J á˘«˘∏˘ª˘Y
π°UÉØdG ~j~– constituencies for allocation of seats.
.á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG º«°ù≤àH kÉ° jCG ±ô©oJ
Also known as Districting.
7 Budget - By-LLaw
Budget The budget usually refers to the amount ≈˘∏˘Y É˘¡˘bÉ˘Ø˘fGE ™˘bƒ˘à˘J »˘à˘dG ∫Gƒ˘e’C G QG~˘≤˘ e ¤EG kÉ˘ Ñ˘ dÉ˘˘Z Ò°ûJ
áfRGƒŸG of money you expect to spend on vari-
O~Y Qq~≤J ¿CG »¨Ñæj ∂dòc .á∏ª◊G ‘ áØ∏àfl ÖfGƒL
ous aspects of the campaign. You
should also figure out how many people ±ƒ°S …òdG øeõdGh ,áª¡e πc RÉ‚E’ ÚHƒ∏£ŸG ¢UÉî°TC’G
are needed to accomplish each task and ¿ƒμà°S ƒëædG ∂dP ≈∏Yh .ΩÉ¡ŸG øe áª¡e qπc ¬bô¨à°ùJ
how long each task will take. In this
way you will also be budgeting your .ô°ûÑdGh øeõdG r…nOpQƒnr Ÿ áfRGƒŸG OG~YEG â∏ªμà°SG ~b kÉ° jCG
time and people resources as well.
Butterfly Ballot A type of paper ballot in which the actu- ∫ÓN øe âjƒ°üqàdG qºàj å«M ,´GÎb’G äÉbÉ£H øe ´ƒf
á°TGôa πμ°ûH ´GÎbG ábQh al voting is done by the central fold of a ÚàëØ°üdG
q ¬Ñ°ûàa) Öq«àc QGôZ ≈∏Y ,ábQƒdG »àëØ°U q»W
two-page, pamphlet-like ballot (the two
open pages are like a butterfly’s wings; ~˘æ˘Y âjƒ˘°ü˘qà˘dG qº˘à˘j É˘ª˘«˘a ;á˘°TGô˘a »˘MÉ˘æ˘L Úà˘Mƒ˘à˘ØŸG
the voting is done where the butterfly’s .(á°TGôØdG Ö∏b ‘ ,§°SƒdG
body would be).
By-E
Election An election not held at the usually iôéj øμdh ,O~ÙG √~Yƒe ‘ IOÉY iôéj ’ ÜÉîàfG …CG
/á«Yôa äÉHÉîàfG scheduled time, often to fill a vacancy in O~˘˘Y -º˘˘Y’G ≈˘˘∏˘ Y -¢ Ø˘˘î˘ æ˘ jh .~˘˘©˘ ˘≤ŸG ÆGô˘˘ a ô˘˘ ¨˘ ˘°ûd
á«q ∏«ªμJ the office. There is often much lower
voter turnout in a special or by-election. ô˘¶˘fG .á˘°UÉÿG hCG á˘«˘∏˘«˘ª˘μ˘ à˘ dG äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ f’G ‘ ÚYÎ≤ŸG
See Special Election. .á°UÉÿG äÉHÉîàf’G
By-LLaw A law or rule governing the internal ~b hCG ;áæq«©e áª¶æŸ á«∏NG~dG ¿hDƒ°ûdG ‘ ºμë∏d ¿ƒfÉb
»∏NGO ΩÉ¶f affairs of an organization; or a second- .…ƒfÉK ¿ƒfÉb É° jC
k G ¿ƒμj
ary law.
C
8 Calendar Of Events (Administrative) - Campaign Manager
Calendar Of Events Structured sequence of tasks leading to øY ¿ÓYE’G ¤EG ájq ODƒŸG ΩÉ¡ŸG øe áª q¶æe á∏°ù∏°S »g
(Administrative) the announcement of the successful
/(ájq QGOEG) çG~MC’G Ëƒ≤J party or candidates. It provides the key
ô˘é◊G π˘qã“ É˘ª˘c .ø˘jõ˘FÉ˘˘Ø˘ dG Úë˘˘°TôŸG
q hCG õ˘˘FÉ˘˘Ø˘ dG Üõ◊G
çG~MC’G áeÉfRhQ milestone and tasks that must be com- É¡eÉ“EG »¨Ñæj »àdG ΩÉ¡ŸG ká°ùcÉY ,äÉHÉîàfÓd ¢SÉ°SC’G
pleted to ensure that the election takes
place in an organized manner.
.ÉgÒ°S ø°ùM ¿Éª° d
Campaign Political activity, including meetings, π˘˘ã˘ e »˘˘°SÉ˘˘«˘ °S •É˘˘°ûf á˘˘«˘ HÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ ˘f’G á˘˘ ∏˘ ˘ª◊G ø˘˘ ª˘ ˘° à˘˘ J
á«HÉîàfG á∏ªM rallies, speeches, demonstrations, parades,
¢Vhô˘Y ,äGô˘gÉ˘¶˘J ,äÉ˘HÉ˘£˘ N ,äÉ˘˘bÉ˘˘Ñ˘ °S ,äÉ˘˘YÉ˘˘ª˘ à˘ LG
other events, and the use of the media,
intended to inform the electorate of the á«Yƒ˘à˘d ΩÓ˘YE’G π˘FÉ˘°Sh ∫É˘ª˘©˘à˘°SGh ,çG~˘MCG ,á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘°S
platform of a particular candidate or
political party and to gather support.
»°SÉ«°S ÜõM hCG í°TôŸ q ø«q ©e èeÉfôH øY áÑNÉædG áÄ«¡dG
.ºY~dG ÜÉ°ùàc’h
Campaign Calendar The calendar used to schedule events »˘æ˘eõ˘dG ∫h~÷G ~˘j~˘ë˘à˘d Ω~˘˘î˘ à˘ °ùŸG π˘˘é˘ °ùdG »˘˘æ˘ ©˘ Jh
/á∏ªë∏d »æeR πé°S and voter contact in the campaign. This
¿CG Öéjh .á∏ª◊G ‘ ÚÑNÉædÉH ∫É°üJ’Gh çG~MCÓd
/ á«fƒfÉ≤dG IÎØdG should be a master calendar with the
á∏ª◊G áeÉfRhQ final say of what goes on in the cam- π°UÉØdG ∫ƒ≤dG øª° àj ,¢ù«FQh ΩÉY πé°ùdG ∂dP ¿ƒμj
paign (“if it’s not on the calendar, it’s
not happening”). Often there is a large,
,πé°ùdG ‘ ôeCG ~°Uôj ⁄ ¿EÉa) ,á∏ª◊G ‘ Qh~j Ée πμd
public version (and therefore less com- áî°ùf kÉÑdÉZ ∑Éæg ¿ƒμjh .(ç~ëj ød ¬fCG ∂dP ≈æ©ªa
plete) hanging on the wall.
.(á∏eÉc ¿ƒμJ ’ ∂dòdh) QG~÷G ≈∏Y á≤∏©e áeq ÉYh IÒÑc
Campaign Committee Often this is the decision making group øe ¿ƒμàJh á∏ª◊G ‘ QGô≤dG ™æ°U áYƒª› IOÉY ¿ƒμJh
á∏ª◊G áæ÷ in the campaign made up of the key
É° jC
k G áæé∏dG √ò¡d øμÁh .í°Tôª∏d Ú°ù«FôdG øjQÉ°ûàŸG
advisors to the candidate; this commit-
tee could also provide financial assis- ¤EG áaÉ°VEG ‹ÉŸG ∫ÉÛG ‘ í°Tôª∏d
q I~YÉ°ùe Ω~q ≤J ¿CG
tance to candidates, in addition to its
strategic support. See Campaign Team.
.á∏ª◊G ≥jôa ô¶fG .»é«JGÎ°S’G É¡ªYO
Campaign Contributions Donations to political campaigns from á∏ªë∏d í°TôŸG hô°UÉæe É¡H ´qÈàj »àdG ∫GƒeC’G »gh
/á∏ª◊G ‘ äÉªgÉ°ùe the candidates' supporters.
.á«°SÉ«°ùdG
á∏ªë∏d äÉYÈJ
Campaign Finance A movement to restrict the amount of OGô˘˘ aCÓ˘ ˘d ø˘˘ μÁ …ò˘˘ dG ‹ÉŸG ≠˘˘ ∏˘ ˘ÑŸG ~˘˘ j~˘˘ ë˘ ˘à˘ ˘d á˘˘ ˘cô˘˘ ˘M
Reform money that individuals and interest
πjƒ“ •hô°T ìÓ°UEG groups can contribute to political cam-
.á«HÉîàf’G äÓªë∏d ¬H GƒYÈàj ¿CG ídÉ°üŸG äÉYƒª›h
äÓª◊G paigns.
Campaign Literature Printed campaign material used to ÚÑNÉædG ΩÓYE’ Ω~îà°ùJ »àdGh á∏ªë∏d áYƒÑ£ŸG OGƒŸG
á∏ª◊G äÉ«HOCG inform potential voters about the candi- .¬d âjƒ°üàdÉH º¡YÉæbEGh ,í°TôŸG øY º¡ZÓHEGh Ú∏ªnàÙG
date and persuade them to vote for the
candidate.
Campaign Manager The person responsible for overseeing ô˘˘ ˘jƒ˘˘ ˘ £˘ ˘ ˘J ≈˘˘ ˘ ∏˘ ˘ ˘Y ±Gô˘˘ ˘ °TE’G ø˘˘ ˘ Y ∫hDƒ˘ ˘ ˘°ùŸG ¢üî˘˘ ˘ °ûdG
á∏ª◊G ôj~e the strategic development and the day- ’h .á˘∏˘ª◊G AGô˘LE’ á˘«˘eƒ˘«˘dG ¿hDƒ˘°ûdGh äÉ˘«˘é˘«˘ JGÎ°S’G
to-day running of the campaign. The can-
didate cannot be the campaign manager. .á∏ª◊G IQGOEG ‹ƒJ í°Tôª∏d øμÁ
9 Campaign Period - Candidate Research
Campaign Period Period of time, defined by law, within É˘¡˘dÓ˘N ™˘«˘£˘à˘°ùj »˘à˘dGh ¿ƒ˘fÉ˘≤˘dG É˘gO~q ˘ë˘ j »˘˘à˘ dG IÎØ˘˘dG
á«HÉîàf’G á∏ª◊G I~e which candidates may conduct cam-
á˘jÉ˘Y~˘dÉ˘Hh á˘∏˘ª˘ë˘∏˘d äÉ˘WÉ˘°ûæ˘H Gƒ˘eƒ˘˘≤˘ j ¿CG Úë˘˘°Tô˘
q ˘ª˘ ∏˘ d
paign activities and election propaganda.
.äÉHÉîàfÓd
Campaign Plan The written document bringing together á˘˘eÉ˘˘¡˘ dG çƒ˘˘ë˘ Ñ˘ dG ™˘˘ªŒ »˘˘à˘ dG á˘˘Hƒ˘˘à˘ μŸG á˘˘≤˘ «˘ ˘Kƒ˘˘ dG »˘˘ g
á∏ª◊G á£N the important research, the targeting, the
»˘¨˘Ñ˘æ˘jh .á˘∏˘ª◊G á˘«˘é˘«˘JGÎ°SGh á˘dÉ˘°Sô˘dGh ±G~˘¡˘à˘°S’Gh
message and the strategy of the cam-
paign. This should be drafted at the Ég~jhõJh á∏ª◊G π¡à°ùe ‘ IOƒ°ùe ‘ ∂dP πc OG~YEG
beginning of the campaign and provide
a step-by-step outline of how the cam-
Ωƒ«dG ¤EG k’ƒ˘°Uh Iƒ˘£˘N ~˘©˘H Iƒ˘£˘N ò˘«˘Ø˘ æ˘ à˘ dG π˘˘Ñ˘ °ùHo
paign will get to Election Day. .´GÎbÓd O~ÙG
Campaign Professionals People who have experience working in ò«ØæJ ‘ äGÈN º¡d ôaƒàJ øjòdG ¢UÉî°T’G πª°ûJh
á∏ª◊G ƒaÎfi many past campaigns and are often paid
πª©∏d kGQƒLCG º¡d ™a~jh ,á≤HÉ°ùdG äÓª◊G øe ~j~©dG
to work on campaigns. These people
understand the fundamentals of cam- á£N ™°Vh ¢ù°SCG ¿ƒcQ~j ¢UÉî°T’G A’Dƒgh .á∏ª◊G ‘
paign development, such as raising
money, formulating a campaign mes-
á˘ZÉ˘«˘°Uh ,∫Gƒ˘eC’G ™˘ª˘L ∂dP ‘ ÉÃ ,É˘gô˘˘jƒ˘˘£˘ Jh á˘˘∏˘ ª˘ M
sage, working with the media and target- ±G~¡à°SGh ,ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh ™e πª©dGh ,á∏ª◊G ádÉ°SQ
ing and persuading voters. .º¡YÉæbEGh ÚÑNÉædG
Campaign Resources The money, time, information and vol- âbƒdGh ∫GƒeC’G øe ¬«∏Y ∫ƒ°ü◊G á∏ªM ™«£à°ùJ Ée πc
á∏ª◊G OQGƒe unteer help a campaign has access to.
.¿ƒYƒ£àŸG
q É¡e~q ≤j »àdG I~YÉ°ùŸGh äÉeƒ∏©ŸGh
Campaign Team Often this is the decision making group øe ¿ƒμàjh ,á∏ª◊G ‘ QGô≤dG ™æ°U áYƒª› kÉÑdÉZ º° jh
á∏ª◊G ≥jôa in the campaign made up of the key
~b ä’É◊G ¢ ©H ‘h .í°Tôª∏d Ú°ù«FôdG øjQÉ°ûà°ùŸG
advisors to the candidate. In some cases
the campaign team maybe the Campaign .É¡«a Ú∏eÉ©dG qπch á∏ª◊G áæ÷ á∏ª◊G ≥jôa º° j
Committee plus the campaign staff. See
Campaign Committee.
.á∏ª◊G áæ÷ ô¶fG
Candidate This is the person running for a particu- .»HÉîàfG ~©≤Ã RƒØ∏d äÉHÉîàf’G ¢Vƒîj …òdG ¢üî°ûdG
í°TôŸG lar elected position. The role of the can-
ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG á˘∏˘HÉ˘≤˘e ≈˘˘∏˘ Y π˘˘ª˘ ©˘ dG í˘˘°TôŸG QhO ø˘˘ª˘ ° à˘˘jh
didate is to meet voters and potential
donors to the campaign and persuade º¡YÉæbEGh á∏ªë∏d äÉYÈàdG Ë~≤àd Ú∏ªàÙG ÚªgÉ°ùŸGh
them to support the candidate. The can-
didate cannot be the campaign manager,
¤ƒàj ¿CG í°Tôª∏d øμÁ ’h .í°TôŸG ídÉ°üd ´GÎb’ÉH
responsible for the strategic develop- äÉ«é«JGÎ°S’G ôjƒ£J øY ∫hDƒ°ùŸG á∏ª◊G ôj~e Ö°üæe
ment and day to day running of the cam-
paign.
.á∏ª◊G Ò°ùd á«eƒ«dG ¿hDƒ°ûdGh
Candidate Research Candidate research is all the informa- »˘à˘dG ,I~˘«˘L ΩCG âfÉ˘c á˘Ä˘«˘°S ,äÉ˘˘eƒ˘˘∏˘ ©ŸG á˘˘aÉ˘˘c ø˘˘ª˘ ° à˘˘jh
í°TôŸG åëH tion, both good and bad, that your cam-
çÉëHC’G øe kGAõL ∂dP πãÁh .É¡ë°Tôe øY á∏ª◊G É¡©ªŒ
paign can put together on your candi-
date. This is part of the overall research .åëÑdG ô¶fG .á∏ª◊G π¡à°ùe ‘ ÉgDhGôLEG »¨Ñæj »àdG
that should be done at the beginning of
the campaign. See Research.
10 Candidate’s Agent - Certifying Election Results
Candidate’s Agent A representative of a candidate who Rôah ´GÎb’G âbh ô° ëj ¿CG øμÁ …òdG í°TôŸG πqã‡
/í°TôŸG
q π«ch may be present during the voting and .äGƒ°UC’G
/í°TôŸG
q Üh~æe during the count.
í°TôŸG πã‡
Candidate’s Offical Agent A person designated by a candidate to be ¬à∏ªM IQGOEG øY k’hDƒ°ùe ¿ƒμ«d í°TôŸG q ¬æ«q ©j ¢üî°T
l ƒg
»ª°SôdG í°TôŸG
q π«ch responsible for the financial manage- ô˘jQÉ˘≤˘àq ˘dG ΩÉ“EGh ,á˘Ñ˘°SÉ˘æŸG á˘«q ˘dÉŸG ÚfGƒ˘≤˘dG ≥˘«˘Ñ˘£˘Jh ,kÉ˘«q ˘dÉ˘e
ment of his campaign, the application of
relevant financial rules and the comple- .á«q fƒfÉ≤dG
tion of the statutory reports.
Canvass This is a type of voter contact in which hCG í°TôŸG Ωƒ≤j å«M ,ÚÑNÉædÉH ∫É°üJÓd á≤jôW »gh
±GƒW the candidate or volunteers go from one ç~ëàdGh ,øμ°ùe ¤EG øμ°ùe øe π≤æàdÉH ¿ƒYƒ£àŸG
house or apartment to another, talking
directly to voters. When done by the á©æ≤ŸG Ö«dÉ°SC’G π° aCG øe q~©oJh .ÚÑNÉædG ¤EG Iô°TÉÑe
candidate, this is one of the most persua- É˘¡˘fCG º˘Zô˘H ,í˘˘°TôŸG É˘˘¡˘ H Ωƒ˘˘≤˘ j ÚM ,äGƒ˘˘°UC’É˘˘H Rƒ˘˘Ø˘ ∏˘ d
sive methods of winning votes, though it
is time and labor intensive. aka Door-to- .ÚØãμe G~¡Lh Éàbh ∂∏¡à°ùJ
Door.
Casting a Vote The act of putting a ballot in a ballot π©a hCG ,´GÎb’G ¥h~æ°U ‘ ´GÎb’G ábQh ™°Vh á«∏ªY
/äƒ°üH A’OEG box, or the act of recording a preference
.ìGÎbG hCG í°Tôe
q π«° ØJ π«é°ùJ
´GÎbG/âjƒ°üJ for a certain motion or candidate.
Categorical Ballot Form of ballot in which only a single ’EG QÉ«àNÉH íª°ùj ’ âjƒ°üàq dG ∫Éμ°TCG øe πl μ°T ƒg
™WÉb âjƒ°üJ choice for a candidate or party can be
.~MGh ÜõM hCG í°Tôe
q
made.
Caucus A meeting of party leaders and/or sup- º¡ªYO QÉ¡XE’ ¬jô°UÉæe hCG/h ø«q ©e ÜõM IOÉ≤d ´ÉªàLG
/á«HÉîàfG á«©ªL porters, the purpose of which may be to
hCG (á°UÉN á°ù∏L øª°V kÉÑdÉZ) IO~q fi á«q ° ≤d ~MƒŸGq
/á«q ª«¶æJ á«HõM áæ÷ show unity for a particular issue (usual-
»HõM »HÉîàfG ´ÉªàLG ly held privately) or to select a candidate hCG »©jô°ûJ º°ùL øª°V áYƒª› .Ö°üæŸ í°Tôe q AÉ≤àf’
for office.
A group within a legislative or decision-
‘ ÒKCÉàdG hCG ø«q ©e ΩÉªàgG π«ãªàd ≈©°ùj QGôb ™fÉ°U
making body seeking to represent a spe- áæ÷ »g ,É«fÉ£jôH ‘ ¢üNCq ’G ≈∏Y.áæ«q ©e á°SÉ«°ùd ∫É›
cific interest or influence a particular
area of policy. Chiefly British, a com-
.á°SÉ«°ùdG ~j~ëàH áØq∏μe »°SÉ«°S ÜõM øª°V
mittee within a political party charged
with determining policy.
Caucus-S
Style Election Process whereby small groups select ,É¡æY Ú∏qã‡ É¡ÑLƒÃ IÒ¨°üdG
q ¥ôØdG QÉàîJ áq«∏ªY »g
ÒZ äÉHÉîàf’G è¡f representatives who, in turn, choose m
.áæq«©e áeƒμM ‘ áe~î∏d kÉ°UÉî°TCG ºgQh~H ¿hQÉàîj
Iô°TÉÑŸG people to serve in a given Government.
Central Election Highest body of electoral administration. áë°Uh ábO øe ~cCÉàdG á«∏ªY.ájQGOEG á«HÉîàfEG áÄ«g ≈∏YCG
Commission
ásjõcôŸG áæé∏dG/¢ù∏ÛG .äÉHÉîàf’G èFÉàf
äÉHÉîàfÓd
Certifying Election Results Once the actual election is over there are »àdG QƒeC’G ¢ ©H ∑Éæg π¶j äÉHÉîàf’G »¡àæJ â«M
èFÉàf ≈∏Y ≥j~°üàdG still a few things that need to occur to
≥j~°üàdG ~©H q’EG äÉHÉîàf’G πªàμJ Óa .É¡eÉ“EG Öéj
´GÎb’G finalize it. The election is not completed
until after it is certified and elected can- QƒeCG ~LƒJ ¬qfCG ™eh .ºg~YÉ≤e ÚÑnîàæŸG òNCGh É¡«∏Y
didates qualify and take office. Though
protections are in place to guarantee a
11 Certifying Election Results - Choice Transfer
voter’s privacy, the various administra- øμÁ ¬qfGC q…GC .áqeÉY »g á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG ‘ áØ∏àıG
tive steps in the election process are
public. This means anyone interested in
Öéjh É¡«∏Y ≥j~°üàdGh RôØdG á«∏ªY ¤EG ~jôj øe Qƒ° M
being present for the preliminary count √ò˘˘g ∫ƒ˘˘ °üM âbh ∫ƒ˘˘ M äÉ˘˘ eƒ˘˘ ∏˘ ˘©Ã ¢SÉ˘˘ æ˘ ˘dG Ohõ˘s ˘ j ¿CG
or certification of the count can be, and
the public must be provided notice of
.¿ƒªà¡ŸG ô° ëj ≈àM É¡fÉμeh äÉWÉ°ûædG
when these actions will occur so that
anyone interested may attend.
Chad A tiny bit of paper that is punched from ,áq«HÉîàf’G ábÉ£ÑdG øe Ö≤ãoJ IÒ¨°U áq«bQh á°UÉ°üb »g
ábQh Ö≤K á°UÉ°üb a ballot using a punch-type mechanical
.áÑbÉK ádBG á£°SGƒH
´GÎb’G voting machine.
Challenge/ A calling into question, especially a . É¡à«Yô°Th äÉHÉîàf’G èFÉàf áë°U ádAÉ°ùe
Claims (Electoral) questioning of validity or legality of the
ø©W/¢VGÎYG election results.
Characteristics of A campaign message must be short, äGPh á˘˘ bOÉ˘˘ °Uh ,IÒ°üb á˘˘ dÉ˘˘ °Sô˘˘ dG ¿ƒ˘˘ μ˘ ˘J ¿CG »˘˘ ¨˘ ˘Ñ˘ ˘æ˘ ˘j
Message truthful and credible, persuasive and
ádÉ°SôdG äÉª°S important to voters, show contrast with
™e øjÉÑàdG í°VƒJh ,ÚÑNÉæ∏d áeÉgh á©æ≤eh ,á«bG~°üe
the opposition, speak to the heart, be tar- á˘a~˘¡˘ à˘ °ùeh ,(¿G~˘˘Lƒ˘˘dG) Ö∏˘˘≤˘ dG ÖWÉ˘˘î˘ Jh ,Ú°ùaÉ˘˘æŸG
geted and repeated again and again.
.kÉªFGO QôμJh
Chief Electoral Officer An individual who introduces and ¢ùμ©j ÉÃ ,¬©LGôjh IQGOE’G á«æH ´hô°ûe Ωq~≤j ¢üî°T l ƒg
RÉ¡÷G »Ø qXƒe ¢ù«FQ reviews the management structure that
á˘˘q«˘ HÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ f’G IQGOE’G ÚeCÉ˘ J ‘ á˘˘°UÉÿG
q ~˘˘∏˘ Ñ˘ dG äÉ˘˘ LÉ˘˘ M
»HÉîàf’G reflects the particular needs of the coun-
try in delivering effective electoral .äÉHÉîàf’G IQGOEG RÉ¡L ¤EG kÉ° jCG IOƒ©dG .ádÉq©ØdG
administration. Also see Electoral
Management Body.
Choice Elimination The elimination of a Low Series of can- π˘jƒ– π˘Ñ˘b ,Úë˘°TôŸG
q ø˘e á˘Ø˘«˘©˘°V á˘∏˘°ù∏˘˘°S ±ò˘˘M ƒ˘˘g
äGQÉ«àN’G ±òM didates before the transfer of surplus
.kÓeÉc kGQÉ«àNG í«àJ mäÉHÉîàfG ¤EG á° FÉØdG äGƒ°UC’G
votes in a Full Choice election.
Choice Runoff See Single Transferable Vote. .Ò«éà∏d πHÉb …Oôa äƒ°U/´GÎbG ô¶fG
áª°SÉ◊G IQh~q dG
äGQÉ«àNÓd
Choice Selection The ranked choices made by each elec- πq c √O~q ëj Ée ≥ah ,∞«æ°üàq dG ≈∏Y áªFÉ≤dG äGQÉ«ÿG »g
äGQÉ«àN’G ~j~– tor. The voter would only have a single Iôq e ’EG ´GÎb’G ÖNÉæq ∏d ≥q ëj ’ ,¥É«°ùdG Gòg ‘ .´Î≤e
vote, but the voter would be allowed to
rank a list of choices of his preferred πª°ûJ äGQÉ«ÿG øe áëF’ ∞«æ°üJ ¬fÉμeEÉH øμd ,I~MGh
candidates. This list would be attached ,~«MƒdG ¬Jƒ°üH áëFÓdG √òg ≥aÎa .Ú∏° ØŸG
to his single vote. The vote belongs to
q ¬«ë°Tôe q
the first candidate on this list. ∂∏˘J ≈˘∏˘Y Qƒ˘còŸG ∫hCq ’G í˘°Tô˘
q ª ˘ ∏ ˘ d ¬˘ ˘ J ƒ˘ ˘ ° U Oƒ˘ ˘ © ˘ j å«˘ ˘M
.áëFÓdG
Choice Transfer The transfer of surplus votes from lead- »Øa .Ú°ù«Fôq dG Úë°TôŸG q øe á° FÉØdG äGƒ°UC’G Ò«Œ ƒg
äGQÉ«ÿG Ò«Œ ing candidates. The single vote that the ¬«≤∏j …òdG …q OôØdG äƒ°üdG q Ò«Œ øμÁ ,¿É«MC’G ¢ ©H
voter cast is transferable at times, in part
or whole, to another candidate under ¤EG ,πeÉμdÉH Éeq GE h kÉ«q FõL Éeq GE ,´GÎb’G ¥h~æ°U ‘ ´Î≤ŸG
certain conditions. After all Surplus πq ˘ c Ò«Œ ~˘˘©˘ Hh .á˘˘æ˘ «q ˘ ©˘ e m±hô˘˘ X πq ˘ ˘X ‘ ô˘˘ NBG í˘˘ °Tô˘
Votes have been transferred the Choice
q ˘e
Run-Off part of Choice Voting would øe áª°SÉ◊G IQh~q dG á∏Môe GC ~ÑJ ,á° FÉØdG äGƒ°UC’G
be put into operation. .äGQÉ«ÿG ≈∏Y âjƒ°üàq dG
12 Choice Voting - Claims
Choice Voting See Single Transferable Vote. .Ò«éà∏d πHÉb …Oôa äƒ°U/´GÎbG ô¶fG
äGQÉ«ÿG ≈∏Y âjƒ°üàq dG
Citizen An individual who is a naturalized or ô¡¶j , áj’h ‘ OƒdƒŸG º«≤ŸG hCG ¢ùqæÛG ¢üî°ûdG ƒg
øWGƒe native-born Resident of a state, dis-
ƒgh , á«Yô°ûdG á£∏°ùdG hCG á«°SÉ«°ùdG áj’ƒdG ∂∏àd kA’h
plays allegiance to that state’s political
and legal authority, and who is there- .É¡«a á«fƒfÉ≤dG ájÉª◊Gh É¡bƒ≤ëH ∫ƒflq ∂dòH
fore entitled to the rights and protec-
tions of its laws.
Citizen Initiative A mechanism which enables voters to ≈∏Y á«q ©jô°ûàq dG ÉjÉ° ≤dG ™°Vh øe ÚYÎ≤ŸG øqμ“ á«q dBG »g
øWGƒŸG IQOÉÑe place legislative issues on the ballot or
.á«q ©jô°ûàq dG º¡JÉÄ«g ΩÉeCG hCG ,´GÎb’G ábQh
in front of their legislature.
Based Coverage
Citizen-B Reporters interview citizens to attempt ÚæWGƒŸG äÉeÉªàgG ≈∏Y õcôJ á«eÓYEG á«£¨àH ΩÉ«≤dG
á«æÑe á«eÓYEG á«£¨J to measure their thoughts on political ÉjÉ° ≤dG ‘ º¡FGQBG kÉ«∏©a ¢ùμ©Jh ™ªàÛG ‘ ºgQhOh
øWGƒŸG ≈∏Y issues during a campaign. Reporters
should also try to cover the important Ú∏°SGôŸG ≈∏Y .á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG ∫ÓN á«°SÉ«°ùdG
issues (as determined by speaking to cit- ø˘e) á˘ª˘¡ŸG É˘jÉ˘° ≤˘˘dG á˘˘«˘ £˘ ¨˘ J á˘˘dhÉfi Ú«˘˘Ø˘ ë˘ °üdG
izens and conducting focus groups)
repetitiously, to insure that readers and ø˘e) á˘ª˘¡ŸG É˘jÉ˘° ≤˘dG á˘«˘£˘¨˘J á˘dhÉfi Ú«˘˘Ø˘ ë˘ °üdG∫ÓN
viewers have a good chance of coming (õ«côJ äÉYƒª› IQGOEGh ÚæWGƒŸG ¤EG ç~ëàdG ∫ÓN
across the coverage.
AGôq ˘ ≤˘ ∏˘ d á˘˘«˘ £˘ ¨˘ à˘ ∏˘ d I~˘˘«˘ L á˘˘°Uô˘˘ a ¿É˘˘ ª˘ ˘° d ,QGô˘˘ μ˘ ˘à˘ ˘H
.øj~gÉ°ûŸGh
Civic Education Educational program aiming to pro- »°SÉ«°ùdG Ωƒ¡Øª∏d »YƒdG õjõ©J ¤EG ±~¡j …ƒHôJ èeÉfôH
á«f~ŸG á«HÎdG mote political awareness understand-
.ÚæWGƒŸG äÉ«dhDƒ°ùeh ¥ƒ≤M ≈∏Y ´Ó qW’Gh
ing and knowledge of the rights and
responsibilities of the citizens.
Civic Journalism Civic journalism is an effort to reach ‘ Ö©°ûdG ™e ™°ShCG π°UGƒJ ≈∏Y ¢SÉ°SC’ÉH õcôJ áaÉë°U
/áæWGƒŸG áaÉë°üdG out to the public more aggressively in
É¡∏M áq«Ø«ch º¡∏cÉ°ûe ¤EG ´Éªà°S’Gh ,ôjô≤àdG á«∏ªY
á«q f~ŸG/á«q ∏gC’G the reporting process, to listen to how
citizens frame their problems and what á«æZ áZÉ«°üd äÉeƒ∏©ŸG √òg πª©à°ùJ ‹ÉàdÉHh .º¡jCGôH
citizens see as solutions to those prob- √ògh .¿ƒjõØ∏àdGh ,ƒjOGôdGh ,∞ë°üdG ∫ÓN øe QÉÑNÓd
lems. This information is then used to
enrich news stories. Civic journalism is .OÓÑdG øe Òãc ‘ ádhG~àe áaÉë°üdG
practiced by newspapers and radio and
television stations in many parts
around the world.
Civil Society It consists of a range of associations äÉ˘ª˘ q¶˘æ˘eh äÉ˘«q ˘©˘ª÷G ø˘e á˘Yƒ˘q æ˘à˘e má˘∏˘°ù∏˘°S ø˘e ∞˘qdÉC ˘à˘ j
Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG and membership organizations that
¿G~˘˘«ŸG ‘ ∑ô˘˘ë˘ àq ˘ ∏˘ d Úæ˘˘WGƒŸG ™˘˘ ªŒ »˘˘ à˘ ˘dG á˘˘ jq ƒ˘˘ ° ©˘˘ dG
bring citizens together to act in a polit-
ical and policy realms. .äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ™°Vh ¿G~«eh »q °SÉ«°ùdG
Claims Complaints regarding decisions or lack …ò˘dG ±ôq ˘°üà˘dG Ω~˘˘Y hCG äGQGô˘˘≤˘ dG ¢Uƒ˘˘°üî˘˘H iƒ˘˘μ˘ °T
AÉYOq GE ,áÑdÉ£e ,iƒYO of action presented by different elec- ¤EG ô˘˘ ¶˘ ˘fG .Ú«˘˘ HÉ˘˘ î˘ ˘à˘ ˘f’G Ú∏˘˘ qã˘ ˘ªŸG ∞˘˘ ∏˘ ˘àfl ¬˘˘ e~q ˘ ˘ ≤˘ ˘ j
toral actors. See also Challenge,
Dispute. .IQhÉfi/´Gõfh ø©W/¢VGÎYG
13 Closed List - Code of Conduct
Closed List A form of List PR in which electors are áª˘FÉ˘≤˘dG ™˘e »˘Ñ˘°ùæ˘dG π˘«˘ã˘ª˘à˘dG ΩÉ˘¶˘f ø˘˘ ˘e ´ƒ˘˘ ˘f
á≤∏ë áªFÉb/áëF’ restricted to voting only for a party or
§≤a âjƒ°üàdÉH ÚYÎ≤ŸG âjƒ°üJ ¬«a ô°üëj á«Hõ◊G
political grouping, and cannot express a
preference for any candidate within a π«° ØJ øY ÒÑ©àdG º¡æμÁ ’h ,áq«°SÉ«°S áYƒªÛ hCG Üõ◊
party list.
.á«HõM áëF’ øª°V øq«©e í°Tôe q …C’
Closed Primary Primary election in which only a politi- »°SÉ«°ùdG Üõ◊G AÉ° YCG áYÉ£à°SÉH å«M á«dhCq G äÉHÉîàfG
á≤∏ë á«dhCG äÉHÉîàfEG cal party’s members may vote on its
.¬«ë°TôŸ
n GƒJƒ°üj ¿CG Ö°ùëa
nominees.
Coalition The alliance of the forces of two or more hCG Úq«°SÉ«°S ÚHõM hCG ÚàYƒª› iƒb ÚH ∞dÉ– ƒg
±ÓàFG groups or political parties to form the
.áeƒμë∏d kÓ«μ°ûJ ,ÌcCG
government.
Coalition Government Coalition Government is a Government .»°SÉ«°S ÜõM øe ÌcCG øe ±ÓàF’G áeƒμM πsμ°ûoJ
±ÓàFG áeƒμM created from more than one political
ÜõM …CG RƒØj ’ Ée~æY (ÉªFGO ¢ù«dh) kÉfÉ«MCG πsμ°ûoJ
party. It is sometimes (but not always)
created when no single party has gained ≥˘Ø˘à˘j É˘g~˘æ˘Y .á˘eÉ˘©˘dG äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘ à˘ f’G ‘ á˘˘jÌcC’É˘˘H ~˘˘MGh
an overall majority in a GeneralElection.
Two or more parties may then agree to
.É©e OÓÑdG ºμM ≈∏Y ÌcCG hCG ¿ÉHõM
govern together.
Coalition of Results The transmission of results from a par- ,‹Éàq dG iƒà°ùŸG ¤EG ø«q ©em ´GÎbG õcôe øe èFÉàæq dG π≤f ƒg
/èFÉàæq dG èeO ticular polling site to the next level to be
èFÉàf ≈∏Y ∫ƒ°üë∏d ,iôNC’G èFÉàæq dÉH É¡©ªL ºq àj »c
èFÉàædG ±ÓàFG collated with other results to give the
outcome for a wider area to establish the .áeq É©dG á«q æWƒdG èFÉàæq dG AÉ°SQE’ ∂dPh ,™°ShC’G á≤£æŸG
overall national results.
Coalition/ Association of two or more political par- ø©£∏d I~ëàe Iƒb π«μ°ûàd ÌcCG hCG ø«q °SÉ«°S ÚHõM ™ªq Œ
Alliance of Parties ties constituting a joint force for the pur-
ÜGõMC’G ∞dÉ–/±ÓàFEG pose of contesting an election or form-
.áeƒμM π«μ°ûàd hCG äÉHÉîàf’G ‘
ing a government.
Coattails An allusion to the rear panels (“tails”) of ádòÑdG πjP ‘ ±É£ÿÉH Ú¡«Ñ°ûdG Ú≤°ûdG ¤EG IQÉ°TEG
í°Tôe ∫ÉjPCG a gentleman’s frock coat. In American á˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG ‘ í˘∏˘ £˘ °üŸG Gò˘˘g Ò°ûj .á˘˘∏˘ jƒ˘˘£˘ dG á˘˘«˘ ª˘ °Sô˘˘dG
politics, it refers to the ability of a popu-
lar officeholder or candidate for office, hCG Ú©e »°SÉ«°S Ö°üæe ÖMÉ°U IQ~b ¤EG á«cÒeC’G
on the strength of his or her own popu- ,á«Ñ©°T øe ¬H ™àªàj ÉŸ Gô¶f ,ÜƒÑfi »°SÉ«°S í°Tôe
larity, to increase the chances for victo-
ry of other candidates of the same polit- ‘ ¬JGP Üõ◊G øe øjôNBG Úë°Tôe Rƒa ¢Uôa IOÉjR ≈∏Y
ical party. This candidate is said to carry Gƒ≤∏©J'' ø‡ øjôNBG ôéj í°TôŸG ¿EG ∫É≤j .äÉHÉîàf’G
others to victory “on his coattails.
.RƒØdG ¤EG ''¬dÉjPCÉH
Code of Conduct A set of general rules of behaviour for á˘«˘∏˘ª˘Y ∫Ó˘N äÉ˘WÉ˘°ûæ˘dG ¢ ©˘Ñ˘d π˘ª˘©˘dG ~˘YGƒ˘b ø˘«q ˘©˘ j
/πª©dG ¥Éã«e political parties and their supporters á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG ÜGõ˘MC’G ≈˘∏˘Y ¬˘≤˘«˘Ñ˘£˘J ø˘μÁ .äÉ˘HÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ f’G
/πª©dG ¿ƒfÉb relating to their participation in an elec-
tion process, to which parties ideally äÉ˘jÉ˘Y~˘dGh äGô˘gÉ˘¶ŸGh ,äÉ˘YÉ˘˘ª˘ à˘ L’G IQGOEG º˘˘«˘ ¶˘ æ˘ à˘ d
πª©dG ~YGƒb will voluntarily agree and which may, í˘FÉ˘°üf AÉ˘£˘YE’ Ú«˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG ÚÑ˘bGôŸG ≈˘∏˘Yh ,á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘ °ùdG
subsequent to that agreement be incor-
porated in law. Proclaims guidelines of I~Y øª°V øe á«°SÉ«°ùdG áÑbGôŸG ∑ƒ∏°S Oh~Mh •hô°ûd
behaviour and standards that are diffi- á°VhôØe hCG á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMC’G ÚH É¡«∏Y ≥Øàe ≥«KGƒe
cult to embody in a statute.
.á«HÉîàf’G äÉ£∏°ùdG øe ÉgÒZ hCG á«HÉîàf’G áæé∏dG øe
14 Code os Ethics - Communal Roll
Code of Ethics See Code of Conduct. .πª©dG ¥Éã«e ¤EG IOƒ©dG

áæ¡ŸG ÜGOBG ~YGƒb
Coefficient/ Calculated for each district by dividing O~˘Y º˘«˘°ù≤˘à˘H Iô˘FGO π˘˘μ˘ d á˘˘«˘ HÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ f’G á˘˘Ñ˘ °ùæ˘˘dG Ö°ù–
Electoral Quotient the number of valid votes cast by the
/á«HÉîàf’G áÑ°ùædG/πeÉ©e number of seats allocated to the district.
.IôFGO πμd á°ü°üıG ~YÉ≤ŸG O~Y ≈∏Y äGƒ°UC’G
»HÉîàf’G π°UÉ◊G
Coffees These are events in the home of a volun- øe ¢üî°T hCG ´ƒ£àe ∫õæe ‘ äÉ°ù∏÷G ∂∏J ~≤©Jh
…É°ûdG/Iƒ¡≤dG äÉ°ù∏L teer or supporter where their friends are
á∏HÉ≤e øe ∞«° ŸG ∂dP ÜÉë°UCG øqμªàj ≈àM øj~jDƒŸG
able to meet the candidate. These have
the advantage of face-to-face contact ™e ∫É°üJ’G í«àJ É¡fCG á«HÉéjE’G É¡ÑfGƒL øeh .í°TôŸG s
with the candidate, the most persuasive
form of voter contact. Coffees can also
™˘ª÷ É˘¡˘eG~˘î˘à˘°SG ø˘˘μÁ ∂dò˘˘c .¬˘˘Lƒ˘˘d É˘˘¡˘ Lh í˘˘°TôŸG
be used for small donor fundraising. .ÚªgÉ°ùŸG QÉ¨°U øe äÉYÈàdG
Collateral Group A demographic group similar to or hav- ™e á∏KÉªàe ídÉ°üe É¡d hCG á¡HÉ°ûàe á«aGô¨ÁO áYƒª› »gh
áæeÉ° àŸG äÉYÉª÷G ing similar interests to another demo-
¿ƒμj ~b ,∫ÉãŸG π«Ñ°S ≈∏©a .iôNCG á«aGô¨ÁO áYƒª›
graphic group. For example, teachers
may share an interest in improving edu- Ú°ùë˘˘à˘ d äÉ˘˘¡˘ eC’G ™˘˘e á˘˘cÎ°ûe í˘˘dÉ˘˘°üe Ú°SQ~˘˘ ª˘ ˘∏˘ ˘d
cation with mothers. Teachers and moth-
ers would be collateral groups.
äÉYƒªÛG øe äÉ¡eC’Gh ¿ƒ°SQ~ŸG q~©oj ,∂dòd .º«∏©àdG
.áæeÉ° àŸG
Commission A formal group of experts brought ΩÉ¶àfÉH ¿ƒ©ªàéj øjòdG Ú«ª°SôdG AGÈÿG øe áYƒª›
áæ÷ together on a regular or ad hoc basis to »∏j~©J PƒØf øª°Vh º¡JÈN QÉWEG øª°V ÉjÉ° ≤dG á°ûbÉæŸ
debate matters within that sphere of
expertise, and with regulatory or quasi- QÉWEG ‘ á°üNQ AÉ£YEG ≈∏Y IQ~≤dG πãe »FÉ° b ¬Ñ°T hCG
judicial powers such as the ability to ¿CG Éªc .áªμÙG ΩÉeCG ∫ƒãª∏d ~gÉ°T AÉY~à°SG hCG Ée •É°ûf
license activity in the sphere of activity
or to subpoena witnesses. Commissions áÄ«¡∏d áeƒμ◊G ÉC é∏J .áeƒμ◊G ≈∏Y kÉjQÉ°ûà°SG kGPƒØf áæé∏d
usually also have advisory powers to ±ô©oj ,á«æWh ádCÉ°ùe øe πeÉ°ûdG ≥o≤ëà∏d áæé∏d áª u¶æŸG
government. The organizational form of
a commission is often resorted to by Ö«cÎdG Gòg á∏HÉ≤e øμªŸG øe .''≥«≤ëàdG áæé∏H'' Gòg
governments to exhaustively investigate ¬Ñ°ûdG PƒØædÉH ™àªàJ ’ »àdG ¢ù∏› áª∏c ™e ÊƒfÉ≤dG
a matter of national concern, and is often
known as a “commission of inquiry.” .»∏j~©àdG hCG »FÉ° ≤dG
This legal structure can be contrasted
with a council, the latter not enjoying
quasi-judicial or regulatory powers.
Communal seats are not only divided on a commu- ΩÉ¶f πH ,Ö°ùMh »YÉªL ¢SÉ°SCG ≈∏Y ~YÉ≤ŸG º°ù≤J q ’
Representation nal basis, but the entire system of parlia-
»YÉª÷G π«ãªàdG mentary representation is similarly
äGQÉ˘Ñ˘à˘YG ≈˘∏˘Y É˘° jC
k G ~˘ª˘à˘©˘j √ô˘°SCÉ˘H ÊÉŸÈdG π˘«˘ã˘ª˘ à˘ dG
based on communal considerations. This IOq~fi á˘YÉ˘ª˘L qπ˘μ˘d q¿CG IOÉ˘˘Y Gò˘˘g »˘˘æ˘ ©˘ jh .á˘˘«˘ YÉ˘˘ª˘ L
usually means that each defined com- ø˘e AÉ˘° YCG §˘≤˘a Öî˘à˘æ˘Jh »˘YÉ˘ª÷G É˘¡˘dh~˘L/É˘¡˘ ∏˘ é˘ °S
munity has its own electoral roll, and
elects only members of its “own group” .»HÉ«ædG ¢ù∏éª∏d ''É¡àYƒª›''
to Parliament.
Communal Roll A register of voters in which ascriptive áHƒ°ùæŸG oÒjÉ©ŸG Oq~– å«M ,ÚYÎ≤ŸG øe qπé°S ƒg
»YÉªL πé°S/∫h~L criteria such as race or ethnicity deter- ø˘μÁ ø˘jò˘dG ÚÑ˘î˘à˘æŸG ,á˘q«˘æ˘KE’G hCG ¥ô˘©˘dÉ˘c ,Oô˘˘a qπ˘ μ˘ d
mine which electors can enroll to vote,
and which candidates can be elected, øμªŸG Úë°TôŸG q øY kÓ° a ,´GÎbÓd º¡FÉª°SCG êGQOEG
within the wider electoral contest. .™°ShC’G áq«HÉîàf’G á°ùaÉæŸG øª°V º¡HÉîàfG
15 Compensatory Seats - Consolidation of Democracy
Compensatory Seats The List Proportional Representation ájq ƒ° ©dG ΩÉ¶f ‘ ,»Ñ°ùqædG π«ãªqàdG áëF’ ~YÉ≤e »g
áq«° jƒ©qàdG ~YÉ≤ŸG seats in a mixed member proportional
áÑ°ùf ¢SÉ°SCG ≈∏Y ÜGõMC’G ¤EG íæªoJ ,§∏àıG »Ñ°ùqædG
system which are awarded to parties on
the basis of their proportion of the q…GC ìÓ°UEG ¤EG ±~¡Jh ,¬àdÉf …òdG »æWƒdG âjƒ°üqàdG
national vote and designed to correct any
disproportionality in the results of the
~YÉ≤e ~j~ëàd iôéoJ »àdG äÉHÉîàf’G èFÉàf ‘ ähÉØJ
elections held in plurality-majority dis- .ájOq~©qàdG áqjÌcC’G ΩÉ¶f ôFGhO
trict seats.
Competitive Election Meaning that at least two parties present á∏j~H áYƒª› ¿É°Vô©j ,πbC’G ≈∏Y ,ÚHõM q¿GC »æ©j Éq‡
»°ùaÉæJ ÜÉîàfG alternative sets of candidates. .Úë°TôŸG
q øe
Complementary Election See By-Election. .áq«∏«ªμqàdG/áq«YôØdG äÉHÉîàf’G ô¶fG
áªªq àe äÉHÉîàfG
Compulsory Voting Voting is compulsory, in some coun- ,iôNCG mIQÉÑ©H .kÉq«eGõdEG âjƒ°üqàdG Èà©j ,¿G~∏ÑdG ¢ ©H ‘
»eGõdE’G âjƒ°üJ tries, which means that if you do not
øY â©æàeG ÉªqfGE ,kÉq«fƒfÉb âjƒ°üqàdG q≥M ∂∏“ âæc GPEG
vote and do not have a valid and suffi-
cient reason for failing to vote, you may .áq«dÉe máeGô¨H ÖbÉ©oJ ~≤a ,m±Éc mÖÑ°S ¿h~H âjƒ°üqàdG
be fined.
Confirmation Date In respect of an election in an electoral ïjQÉJ ƒ¡a ,á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG ‘ äÉHÉîàf’ÉH ≥∏©àj Ée ‘
…~«cCÉJ ïjQÉJ district, the date for the commencement
.äÉHÉîàf’G √ò¡d á«dhCq ’G ÚÑîàæŸG íFGƒd Ò° ëàH A~ÑdG
of the preparation of the preliminary
lists of electors for that election.
Congressional Districts These are political divisions within a áÄ«¡dG º°SônJ å«M ,áj’ƒdG øª°V á«°SÉ«°S äÉª«°ù≤J
(CD) state, the boundaries of which are drawn- ¢ù∏› øe ~MGh ƒ° Y ÜÉîàfG ºàj .ÉgOh~M á«©jô°ûàdG
/¢Sô¨fƒμdG ôFGhO up by the state legislature. One member
É«∏©dG ôFGh~dG of the national House of Representatives .IôFGO πμd »æWƒdG ÜGƒædG
is elected per district.
Conservative An individual with a political philosophy hCG ,çGÎdG ≈∏Y á¶aÉÙG ºY~J á«q °SÉ«°S áØ°ù∏a hP Oôa
ßaÉfi supporting conserving heritage, tradi-
¢ aô˘j ’ .É˘î˘°SGQ É˘«˘YÉ˘ª˘à˘LG É˘eÉ˘¶˘f hCG á˘j~˘«˘∏˘≤˘à˘dG º˘«˘≤˘dG
tional values or an established social
order. He does not reject change but ¿ƒμj ¿CG Öéj Ò«¨àdG q¿GC qô°üj øμdh Ò«¨àdG ßaÉÙG
insists that further change be organic
rather than revolutionary. See Liberal. .‹GÈ«d ô¶fG .ÉjQƒK ¿ƒμj ¿CG ¢VƒY Éjk ƒ° Y
The consolidation of democracy is the
Consolidation process by which democracy becomes ≥ª©H á«WGô≤Á~dG ™jô°ûàd á«∏ªY ƒg á«WGô≤Á~dG ï«°SôJ
of Democracy so broadly and profoundly legitimatised
/ï«°SôJ/õjõ©J among its citizens that it is very unlike-
Ée~æY .∂qμØà∏d á∏HÉb ÒZ íÑ°üàa ÚæWGƒŸG ÚH áHÓ°Uh
á«WGô≤Á~dG êÉeOG ly to break down. When democracy is ÚæWGƒŸG º¶©e É¡«∏Y ≥aGƒj ,IRõq ©e á«q WGô≤Á~dG ¿ƒμJ
consolidated, it has been accepted by
most citizens as the only game in town.
á˘«˘WGô˘≤Á~˘dG õ˘jõ˘©˘J π˘ª˘°ûj .I~˘«˘Mƒ˘dG á˘Ñ˘©˘∏˘dG É˘¡˘qfCG ≈˘∏˘Y
The consolidation of democracy á«°SÉ«°ùdG π©L πLCG øe á«q JÉ°ù°SDƒeh á«cƒ∏°S äGÒ¨J
involves behavioral and institutional
changes that normalize democratic poli-
π©L Ö∏£àj .∂°ûdG ≥««° Jh ÉjOÉY ÉÄ«°T á«WGô≤Á~dG
tics and narrow its uncertainty. This nor- ƒ‰h ,ÚæWGƒŸG ¤EG É¡dƒ°Uh ´É°ùJG ÉjOÉY GôeCG á«WGô≤Á~dG
malization requires the expansion of cit-
izen access, development of democratic
äGOÉ«b ∞«XƒJ ™«°SƒJh ,Úà«WGô≤Á~dG áaÉ≤ãdGh á«q æWGƒŸG
citizenship and culture, broadening of .á«°SÉ«°ùdG á«JÉ°ù°SDƒŸG ,∂dP øe ºgC’Gh ,´Gh Ê~e ™ªà›
leadership recruitment of a mature civil ~YGƒ≤dG ≈∏Y Oƒ©àdG
society and more importantly, political q ôjƒ£J á«WGô≤Á~dG õjõ©J Öq∏£àj
institutionalization.
16 Consolidation of Democracy - Convention
Consolidation requires that habituation .»˘WGô˘≤Á~˘dG ´Gõ˘æ˘dG º˘«˘¶˘ æ˘ J ¤EG á˘˘Ñ˘ °ùæ˘˘dÉ˘˘H äGAGô˘˘LE’Gh
to the norms and procedures of demo- √òg π©LG øe á«dÉY áLQO ƒg á«∏ªY Gòμ¡d ìÉàØŸG
cratic conflict regulation be developed.
A high degree of institutional routiniza- .Éæ«JhQ á«JÉ°ù°SDƒŸG
tion is key to such process.
Constant Campaign The concept that the candidate and the ¿Óª©j Üõ◊Gh í°TôŸG ¿CÉH »° ≤j …òdG Ωƒ¡ØŸG »æ©Jh
/áªFGO /Iôªà°ùŸG á∏ªM party are always working for the next
≈àM ¿ƒãjÎj ’h .á∏Ñ≤ŸG äÉHÉîàfÓd QGôªà°SÉHh ÉªFGO
á∏°UGƒàe election and do not wait for election
time to start delivering a message. .ádÉ°SôdG ∫É°üjEG ‘ ´hô°û∏d ÜÉîàfÓd O~ÙG ~YƒŸG
Constituency (1) A portion of the population represented by .áæ«©e áª¶æe hCG Ú©e ¢üî°T º¡∏ãÁ ¿Éμ°ùdG øe AõL ºgh
ÚÑNÉædG Qƒ¡ªL a particular elected leader or organization.
Constituency (2) The electoral division or area, or the peo- .Öî˘à˘æ˘e º˘¡˘∏˘ãÁ ÚÑ˘NÉ˘f á˘Yƒ˘ª› hCG á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘fG á˘≤˘ £˘ æ˘ e
á«HÉîàfG IôFGO ple in it, which a member of Parliament
.¿ÉŸÈdG øe ƒ° Y É¡∏ãÁ »àdG á«HÉîàf’G IôFG~dG
represents.
Constituent A citizen who lives in a legislator’s ‘ ƒ° ©dG øe á∏ãªŸG á≤£æŸG øª°V ¢û«©j …òdG øWGƒŸG
ÖNÉf area of representation.
.á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG
Constitution Set of basic rules by which the govern- á˘eƒ˘μ˘M º˘¶˘æ˘J »˘à˘dG á˘«˘°SÉ˘°SC’G ~˘YGƒ˘≤˘ dG ø˘˘e á˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª›
Qƒà°SO ment of a State is organized regulating
ájò«ØæàdGh á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG ÚH äÉbÓ©dG §Ñ° Jh ádh~dG
the relationships between the legislature,
the executive and the judiciary. .á«FÉ° ≤dGh
Contestation An administrative or any other objection ≈˘˘ ∏˘ ˘Y ,√ÒZhCG …q QGOE’G ~˘˘ «˘ ˘©˘ ˘ °üdG ≈˘˘ ˘∏˘ ˘ Y ,¢VGÎYG ƒ˘˘ ˘g
ø©W to activities and decisions of an electoral
hCG ,á«q HÉîàfG á©«˘Ñ˘£˘H ™˘àq ˘ª˘à˘J »˘à˘dG äGQGô˘≤˘dGh äÉ˘WÉ˘°ûæ˘dG
nature or to the electoral processes and
results. .á«q HÉîàf’G èFÉàæq dGh äÉ«q ∏ª©dG ≈∏Y
Contiguous Districts Districts comprised of areas which are á˘jPÉ˘ë˘à˘e hCG á˘≤˘°UÓ˘˘à˘ e ≥˘˘WÉ˘˘æ˘ e ø˘˘e á˘˘fƒ˘q ˘μ˘ e ô˘˘FGhO »˘˘g
IQhÉéàŸG ôFGh~q dG geographically adjoined or touching.
.kÉ«q aGô¨L
Contrast Using the campaign message to demon- øjÉÑàdGh ¥ôØdG ¢VGô©à°S’ á∏ª◊G ádÉ°SQ ΩG~îà°SG ƒgh
øjÉÑàdG strate the difference between candidates
¿CG º¡ŸG øeh .¢ ©ÑH º¡° ©H áfQÉ≤e ~æY Úë°TôŸG ÚH
when they are compared with each
other. It is important to give the voters á«bG~°üŸG ô˘˘¶˘ fG .É˘˘ë˘ °VGh GQÉ˘˘«˘ N ÖNÉ˘˘ æ˘ ˘∏˘ ˘d Ω~˘˘ ≤˘ ˘J
a clear choice. See Credibility and .ádÉ°SôdGh
Message.
Contributions See Campaign Contributions. .á∏ªë∏d äÉYÈJ/á∏ª◊G ‘ äÉªgÉ°ùe ô¶fG

äÉªgÉ°ùŸG
A meeting of party delegates and leaders áeƒμ◊G äÉjƒà°ùe ≈∏Y É¡JOÉbh ÜGõMC’G »∏ã‡ ´ÉªàLG
Convention at any of the three levels of government áZÉ«°U πLCG øe ,(»∏ÙGh ,»ª«∏bE’G ,‹GQ~ØdG) áKÓãdG
]äÉë«°TÎdG ¿ÓYEG[ ô“Dƒe (federal, state, local) in order to formu-
Ö°üæª∏d Úë°TôŸG Ú«©J ™e ¬μ«àμJh Üõ◊G á«é«JGÎ°SG
late party strategy and tactics while also
nominating candidates for political èeÉfôH Újh~J ¤EG áaÉ°VE’ÉH Gòg .¬°ùØf âbƒdG ‘ »°SÉ«°ùdG
office. In addition, the party platform is
written and approved, detailing where Üõ◊G ''∞bƒe'' π°üØ u jo èeÉfôH ƒgh ,¬«∏Y á≤naGƒŸGh Üõ◊G
the party “stands” on the important .á«JB’G á«HÉîàf’G á∏ª◊G ‘ áª¡ŸG ÉjÉ° ≤dG øe
issues of the upcoming campaign.
17 Convention Bounce - Credibility
Convention Bounce An increase in a presidential candidate’s ≈∏Y AÉæH ,Ú©e ÜõM øe á°SÉFôdG í°Tôe á«Ñ©°T ´ÉØJQG
¿ÓYEG[ ô“Dƒe IõØb popularity, as indicated by public-opin-
Iô°TÉÑe Ö≤©J »àdG ΩÉjC’G ‘ ,ΩÉ©dG …CGôdG äÉYÓ£à°SG
]äÉë«°TÎdG ion polls, in the days immediately fol-
lowing his or her nomination for office ¿ÓYE’ »eƒ≤dG ô“DƒŸG AÉæKCG É«ª°SQ É¡ë«°TôJ hCG ¬ë«°TôJ
at the national convention.
.äÉë«°TÎdG
Corrected Voter’s List After a copy of the preliminary register ‘ …~«¡ªàdG ÚÑNÉædG πq é°S øY áeÉY áî°ùf ô°ûf ~©H
/áëëq °üŸG ÚÑNÉædG áëF’ of voters is publicly displayed at the
äÉë«ë°üàdG …ôŒ ,äÉ°VQÉ©ŸGh ihÉY~dG π«é°ùJ õcôe
/ íqë°üŸG ÚÑNÉædG πé°S actual registration centre for claims and
objections, corrections are made and the π˘μ˘d ΩÉ˘©˘dG ≥˘«˘b~˘à˘∏˘d »˘FÉ˘¡˘æ˘dG ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG π˘é˘°S ô˘°ûæ˘jo h
áëëq °üŸG Ö£°ûdG íFGƒd final voter register for each state and
each local government area and ward
ÚÑNÉ˘æ˘dG á˘ë˘F’ RÈ˘oJ .Iô˘FGOh ,á˘«˘eƒ˘μ˘M á˘≤˘£˘æ˘eh ,á˘j’h
should be displayed for public scrutiny. πÑb ,O~q fi kÉÑdÉZ ,kÉ«Ñ°ùf ôμÑe ïjQÉJ ‘ ºªq ©oJh áëës °üŸG
The final corrected voter list should be .äÉHÉîàf’G
produced and made public at a relative-
ly early date, usually specified, before
the elections.
Council The local body that operates from the ™˘˘ª÷ á˘˘j~˘˘∏˘ Ñ˘ dG QGO ‘ π˘˘nμ˘ °û˘˘oJ »˘˘à˘ dG á˘˘jõ˘˘côŸG á˘˘Ä˘ «˘ ¡˘ dG
¢ù∏› town hall to raise local taxes and admin- áYƒª› ∑Éæg .á«∏ÙG äÉe~ÿG IQGOE’h á«∏ÙG ÖFGô° dG
ister local services. A formal group of
experts brought together on a regular á°ûbÉæŸ ΩÉ¶àfÉH ¿ƒ©ªàéj øjòdG Ú«ª°SôdG AGÈÿG øe
basis to debate matters within that …QÉ˘˘°ûà˘˘°S’G Pƒ˘˘Ø˘ æ˘ dGh º˘˘¡˘ JÈN QÉ˘˘WEG ø˘˘ª˘ °V É˘˘ jÉ˘˘ ° ≤˘˘ dG
sphere of expertise, and with advisory
powers to government. It can be con- ,»˘à˘dG á˘æ÷ á˘ª˘∏˘c ™˘e É˘¡˘à˘∏˘HÉ˘≤˘e ø˘μ˘ªŸG ø˘e .á˘eƒ˘μ˘ë˘∏˘d
trasted with a commission which, ,áq«∏j~©J á£∏°S É¡d ,Ú«°UÉ°üàNG áYƒª› É¡qfGC øe ºZôdÉH
although also a body of experts, is typi-
cally given regulatory powers in addi- .áeƒμ◊G ‘ ÉjQÉ°ûà°SG GQhO ∂∏“ É¡qfGC ÒZ
tion to a role as advisor to the govern-
ment.
Count The process of sorting, tallying, record- ¤~oŸG äGƒ°UC’G ádh~Lh ,π«é°ùJh ,øjh~Jh ,Rôa á«∏ªY
AÉ°üMEG /~q Y/Rôa ing and tabulating of votes cast in an
.äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ É¡H
election.
Counting Centre A centralized premise in which votes ∞˘∏˘àfl ø˘e É˘g~q ˘Yh äGƒ˘°UC’G ™˘«˘ª˘é˘à˘d …õ˘cô˘e ≈˘æ˘Ñ˘e
/~q Y/Rôa õcôe from several polling stations are aggre-
.âjƒ°üàdG õcGôe
äGƒ°UC’G AÉ°üMEG gated and counted.
Created Events Any attempt by the campaign to bring ≈∏Yh .¢SÉædG øe ~°ûM ™ª÷ á∏ª◊G É¡H Ωƒ≤J ádhÉfi …CG
/äÉÑ°SÉæŸG ≥∏N together a large group of people.
ÖdÉZ ‘ ºg á∏ª◊G º¡©ªŒ øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G ,Ωƒª©dG
áeq É©dG çG~MC’G Generally people brought together by
the campaign will already be supporters, Üò˘é˘ j ~˘˘b ¬˘˘°ùØ˘˘f ç~◊G ø˘˘μ˘ dh .ø˘˘j~˘˘jDƒŸG ø˘˘e ô˘˘eC’G
but the event may receive press cover-
age and thereby influence other voters.
ÚÑNÉ˘æ˘dG ‘ ∂dò˘H ô˘KDƒ˘«˘a ,á˘«˘eÓ˘YE’G á˘«˘£˘¨˘à˘dG ΩÉ˘ª˘à˘gG
Created events can also be used to raise ™ªL ‘ ç~◊G ™æ°U ΩG~îà°SG ∂dòc øμÁh .øjôNB’G
funds and energize supporters. See
Preset Events.
ô˘˘¶˘ fG .º˘˘¡˘ à˘ ˘bÉ˘˘ Wh ø˘˘ j~˘˘ jDƒŸG •É˘˘ °ûf ~˘˘ j~Œh äÉ˘˘ YÈà˘˘ dG
.G≤Ñ°ùe áª¶æe áqeÉY äÉÑ°SÉæe
Credibility The positive or negative view voters øY ,á«Ñ∏°S hCG á«HÉéjEG âfÉc ¿EG ,ÚÑNÉædG Iô¶f »æ©Jh
á«bG~°üŸG have of a candidate or party. By creat- ø˘jÉ˘Ñ˘à˘dG í˘°Vƒ˘˘J ¿CG á˘˘∏˘ ª˘ ë˘ ∏˘ d ø˘˘μÁh .Üõ◊G hCG í˘˘°TôŸG
ing contrast, campaigns can use their
message to raise their candidate’s credi- ¢ ØNh ,É¡˘ë˘°Tô˘e á˘«˘bG~˘°üe ™˘aô˘d É˘¡˘à˘dÉ˘°SQ ΩG~˘î˘à˘°SÉ˘H
bility, lower their opponents’ credibility øjÉ˘Ñ˘à˘dG ô¶˘˘fG .ø˘˘jô˘˘ eC’G Ó˘˘ c hCG ¢ùaÉ˘˘ æŸG á˘˘ «˘ ˘bG~˘˘ °üe
or both. See Contrast and Message.
.ádÉ°SôdGh
18 Cross Cutting Cleavages - Cumulative Voting
Cross Cutting Cleavages Political allegiances of voters which cut äÉbÉ≤°ûf’Gh πNG~àJ »àdG áq«°SÉ«°ùdG ÚÑNÉqædG äGA’h »g
á∏NG~àŸG äÉbÉ≤°ûf’G across societal cleavages of ethnicity,
.á≤Ñ q£dG hCG ,øjq~dG hCG ,áq«æKE’G ~«©°U ≈∏Y áq«©ªàÛG
religion, or class.
Cross Tabs [Comparing or referencing various ‘ á˘æ˘q«˘©˘e á˘∏˘Ä˘°SC’ á˘Ø˘∏˘àıG äÉ˘HÉ˘L’E G á˘∏˘HÉ˘˘≤˘ e hCG á˘˘fQÉ˘˘≤˘ e
á©WÉ≤àe äÉ¶MÓe responses to questions on a political poll
iôNC’G á∏Ä°SC’G øY äÉHÉLE’G ™e »°SÉ«°ùdG ´Ó£à°S’G
with responses to other questions or
demographic information. The real infor- ´Ó£à°SÓd á«≤«≤◊G äÉeƒ∏©ŸÉa .á«aGô¨Á~dG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG hCG
mation in a political poll comes from the
cross tabs. See Political Poll.
ô˘¶˘fG .á˘˘©˘ WÉ˘˘≤˘ àŸG äÉ˘˘¶˘ MÓŸG ø˘˘e IÉ˘˘≤˘ à˘ °ùe »˘˘°SÉ˘˘«˘ °ùdG
.»°SÉ«°ùdG ´Ó£à°S’G
Cross-S
Sets Small groupings within the demographic á«aGô¨Á~dG äÉª«°ù≤àdG πNGO IÒ¨°U äÉYƒª› »gh
á©WÉ≤àe íFGô°T breakdown that are members of at least
Újô˘NCG Úà˘«˘aGô˘¨ÁO Úà˘ë˘jô˘°T ™˘˘e É˘˘gDhÉ˘˘° YCG ∑Î°ûjh
two other demographic sets.
.πq bC’G ≈∏Y
Cumulative Voting A system of voting in which each voter ~YÉ≤ŸG O~©H ÉJGƒ°UCG ÖNÉf πq c ¬«a ≈£©j âjƒ°üJ ΩÉ¶f
/»ªcGôJ âjƒ°üJ is given as many votes as there are posi-
äGƒ°UC’G √ò¡H A’OE’ÉH ¬d íª°ùjh ,ÉgDƒ∏e Öéj »àdG
»©ªL/¢S~q μàe tions to be filled and allowed to cast
those votes for one candidate or distrib- .Ég~jôj á≤jôW ájCÉH Úë°TôŸG
q ÚH É¡©jRƒJ hCG ~MGh í°TôŸq
ute them in any way among the candi- äÉ«q ∏bC’G øª° J ¿CG øμÁ å«M ,»Ñ°ùf π«ã“ ΩÉ¶f ƒg
dates. It is a system of Proportional
Representation in which minorities can ≈∏Y É¡JGƒ°UCG õ«côJ ∫ÓN øe ,»Ñjô≤àq dG »Ñ°ùæq dG É¡∏«ã“
ensure their approximate proportional ÚH º¡ªéM ™e Ö°SÉæàq dÉH Úë°TôŸG
representation by concentrating their
q øe á«q Yôa áYƒª›
votes on a subset of candidates com- .ÚÑNÉæq dG áYÉªL
mensurate with their size in the elec-
torate.
D
19 Dark Horse - Declined Ballot
Dark Horse A usually little-known candidate who ≈∏Y ¬d Üõ◊G í«°TÎH RƒØj ¬qæμd ,kIOÉY Qƒªë í°Tôe
q ƒg
Oƒ°SCG ¿É°üM unexpectedly wins a party’s nomination.
.™qbƒàe ÒZ mƒëf
Data Bank A tape or disc on which the names of ß˘Ø˘ë˘∏˘d ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG AÉ˘ª˘°SCG ¬˘«˘∏˘Y ™˘°Vƒ˘J ¢Uô˘b hCG §˘˘jô˘˘°T
/äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ∂æH electors may be stored for later use. .≥M’ âbh ‘ ∫Éª©à°S’Gh
äÉfÉ«H ¿õfl
Debate Face-to-face discussion between or ,ÉjÉ° ≤dG ¢ ©H ∫ƒM Úë°TôŸG ÚH ¬Lƒd kÉ¡Lh IôXÉæe
äÉ°ûbÉæe/äGôXÉæe among candidates on the issues, their
øμÁ .»YGÎb’G º¡∏é°Sh ,ájOÉ«≤dG º¡JGQ~bh ,º¡JAÉØch
qualifications, leadership abilities, and
voting records. Debates can occur at all ,á˘KÓ˘ã˘dG á˘eƒ˘μ◊G äÉ˘jƒ˘à˘°ùe ≈˘˘∏˘ Y äÉ˘˘°ûbÉ˘˘æŸG …ôŒ ¿CG
three levels of government, but the most
publicized on the national level are
≈∏Y ™°ShCG á«eÓYEG á«£¨àH ≈¶– »àdG äGôXÉæŸG øμdh
debates involving the presidential nomi- Úë°TôŸG ÚH …ôŒ »àdG ∂∏J »¡a »æWƒdG iƒà°ùŸG
nees. These debates are televised, can ø˘e á˘˘∏˘ Ä˘ °SCG π˘˘ª˘ °ûJh ,á˘˘«˘ fƒ˘˘jõ˘˘Ø˘ ∏˘ J ¿ƒ˘˘μ˘ Jh .Ú«˘˘°SÉ˘˘Fô˘˘dG
involve questions from journalists and
average citizens, and will reach millions øe ÚjÓŸG ¤EG π°üJh ,ÚjOÉ©dG ÚæWGƒŸGh Ú«aÉë°üdG
of voters at one time. A presidential …òdG í°Tôª∏d øμªŸG øeh .¬JGP âbƒdG ‘ ÚÑNÉædG
candidate who performs poorly on these
national telecasts can lose voter support. .ÚÑNÉædG ºYO ô°ùîj ¿CG äGôXÉæŸG √òg ‘ IAGOôH …ODƒj
Declaration of Poll An announcement of the result of an Öàμe ¢ù«FQ πÑb øe äÉHÉîàf’G áé«àf øY íjô°üàdG ƒg
ÜÉîàf’G áé«àf ¿ÓYEG election by a district Returning Officer
íHGôdG í°TôŸG øY ø∏©oj ¬«ah ÜÉîàf’G QƒeCÉe/´GÎb’G
declaring the successful candidate as the
elected member. .ÖîàæŸG ƒ° ©dÉc
Declaration Votes Votes that are sealed in an envelope .Ωƒàfl m±ôX πNGO ÖNÉqædG É¡©° j »àdG äGƒ°UC’G »g
áMôq °üŸG äGƒ°UC’G signed by the voter. These votes are cast
ÖNÉ˘qæ˘dG ‹~˘˘j É˘˘e~˘˘æ˘ Y äGƒ˘˘°UC’G √ò˘˘¡˘ H A’OE’G ø˘˘μÁh
when: the voter casts an absent or postal
vote; the voter’s name cannot be found ≈∏Y Qƒã©dG ádÉëà°SG ~æY hCG ;q…~jôH hCG q»HÉ«Z ´GÎbÉH
on the electoral roll; the voter’s name is
marked off the electoral roll as already
hCG ;Ö£°ûdG íFGƒd/´GÎb’G ∫hG~L ‘ ÖNÉqædG º°SG
having voted. ∫hG~˘˘ L ø˘˘ ˘e kÉ˘ ˘ Hƒ˘˘ ˘£˘ ˘ °ûe ÖNÉ˘˘ ˘qæ˘ ˘ dG º˘˘ ˘°SG ¿ƒ˘˘ ˘μ˘ ˘ j ÚM
.äƒ°Uh
q ≥Ñ°S ~b ¬qfGC ≈∏Y Ö£°ûdG íFGƒd/´GÎb’G
Declined Ballot An elector who has received a ballot and ¤EG Ég~«©jh ´GÎbEG ábÉ£H ≈∏Y ÖNÉædG π°üëj Ée~æY
/á°Vƒaôe ábÉ£H returns it to the deputy returning officer
Ég~æY ¬Jƒ°üH A’OE’G kÉ° aGQ ´GÎb’G Öàμe ¢ù«FQ ÖFÉf
declining to vote, forfeits the right to
á∏ª©à°ùe ÒZ vote and the deputy returning officer ´GÎb’G Öàμe ¢ù«FQ ÖFÉf ≈∏Yh âjƒ°üàdG ≥M ô°ùîj
shall immediately write the word
“declined” upon the back of the ballot
ábQƒd á«Ø∏ÿG á¡÷G ≈∏Y ''á°Vƒaôe'' áª∏c Öàμj ¿CG
and preserve it to be returned to the ,´GÎb’G Öàμe ¢ù«FQ ¤EG É¡©Lôo«d É¡¶Øëjh ´GÎb’G
returning officer and shall cause an
entry to be made in the poll record that
.âjƒ°üàdG ¢ aQ ´p Î≤ŸG q¿GC ÚÑNÉædG πé°S ‘ ¿hq~j
the elector declined to vote.
20 Delegate - Deputy Returning Officer
Delegate A representative, usually chosen either hCG á˘«˘æ˘Wƒ˘dG á˘«˘ª˘ «˘ ¶˘ æ˘ à˘ dG ¿É˘˘é˘ ∏˘ dG ‘ kIOÉ˘˘Y QÉ˘˘àfl ,π˘˘ã‡
/~aƒdG ƒ° Y in state caucuses or presidential primar-
í°TôŸG QÉ«àNG øY ∫hDƒ°ùe ,á«dhC’G á«°SÉFôdG äÉHÉîàf’G
Üh~æe ies, who will be responsible for choos-
™˘HQCG π˘c á˘«˘æ˘Wƒ˘˘dG Üõ◊G äGô“Dƒ˘ e ‘ ¬˘˘Ñ˘ FÉ˘˘fh »˘˘°SÉ˘˘Fô˘˘dG
ing presidential and vice presidential
nominees at the national party conven-
tions every four years. Most delegates
Ú©˘e í˘°Tô˘e º˘Y~˘H ¿ƒ˘Hh~˘æŸG º˘¶˘©˘e ~˘¡˘ ©˘ à˘ j .äGƒ˘˘æ˘ °S
are pledged to support a specific candi- ∫ƒ°üë∏d ô“DƒŸG ‘ ÚHh~æŸG äGƒ°UCG ájÌcCG ¤EG êÉàëojh
date. A majority of the delegates’ votes .Üõ◊G í«°TôJ ≈∏Y
at the convention is needed for a presi-
dential candidate to receive the party’s
nomination.
Delimitation See Districting. .á«q HÉîàf’G ôFGh~q dG º«°ù≤J ô¶fG

Oh~◊G º°SQ
Democracy Political system where the people share ,ádh~dG äÉWÉ°ûf Ò«°ùàH Ö©°ûdG ¬«a º¡°ùj »°SÉ«°S ΩÉ¶f
á«WGô≤ÁO in directing the activities of the state, as
hCG ,I~MGh á≤ÑW É¡«∏Y ô£«°ùJ »àdG äÉeƒμ◊G ±ÓîH
distinct from governments controlled by
a single class, select group, or autocrat. á«q WGô≤Á~dG ~j~– q¿GE .á«WGôbƒJhCG ádhO hCG ,áæ«q ©e áYƒª›
The definition of democracy has been
expanded to describe a philosophy that
,¬JQ~bh Ö©°ûdG ≥M ≈∏Y ôq °üJ áØ°ù∏a ∞°ü«d ™°SƒJ q ~b
insists on the right and the capacity of a ≈∏Y Iô£«°ù∏d Ú∏ã‡ ∫ÓN øe hCG Iô°TÉÑe πYÉa Ö©°T
people, acting either directly or through
representatives, to control their institu-
.á°UÉÿG ¬aG~gC’ ¬JÉ°ù°SDƒe
tions for their own purposes.
Democratic The process by which the political insti- »˘YÉ˘°ùŸGh á˘q«˘ °SÉ˘˘«˘ °ùdG äÉ˘˘°ù˘˘°SDq ƒŸG ≈˘˘©˘ °ùJ á˘˘q«˘ ∏˘ ª˘ Y »˘˘g
Consolidation tutions and the democratic endeavours
≈≤∏àa ,áq«Yô°ûdG q ÜÉ°ùàcG ¤EG É¡dÓN øe áq«WGô≤Áq~dG
/èeO/~«MƒJ/∂°SÉ“ acquire legitimacy and are accepted on
m
»WGô≤ÁO ~«WƒJ the political scene and by the population .áqeÉY áØ°üH Ö©°ûdG q øeh ,q»°SÉ«°ùdG ¿G~«ŸG ‘ k’ƒÑb
in general.
Demographic Targeting Grouping of the voting population based ô˘ª˘©˘dGh ¢ùæ˘˘é˘ ∏˘ d É˘˘≤˘ ah ÚÑ˘˘NÉ˘˘æ˘ dG äÉ˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª› º˘˘«˘ °ù≤˘˘J
‘Gô¨Á~dG ±G~¡à°S’G on age, gender, income, education level,
occupation, ethnic background, religion,
á˘«˘Ø˘∏ÿGh á˘dÓ˘°ùdGh á˘æ˘¡ŸGh º˘«˘∏˘©˘à˘dG iƒ˘à˘°ùeh π˘N~˘˘dGh
or any other smaller, identifiable group- º«°ù≤àd IOq~fih IÒ¨°U áª°S áqjGC hCG ,øj~dGh á«æKE’G
ing of the whole voter population. It is ø˘jò˘dG ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG ¿CG ¢VÎØ˘jh .á˘aÉ˘c ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG Qƒ˘˘¡˘ ª˘ L
assumed that voters who identify with a
particular demographic group will vote ¿ƒ˘YÎ≤˘j ±ƒ˘°S á˘æ˘«˘©˘e á˘«˘aGô˘¨ÁO á˘Yƒ˘ª› ¤EG ¿ƒ˘ª˘à˘æ˘ j
in a similar way. .Éª¡æ«Y Üƒ∏°SC’Gh ≈ëæŸÉH
Deputy Returning The Deputy Returning Officer has a õcôe ‘ kGq~L áqª¡e káØ«Xh ÜÉîàf’G ôj~e ÖFÉf ∂∏Á
Officer very important job at the poll: to ensure
/ÜÉîàf’G QƒeCÉe ÖFÉf that voters are able to arrive at their
õ˘˘cGô˘˘ e ¤EG ÚÑ˘˘ NÉ˘˘ qæ˘ ˘dG ∫ƒ˘˘ °Uh ¿É˘˘ ª˘ ˘°V :»˘˘ gh ,´GÎb’G
´GÎb’G Öàμe ¢ù«FQ ÖFÉf assigned poll, mark their ballots and ,áq«HÉîàf’G º¡JÉbÉ£H/º¡bGQhCG º°Sƒa ,º¡d áæq«©ŸG ´GÎb’G
depart with ease. His duties are: to man-
age the poll; administer required oaths;
:øe ¬eÉ¡e ∞qdÉC àJh .ádƒ¡°ùH º¡LGQOCG IOƒ©dG qºK øeh
hand out ballots; deposit marked ballots ;Üƒ˘˘∏˘ £ŸG º˘˘°ù˘n ˘n≤˘ dG IQGOEGh ;´GÎb’G õ˘˘cô˘˘e ¿hDƒ˘ ˘°T ÒH~˘˘ J
in ballot box if voter requests; supervise äÉbÉ£˘Ñ˘dG ¢SOh
the process; close the poll; do the count; q ;á˘q«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G äÉ˘bÉ˘£˘Ñ˘dG/¥GQhC’G ™˘jRƒ˘Jh
fill out the records of the poll; and, on ;´Î≤ŸG Ö∏W ~æY k’hõf ´GÎb’G ¥h~æ°U ‘ áeƒ°SƒŸG
election night, return the ballot box and äÓé°S áÄÑ©Jh ;RôØdG AGôLEGh ;´GÎb’G õcôe ∫ÉØbEGh
supplies to the returning office.
¢ù«˘˘ FQ ¤EG äGq~˘ ˘©ŸGh ´GÎb’G ¥h~˘˘ æ˘ ˘°U IOÉ˘˘ YGE h ;õ˘˘ côŸG
.q»HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG áq«°ûY ,ÜÉîàf’G QƒeCÉe/´GÎb’G Öàμe
21 Direct Mail Fundraising - Distribution of Preferences
Direct Mail Fundraising Sending voters something in the mail ´Èq à˘dG º˘¡˘æ˘e Ö∏˘£˘j ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘∏˘d …~˘˘jô˘˘H ÜÉ˘˘£˘ N ∫É˘˘°SQEG
ÈY ô°TÉÑŸG ∫GƒeC’G ™ªL asking them to contribute to an organi-
.í°TôŸ hCG »°SÉ«°S Üõ◊ hCG Ée áª¶æŸ
~jÈdG zation, a political party or a candidate.
Direct Recording Also known as Electronic or Touch- ¢ùŸ ä’BG hCG á˘˘«˘ fhÎμ˘˘dE’G ä’B’É˘˘ H ∂dòc ±ô˘©˘oj
Electronic (DRE) Screen Machines, this type of voting
Equipment equipment projects the ballot on a com-
ábQh »YGÎb’G RÉ¡÷G øe ´ƒædG Gòg RÈoj ,á°TÉ°ûdG
‹B’G π«é°ùàdG RÉ¡L puter screen in front of the voter. The ¢ùª∏j .´Î≤ŸG ΩÉeCG ôJƒ«ÑªμdG á°TÉ°T ≈∏Y âjƒ°üàdG
ô°TÉÑŸG voter touches the screen to make selec-
tions and cast the ballot.
.¬Jƒ°üH ‹~jh í°TôŸG QÉàî«d á°TÉ°ûdG ÖNÉædG
Direct Recording An electronic voting system in which äGƒ°UC’G π«é°ùJ ¬«a qºàj ,qÊhÎμdG âjƒ°üJ ΩÉ¶f ƒg
Electronic Voting votes are tallied directly to computer âjƒ°üqàdG ä’BG òîqàJh .kIô°TÉÑe ôJƒ«ÑeƒμdG IôcGP ≈∏Y
System memory. The voting machines typically
ÊhÎμd’G âjƒ°üàdG ΩÉ¶f take the form of an automatic teller RÉ¡L hCG ,äGƒ°UC’G »°ü– áq«μ«JÉeƒJhCG mádBG πμ°T kIOÉY
/π«é°ùàdG ô°TÉÑŸG machine or a laptop computer. .∫Éq≤f ôJƒ«Ñeƒc
ΩÉ¶æd ô°TÉÑŸG π«é°ùàq dG
ÊhÎμd’G âjƒ°üàq dG
Direct Suffrage Elections that are directly made by voters. .Iô°TÉÑe ÖNÉædG ÈY ºàj …òdG âjƒ°üàdG
ô°TÉÑe ÜÉîàfG
Direct Voter Contact Any method by which the candidate or ∫É°üjE’ ¬YÉÑJEG á∏ªë∏d hCG í°Tôª∏d øμÁ Üƒ∏°SCG …CG
ÚÑNÉædÉH ô°TÉÑe ∫É°üJG the campaign communicates the mes-
øY É°VƒY á«°üî°T áØ°üH Ú∏ªàÙG ÚÑNÉædG ¤EG ádÉ°SôdG
sage to potential voters in person, rather
than using some form of media. .á«eÓYE’G §FÉ°SƒdG ΩG~îà°SG
Discarded Ballot Ballot paper issued to a voter who did ¥h~˘˘æ˘ °U ‘ É˘˘¡˘ ©˘ ° j ⁄ ÖNÉ˘˘æ˘ d IQ~˘˘°üe ´GÎbG á˘˘ bQh
/ìhô£e äƒ°U not place in a ballot box. .´GÎbG
I~©Ñà°ùe ábQh
Disclosure Means the release, transfer, provision of É¡FÉ°ûaEG hCG ,É¡H ~jhõàdGhCG É¡∏≤fhCG ,äÉeƒ∏©ŸÉH A’OE’G »æ©j
..øY ìÉ°üaEG access to, or divulging in any other man-
√ò¡H ßØà– »àdG áYƒªÛG ¥É£f êQÉN âfÉc á≤jôW áqjCÉH
ner of information outside the entity
holding the information. .äÉeƒ∏©ŸG
Disenfranchise To cause a person to lose the right to vote. .âjƒ°üqàdG ‘ ¬q≤M á°SQÉ‡ øe ¢üî°T ¿ÉeôëH ÖqÑ°ùàdG
/âjƒ°üqàdG q≥M øe ~jôŒ
¿ÉeôM
Disenfranchisement Suspension or removal of the right to vote. .âjƒ°üàdG ≥M ´õf hCG ≥«∏©J
/~«ªŒ/≥«∏©J
´GÎb’G ≥M ´õf
Distribution of The candidate with the least number of äGƒ˘˘°UCG ø˘˘e O~˘˘ Y π˘˘ bGC ≈˘˘ ∏˘ ˘Y π˘˘ °üë˘˘ j …ò˘˘ dG í˘˘ °TôŸG
Preferences first preference votes (total of Above the äGƒ°UC’G √òg .~©Ñjo …òdG í°TôŸG ƒg ¤hC’G á«∏° aC’G
Line and Below the Line) is the candi-
äÉ«∏° aC’G ´Rt ƒJ date who is to be excluded. These votes .RôØdG ‘ GƒdGR Ée øjòdG øjôNB’G Úë°TôŸG ¤EG π≤æoJ
are transferred to the other candidates
still in the count.
22 Distribution Requirements - Door-tto-D
Door
Distribution The requirement that to win election a Rƒ˘Ø˘ dG ™˘˘«˘ £˘ à˘ °ùj í˘˘°TôŸG
q q¿GC äÉ˘˘eõ˘˘∏˘ à˘ °ùŸG √ò˘˘g ¢VÎØ˘˘J
Requirements candidate must not merely win a speci- m
ø˘˘e á˘˘æ˘ q«˘ ©˘ e á˘ Ñ˘ °ùf ≈˘˘∏˘ Y ¢ù«˘˘d ,RÉ˘˘M GPEG äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ f’É˘˘H
´Rq ƒJ äÉeõ∏à°ùe fied proportion of the vote nationally but
áLQO ≈∏Y πH ,Ö°ùMh »æWƒdG ~«©°üdG
äGƒ°UC’G also a specified degree of support from q ≈∏Y âjƒ°üqàdG
different regions.
.kÉ° jCG áØ∏àıG ≥WÉæŸG øe IOq~fim ºYO
District The defined geographic area in which É˘˘¡˘ «˘ a …ô˘˘é˘ à˘ °S »˘˘à˘ dG IOq~ÙG á˘˘«˘ aGô˘˘¨÷G á˘˘≤˘ £˘ æŸG »˘˘gh
á©WÉ≤e/IôFGO the election will be held and following
.õFÉØdG í°TôŸG É¡∏ãª«°Sh äÉHÉîàf’G
the election, the winner will represent.
District Electoral Officer/ The electoral official responsible for .á«HÉîàf’G IôFG~dG ‘ äÉHÉîàf’G º«¶æJ øY ∫hDƒ°ùŸG ƒg
Returning officer organizing the election in a constituency.
/á«HÉîàf’G IôFG~dG ∫hDƒ°ùe
äÉHÉîàfÓd »ª«∏bEG ôj~e
District Magnitude The number of members to be elected ‘ º¡HÉîàfG qºà«°S øjòdG AÉ° YC’G O~Y øY IQÉÑY ƒg
IôFG~q dG ºéM in each district.
.IôFGO qπc
District Research District research is all the information ø˘Y É˘¡˘©˘ª˘L á˘∏˘ª˘ë˘∏˘d ø˘μÁ »˘à˘dG äÉ˘eƒ˘˘∏˘ ©ŸG π˘˘c »˘˘gh
IôFG~dG åëH that your campaign can put together
»˘¨˘Ñ˘æ˘j »˘à˘dG á˘∏˘eÉ˘°ûdG çƒ˘ë˘Ñ˘dG ø˘e Aõ˘L »˘gh .Iô˘FG~˘dG
about the district. This is part of the
overall research that should be done at .åëÑdG ô¶fG .á∏ª◊G π¡à°ùe ‘ ÉgDhGôLEG
the beginning of the campaign.
See Research.
Districting Generally, the process of marking off or ,kÓ˘ã˘e ,≥˘WÉ˘æŸG º˘«˘°ù≤˘J hCG ~˘j~– á˘«˘∏˘ª˘Y »˘g ,Ωƒ˘˘ª˘ ©˘ dÉ˘˘H
/á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG ~j~– dividing into districts — for example,
.á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡∏d Ú∏ã‡ ÜÉîàfG ±~¡d á«HÉîàfG ≥WÉæe
º«°ù≤J into electoral districts for the purposes
of electing representatives to a legisla- Ωƒ≤J É¡JGP ~ëH á«©jô°ûJ áÄ«g ¿ƒμJ ¿CG øμªŸG øeh
ture. And it may be a legislature itself
that does the districting.
.ôFGh~dG º«°ù≤àH
Divided Government A term that generally refers to a situa- ájQƒ¡ª÷G ¢ù«FQ ¬«a ¿ƒμj ™°Vh ¤EG ÉeƒªY Ò°ûj ÒÑ©J
áª°ù≤ŸG
q áeƒμ◊G tion where the president is a member of
»°ù∏› ~MCG ≈∏Y ôNB’G Üõ◊G ô£«°ùj Éªæ«H ÜõM øe
one political party and at least one
chamber of Congress (either the Senate ≈∏Y É° jCG ádÉ◊G √òg …ô°ùJh .É©e Ú°ù∏ÛG hCG ¢Sô¨fƒμdG
or the House of Representatives) is con- øe áj’ƒdG ºcÉM ¿ƒμj ¿CG ≈æ©Ã ,äÉj’ƒdG iƒà°ùe
trolled by the opposite party. This situa-
tion can also exist at the state level, with »©jô°ûàdG ¢ù∏ÛG ≈∏Y ôNB’G Üõ◊G ô£«°ùj Éªæ«H ÜõM
one party controlling the governorship, ä’ÉM »cÒeC’G »°SÉ«°ùdG ΩÉ¶ædG ~¡°ûj .áj’ƒdG ‘
and another controlling the state legisla-
ture. Divided government frequently .áª°ù≤ŸG äÉeƒμ◊G øe IÒãc
occurs in the U.S. political system.
Donkey Vote The term used to describe a ballot paper ¤EG π«“ áq«HÉîàfG mábÉ£H ∞°Uƒd í∏£°üŸG ∂dP Ω~îà°ùj
»Ñ¨dG âjƒ°üàdG marked with preferences for candidates
qπ©d .º¡JGQ~b hCG º¡JÉ°SÉ«°ùd QÉÑàYG É‰hO Úæq«©e Úë°Tôe
q
/≈ªYCG âjƒ°üJ without consideration of their policies or
abilities. A classic donkey vote is one πqé°ùj …òdG ∑GP ƒg ≈ªYC’G âjƒ°üàdG øY m êPƒ‰ RôHCG
which records preferences straight down
the ballot paper in the same order as the
áëF’ ≈∏Y äOQh Éªc áq«HÉîàf’G ábÉ£ÑdG ≈∏Y ¬JÓ«° ØJ
names printed. .kÉeÉ“ áYƒÑ£ŸG Úë°TôŸG AÉª°SCG
Door-tto-D
Door See Canvass. .±GƒW ô¶fG
ÜÉH ¤EG ÜÉH øe
23 Double Ballot System - Droop Quota
Double Ballot System See Two Round System. .ÚJQhO ≈∏Y …q ÌcC’G ΩÉ¶ædG ô¶fG
êhOõŸG ´GÎb’G ΩÉ¶f
Double-M
Marked A ballot that is overvoted with exactly ,q~◊G ø˘e ÌcCG äGƒ˘°UCÉ˘H á˘eƒ˘°Sƒ˘e á˘q«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘ fG á˘˘bÉ˘˘£˘ H »˘˘g
º°SƒdG áLhOõe ábÉ£H two marks.
.ÉeÉ“ ÚJQÉ°TEÉH
Down Ballot Often less important offices are placed πØ°SCG ‘ á«ªgCG äÉHÉîàf’G Ö°UÉæe πbCG ¿ƒμJ Ée ÉÑdÉZ
m¿~àe ´GÎbG lower on the ballot. Often down ballot
‘ »àdG ~YÉ≤ŸG ∂∏J π°ü– Ée ÉÑdÉZh .´GÎb’G áëF’
offices receive less votes due to voter
drop off or voter fatigue. See Low ÚÑNÉædG ±Gô°üf’ ,qπbCG äGƒ°UCG ≈∏Y áëFÓdG ≈fOCG
Profile Race, Voter Drop Off and
Voter Fatigue.
¢ùaÉæàdG ô˘¶˘fG .Ö©˘à˘dGh ∑É˘¡˘fEÓ˘d º˘¡˘°Vô˘©˘ à˘ d hCG É˘˘¡˘ æ˘ Y
¢VÉØîfG/∫DhÉ° J hCG ¢ Ø˘˘ î˘ ˘æŸG »˘˘ HÉ˘˘ î˘ ˘à˘ ˘f’G
.ÚÑNÉædG AÉ«YEG ∂dòch ÚÑNÉædG
Droop Quota (rarely used) The Droop Quota is the formula that is ø˘˘e ,É˘˘Jƒ˘˘μ˘ dG hCG ,≈˘˘ fOC’G q~◊G ÜÉ˘˘ °ùà˘˘ M’ Ω~˘˘ î˘ ˘à˘ ˘°ù˘˘ oJ
á«q Ñ°ùf á°üM/ÉJƒc
q used to calculate the minimum number,
~YÉ≤ŸG IOq~©àe IôFGO ‘ ~©≤Ã RƒØ∏d áHƒ∏£ŸG äGƒ°UC’G
(ádhG~àe ÒZ)''ÜhQO'' or quota, of votes required to capture a
seat in a multi-member constituency q…OôØdG ´GÎb’G ∫ÓN øe »Ñ°ùqædG π«ãªqàdG ΩG~îà°SÉH
using Proportional Representation
through the Single Transferable Vote
∫Ó˘N ø˘e É˘Jƒ˘μ˘dG ø˘e ≥˘q≤˘ë˘qà˘dG qº˘à˘jh .Ò«˘é˘qà˘∏˘d π˘HÉ˘≤˘ dG
(PR.STV). The quota is ascertained by O~˘Y ≈˘∏˘Y äGƒ˘°UC’G ´ƒ˘ª› º˘°ù≤˘oj :á˘«˘dÉ˘qà˘ dG á˘˘¨˘ «˘ °üdG q
the following formula: total vote divided
by the number of seats plus one, then
O~Y) :œÉqædG ¤EG ~MGh ±É° j qºK ,~MGh ~FGR ,~YÉ≤ŸG
one is added to the product: [total valid .1+((1+~YÉ≤ŸG O~Y)/äGƒ°UC’G
poll/(seats+1)]+1
E
24 Early Voting - Election Manager
Early Voting See Advance Voting. .≥Ñs °ùe /Ω~q ≤àe ´GÎbG /Ω~q ≤àe âjƒ°üJ ô¶fG
ôμÑe âjƒ°üJ
Earned Media Any coverage of the campaign in the ≈˘ª˘°ùJh .ΩÓ˘YE’Gh á˘aÉ˘ë˘°üdG ‘ á˘˘∏˘ ª˘ ë˘ ∏˘ d á˘˘«˘ £˘ ¨˘ J á˘˘jCG
/Ö°ùàμŸG ΩÓYEG press. It is called “earned media,” as
É¡æ«H ábôØà∏d ''ΩÓYE’G Ö°ùc/Ö°ùàμŸG ΩÓYE’G''
ΩÓYE’G Ö°ùc opposed to Paid Media, because the
campaign will often have to expand a ¿CG »æ©j ∂dPh .ôLCÉH ΩÓYE’G hCG ´ƒa~ŸG ΩÓYE’G ÚHh
considerable amount of time and energy ¿É¡à°ùj ’ kGQ~bh É¡àbh øe kGô£°T ∫òÑà°S Ée kÉÑdÉZ á∏ª◊G
to receive good coverage.
.I~«L á«eÓYEG á«£¨J ≈∏Y ∫ƒ°üë∏d Ég~¡L øe ¬H
Editorial Expressed opinions by individuals, news- ~FGô÷G …Qôqfi hCG ,OGôaC’G πÑb øe É¡æY ôqÑ©ŸG AGQB’G
/ájôjô– ádÉ≤e paper and radio editors, and TV journal-
±~¡Jh -ºgÒZ øª°V -¿ƒjõ«Ø∏àdG »«aÉë°Uh ƒjOGôdGh
á«MÉààaEG ists, among others, which are intended to
persuade viewers and listeners by taking ∞bƒe ~«jCÉJ ∫ÓN øe Ú©ªà°ùŸGh øj~gÉ°ûŸG ´ÉæbEG ¤EG
one side of a particular issue.
.áæq«©e á«° ≤d ~MGh
Election Advertising Advertising used during a campaign á°VQÉ©e hCG I~fÉ°ùŸ á«HÉîàf’G á∏ª◊G IÎa ∫ÓN ájÉY~dG
á«HÉîàf’G ájÉY~dG period to promote or oppose, directly or
∞∏àfl É¡«a πª©à°ùJh .»°SÉ«°S ÜõM hCG í°Tôe ÜÉîàfG
indirectly, the election of a candidate or
a registered political party. It could take ,πFÉ°SQh ,äÓ›h ,~FGôLh ,á«FÉYO Ò°TÉæe :∫Éμ°TC’G
various forms such as: flyers, newspa- .âfÎf’Gh ,äGQÉ°Th ,äÉ©Ñbh ,IõØ∏àdGh ,áYGPE’Gh
pers, magazines, billboards, letters,
radio, television, hats, signs and inter-
net.
Election Commission Usually a non-partisan board set up to ≈∏Y ±Gô°TEÓd É¡∏«μ°ûJ ºàj á«HõM ÒZ áÄ«g kIOÉY »gh
äÉHÉîàf’G áæ÷ oversee the election and make sure that
.ágGõæH ÉgÒ°S ¿Éª°Vh äÉHÉîàf’G
it is conducted fairly.
See Board of Elections. .äÉHÉîàf’G áÄ«g ô¶fG
Election Day/ The day on which the voters come to the ´GÎb’G õ˘cGô˘e ¤EG ¿ƒ˘Ñ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG ¬˘«˘a ¬˘˘Lƒ˘˘à˘ j …ò˘˘dG Ωƒ˘˘«˘ dG
Polling Day polls and cast their votes to elect their
/»HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG leaders.
.º¡JOÉb ÜÉîàfGh º¡JGƒ°UCÉH A’OEÓd
ÜÉîàf’G Ωƒj
Election Goal This usually refers to the number of Rƒ˘˘ Ø˘ ˘∏˘ ˘d á˘˘ ˘Hƒ˘˘ ˘∏˘ ˘ £ŸG äGƒ˘˘ ˘°UC’G O~˘˘ ˘Y ¤EG É˘˘ ˘Ñ˘ ˘ dÉ˘˘ ˘Z Ò°ûjh
»HÉîàf’G ±~¡dG votes needed to win an election. It is
á∏ª◊G øe ‹ÉªLE’G ±~¡dG ¿CG ΩƒYõŸG øe .äÉHÉîàf’ÉH
assumed that the overall goal of the elec-
tion campaign is to win a particular ¿CG å«M ±~¡dG kÉªFGO ¢ù«d Gòg .øq«©e Ö°üæÃ RƒØdG ƒg
office. This is not always the case.
Some candidates run for office to pro-
hCG á«FÉæãà°SEG Iôμa õjõ©J ¿ƒμj ~b Úë°TôŸG q ¢ ©H ±~g
mote a particular idea or expose an .áæq«©e á«° b ∫ƒM º°üN πé°S ¢VôY
opponent's record on a particular issue.
Election Manager A person appointed by the Electoral ,äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘fÓ˘d á˘«q ˘æ˘Wƒ˘dG á˘æ˘é˘∏˘dG ƒ˘° Y ¬˘æ˘«q ˘©˘j ¢üî˘
l °T ƒ˘g
äÉHÉîàf’G ôj~e Commissioner to conduct an election for .á«q HÉîàfG á©WÉ≤e hCG IôFGO øª°V á«q HÉîàfG á«q ∏ªY IQGOE’
an electoral district or province.
25 Election Monitoring/ Observation - Election Supervision
Election Monitoring/ Gathering of information regarding an áª q¶æe πÑb øe ,á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG ∫ƒM äÉeƒ∏©e ™ªL
Observation electoral process, by an organization
äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôe who is not inherently authorized to .á˘q«˘∏˘ª˘©˘dG ‘ π˘qN~˘à˘dÉ˘H π˘°UCq É˘à˘ e π˘˘μ˘ °ûH É˘˘¡˘ d ìqô˘ °üe ÒZ
intervene in the process. Unbiased øjõq«ëàe ÒZh ¿ƒbƒKƒe ÖfÉLCGh ¿ƒq«∏fi ¢UÉî°TCG ∑QÉ°ûjh
accredited persons, domestic or interna-
tional, participate to detect any fraud or
.á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG ‘ ÖYÓJ hCG ôjhõJ q…GC øY ∞°ûμ∏d
cheating in the electoral process.
Election Observer/Election Accredited person participating in elec- ¿CG øμÁ .á«HÉîàf’G áÑbGôŸÉH ácQÉ°ûª∏d ¢VƒØe q ¢üî°T
Monitor tion observation. Can be domestic or
ÖbGôe/»HÉîàfG ÖbGôe international.
.É«ÑæLCG/É«dhO hCG É«∏fi ¿ƒμj
äÉHÉîàf’G
Election Office An office from which an election is con- mÖàμŸ øμÁh .áq«HÉîàf’G áq«∏ª©dG ¬æe QG~J Öàμe ƒg
»HÉîàfG Öàμe ducted. A single office may conduct
á©WÉ˘≤˘eh ÚJô˘FG~˘d á˘Ñ˘°ù˘qæ˘dÉ˘H äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ô˘j~˘j ¿CG ~˘MGh
elections for up to two districts and a
province. .≈°übCG q~ëc áq«HÉîàfG
Election Opinion Survey An election opinion survey means an §°Sh ¢TÉ≤æ∏d áMhô£e á«° ≤H ≥∏©àj …CGô∏d ´Ó£à°SG
»HÉîàf’G …CGôdG ´Ó£à°SG opinion survey respecting an election or
ΩÉªàgG äGP á«° b hCG äÉHÉîàf’ÉH ábÓY É¡dh Qƒ¡ª÷G
a matter of public discussion in relation
to the election, including an opinion sur- ∫ƒ°üë∏d ádhG~àŸG ¥ô£dG øe .äÉHÉîàf’ÉH •ÉÑJQÉH ΩÉY
vey respecting an issue discussed pub- ÈY AÉàØà°S’Gh ,∞JÉ¡dG ÈY ôjQÉ≤àdG ΩÉ©dG …CGôdG ≈∏Y
licly in the election. Methods to obtain
such public opinions range from tele- áqeÉ©dG äÉYÉªàL’G ‘ áMhô£ŸG áæq«©ŸG á∏Ä°SC’Gh ,~jÈdG
phone surveys, mailed questionnaires, .äÉHÉîàf’ÉH ≥∏©àJ »àdGh
and specific questions on an election
ballot to comments obtained in public
meetings.
Election Petition A qualified person who desires to q»ª°SQ Ö°üæŸ í°TÎjq ¿CÉH ÖZôj πqgƒD e ¢üî°ûd øμÁ
á«HÉîàfG á° jôY become a candidate for an official office
øq«©e O~Y É¡©qbƒj á° jôY ∫ÓN øe Éë°Tôe
q íÑ°üj ¿CG
may become a candidate by petition
signed by a specified number of qualified …ƒæj »àdG á«HÉîàf’G IôFG~dG ‘ Ú∏gDƒŸG ÚÑNÉædG øe
voters of the district from which the can- .É¡æY í°TÎdG
didate seeks election.
q
Election Rights The right to vote, to stand as a candidate ,¬«dEG AÉªàf’Gh ÜõM π«μ°ûJh ,í°TÎdGh
q ,âjƒ°üàdG ≥M
á«HÉîàfG ¥ƒ≤M for election, to form a political party and
.äÉHÉîàf’ÉH RƒØdGh á«HÉîàfG äÓªM áeÉbEGh
belong to it, to campaign and to be elected.
Election Rules Any laws or rules of the election com- .¿Éc ƒëf …CG ≈∏Y äÉHÉîàf’G áæ÷ É¡©Ñàq J ÚfGƒb hCG ~YGƒb ájCG
á«HÉîàfG ~YGƒb/ÚfGƒb mission that will affect the election in
any way.
Election Supervision Activity of overseeing some or all the á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG äGƒ£N ¢ ©H ≈∏Y ±Gô°TE’G •É°ûf
á«∏ª©dG ≈∏Y ±Gô°TE’G steps of the electoral process by an inde-
hCG ‹hO »eƒμM π≤à°ùe ådÉK ≥jôa ∫ÓN øe É¡q∏c hCG
á«HÉîàf’G pendent third party which could be inter-
governmental or non-governmental. .»eƒμM ÒZ
26 Election Writ - Electoral College
Election Writ Written statement issued by the relevant ¬«LƒàH á∏°U É¡d »àdG á£∏°ùdG øY QOÉ°U Üƒàμe ¿É«H
»HÉîàfG Ωƒ°Sôe authority directing the holding of an
.O~fi ïjQÉàH äÉHÉîàf’G AGôLEGh
election on a specified date.
Election/ Elections Exercise through which the voters øe ºgQÉ«àNEG øYÒÑ©àdÉH ¿ƒÑNÉædG ¬dÓN øe Ωƒ≤j øjô“
äÉHÉîàfG express their choice between competing
Ú∏˘ã˘ªŸG QÉ˘«˘à˘NG á˘«˘dBG ,Úë˘°TôŸGh á˘«˘°SÉ˘˘«˘ °ùdG ÜGõ˘˘MC’G
political parties or candidates; mecha-
nism for choosing representatives and .äÉeƒμ◊Gh
governments.
Electioneering Electioneering is prohibited within 100 πN~e øe Ω~b 100 ∫É› ‘ »HÉîàf’G πª©dG ìÉÑoj ’
/»HÉîàf’G πª©dG feet of the polling site entrance.
,á«HÉîàf’G á∏ª◊G QÉWEG ‘ ,øª° àj ƒgh ´GÎb’G ¿Éμe
èjhÎdG Electioneering includes: distributing,
wearing, or carrying political literature, äÉ≤°ü∏e hCG ,á«°SÉ«°S ÜGOBG …CG πªM hCG AG~JQG hCG ™jRƒJ
posters, banners, or buttons, and solicit-
ing votes.
.äGƒ°UC’G ¢SÉªàdGh ,äGAGƒd hCG ,á«fÓYEG
Elector/ Voter Person who is eligible and registered to π«é°ùJ ô˘¶˘fG .âjƒ˘°üà˘∏˘ d π˘˘qé˘ °ùeh π˘˘gDƒ˘ e ¢üî˘˘°T
ÖNÉf vote. See also Registration of Voters.
.ÚÑNÉædG
Electoral Administration Body dealing with the electoral process. IQGOEG RÉ¡L ô¶fG .á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG ™e πeÉ©àJ áÄ«g
á«HÉîàfG IQGOEG See Electoral Management Body.
.äÉHÉîàf’G
Electoral Age See Voting Age Population. .´GÎb’G ø°S øª°V ¿Éμ°ùdG ô¶fG
´GÎb’G ø°S
Electoral Authority See Electoral Commission. .á«HÉîàfG áæ÷ ô¶fG
á«HÉîàfG á£∏°S
Electoral Code The rules governing the elections in a ,á˘æ˘q«˘©˘e má˘dhO ‘ äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G º˘˘μ– »˘˘à˘ dG ÚfGƒ˘˘≤˘ dG »˘˘g
á«HÉîàfG áfh~e
s specific country, in order to establish
á˘aÉ˘Ø˘°ûdGh
q á˘¡˘jõ˘qæ˘dG ~˘YGƒ˘≤˘dGh äGAGô˘LE’G AÉ˘˘°SQEG ±~˘˘¡˘ H
fair, open and democratic procedures
and rules. .áq«WGô≤Áq~dGh
Electoral College When Americans vote for a President ´GÎb’G ≥jOÉæ°U ¤EG ¿ƒ«cÒeC’G ¿ƒÑNÉædG Ögòj ÚM
á«HÉîàfG áÄ«g and Vice President, they actually vote
¿ƒcQÉ°ûj º¡fCG ¿hÒãc ~≤à©j ,~j~÷G ¢ù«Fô∏d âjƒ°üà∏d
for presidential electors, known collec-
tively as the electoral college. It is these á˘«˘MÉ˘æ˘dG ø˘e ,ô˘eC’G ø˘μ˘d .¢ù«˘Fô˘∏˘d ô˘°TÉ˘Ñ˘e ÜÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ fG ‘
electors, chosen by the people, who
elect the chief executive. In December,
á˘Ä˘«˘¡˘dÉ˘H ±ô˘©˘j É˘e Oƒ˘Lh ÖÑ˘°ùH ∂dò˘˘c ¢ù«˘˘d ,á˘˘«˘ æ˘ Ø˘ dG
after the presidential election, these rep- øe á˘Yƒ˘ª› º˘°SG »˘g á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G á˘Ä˘«˘¡˘dGh .á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G
resentatives gather in their states’ capi- äÉj’ƒdG ‘ Üõ◊G AÉ° YCG º¡ë°Tôj øjòdG ''ÚHh~æŸG''
tals and vote for the president and vice
president. 270 votes are needed for a A’Dƒg ÜÉîàfG ºàj ÜÉîàf’G Ωƒj ‘ .OÉ–’G ‘ áØ∏àıG
president to be elected. ôNB’ hCG í°TôŸ º¡F’ƒH GƒdOCG ~b ¿ƒfƒμj øjòdG ,ÚHh~æŸG
‘h .á«Ñ©°T ÜÉîàfG á«∏ªY ÈY ,Ú«°SÉFôdG Úë°TôŸG øe
™ªàéj ,»°SÉFôdG ÜÉîàf’G ~©H ,Èª°ùjO/∫hC’G ¿ƒfÉc
º¡JGƒ°UCÉH ¿ƒd~jh º¡JÉj’h º°UGƒY ‘ ¿ƒHh~æŸG A’Dƒg
,¢ù«FQ …CG ÜÉîàfG ºàj »μdh .¢ù«FôdG ÖFÉfh ¢ù«Fô∏d
.A’Dƒg øe 270 äGƒ°UCG ¤EG áLÉëH ¬fEÉa
27 Electoral Commission - Electoral List/ Electoral Roll
Electoral Commission Independent authority responsible for hCG á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG Ò°S øY ádhDƒ°ùe á∏≤à°ùe á£∏°S
á«HÉîàfG áæ÷ the conduct or supervision of the elec-
.É¡àÑbGôe
toral process.
Electoral Commissioner Is responsible for ensuring the fair and á˘¡˘jõ˘f má˘≤˘jô˘£˘H äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G Ò°S ÚeCÉ˘J ø˘Y ∫hDƒ˘ °ùŸG ƒ˘˘g
á«æWƒdG áæé∏dG ƒ° Y impartial conduct of elections described
øYh ;»HÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉ≤dG ‘ Oq~fi ƒg Éªc ,áqjOÉ«Mh
äÉHÉîàfÓd under the Electoral Law, managing the
operations of the Commission to kAÉØ˘jEGh Iƒ˘q LôŸG ±G~˘gCÓ˘d kÉ˘≤˘«˘≤– á˘æ˘é˘∏˘dG äÉ˘q«˘∏˘ª˘Y IQGOEG
achieve objectives and meet all legisla- á¶aÉÙG øYh ;áqjôjô˘≤˘qà˘dGh á˘q«˘©˘jô˘°û˘qà˘dG äÉ˘q«˘dhDƒ˘°ùŸG qπ˘μ˘H
tive and reporting responsibilities; main-
taining accurate electoral rolls; promot- √ÉŒ ΩÉ©dG »YƒdG õjõ©Jh ;á≤«bO áq«HÉîàfG ∫hG~L ≈∏Y
ing public awareness of electoral prac- á˘˘«˘ Hô˘˘qà˘ dG è˘˘eGô˘˘H ∫Ó˘˘ N ø˘˘ e á˘˘ q«˘ ˘HÉ˘˘ î˘ ˘à˘ ˘f’G äÉ˘˘ °SQÉ˘˘ ªŸG
tices through education and information
programs; conducting research on elec- ;áq«HÉîàf’G πFÉ°ùŸG ∫ƒM çÉëHC’G AGôLEGh ;äÉeƒ∏©ŸGh
toral matters; and providing advice on AÉ˘° YCG ¤EG á˘q«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G π˘FÉ˘°ùŸG ¿CÉ˘°ûH í˘FÉ˘°ü˘qæ˘ dG Ë~˘˘≤˘ Jh
electoral matters to members of the
Legislative Assembly, political parties .ÉgÒZh áq«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMC’Gh ,áq«©jô°ûqàdG áq«©ª÷G
and others.
Electoral Court/ Court of justice existing in some coun- ƒgh …ô°üM ±~g πLCG øe ∫h~dG ¢ ©H ‘ IOƒLƒe
Electoral Tribunal tries with the exclusive purpose of han-
á«HÉîàfG áªμfi dling electoral disputes.
.á«HÉîàf’G äÉYGõædGh äÉaÓÿG á÷É©e
Electoral Dispute Any dispute related to the electoral .á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dÉH ≥∏©àe ±ÓN …CG
»HÉîàfG ´Gõf process.
Electoral District Geographic area delimited for electoral IôFGO ∂dòc ,»HÉîàfG ±~¡d áæ«q ©e á«aGô¨L á≤£æe
/á«HÉîàfG IôFGO/á≤£æe purpose. Also -Constituency. .á«HÉîàfG
á«HÉîàf’G á©WÉ≤e
Electoral Expenditures Payments made by political campaigns á«HÉîàf’G äÓª◊G É¡H Ωƒ≤J »àdG äÉYƒa~ŸG øª° àJ
á«HÉîàfG äÉ≤Øf for goods or services intended to influ-
áé«àf ‘ ÒKCÉàdG πLCG øe IOGôŸG ¢VGôZC’G hCG äÉe~î∏d
ence the outcome of an election.
.äÉHÉîàf’G
Electoral Law The law or body of law and regulations Oƒ°ùj …òdG äÉª«¶æàdGh ÚfGƒ≤dG áÄ«g hCG ¿ƒfÉ≤dG ƒgh
»HÉîàfG/ÜÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉb governing the electoral process. .äÉHÉîàf’G á«∏ªY ≈∏Y
Electoral List/ A list of names and other relevant details Ú∏gDƒŸG ¢UÉî°TCÓd áÑ°SÉæŸG π«°UÉØàdGh AÉª°SC’G áëF’
Electoral Roll/ of persons who meet the eligibility require-
Voter’s List ments to vote. This list is used as a control
∫ÓN §Ñ°V á≤«Kƒc áëFÓdG √òg πª©à°ùJ .âjƒ°üà∏d
áëF’/á«HÉîàfG áëF’ document during the voting process. .á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG
/Ö£°ûdG íFGƒd/ÚÑNÉædG
∫h~L/á«HÉîàfG áªFÉb
ÚÑNÉædG
28 Electoral Management Body - Electoral Roll
Electoral Management The electoral management body is part RÉ¡L ‘ hCG á«∏NG~dG IQGRh ‘ ÉeEG ,áeƒμ◊G øe AõL ƒg
Body of the Government, either in the á˘jQGOE’G á˘«˘à˘ë˘à˘dG á˘«˘æ˘Ñ˘dG ƒ˘g ¢SÉ˘°SC’É˘H .»˘∏ÙG á˘eƒ˘˘μ◊G
äÉHÉîàf’G IQGOEG RÉ¡L Ministry of Interior or in the local gov-
ernment structure. Essentially, it is the QÉ«àNGh äÉHÉîàfÓd á«q WGô≤Á~dG á«∏ª©dG õjõ©àd áHƒ∏£ŸG
administrative infrastructure required to ≈∏Y RÉ¡÷G ±ô°ûj .á°UÉÿG
support the democratic process of elec-
q ±hô¶∏d í«ë°üdG ΩÉ¶ædG
tions and selecting the right system for ÚØXƒŸG øe ≥jôa ∂dP ‘ √~YÉ°ùjh ájq QGOE’G ÒHG~àdG
the particular circumstances.The elec- AGQ~eh .á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©∏d IO~q ©àe √ƒLh øY ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG
toral management body oversees admin-
istrative arrangements and is assisted by .¿ƒ«f~e ¿ƒ«eƒμM ¿ƒØXƒe ºg äÉHÉîàf’G
a team of officers and employees
responsible for many aspects of elec-
toral process. Election managers are
civil servants.
Electoral Manager At the direction of the Returning Officer, ,ÜÉîàf’G QƒeCÉe/´GÎb’G Öàμe ¢ù«FQ ±Gô°TEG â–
»HÉîàfG ôj~e the electoral manager is responsible for π˘˘ª˘ ©˘ dG ≥˘˘ jô˘˘ a IQGOEG ø˘˘ Y ∫hDƒ˘ ˘°ùe »˘˘ HÉ˘˘ î˘ ˘à˘ ˘f’G ô˘˘ j~ŸG
managing and supervising the staff
throughout the electorate, in addition to .ÖjQ~àdG OGƒe Ò° – ¤EG áaÉ°VEG ,¬«∏Y ±Gô°TE’Gh
preparing training materials.
Electoral Official / Electoral Officials or Polling Officials Ω~Y ¬«∏Y ÖLƒàjh ,äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ kÉª°SÉM kGQhO Ö©∏j
Polling Official play a crucial role in an election. The
/äÉHÉîàfÓd …QGOEG º¶æe Polling Official must not disclose any
hCG äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’É˘H á˘≤˘∏˘©˘ à˘ e äÉ˘˘eƒ˘˘∏˘ ©˘ e á˘˘jCG ø˘˘Y ∞˘˘°ûμ˘˘dG
»HÉîàfG ∫hDƒ°ùe election or voting information and must, .á«HÉîàf’G áæé∏dG øY k’hDƒ°ùe kÉHh~æe Èà©jh ,âjƒ°üàdÉH
at all times, be a responsible representa-
tive of the Electoral Commission.
Electoral Participation The ratio or percentage of voters cast- ‘ º¡JGƒ°UCÉH ¿ƒd~j øjòdG ÚYÎ≤ŸG áÑ°ùf hCG ∫q~©e »g
á«HÉîàfG ácQÉ°ûe ing their votes in a specific election.
.áæq«©e mäÉHÉîàfG
Electoral Process Steps involved in the preparation and É˘gò˘«˘Ø˘à˘fh äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘fÓ˘d Ò° ë˘à˘d á˘©˘Ñ˘àŸG äGƒ˘£ÿG »˘gh
á«HÉîàfG á«∏ªY carrying out of an election. It usually
,ÜÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ¿ƒ˘fÉ˘b ø˘˘°S ∂dP π˘˘ª˘ °ûjh É˘˘¡˘ æ˘ Y ¿Ó˘˘YE’É˘˘H
starts with the announcement of the
election and includes the enactment of ,á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G á˘∏˘ª◊Gh ,Úë˘°TôŸGh ÚÑ˘˘NÉ˘˘æ˘ dG π˘˘«˘ é˘ °ùJh
the electoral law, the registration of vot- .èFÉàædG ¿ÓYEG ÚM ¤EG ,äGƒ°UC’G ádh~Lh
ers and candidates, the campaign, the
voting, and the tabulation of votes until
the announcement of results.
Electoral Regulations Can be seen as translating the principles ÒjÉ˘©˘e ¤EG âjƒ˘°ü˘qà˘dG äGAGô˘˘LEG AiOÉ˘˘Ñ˘ e ∫ƒ–q ¢ùμ˘˘©˘ J
á«q HÉîàfG ÚfGƒb of voting operations into standards that mäGAGô˘LEGh m¥ô˘W ÈY ,á˘μ˘°SÉ˘ª˘à˘e má˘≤˘jô˘£˘H É˘¡˘Zƒ˘∏˘H Öé˘˘j
must be consistently achieved through
methods and detailed procedures, and may …ôŒ å«M á≤£æŸG »MGƒf ±ÓàNÉH ∞∏àîJh ,á∏°üØe q
differ throughout the area in which elec- m
.áq«∏«ã“ áÄ«g äÉHÉîàfG
tions for a representative body are held.
Electoral Roll See Voters List. .Ö£°ûdG íFGƒd/ÚÑNÉædG ∫h~L ô¶fG

ÚYÎ≤ŸG áëF’
29 Electoral Sub-D
District - Emergency Voting
Electoral Sub-D
District Every part of the Constituency for É¡∏LCG øe øq«©j »àdG áq«HÉîàf’G IôFGq~dG øe AõL qπc »g
/Iôq¨°üe á«HÉîàfG IôFGO which one or more Ballot Centers has
.ÌcCG hCG ´GÎbG õcôe
»HÉîàfG ´É£b/á«q Yôa been designated.
Electoral System Combination of formulas and mecha- π≤fh âjƒ°üàdG áÑNÉædG áÄ«¡dG øqμ“ äÉ«dBGh ≠«°U èeO
/»HÉîàfG ΩÉ¶f nisms which provides for the electorate .á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG hCG ¿ÉŸÈdG ‘ ~YÉ≤e ¤EG äGƒ°UC’G
´GÎbG á≤jôW to cast the votes and to translate these
votes into seats in the parliament or the
legislature.
Electoral Tribunal Court, tribunal or other authority in É¡«dEG ÉC é∏j iôNGoC á£∏°S …CG hCG AÉ° ≤dG Èæe hCG áªμfi
á«HÉîàfG áªμfi which a candidate or an elector may
hCG äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ f’G á˘˘ë˘ °üH ø˘˘ ©˘ ˘£˘ ˘«˘ ˘d í˘˘ °TôŸG hCG ÖNÉ˘˘ æ˘ ˘dG
dispute the validity of an election, or
challenge the conduct of candidates or .á«Hõ◊G ÜGõMC’G hCG Úë°TôŸG ±ô°üJ ≈∏Y ¢VGÎYÓd
political parties. In Latin America, for
example, this name is often given to the
¿Éé∏d ,á«æ«JÓdG ÉcÒeCG ‘ ,IQÉÑ©dG √òg πª©à°ùoJ ,kÓãe
electoral commissions or equivalent .äÉ£∏°S øe É¡jRGƒj Ée hCG á«HÉîàf’G
authority.
Electorate This is the portion of the population able √ò˘˘g ‘ ´GÎb’G ≈˘˘∏˘ Y IQOÉ˘˘≤˘ dG á˘˘«˘ fÉ˘˘ μ˘ ˘°ùdG á˘˘ ë˘ ˘jô˘˘ °ûdG
/¿ƒÑNÉf/áÑNÉf áÄ«g to vote in this election. See Voters.
.¿ƒÑNÉædG ô¶fG .äÉHÉîàf’G
¿ƒYÎ≤e
Electronic Media Electronic media is television and radio »àdG á˘«˘eÓ˘YE’G äÉ˘Ä˘«˘¡˘dGh ´É˘jòŸGh ¿ƒ˘jõ˘Ø˘∏˘à˘dG π˘ª˘°ûjh
ÊhÎμdEG ΩÓYEG organizations that use spoken words
ΩÓYE’G πHÉ≤e ,ƒj~«ØdG hCG/h ábƒ£æŸG áª∏μdG Ω~îà°ùJ
and/or video, as opposed to the print
media that uses the written word and/or IQƒ°üdG hCG/h áYƒÑ£ŸG áª∏μdG Ω~îà°ùj …òdG ´ƒÑ£ŸG
pictures. See Print Media and Mass .Ahô≤ŸG ΩÓYE’Gh ´ƒÑ£ŸG ΩÓYE’G ô¶fG .á«aGôZƒJƒØdG
Media.
Electronic Voting EVM is a piece of equipment for use in ≈£©j ’ .Iq~Y ÚH øe í°Tôe q ÜÉîàf’ Ω~îà°ùJ ádBG »g
Machine (EVM) electing a candidate from among many
á«q fhÎμd’G âjƒ°üàq dG ádBG candidates. The voter is not given a bal-
πH ,´GÎb’G õcôe ¬dƒNO ~æY ´GÎb’G ábQh ÖNÉædG
lot paper when he first enters the polling á˘«˘fhÎμ˘dG á˘°TÉ˘°T ≈˘˘∏˘ Y hCG á˘˘dB’G ≈˘˘∏˘ Y QR ≈˘˘∏˘ Y §˘˘¨˘ ° j
center, he simply presses a button, or a
screen, that register his/her candidate of
.√~jôj …òdG í°Tôª∏d √QÉ«N πqé°ùJ
choice.
á˘cQÉ˘°ûª˘∏˘d á˘«˘Yô˘°ûdG á˘«˘°SÉ˘°SC’G •hô˘°ûdÉ˘H π˘gDƒŸG Oô˘Ø˘ dG

Eligible Voter Individual who satisfies the legal á«˘∏˘gC’Gh ,ô˘ª˘©˘dGh ,á˘«˘°ùæ÷G É˘¡˘æ˘ª˘°V ø˘e ;äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’É˘H
πgs ƒD e ÖNÉf requirements to participate in the elec-
.»FÉæ÷G πé°ùdG ÜÉ«Zh á«∏≤©dG
tion. Those requirements are usually
related to nationality, age, soundness of
mind and absence of criminal record. ¿CG ÖNÉædG ™«£à°ùj ’ Ée~æY π°üëj :ÇQÉ£dG âjƒ°üàdG
Emergency Voting An emergency voting occurs when a ‹~j hCG) »HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG ‘ ´GÎb’G õcôe ¤EG Ögòj
/ÇQGƒ£dG âjƒ°üJ voter cannot go to the polling station on
™e ≥aGƒàJ áæq«©e ÜÉÑ°SC’ (ôμÑŸG âjƒ°üàdG ‘ ¬Jƒ°üH
AiQÉ q£dG âjƒ°üàq dG Election Day (or vote in the early vot-
øe ´ƒædG Gòg ∫ƒÑ≤d á¶aÉÙG hCG AÉ° ≤dG hCG ~∏ÑdG äÉÑq∏£àe
ing) for specific reasons that meet the
requirements of the country or district GPEG âjƒ°üàdG Gò¡H ¿G~∏ÑdG ¢ ©H íª°ùJ .âjƒ°üàdG
regulations concerning this kind of vot-
ing. Some countries allow emergency ,…~L ¢VôÃ Ö«°UCG hCG ,ICÉéa ≈Ø°ûà°ùŸG ÖNÉædG πNO
voting if the person is suddenly hospital- πªμà°SG GPEG .√qô≤e øY G~«©H ICÉéa √DhÉY~à°SG q” GPEG hCG
ized, or becomes seriously ill, or is sud-
denly called away from home. If this ¬˘à˘YÉ˘£˘à˘°SÉ˘H ø˘μ˘j ⁄h ,É˘¡˘q∏˘c äÉ˘Ñ˘q∏˘£˘ àŸG ¢üî˘˘°ûdG Gò˘˘g
person meets all the requirements, and πqã‡ ~jhõJ Ég~æY øμÁ ,»HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG ‘ âjƒ°üàdG
he cannot be present at the polling sta-
tion to express his choice through vot- .ÇQÉW âjƒ°üJ ábQƒH ∫ƒıG q ÖNÉædG
ing, an emergency ballot is issued to the
authorized representative of the voter.
30 Endorsements - Executive Office
Endorsements Endorsements are announced or written hCG …CGô˘˘dG IOÉ˘˘b ¬˘˘Ñ˘ à˘ μ˘ j hCG ¬˘˘H ìô˘˘°üj ¿Ó˘˘YEG äÉ˘˘bOÉ˘˘°üŸG
äÉbOÉ°üŸG support for the candidate from opinion
ºY~d øjôNB’G ÚÑNÉædG hCG É¡YÉÑJCG ‘ IôKDƒŸG äÉª¶æŸG
leaders or organizations that will influ-
ence members of their organizations or .…CGôdG IOÉb ô¶fG .¬d ´GÎb’Gh í°TôŸG
other voters to vote for the candidate.
See Opinion Leaders.
Enfranchise Grant voting rights. .´GÎb’G ¥ƒ≤M íæe

´GÎb’G ≥M ≈∏Y ∫ƒ°ü◊G
Enrollment / Inclusion of eligible voters on the voters list. ≈˘∏˘Y äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘fÓ˘d Ú∏˘gDƒŸG ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG π˘«˘é˘ °ùJh π˘˘ª˘ °T
Voter Registration
π«é°ùàdG /π«é°ùJ .á«HÉîàf’G íFGƒ∏dG
á«HÉîàf’G íFGƒ∏dG ≈∏Y
Enumeration A door-to-door canvass of all residences á˘q«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘fG mIô˘FGO ‘ ø˘˘cÉ˘˘°ùŸG qπ˘ c ÜGƒ˘˘HGC ≈˘˘∏˘ Y ±Gƒ˘˘ q£˘˘dG
OG~©J in an electoral district for the purpose of
.º¡∏«é°ùJh Ú∏qgƒD ŸG ÚÑNÉædG ≈∏Y ±qô©à∏d kÉ°SÉªàdG
identifying and registering all eligible
voters.
Equal Suffrage Principle according to which every per- .~MGh äƒ°üH Oôa πq μd ≥ëj å«M IGhÉ°ùŸG GC ~Ñe
/´GÎb’G ‘ …hÉ°ùàŸG ≥◊G son is entitled to one vote (one person,
/âjƒ°üàdG ‘ IGhÉ°ùe one vote).
âjƒ°üàdG
Equity Demands that voting operations offer ájhÉ°ùàe kÉ°Uôa âjƒ°üàq dG äÉ«q ∏ªY ôqaƒJ ¿CÉH áÑdÉ£ŸG »g
±É°üfEG equal opportunities for participation to
ÚcQÉ˘˘°ûŸGh ÜÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ fÓ˘˘ d Ú∏˘˘ gq DƒŸG ÚÑ˘˘ NÉ˘˘ æ˘ ˘dG á˘˘ cQÉ˘˘ °ûŸ
all eligible voters and political partici-
pants. Encompasses aspects of á«aÉØ°ûdG
q ôgÉ¶e πª°ûJ »gh .º¡©«ªL Ú«q °SÉ«°ùdG
Accessibility and Transparency. .¥ƒ≤◊G ¤EG ∫ƒ°UƒdG á«q fÉμeEGh
Establishment The label given to powerful, elite indi- òîàJ »àdG äÉYƒªÛG hCG ¢UÉî°TC’G øe áÑîæd ≈£©jo Ö≤d
ICÉ°ûæe viduals or groups who can make impor-
.™ªàÛG ‘ á°SÉ«°ùdG äGQGôbh ájOÉ°üàbGh ,á«YÉªàLG äGQGôb
tant social, political, and economic poli-
cy decisions for the society.
Ethnic Voter An ethnic voter is one who identifies hCG á«æjO hCG á«eƒb áYƒª› ¤EG »ªàæj …òdG ÖNÉædG ƒgh
»æKEG ÖNÉf with a particular national, religious or â– êQ~˘æ˘J É˘e kÉ˘Ñ˘dÉ˘Z äÉ˘Yƒ˘ª› »˘gh .á˘˘æ˘ «˘ ©˘ e á˘˘jƒ˘˘¨˘ d
language grouping. These are generally
groupings within the demographic .¿Éμ°ù∏d á«aGô¨Á~dG äÉª«°ù≤àdG
breakdown of the population.
E-V
Voting E-voting is an election system that allows ,kÉq«fhÎμdG ¬Jƒ°U πqé°ùj ¿CG ÖNÉqæ∏d í«àj q»HÉîàfG lΩÉ¶f ƒg
ÊhÎμdG âjƒ°üJ a voter to record his or her secure and
kÉq«ªbQ áq«fhÎμd’G äGƒ°UC’G ¿qõîoàa .øeBGh q…ô°S m πμ°ûH
secret ballot electronically. Electronic
votes are stored digitally in a storage hCG ,¿ôe ¢Uôb hCG ,π«é°ùJ §jô°ûc ,øjõîJ á∏«°Sh á£°SGƒH
medium such as a tape cartridge, diskette,
or smart card before being sent to a cen-
å«˘M q…õ˘cô˘em ™˘bƒ˘˘e ¤EG π˘˘°Sô˘˘oJ ¿CG π˘˘Ñ˘ b ,á˘˘q«˘ cP á˘˘bÉ˘˘£˘ H
tralized location where tabulation pro- .∫h~L ‘ É¡ÑqJôJh nèFÉàqædG ádh~÷G oèeGôH ¢Sq~μJ
grams compile and tabulate results.
Executive Office An elected position that oversees the ‘ Qƒ˘eC’G äÉ˘jô› ≈˘∏˘Y ±ô˘°ûJ á˘Ñ˘î˘à˘æ˘ e á˘˘Ø˘ «˘ Xh »˘˘gh
…ò«ØæJ Ö°üæe running of the government, such as a ô˘¶˘fG .¢ù«˘Fô˘dGh á˘j’ƒ˘dG º˘cÉ˘Mh ß˘aÉÙG :π˘ã˘ e á˘˘eƒ˘˘μ◊G
mayor, governor or president.
See Legislative Office. .»©jô°ûJ Ö°üæe
31 Exhausted Votes - External Voting
Exhausted Votes A vote becomes exhausted when it ø˘˘e ~˘˘jõŸG ¤EG êÉ˘˘à˘ ë˘ j ÚM kÉ˘ anõ˘ æ˘ à˘ ˘°ùe äƒ˘˘ °üdG
q »˘˘ °ùÁ
áaõn æà°ùe äGƒ°UCG needs more choices than it has on its list. ∂dP qOôeh .Úë°TôŸG q áëF’ ≈∏Y IOƒLƒŸG äGQÉ«àN’G
This is caused by the voter not making
enough choices. It is a vote which has äƒ°U ƒg .äGQÉ«ÿG øe »Øμj Ée ÖNÉqædG PÉîqJG Ω~Y
reached the stage where no further pref- ~æY ´sRƒJ ¿CG iôNCG äGQÉ«ÿ øμÁ ’ å«M á∏Môe ≠∏H
erences can be distributed when distrib-
uting preferences. .äGQÉ«ÿG ™jRƒJ
Exit Poll Assessment of the election results ´GÎb’G õcGôe ‘ ±Gƒ£dG ÈY äÉHÉîàf’G èFÉàæd º««≤J
êhôÿG i~d AÉ°ü≤à°SG obtained by canvassing voters as they
.º¡JGQÉ«àNG øY º¡dGDƒ°Sh ÚÑNÉædG IQOÉë ~æY
/´GÎb’G ÖJÉμe øe leave the polling stations.
‹hCG AÉ°üMEG
Expected Turnout The number of voters you believe will õ˘cGô˘e ¤EG Ögò˘«˘°S ¬˘˘fCG ~˘˘≤˘ à˘ ©˘ j …ò˘˘dG ÚÑ˘˘NÉ˘˘æ˘ dG O~˘˘Y
¿ƒ©qbƒàe ¿ƒYÎ≤e go to the polls and vote in this particular √ò˘˘ g IOq~ÙG äÉ˘˘ HÉ˘˘ î˘ ˘à˘ ˘f’G ‘ ¬˘˘ Jƒ˘˘ °üH ‹~˘˘ ˘jh ´GÎb’G
election and this particular race.
.»HÉîàf’G ¢ùaÉæàdGh
External Voting/ See Absentee Voting. .»HÉ«Z ´GÎbG ô¶fG

Overseas Vote/
Absentee Voting
/êQÉÿG ‘ âjƒ°üàdG
ÚÑFÉ¨dG ´GÎbEG
F
32 Federal - Focus Group
Federal Of or describing a constitutionally- ‘ .á˘jõ˘cô˘e á˘eƒ˘μ˘M É˘˘¡˘ d á˘˘jQƒ˘˘à˘ °SO äÉ˘˘j’h OÉ–G ∞˘˘°Uƒ˘˘d
/‹GQ~a delineated union of states having a
…OôØdG OÉ–’G ¢SÉ°SCG ‘ á«æWƒdG IOÉ«°ùdG ,»cÒeC’G ΩÉ¶ædG
…OÉëqJEG central government. In the American
system, a federal union is ultimately .áj’ƒ∏d äÉ£∏°S ßØ◊ kÉ«°SÉ«°S kÉª¶æe √Qh~H ¿ƒμj …òdG
based upon national supremacy but is
also a political arrangement that reserves
powers to the states.
Federal Election The Federal Election Commission, an á˘˘ æ÷ »˘˘ cÒeC’G ¢Sô˘˘ ¨˘ ˘fƒ˘˘ μ˘ ˘dG CÉ˘ ˘ °ûfCG ,1975 ΩÉ˘˘ ˘©˘ ˘ dG ‘
Commission independent regulatory agency, was
á«q dGQ~ØdG äÉHÉîàf’G áæ÷ created by the US Congress in 1975. The
¢üæJ
q .á∏≤à°ùe á«q ª«¶æJ ádÉch »gh ,á«q dGQ~ØdG äÉHÉîàf’G
duties of the FEC are to disclose πjƒ“ QOÉ°üe ¢Uƒ°üîH mäÉeƒ∏©e ∞°ûc ≈∏Y É¡eÉ¡e
campaign finance information, to enforce äÉªgÉ°ùŸG Oh~M ≈∏Y ¿ƒfÉ≤dG •hô°T ¢Vôah ,äÓª◊G
provisions of the law on the limits and
prohibitions on contributions, and to äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘fÓ˘d ΩÉ˘©˘dG π˘jƒ˘ª˘àq ˘dG ≈˘∏˘Y ±Gô˘°TE’Gh ,É˘gOƒ˘«˘bh
oversee public funding of presidential .á«q °SÉFôq dG
elections.
Field Director A person on the campaign staff º«¶æJ øY ∫hDƒ°ùŸGh á∏ª◊G ‘ Ú∏eÉ©dG áÄ«g ‘ ƒgh
ÊG~«e ôj~e responsible for organizing the direct
.´ƒ£àŸG hCG í°TôŸG ÈY ÚÑNÉædG ™e ô°TÉÑŸG ∫É°üJ’G
contact with the voters by the candidate
and the volunteers.
Filing Deadline The last day and time in which the ¬Ø∏Ã Ω~≤àdG í°Tôª∏d øμÁ Ωƒj ôNB’ O~ÙG øeõdG »gh
á«FÉ¡ædG ~«YGƒŸG candidate can file for a particular office.
.øq«©e ~©≤Ÿ í°Tôªc π«é°ùà∏d
π«é°ùà∏d
Final Result Outcome. It states who is the winner in .õFÉØdG í°TôŸG ƒg øe ø∏©J .äÉHÉîàf’G á∏«°üM
á«FÉ¡f áé«àf the elections.
First Past the Post A voting system under which the ÌcCG Ö°ùc ~b íHGôdG í°TôŸG ¬«a ¿ƒμj »HÉîàfG ΩÉ¶f
ÉJGƒ°UCG ÌcCÓd RƒØdG winning candidate is the one who wins
¿GôeCG Úë°Tôe I~Y QÉ«àNGh á≤∏£ŸG á«Ñ∏ZC’G-äGƒ°UC’G
the most votes — an absolute majority is
not required, nor are several candidates äÉjƒà°ùŸG πc ≈∏Y ΩÉ¶ædG Gòg πª©à°ùoj .ÚnHƒ∏£e ÒZ
chosen. The system is in use at all levels .~MGƒdG ƒ° ©dG äGP ôFGh~dG ‘ kÉ«LPƒ‰ ,á«°SÉ«°ùdG
of politics, typically for single-member
districts.
First Preference Preference is an order-ranking, not a .»ªbQ ¢ù«dh »∏°ù∏°ùJ Ö«JôJ ƒg QÉ«àN’G
∫hCq G QÉ«àNG number.
Focus Group A method of sociological research in øe áYƒª› ™ªL ºàj å«M »YÉªàL’G åëÑ∏d è¡æe
õ«cÎdG áYƒª› which a small group of people are brought ¢Vô¨H ,º¡«∏Y á∏Ä°SC’G øe á∏°ù∏°S ìôWh ¢UÉî°TC’G
together and asked a series of questions.
The point is to receive qualitative á˘eq É˘©˘ dG ∞˘˘bGƒŸG ø˘˘Y á˘˘«˘ ª˘ c äÉ˘˘eƒ˘˘∏˘ ©˘ e ≈˘˘∏˘ Y ∫ƒ˘˘°ü◊G
information about public attitudes and test ä’É°SQh äÉeƒ∏©e √ÉŒ π©ØdG OhOQ QÉÑàNGh ÒgÉªé∏d
reactions to various messages and
information. See Political Polling. .»°SÉ«°ùdG ´Ó£à°S’G ô¶fG .áYƒæàe
33 Formal Vote - Full list
Formal Vote A vote cast in an election or a referendum …òdG ΩÉ©dG AÉàØà°S’G hCG äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ âjƒ°üàdG ƒg
/∫ƒ°UC’G Ö°ùM ´GÎbG that has been marked according to the
á≤jô£H º°Sƒj ⁄ …òdG ´GÎb’G .äÉHÉîàf’G ~YGƒb ™ÑqJG
»ª°SQ ´GÎbG rules for that election. A vote not marked
correctly is an Informal Vote. .»ª°SQ
q ÒZ ÉYGÎbG Èà©oj áë«ë°U
Franchise The constitutional right to vote. .âjƒ°üàdÉH ≥◊G ÖNÉædG íæÁ …òdG …Qƒà°S~dG ≥◊G
/âjƒ°üàdG RÉ«àeG
âjƒ°üàdG ≥M/ÖNÉf áØ°U
Free and Fair Elections The definition of a free and fair election ÒÑ©àdG ájôëc á«f~ŸG äÉjô◊G ΩGÎMÉH õ«ªàJ äÉHÉîàfG
á¡jõfh Iôq M äÉHÉîàfG is about more than just a smooth
,äÉ˘«˘©˘ª÷G ¢ù«˘°SCÉ˘Jh ´É˘ª˘à˘L’Gh ™˘qª˘ é˘ à˘ dGh π˘˘q≤˘ æ˘ à˘ dGh
technical process, but also includes the
respect for basic civil and political rights ,á¡L …CG øe πqN~J ¿h~H ÚÑNÉædG qπc ácQÉ°ûÃ íª°ùJh
such as freedom of expression, of õcôJh πjƒ¡àdG øe ƒ∏îJh ,õ««ªàdG øe ´ƒf …CG ¿h~Hh
movement, of association and assembly;
as well as the absence of barriers to the .¿ƒfÉ≤dG ~YGƒb ¤EG áHÉéà°S’G≈∏Y
full participation of all citizens, without
any form of discrimination; the absence
of any form of intimidation; and the
compliance overall with the rule of law.
Free List A form of List Proportional áªFÉ˘≤˘dG ™˘e »Ñ°ùædG π«ã˘ª˘à˘dG ΩÉ˘¶˘f ø˘˘ e ´l ƒ˘˘ f »˘˘ g
Iôq M áëF’ Representation in which voters may vote hCG Üõ◊ Gƒ˘˘Jƒ˘˘°üj ¿CG ÚÑ˘˘NÉ˘˘æ˘ ˘∏˘ ˘d ø˘˘ μÁ å«˘˘ M á˘˘ «˘ ˘Hõ◊G
for a party or grouping and in addition for
one or more candidates, whether or not hCG Üõ◊G ¿Éc ¿EG ,ÌcCG hCG í°Tôe ¤EG áaÉ°VE’ÉH ,áYƒª›
those candidates are nominated by that .’ hCG Úë°TôŸG A’Dƒg Gƒë°TQ ~b ,áYƒªÛG
party or grouping.
Friends of Friends A method of voter contact where ≈∏Y ¿ƒYƒ£àŸG ≥aGƒj å«M ÚÑNÉædÉH ∫É°üJÓd á≤jôW
Program volunteers agree to contact their friends
AÉb~°UC’G ÜÉë°UCG èeÉfôH either through the mail or on the phone
∞˘JÉ˘¡˘dG hCG ~˘jÈdG ÈY º˘¡˘FÓ˘eRh º˘¡˘FÉ˘b~˘˘°UCÉ˘ H ∫É˘˘°üJ’G
and encourage them to vote for the .í°TôŸG ídÉ°üd ´GÎb’G ≈∏Y º¡qãMh
candidate.
Front-LLoading The practice of scheduling state party É¡JGô“Dƒe ~≤©H äÉj’ƒdG ¢ ©H ΩÉ«b ≈∏Y ≥∏£J á«ª°ùJ
ôμÑe π«ª– caucuses and state primary elections
~«YGƒe ‘ á«˘dhC’G á˘«˘Hõ◊G É˘¡˘JÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘fGh á˘jOÉ˘«˘≤˘dG á˘«˘Hõ◊G
earlier and earlier in advance of the
general election. By moving their ∂∏J Ë~≤àHh .∫ƒWCÉa ∫ƒWCG I~Ã áeÉ©dG äÉHÉîàf’G ≥Ñ°ùJ
primaries to early dates, states hope to
lend decisive momentum to one or two
ÚæKG hCG ~MGh AÉ£YEG ‘ á«æ©ŸG äÉj’ƒdG πeCÉJ ,~«YGƒŸG
presidential candidates and thus have ™˘˘aO Iƒ˘˘b á˘˘°SÉ˘˘Fô˘˘ dG Ö°üæŸ í˘˘ «˘ ˘°TÎdG ¤EG ÚYÉ˘˘ °ùdG ø˘˘ e
disproportionate influence on each
party's nomination.
á«∏ªY ≈∏Y ÅaÉμàe ÒZ PƒØf á°SQÉ‡ ‹ÉàdÉHh áª°SÉM
.ÚHõ◊G øe qπc ‘ í«°TÎdG
Front-R
Runner In a primary or general campaign, the ƒg áqeÉ©dG á«HÉîàf’G á∏ª◊G hCG á«dhC’G äÉHÉîàf’G ‘
Ω~≤àe í°Tôe label given to that candidate who,
hCG/h ¬eƒ°üÿ áÑ°ùædÉH Ωq~≤àŸG í°Tôª∏d ≈£©ŸG Ö≤∏dG
according to polls and/or political pundits,
is in the lead over other opponents and/or äÉ˘YÓ˘£˘à˘°S’G Ö°ùë˘H ∂dPh ,Öî˘à˘æ˘oj »˘˘μ˘ d π˘˘° ØŸG
is the favorite to be elected.
.Ú«°SÉ«°ùdG Úªq∏©ŸG AGQBG hCG/h
Full List List that includes all the candidates. .Úë°TôŸG qπc AÉª°SCÉH á∏eÉc áëF’
á∏ªàμe/á∏eÉc áëF’
34 Full Representation - Fundraising
Full Representation Any system which consciously attempts ‘ mÜõM á°üM q ÚH ähÉØqàdG ¢ü«∏≤J ~qª©àj m ΩÉ¶f q…GC
(Proportional Representation) to reduce the disparity between a party’s
π«ãªàq dG) πeÉc π«ã“ share of the national vote and its share of
~˘YÉ˘≤ŸG ‘ ¬˘à˘°üMh
q ,»˘æ˘Wƒ˘dG ~˘«˘©˘°üdG
q ≈˘∏˘Y âjƒ˘°ü˘˘qà˘ dG
(»Ñ°ùqædG the parliamentary seats. For example, if ,äGƒ°UC’G øe áFÉŸÉH Ú©HQCÉH lÜõM RÉa ¿EG ,kÓãe .áq«fÉŸÈdG
a party wins 40 per cent of the votes, it
should win approximately 40 per cent of
.kÉ° jCG ~YÉ≤ŸG øe áFÉŸÉH Ú©HQCÉH RƒØj ¿CG ¢VÎØ«a
the seats.
Full Voters List Names that are on the register of electors. á∏eÉμdG áî°ùædG .ÚÑNÉædG πq é°S ≈∏Y áfh~ŸG AÉª°SC’G
á∏eÉ°ûdG ÚÑNÉædG áëF’ The full version lists everyone who is
entitled to vote.
.ÜÉîàf’G ™«£à°ùj øe πq c AÉª°SCÉH íFGƒ∏d
Full-F
Face Ballot In which all information on the ballot— mábQh ≈∏Y áeRÓdG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG πq c êQ~J á«q HÉîàfG ábÉ£H »g
á∏eÉc á«q HÉîàfG ábQh e.g. all the offices and candidates to be ô˘FÉ˘°ùH á˘≤˘q∏˘©˘àŸG äÉ˘eƒ˘∏˘ ©ŸÉ˘˘c -I~˘˘MGh á˘˘°TÉ˘˘°T hCG I~˘˘MGh
voted on -are presented on a single sheet
of paper or a single screen. .kÓãe º¡d âjƒ°üàq dG øμÁ øjòdG Úë°TôŸGh q Ö°UÉæŸG
Full-F
Face Ballot Some election day polling places use full- äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ f’G Ωƒ˘˘j á˘˘«q ˘ YGÎb’G õ˘˘cGôŸG ¢ ©˘˘H Ω~˘˘î˘ ˘à˘ ˘°ùJ
Electronic Voting face ballot, direct recording electronic
âjƒ˘˘ °ü˘˘ àq ˘ ˘dG ä’BGh ,á˘˘ ∏˘ ˘eÉ˘˘ μ˘ ˘dG á˘˘ «q ˘ ˘ HÉ˘˘ ˘î˘ ˘ à˘ ˘ f’G ¥GQhC’G
Machines (DRE) voting machines. These voting
á«q fhÎμd’G âjƒ°üàq dG ä’BG machines electronically record your øªa .kIô°TÉÑe ÖNÉæq dG ´GÎbG πéq °ùJ »àdG á«q fhÎμd’G
¥GQhC’G ≈∏Y I~ªà©ŸG choices when you press a button that ¿EG Ée ,kÉ«q fhÎμdG ∂JGQÉ«àNG πéq °ùJ ¿CG ä’B’G √òg ¿CÉ°T
indicates that you are casting a vote.
á∏eÉμdG á«q HÉîàf’G Election officials print and display the øY ¿ƒdhDƒ°ùŸG åÑ∏j Éeh .äƒ°üdÉH A’OEÓd Qq R ≈∏Y §¨° J
results from each machine after the ~©H Éghô°ûæjh ,ádBG πq c øe èFÉàæq dG Gƒ©Ñ£j ¿CG äÉHÉîàf’G
election day polls close.
.É¡HGƒHCG á«q HÉîàf’G õcGôŸG ≥∏¨J ¿CG
Fundraiser An event planned with the goal of raising ¢üî°ûdG kÉ° jCG ¬H ≈æ©ojh .äÉYÈàdG ™ª÷ ¬d §£îoj ç~M
äÉYÈàdG/∫GƒeC’G ™eÉL money for the campaign. Fundraiser may .á∏«°Sh ájCG ÈY á∏ªë∏d äÉYÈàdG ™ªéj hCG åëj …òdG
also refer to the person who raises the
funds for the campaign by any method.
Fundraising Any method used to raise money for .á«HÉîàf’G äÓªë∏d ∫GƒeC’G ™ª÷ á∏ª©à°ùe á≤jôW …CG
äÉYÈq àdG/∫GƒeC’G ™ªL the campaign.
G
35 General Election - Governance
General Election Election for national bodies. It is an hCG qπc ‘ …ôŒ äÉHÉîàfG »gh .áqeÉ©dG äÉÄ«¡∏d ÜÉîàfG
áeq ÉY äÉHÉîàfG election in which all members of a given
.Úë°Tôe QÉ«àN’ ádhO hCG áj’ƒd á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG º¶©e
political body are up for election. The
term is generally used to refer to …ôŒ »àdG á«æWƒdG äÉHÉîàf’G ¤EG IQÉÑ©dG √òg ™LôoJ
elections held for a nation’s primary
legislative body, as distinguished from
øY Égõ««“ Öéjh ,á«°ù«FôdG á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG ~«©°U ≈∏Y
by-elections and local elections. .á«∏ÙG äÉHÉîàf’Gh á«YôØdG äÉHÉîàf’G :ÚJQÉÑY
Geographic Targeting Grouping the voting population based ~j~–h ,á«æμ°ùdG º¡©bGƒŸ kÉ≤ah ÚÑNÉædG Qƒ¡ªL º«°ù≤J
‘Gô¨L ±G~¡à°SG on where they live and determining ¥É£˘æ˘∏˘d kÉ˘≤˘ah ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG Qƒ˘¡˘ª˘L ø˘ª˘°V I~˘FÉ˘°ùdG •É‰C’G
patterns within the voting population
based on geography. It is assumed that ‘ ¿ƒæμ°ùj øjòdG ÚÑNÉædG ¿EG ∫ƒ≤dG ¢VÎØjh .‘Gô¨÷G
voters who live in a particular area and ¿ƒJƒ°ü«°S ,Ú©e §ªæH ≥HÉ°ùdG ‘ GƒJƒ°Uh áæ«©e á≤£æe
voted one way in the past will probably
vote the same way in the future, baring ájCG çh~M Ω~Y ∫ÉM ‘ πÑ≤à°ùŸG ‘ ¬JGP §ªædG ≈∏Y
any extreme change in their situation. .ádÉ◊G √òg ‘ IÒÑc äGÒ«¨J
Geopolitical Units Constituencies normally linked to pro- äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’É˘H kIOÉ˘˘Y á˘˘£˘ Ñ˘ JôŸG á˘˘q«˘ HÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ f’G ô˘˘FGhq~˘ dG π˘˘qã“
áq«°SÉ«°S-ƒ«÷G äG~MƒdG portional elections in multi-nominal
Úë°Tôe
q á«ª°ùàH íª°ùJ »àdG ôFGhq~dG øª°V ,áq«Ñ°ùædG
constituencies.
.øjOq~©àe
Gerrymandering Illegitimate boundary delimitation á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG ÜGõ˘MC’G ~˘MCG »˘£˘ ©˘ j »˘˘Yô˘˘°T ÒZ º˘˘«˘ °ù≤˘˘J
/ôFGh~∏d »Ø«c º«°ù≤J which gives one political party an
.ádOÉY ÒZ á«∏° aCG
/…RÉ«ëfG º«°ù≤J unfair advantage.
ôFGh~dG ôjhõJ
GOTV= Get Out The Vote “Get Out The Vote” or GOTV is the ÜÉgòdÉH ÚÑNÉædG Òcòàd Ω~îà°ùoj …òdG í∏£°üŸG ƒgh
/∂Jƒ°U íæeG term used to remind voters to go to the
Ée kÉÑdÉZh .í°TôŸG ídÉ°üd âjƒ°üà∏d ´GÎb’G õcGôe ¤EG
âjƒ°üàdG ™«é°ûJ polls and vote for your candidate. Often
a campaign will expend a considerable É¡j~jDƒe ¿CG øe ~cCÉà∏d ´GÎb’G Ωƒj πÑb kG~¡L á∏ª◊G ∫òÑJ
amount of effort just before Election
Day to make sure that your supporters
.≈ªYC’G Öë°ùdGh Öë°ùdG ô¶fG .º¡JGƒ°UCÉH ¿ƒd~o«°S
turn out and vote. See Pull and Blind
Pull.
Governance The act of affecting government and á∏jƒ£dG á«é«JGÎ°S’G áÑbGôeh áeƒμ◊G ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG ƒg
áeƒμM/ºμM /á«ªcÉM monitoring (through policy) the long- ,kÉeƒªY .áæ«©e á°SÉ«°S ∫ÓN øe º«¶æàdG √ÉŒGh ~eC’G
term strategy and direction of an
organization. In general, governance »àdG äÉ«∏ª©dGh ,äÉ°ù°SDƒŸGh ,~«dÉ≤àdG á«ªcÉ◊G πª°ûJ
comprises the traditions, institutions and ,ÚæWGƒª∏d äƒ°üdG AÉ£YEG á«Ø«ch ,Iƒ≤dG á°SQÉ‡ Oq~–
processes that determine how power is
exercised, how citizens are given a . ΩÉ©dG ¿CÉ°ûdG ÉjÉ° b ‘ äGQGô≤dG òNCG á«Ø«ch
voice, and how decisions are made on
issues of public concern.
36 Government - Gubernatorial Election
Government System of social control under which the øq ˘ °S ≥˘˘M ¢Vƒ˘q ˘Ø˘ j å«˘˘M ±Gô˘˘°TEÓ˘ d »˘˘YÉ˘˘ª˘ à˘ LG ΩÉ˘˘¶˘ ˘f
áeƒμM right to make laws, and the right to
áeƒμë∏dh .™ª˘àÛG ‘ ø˘q«˘©˘e ≥˘jô˘Ø˘d É˘gò˘«˘Ø˘æ˘Jh ÚfGƒ˘≤˘dG
enforce them, is vested in a particular
group in society. There are many õq«ªàJ ,áq«μ«°SÓμdG á¨«°üdG Ö°ùëHh .IOq~©àe äÉØ«æ°üJ
classifications of government. According
to the classical formula, governments are
,~MGh ¢üî°T ƒgCG :á£∏°ùdG ΩÉeõH ∂°ùÁ øÃ äÉeƒμ◊G
distinguished by whether power is held .áqjÌcCG hCG ,Iq~Y ¢UÉî°TCG hCG
by one person, a few, or a majority.
Government of The prime objective of the government of »˘g á˘q«˘ æ˘ Wƒ˘˘dG I~˘˘Mƒ˘˘dG á˘˘eƒ˘˘μ◊ »˘˘°SÉ˘˘°SC’G ±~˘˘¡˘ dG q¿GE
National Unity national unity is to make sure the nation
á«æWh I~Mh áeƒμM will rally behind the elected president.
.ÖnîàæŸG ¢ù«FqôdG ∞∏N áqe’C G OÉ°ûàMG ≈∏Y ¢Uô◊G
Grassroots It is the involvement of common citizens ‘ ΩÉªàg’G äGP äÉYƒªÛGh ÚjOÉ©dG ÚæWGƒŸG πª°T
h~jDƒe /á«q Ñ©°T ~YGƒb and interest groups in political life,
ø˘ªq ˘° à˘j ~˘bh .»˘∏ÙG iƒ˘à˘°ùŸG ø˘ª˘°V á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘ °ùdG IÉ˘˘«◊G
á«°SÉ«°S ácôM hCG ÜõM typically at the local level. Grassroots’
activities may include mail, telephone, .á«FÉY~dG äÓª◊G πFÉ°Shh ¿ƒØ∏àdGh ~jÈdG º¡WÉ°ûf
and media advertising campaigns.
Gubernatorial Election The selection of a governor by a state’s .º¡ªcÉ◊ Ée máj’h »ÑNÉf QÉ«àNG á«q ∏ªY »g
á«q ªcÉM äÉHÉîàfG voters.
H
37 Hagenbach-B
Bischoff Formula - High Profile Race
Hagenbach-BBischoff Another term for the Droop Quota. .''ÜhQO'' ÉJƒc øY ÒÑ©qà∏d ôNBG í∏£°üe
Formula (Rarely Used)
±ƒ°û«H ñÉÑæZÉg á¨«°U
-
(ádhG~àe ÒZ)
Hanging Chad A hanging chad is a chad that did not Ö≤ãoJ IÒ¨°U áq«bQh á°UÉ°üb »g áHƒ≤ãŸG ´GÎb’G ábQh
áHƒ≤ãŸG ´GÎb’G ábQh completely detach from the ballot. When
á˘bQƒ˘dG É˘qeGC .á˘Ñ˘bÉ˘K á˘dGB á˘£˘°SGƒ˘H ,á˘q«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G á˘bÉ˘£˘ Ñ˘ dG ø˘˘e
á«q d~àŸG there is a hanging chad, that vote may
not be counted correctly. ábÉ£ÑdG øY kÉeÉ“ π°üØæJ ⁄ »àdG ∂∏J »¡a ,áq«d~àŸG
äƒ°üdG
q ∂dP Ö°ùàëj ’ ~b ,ádÉ◊G ∂∏J ‘ .áq«HÉîàf’G
.áë«ë°U má≤jô£H
Hard Money/Soft Money Terms used to differentiate between ∫GƒeC’G /(Ú©e í°TôŸ IO~ÙGh áª¶æŸG) áÑ∏°üdG ∫GƒeC’G
/áÑ∏°üdG ∫GƒeC’G campaign funding that is and is not á«MÉæd áfhôe ÌcC’Gh Üõ◊G ¤EG áe~≤ŸG ∫GƒeC’G) áæ«∏dG
áæ«q ∏dG ∫GƒeC’G regulated by federal campaign finance
law. “Hard money” is a term used to ¿Ée~îà°ùJ ¿Éà«ª°ùJ - (Úë°TôŸG πÑb øe É¡eG~îà°SG
describe donations by individuals and ¿ƒ˘fÉ˘≤˘d É˘©˘Ñ˘J á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G äÓ˘ª◊G π˘˘jƒ“ ÚH õ˘˘«˘ «˘ ª˘ à˘ ∏˘ d
groups made directly to political
candidates running for federal office äÓ˘˘ª◊G π˘˘jƒ“h á˘˘ «˘ ˘dGQ~˘˘ Ø˘ ˘dG á˘˘ «˘ ˘HÉ˘˘ î˘ ˘à˘ ˘f’G äÓ˘˘ ª◊G
that are regulated by law. “Soft money” π˘˘ jƒ˘˘ ª˘ ˘à˘ ˘dG .¿ƒ˘˘ fÉ˘˘ ≤˘ ˘dG ∂dP ø˘˘ Y ∫õ˘˘ ©Ã á˘˘ «˘ ˘HÉ˘˘ ˘î˘ ˘ à˘ ˘ f’G
describes donations not regulated by law
that can be spent only on civic activities øμÁh Qƒ˘còŸG ¿ƒ˘fÉ˘≤˘∏˘d É˘«˘FGô˘LEG ™˘° î˘j Ö∏˘°üdG/º˘¶˘æŸG
such as voter registration drives, party- …CG - áeÉ©dG äÉHÉîàf’G èFÉàf ≈∏Y ÒKCÉà∏d ¬eG~îà°SG
building activities, administrative costs,
and in support of state and local ÒZ ∫Gƒ˘e’C G É˘eGC .Úæ˘«˘©˘e Úë˘˘°Tô˘˘e ÜÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ f’ Iƒ˘˘Y~˘˘dG
candidates. Soft money contributions É¡bÉØfEG øμÁ ’h ¿ƒfÉ≤∏d É«FGôLEG ™° îJ Óa áæ«∏dG/áª¶æŸG
may not, by law, be used to directly
support a candidate for federal office. Ö°UÉæŸ Úë°Tôe ÜÉîàfG ≈∏Y ôKDƒJ ’ äÉWÉ°ûf ≈∏Y ’EG
ÚÑNÉædG π«é°ùJ äÓªM πãe äÉWÉ°ûf …CG - á«eƒb
I~˘˘YÉ˘˘°ùŸh ,á˘˘jQGOEG ∞˘˘ jQÉ˘˘ °üeh Üõ◊G ~˘˘ YGƒ˘˘ b á˘˘ jƒ˘˘ ≤˘ ˘Jh
.»∏ÙG iƒà°ùŸGh áj’ƒdG iƒà°ùe ≈∏Y Ö°UÉæŸ Úë°TôŸG
Hare Quota (Rarely Used) used in largest remainder PR electoral »˘à˘dG á˘q«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G »˘Ñ˘°ù˘qæ˘dG π˘«˘ã˘ª˘qà˘dG á˘ª˘¶˘fGC ‘ Ω~˘˘î˘ à˘ °S
(ádhG~àe ÒZ) ''Òg'' ÉJƒc systems to determine how seats are ~j~ëàd ,áq«≤ÑàŸG äGƒ°UC’G øe mO~Y ÈcCG RÉM øe ™∏£à°ùJ
awarded. The quota is ascertained by the
following formula: total vote divided by á¨«°üdG
q ÈY ÉJƒμdG øe ≥≤ëqàdG øμÁh .~YÉ≤ŸG íæe áq«Ø«c
the number of seats. .~YÉ≤ŸG O~Y ≈∏Y äGƒ°UC’G ´ƒª› º«°ù≤J :á«dÉqàdG
High Profile Race An election campaign for a particular ¿ƒÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG ¬˘H º˘à˘¡˘j Ú©˘e ~˘©˘≤Ÿ á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘fG á˘∏˘ª˘M »˘æ˘©˘Jh
~j~°T ¢ùaÉæJ office that voters are interested in and
π˘°ü– .¬˘æ˘ Y »˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ f’G ç~◊G á˘˘©˘ HÉ˘˘à˘ e ‘ ¿ƒ˘˘Ñ˘ Zô˘˘jh
want to hear about. High profile races
often receive the most votes. See Low øe ÒÑc O~Y ≈∏Y ~j~°ûdG ¢ùaÉæàdG äGP äÉHÉîàf’G
Profile Race.
.¢ Øîæe ¢ùaÉæJ ô¶fG .ÚYÎ≤ŸG
38 Highest Average Method - Hype
Highest Average A formula used with list PR systems to »Ñ°ùqædG π˘«˘ã˘ª˘qà˘dG á˘ª˘¶˘fCG í˘FGƒ˘d É˘¡˘e~˘î˘à˘°ùJ á˘¨˘«˘°U »˘g
Method (Rarely Used) translate votes into seats. Party vote
äGƒ°UC’G ´ƒª› º°ù≤o«a .~YÉ≤e ¤EG äGƒ°UC’G πjƒëàd
≈∏YC’G ä’~q ©ŸG á≤jôW totals are divided by a series of devisors,
ÖLƒÃ ,º°SGƒ≤dG øe má∏°ù∏°S ≈∏Y øq«©e lÜõM É¡dÉf »àdG
under d'Hondt (by 1,2,3, etc.) or Sainte-
(ádhG~àe ÒZ) Lagu (by 1,3,5, etc.) formula. After each
stage the party with the highest average
âfÉ°S'' hCG (ïdEG ,3h2h1 ≈∏Y áª°ùb) ''âfƒgO'' á¨«°U
wins the seat. The count continues with RƒØj ,á∏Môe qπc ~©H .(ïdEG ,5h 3h1 ≈∏Y áª°ùb) ''ƒZ’
party vote totals being divided by sequen-
tial numbers until all seats are filled.
,RôØdG qôªà°ùjh .~©≤ŸÉH ≈∏YC’G ∫q~©ŸG ∫Éf …òdG Üõ◊G
≈∏Y Üõ◊G É¡dÉf »àdG äGƒ°UC’G ´ƒª› º«°ù≤J ™e
.É¡q∏c ~YÉ≤ŸG πn¨°ûoJ ≈qàM ,áÑbÉ©àŸG ΩÉbQC’G
Horse Race Polling questions or analysis focused q…CG ≈˘∏˘Y õ˘qcô˘j …ò˘dG π˘«˘∏˘ë˘à˘dG hCG äGAÉ˘à˘Ø˘à˘°S’G á˘∏˘Ä˘°SCG
áÑ∏◊G/π«ÿG ¥ÉÑ°S on which candidates are ahead and
.ôqNÉC àe º¡qjGC h á©«∏£dG ‘ í°Tôeq
which behind.
Horserace Question A question on a political poll that asks, ä~≤Y GPEG :∫ƒ≤dÉH ¬Lƒàj »°SÉ«°ùdG ´Ó£à°SÓd ∫GDƒ°S
¥ÉÑ°S hCG áÑ∏◊G ∫GDƒ°S “if the election were held today, would
hCG ''¿'' í°TôŸG ídÉ°üd ´Î≤à°S π¡a ,Ωƒ«dG äÉHÉîàf’G
you vote for candidate X or candidate
π«ÿG Y.” This type of information is often of ¿C’ á∏ªë∏d á«ªgCG πbCG ∫GDƒ°ùdG Gògh ?''`g'' í°TôŸG
little use to the campaign because it does
not provide a reason for the decision.
∫GDƒ˘°Sh .ÜÉ˘Ñ˘°SC’Gh ™˘aGh~˘dG ø˘ª˘° à˘J ø˘d ¬˘æ˘ Y á˘˘HÉ˘˘L’G
The only horserace question that counts ‘ ´GÎb’G õcGôe ~æY ƒg á«ªgCG ¬d …òdG ~«MƒdG áÑ∏◊G
is at the polls on Election Day. See
Political Polling.
.»°SÉ«°ùdG ´Ó£à°S’G ô¶fG .»HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG
Horse-R
Race Tracking Tracking polls may be taken every day ,í˘°TôŸG π˘Ñ˘pb ø˘e kÉ˘«˘eƒ˘j âjƒ˘°üà˘dG á˘©˘HÉ˘à˘e ø˘˘μ˘ ªŸG ø˘˘e
π«ÿG ¥ÉÑ°S á©HÉàe by a candidate, especially during the
øe á«HÉîàf’G á∏ª◊G øe IÒNC’G IÎØdG ∫ÓN á°UÉN
latter stages of a campaign, so that he or
she can see if progress is being made á≤«≤M øq«Ñj Gòg .RƒØdG √ÉŒÉH Ω~≤J …CG á¶MÓe πLCG
toward victory. Tracking polls can reveal
the true nature of the political “horse-
.ájÉ¡ædG ‘ øeh á©«∏£dG ‘ øe …CG , ''∫ƒ«ÿG ¥ÉÑ°S''
race,” i.e., who is in the lead and who is
trailing.
Vote Cards
How-tto-V Cards handed out to voters by party ‘ ÚÑNÉæq dG ¤EG ø«q ©e mÜõM hô°UÉæe É¡ªq∏°ùj äÉbÉ£H »g
´GÎb’G á«q Ø«c äÉbÉ£H supporters at voting centres showing how
í°TôŸG
q hCG Üõ◊G ~jôj ∞«c ô¡¶Jh ,á«q YGÎb’G õcGôŸG
a party or candidate would like voters to
fill in their ballot papers. .á«q HÉîàf’G º¡bGQhCG ¿ƒÑNÉæq dG ÓC Á ¿CG »q æ©ŸG
Human Rights The rights people are entitled to simply ¿É°ùfEG áWÉ°ùH πμH ¬fƒμd ¢üî°û∏d IÉ£©ŸG ¥ƒ≤◊G »g
¿É°ùfE’G ¥ƒ≤M because they are human beings, irres-
,¬bôY hCG ,¬à«°ùæL hCG ,¬àq«æWGƒe øY ô¶ædG ±ô°üH ∂dPh
pective of their citizenship, nationality,
race, ethnicity, language, sex, sexuality, .¬JGQ~b hCG ,¬àq«fÉ°ùæL hCG ,¬°ùæL hCG ,¬à¨d hCG ,¬à«æKEG hCG
or abilities. Human rights become
enforceable when they are codified as
,Oƒ≤Yh ,äÉ«bÉØJEG ‘ º¶æoJ Ée~æY ¿É°ùfE’G ¥ƒ≤M ¢VôØoJ
conventions, covenants, or treaties, or as .±ƒdCÉe ‹hO ¿ƒfÉ≤c É¡H ±nÎ©oj Ée~æY hCG ,äG~gÉ©e hCG
they become recognized as customary
international law.
Hype Slang for political ads, e.g., slick, short ¿Ó˘YGE ∂dò˘H ≈˘æ˘©˘oj ,á˘«˘°SÉ˘˘«˘ °ùdG äÉ˘˘jÉ˘˘Y~˘˘∏˘ d á˘˘«˘ eÉ˘˘Y á˘˘ª˘ ∏˘ c
/áªîq ° e ájÉYO TV commercials. The term may also refer
OƒYh ¤EG É° jC
k G IQÉÑ©dG √òg Oƒ©J ~bh .´QÉHh ô°üàfl ÊƒjõØ∏J
á«FÉYO áéq °V to exaggerated promises or statements
made by a candidate (or his supporters) on .á∏ª◊G ‘ (¬jô°UÉæe hCG) í°TôŸG πÑpb øe äÉfÉ«Hh áªqî° e
the campaign trail.
I
39 Image Maker - Indirect Vote
Image Maker There are a lot of people who are IQƒ°U ≈∏Y ¿ƒ∏ª©j øjòdG ¢UÉî°T’G øe ~j~©dG ∑Éæg
IQƒ°üdG ™fÉ°U working on the image of the candidate
hCG á≤jô£H ,ÚÑNÉæ∏d ÉYÉæbEG ÌcCG ¿ƒμj ≈àM í°TôŸG q
so that he/she become more convincing,
in a way or another, for the voters. They ø˘Y ¢UÉ˘˘î˘ °T’G ∂Ä˘˘dhCG ç~˘˘ë˘ à˘ jÉ˘˘e kÉ˘ Ñ˘ dÉ˘˘Z .iô˘˘NCÉ˘ H
often talk about psychoanalyzing the
voters or the way a candidate dresses or
‘ í°TôŸG á≤jôW øY hCG ÚÑNÉæ∏d ÊÉ°ùØædG π«∏ëàdG
his public image and the way he/she .ΩÓYE’G ∫ÓN øe É¡«a ô¡¶j »àdG ¬JQƒ°U hCG ¢ùÑ∏ŸG
appears in the media. See Campaign .á∏ª◊G ƒaÎfi ô¶fG
Professionals.
Impartiality / Dealing with matters in a fair unbiased »g √òg .õ«q – ¿hOh ádOÉY á≤jô£H QƒeC’G ™e »WÉ©àdG
Nonpartisanship manner. It is the operational expression
OÉ«M /õq«ëàdG Ω~Y .OÉ«pM áª∏μd á«fÓª©dG IQÉÑ©dG
of neutrality.
Imperiali Quota Sometimes used in largest remainder PR á«q HÉîàf’G »Ñ°ùæq dG π«ãªàq dG áª¶fCG ‘ kÉfÉ«MCG Ω~îà°ùoJ
(Rarely Used) electoral systems to determine how seats
''‹ÉjÈeEG'' ÉJƒc are awarded. The quota is ascertained by
,á«q ≤ÑàŸG äGƒ°UC’G øe mO~Y ÈcCG RÉM øe ™∏£à°ùJ »àdG
(ádhG~àe ÒZ) the following formula: total vote divided ÉJƒμdG øe ≥≤ëàq dG øμÁh .~YÉ≤ŸG íæe á«q Ø«c ~j~ëàd
by the number of seats plus two. O~Y ≈∏Y äGƒ°UC’G ´ƒª› º«°ù≤J:á«dÉàq dG á¨«°üdG q ÈY
.2 ~FGR ,~YÉ≤ŸG
Impersonation An illegal practice which consists of ¢üî°T

l ¬qfGC ÖNÉæq dG É¡«a »Y~q j ,á«q fƒfÉb ÒZ á°SQÉ‡ »g
áq«°üî°ûdG
q ∫ÉëàfG assuming to be someone else with a
.¬fÉμe ´Î≤j »c ôNBG
view to voting in his/her place.
Inclusive Registration In the context of elections, refers to a øe ÚÑNÉædG π«é°ùJ á«∏ªY »æ©j ,äÉHÉîàf’G QÉ°ùe ‘
πeÉ°T π«é°ùJ voter registration process that includes .Ö©°ûdG äÉÄah äÉYƒª› πc
all groups and categories of citizens.
Incumbent A candidate running again for an elected .kÉ«dÉM √ô¨°ûj ~©≤Ÿ äÉHÉîàf’G ¢Vƒîj í°TôŸG ¿CG »æ©Jh
/áØ«XƒdG πZÉ°T position that they already hold.
ÜÉîàf’G IOÉYEG
Independents Candidates for, or members of the ’ ø˘jò˘dG á˘«˘©˘jô˘°ûà˘dG á˘Ä˘ «˘ ¡˘ dG AÉ˘˘° YCG hCG ¿ƒ˘˘ë˘ °TôŸG º˘˘g
¿ƒ∏≤à°ùe legislature, who do not belong to a .»°SÉ«°S ÜõM ¤EG ¿ƒªàæj
political party.
Index of A figure which illustrates the collective »˘à˘dG äGƒ˘°UC’G ÚH ™˘ªq ˘é˘àŸG ähÉ˘Ø˘ àq ˘ dG Qƒ˘q ˘°üj ºl ˘ °SQ ƒ˘˘g
Disproportionality disparity between the votes cast for
/äÉJhÉØà∏d »°SÉ«b º°SQ parties in an election and the seats in
»àdG ~YÉ≤ŸGh ,á¡L øe äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ÜGõMC’G É¡dÉæJ
äÉJhÉØàq dG ¢Sô¡a parliament they win. .iôNCG á¡L øe ¿ÉŸÈdG ‘ ÉgRƒ–
Indirect Vote This vote cannot be used directly, but can øμÁ øμdh Iô°TÉÑe ÜÉîàf’G Gòg ∫Éª©à°SG øμÁ ’
ô°TÉÑe ÒZ ÜÉîàfG be assigned to a registered not-for-profit Gòμgh ,»°SÉ«°S Üõ◊ hCG íHôdG ≈NƒàJ ’ áª¶æŸ ¬æ««©J
organisation, including potentially a
political party, that uses the voting power øY èàæj .ádƒ¡› äƒ°üdG Gòg ≈∏Y π°UÉ◊G ájƒg ¿ƒμJ
as decided by the governance of the
40 Indirect Vote - Internet Campaigning
organisation, thus rendering the identity ™a~j …òdG áHÉ«ædÉH âjƒ°üàdÉH ≈ª°ùj Ée ÜÉîàf’G Gòg
of the vote holder anonymous. The right .É¡H ¥ƒKƒ∏d ¢ùaÉæàdG ¤EG äÉª¶æŸG øe ~j~©dG
to assign such votes creates what is called
a proxy market, as many organisations
can compete to be trusted with it.
Informal Vote A ballot paper which is either left blank √òg ≈¨∏oJ .CÉ£N á≤jô£H áeƒ°Sƒe hCG ¢VÉ«H ≈∏Y ´GÎbG ábÉ£H
/∫ƒ°UC’G Ö°ùM ¢ù«d or is incorrectly marked. These ballot .í°Tôe ÜÉîàfG á«∏ªY ‘ º¡°ùJ ’h q~©dG øe äÉbÉ£ÑdG
»ª°SQ ÒZ ´GÎbG papers are excluded from the count and
therefore do not contribute to the election
of a candidate.
Instant Runoff Voting Instant runoff voting (IRV) is a voting π«° Øàq dG Ö°ùM Úë°TôŸG
q Ö«JÎH ÚÑNÉæq ∏d íª°ùj ΩÉ¶f
¢SÉ°SCG ≈∏Y âjƒ°üàdG reform that asks the voter to rank the
...m¿ÉK hCG ∫hCq G QÉ«àNÉc
Úë°TôŸG Ö«JôJ candidates in order of preference.
Institutional Polls Institutional polls will be set up in health á«ë°üdG

q ájÉYôdG äBÉ°ûæe ‘ äÉ°ù°SDq ƒŸG ‘ ´GÎb’G ºq àj
äÉ°ù°SDq ƒŸG ‘ ´GÎb’G care facilities (including hospitals and ™˘ª÷ (á˘°UÉÿG
q á˘jÉ˘Yôq ˘dG …hBÉ˘eh äÉ˘˘«˘ Ø˘ °ûà˘˘°ùŸG É˘˘¡˘ «˘ a ÉÃ)
personal care homes) to collect ballots
from qualified voters. Institutional polls Ωƒ«dG ‘ ºq àJ »gh .´GÎbÓd Ú∏gq ƒD ŸG ÚÑNÉæq dG äGƒ°UCG
are held on election day. Institutional .kÉ° jCG äÉ«q MÓ°UE’G ‘ ΩÉ≤Jh .»q HÉîàf’G
Polls are also held in correctional
facilities.
Interest Groups Groups characterized by the will to á«° b I~fÉ°ùŸ ídÉ°üŸG º°SÉH πª©J OGôaC’G øe äÉYÉªL
ídÉ°üŸG äÉYÉªL influence political decision-making, in
hCG á«°SÉ«°S ájÉZ ≥«≤– ±~¡H áæ«©e ídÉ°üe hCG á«°SÉ«°S
order to successfully implement certain
political goals or values. They tend to be Ω~îà°ùJ øμdh á«°SÉ«°ùdG á«∏ª©dG ‘ ¿ƒ›~æe ºg .º«pb
integrated into the political process,
although groups may at times employ
.É¡aG~gCG ≥«≤ëàd Iôe~e kÉbôW äÉYÉª÷G ¢ ©H
destructive methods in order to
accomplish their goals.
International Election Observers who come from outside the iô˘é˘oJ å«˘M OÓ˘Ñ˘dG êQÉ˘N ø˘e ¿h~˘Ø˘ j ¿ƒ˘˘Ñ˘ bGô˘˘e º˘˘g
Observers country where election is being held.
äÉHÉîàf’G ƒÑbGôe .äÉHÉîàf’G
¿ƒq«dh~q dG
International Polling An international polling station officer .¬fhÉ©jh mõcôe qπc øY ∫hDƒ°ùŸG ¢ù«FqôdG ∞ qXƒŸG Gòg ºY~j
Station Officer supports and assist the presiding officer
õcôe ‘ ‹hO ∞Xƒe who is in charge of each station.
âjƒ°üàdG
Internet Campaigning Any method of voter contact using Üƒ°SÉ◊G Iõ¡LCG Ω~îà°ùJ ÚÑNÉædÉH ∫É°üJÓd á∏«°Sh …CG
' âfÎfE’G'' ÈY á∏ªM computers and communications net- á˘∏˘«˘°Sƒ˘dG ∂∏˘J ø˘ª˘° à˘Jh ,á˘μ˘Ñ˘°ûdG ÈY ∫É˘˘°üJ’G ¥ô˘˘Wh
work. Typically this involves de-veloping
campaign pages on the World Wide Web. ¿CG ºZQh .á«dh~dG ∫É°üJ’G áμÑ°T ‘ á∏ªë∏d ™bƒe ôjƒ£J
While this can be an inexpensive way to ádÉ©a â°ù«d É¡fCG ÒZ áØ∏μe ~©oJ ’ ∂∏J ∫É°üJ’G á∏«°Sh
convey a lot of information to those
interested in the candidate and the ∫ƒ°Uƒ∏d kG~¡L ∫òÑJ ’ É¡fC’ ÖNÉædÉH ∫É°üJÓd á∏«°Sƒc
campaign, it is not an effective voter .É¡«dG A»ÛG ÖNÉædG øe Ö∏£J É‰EGh ÖNÉædG ¤EG
contact method because it does not go to
the voters. Instead voters have to go to it.
41 Internet Voting - Kitchen Cabinet
Internet Voting See Remote Internet Voting. .´GÎb’G õcôe øY kG~«©H âfÎfE’G ÈY âjƒ°üàq dG ô¶fG
âfÎfE’G ÈY âjƒ°üàq dG
Invalid Votes Wrongly marked ballot paper which .Ég~q Y ≈¨∏oŸGh ÉC £ÿG ≥jôW øY áªq∏©ŸG äÉHÉîàf’G äÉbÉ£H
/Æ’ /πWÉH ´GÎbG will not be counted.
IÉ¨∏e ábQh
Invalidation of Elections It is the annulment of Elections, it may øjõFÉØdG äGƒ°UCG ¿ƒμJ Ée~æY π°üëj ,äÉHÉîàfÓd ∫É£HEG
äÉHÉîàf’G ∫É£HEG result where: votes of winner inaccurate
ábÉYEÉH õFÉØdG Ωƒ≤j .áé«àædG ≈∏Y ôKDƒJ ‹ÉàdÉHh á≤«bO ÒZ
& may affect result, winner illegally
obstructs other candidate from ø˘e ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG ™˘æÁh Úë˘°TôŸG ~˘MC’ á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘ à˘ f’G á˘˘∏˘ ª◊G
campaigning, winner illegally prevents hCG ,á∏«M ¤EG ÉC é∏j PEG ,á«fƒfÉb ÒZ á≤jô£H ô◊G âjƒ°üàdG
voters from casting votes freely, and
winner uses fraud or other illegal means .áé«àædG ≈∏Y ÒKCÉà∏d ,´~ÿG øe ÉgÒZ
to affect result.
Itinerant Elector A person who does not reside in any ‘ lêQ~e ¬ª°SG qøμd ,IôFGO áqjGC ‘ º«≤j ’ ¢üî°T
l ƒg
πq≤æàe/∫ƒéàe
q ÖNÉf district, but whose name has been placed .ÚÑNÉqædG πé°S
on the register of electors.
Jurisdiction
á«q MÓ°U
J
The geographical area over which a
court or government body has the power
and right to exercise authority.
áÄ«g hCG áªμfi ¬«∏Y §°ùÑJ …òdG ‘Gô¨÷G ¥É£qædG ƒg
.É¡à£∏°S á°SQÉ‡ ‘ É¡q≤Mh ÉgPƒØf áq«eƒμM
Kitchen Cabinet
/¿ƒHôq ≤e ¿hQÉ°ûà°ùe
K
A term used to describe the key advisors
to a candidate informally organized so
as not to attract attention.
,í°Tôª∏d Ú°ù«FôdG øjQÉ°ûà°ùŸG ∞°Uƒd Ω~îà°ùj í∏£°üe
ΩÉ˘ª˘à˘gG Gƒ˘Hò˘é˘j ’ ≈˘à˘M á˘«˘ª˘°SQ ÒZ IQƒ˘°üH ¿ƒ˘˘ª˘ ° æ˘˘jh
ïÑ£ŸG ¢ù∏›
.øjôNB’G
L
42 Landslide - Legal Framework
Landslide An election in which one candidate ¬ª°üN ≈∏Y RÉa ~b Úë°TôŸG ~MCG É¡«a ¿ƒμj äÉHÉîàfG
äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ≥MÉ°S Rƒa defeats the other by a very large margin.
.ÒÑc ¥QÉØH
Largest Remainder The Hare, Droop and Imperiali calcula- ,''ÜhQO''h ,''Òg'' ÉJƒc áª¶fCG ÜÉ°ùàMG ¥ôW πª°ûJ
Method (Rarely Used) tion methods which translate votes into
äGƒ°UC’G ≈∏YCG á≤jôW seats within list PR systems. There are
øª°V ~YÉ≤e ¤EG äGƒ°UC’G ºLÎJ »àdG ,''‹ÉjÈeEG''h
(ádhG~àe ÒZ) á«q ≤ÑàŸG two stages to the count. First, parties are .Úà∏Môe RôØdG øªq ° àj .»Ñ°ùæq dG π«ãªàq dG íFGƒd áª¶fCG
awarded seats in proportion to the num-
ber of quotas they fulfill (quotas vary
¢ü°ü◊G O~Y ¤EG áÑ°ùæq dÉH ~YÉ≤e ÜGõMC’G ≈q≤∏àJ ,k’hCq G
depending on which of the three systems á˘«q ˘Ñ˘°ù˘æq ˘dG ¢ü°ü◊G ∞˘∏˘ à˘ î˘ J) É˘˘¡˘ ≤˘ q≤– »˘˘à˘ dG á˘˘«q ˘ Ñ˘ °ù˘˘æq ˘ dG
are used). Second, remaining seats are
awarded to parties on the basis of the left
,kÉ«fÉK .(áKÓãdG áª¶fC’G √òg ÚH ~ªn à©ŸG ΩÉ¶æq dG ±ÓàNÉH
over votes they possess after the ‘quota’ ¢SÉ˘˘°SCG ≈˘˘∏˘ Y ,ÜGõ˘˘MC’G ¤EG á˘˘«q ˘ ≤˘ Ñ˘ ˘àŸG ~˘˘ YÉ˘˘ ≤ŸG í˘˘ æ˘ ˘ª˘ ˘oJ
stage of the count. Largest remainder ΩÉ¶æH'' áahô©ŸG RôØdG á∏Môe ~©H ,º¡d á«q ≤ÑàŸG äGƒ°UC’G
seats are allocated in order of vote size.
kÉ≤ah á«q ≤ÑàŸG ~YÉ≤ŸG øe ÈcC’G O~©dG íæª«o a .''ÉJƒμdG
.äGƒ°UC’G O~©d
Lawn Signs Large signs with the candidate’s name »HÉîàf’G ~©≤ŸGh í°TôŸG º°SG É¡«∏Y IÒÑc äÉàa’ »gh
∫RÉæŸG ΩÉeCG äÉàa’ on them and the office they are seeking
áHô≤e ≈∏Y iôNCG ≥WÉæeh øcÉ°ùŸG πNG~e ~æY ™°VƒJh
which can be put in on lawns and other
areas near roads. Lawn signs are good É˘¡˘fC’ I~˘«˘L ∫RÉ˘æŸG ΩÉ˘eCG äÉ˘à˘ aÓ˘˘dG ~˘˘©˘ Jh .¥ô˘˘£˘ dG ø˘˘e
for increasing name recognition of the
candidate and reminding people to vote.
ÚÑNÉædG ÒcòJh í°TôŸG ≈∏Y ±ô©àdG ¢Uôa ∞YÉ° J
See Visibility. .äÉ«FôŸG ô¶fG .´GÎb’ÉH
Leadership Qualities The particular traits people are looking .º¡«∏ã‡ ‘ ÉgôaƒJ ¢SÉædG πeCÉj »àdG IO~ÙG äÉª°ùdG »gh
ájOÉ«b äÉØ°U for in those that represent them.
Legal Division May be responsible for drafting new ÚfGƒ˘˘ ≤˘ ˘dÉ˘˘ H äGqOƒ˘˘ °ùe ™˘˘ °Vh ø˘˘ Y k’hDƒ˘ ˘ °ùe ¿ƒ˘˘ ˘μ˘ ˘ j ~˘˘ ˘b
Êq ƒfÉb º°ùb election laws and procedures and inter-
~j~ëàd ¿ƒfÉ≤dG Ò°ùØJh ,I~j~÷G áq«HÉîàf’G äGAGôLE’Gh
preting the law for the national body to
determine its position on legal chal- .áq«fƒfÉ≤dG ihÉμ°ûdGh q äÉqj~ëqàdG øe áq«æWƒdG áÄ«¡dG ∞bƒe
lenges and complaints.
Legal Exclusion Voters legally excluded from registering »˘à˘«q ˘∏˘ª˘Y ø˘Y ,kÉ˘«q ˘ fƒ˘˘fÉ˘˘b ,ø˘˘j~˘˘©˘ Ñ˘ à˘ °ùŸG ÚÑ˘˘NÉ˘˘æq ˘ dG π˘˘ª˘ °ûj
ÊƒfÉb OÉ©Ñà°SG and voting on grounds including such
áaô©eh ,IhôqãdGh ,á«q μ∏ŸÉc ¢ù°SCG ≈∏Y âjƒ°üàq dGh π«é°ùàq dG
conditions as property ownership, wealth,
literacy, race, gender and mental fitness. .á«q ∏≤©dG ádÉ◊Gh ,»°ùæ÷G ´ƒæq dGh ,¥ô©dGh ,áHÉàμdGh IAGô≤dG
Legal Framework Structure of electoral processes consist- ~˘YGƒ˘≤˘dG ø˘e á˘fƒ˘q μŸG á˘«q ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G äÉ˘«q ˘ ∏˘ ª˘ ©˘ dG á˘˘«˘ æ˘ H »˘˘g
/á«q fƒfÉb á«q ∏μ«g ing of the constitutional rules, electoral
,á˘ª˘ªq ˘àŸG ΩÉ˘μ˘MC’Gh ,á˘«q ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ÚfGƒ˘≤˘dGh ,á˘jq Qƒ˘à˘°S~q ˘ dG
laws, complementary regulations and
ÊƒfÉb QÉWEG explicit or implicit codes of conduct. .Iôª° ŸGh IôgÉ q¶dG πª©dG ≥«KGƒeh
43 Legislative Amendment - Limited Vote
Legislative Amendment A revision or change brought to the elec- ‘ ¬H á≤q∏©àŸG ΩÉμMC’G hCG »HÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉ≤dG á©LGôe ƒg
»q ©jô°ûJ πj~©J toral law of a country or to relevant reg-
.q»ª°SQ AGôLE’ kÉ≤ah ,√Ò«¨J hCG ,Ée ádhO
ulations, in accordance with a formal
procedure.
Legislative Assembly See Lower House. .É«f~dG á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG/Ωƒª©dG ¢ù∏› ô¶fG
á«q ©jô°ûàdG á«q ©ª÷G
Legislative Council See Upper House. .äGOQƒ∏dG ¢ù∏› /É«∏©dG á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dGô¶fG
»q ©jô°ûqàdG ¢ù∏ÛG
Legislative Office A legislative office is a position on an áÄ˘«˘g hCG ¢Sô˘¨˘fƒ˘μ˘∏˘d hCG ¢ù∏˘é˘ª˘∏˘d á˘Ñ˘î˘à˘æ˘e á˘Ø˘«˘Xh »˘gh
»©jô°ûJ Ö°üæe elected council, congress or other body
.…ò«ØæàdG Ö°üæŸG ô¶fG .äÉ©jô°ûàdG ™e πeÉ©àJ
dealing with legislation. See Executive
Office.
Legislative Recall A revision or change brought to the ‘ ¬H á≤q∏©àŸG ΩÉμMC’G hCG »HÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉ≤dG á©LGôe ƒg
»q ©jô°ûJ ï°ùa/AÉ¨dEG electoral law of a country or to relevant
.q»ª°SQ AGôLE’ kÉ≤ah ,√Ò«¨J hCG ,Ée ádhO
regulations, in accordance with a formal
procedure.
Legislature An officially elected or otherwise select- ≈∏Y ™jô°ûàdG á£∏°Sh á«dhDƒ°ùe É¡d ~¡©J áÑîàæe áÄ«g
/á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG ed body of people vested with the respon-
.ádh~dG iƒà°ùe ≈∏Y hCG áj’h iƒà°ùe
»©jô°ûàdG ¢ù∏ÛG sibility and power to make laws for a
political unit, such as a state or nation.
Legitimate Government All free and legitimate government is º˘μ˘oM ≈˘∏˘Y õ˘μ˘Jô˘J »˘à˘dG »˘g á˘«˘Yô˘˘°ûdG Iô◊G á˘˘eƒ˘˘μ◊G
á«Yô°T áeƒμM based on governing the interactions Oƒ˘≤˘Y ∫Ó˘N ø˘e Ú˘q∏˘ ≤˘ à˘ °ùŸG OGô˘˘aC’G ÚH äÓ˘˘YÉ˘˘Ø˘ à˘ dG
between sovereign individuals through
mutually accepted contracts. .∫OÉÑàdÉH ádƒÑ≤e
Level Playing Field The act of giving equal opportunities to ÚcQÉ°ûŸG ∞∏àfl ¤EG ájhÉ°ùàŸG ¢UôØdG íæe á«q ∏ªY »g
¢UôØdG ƒD aÉμJ different participants or players.
.AÉbôØdG hCG
Liberal Today, an individual who generally QÉμaCG ≈∏Y íàØàe ,ìÓ°UE’G ≈∏Y ™é°ûj ¿CG ¬fCÉ°T øe Ée
‹GÈ«d believes in the power of an activist gov-
AGQB’G Oh~˘˘M ø˘˘ª˘ °V Qƒ˘˘°üfi ÒZ .á˘˘e~˘˘≤˘ à˘ eh I~˘˘ j~˘˘ L
ernment to resolve society’s many
domestic problems, protect the interests á«ª°SôdG hCG áaƒdCÉŸG hCG áj~«∏≤àdG
of the poor, and improve the lives of
individual citizens through specific gov-
ernmental programs.
Limited Vote Conducted in multi-member districts and .AÉ˘˘° YC’G IOq~˘ ˘©˘ ˘àŸG á˘˘ q«˘ ˘HÉ˘˘ î˘ ˘à˘ ˘f’G ô˘˘ FGhq~˘ ˘dG ‘ iô˘˘ é˘ ˘oj
Oh~ÙG äƒ°üdG winning candidates are those who poll
øe mO~Y ÈcCG ¿h~°üëj øe ºg ¿hõFÉØdG ¿ƒë°TôŸGh q
most votes. Voters have fewer votes than
seats to be filled, but more than one vote. øe πbCG kGO~Y GƒÑîàæj ¿CG ÚYÎ≤ª∏d q≥ëjh .äGƒ°UC’G
.~MGh mäƒ°U øe ÌcCÉH A’OE’G ÉªqfGE ,IôZÉ°ûdG q ~YÉ≤ŸG
44 List of Electors - Lower House
List of Electors It is the preliminary list of electors, sup- ‘ ~ªà©oJ Ú∏gDƒŸG ÚÑNÉædG πc øjhÉæYh AÉª°SCÉH áëF’
ÚÑNÉædG áëF’ plementary list of electors or the official
.´GÎb’G Ωƒj âjƒ°üàdG õcGôe
list of electors, as the context requires.
List Proportional In its most simple form List PR involves ¿CG ,§°ùHC’G É¡∏μ°ûH ,»Ñ°ùqædG π«ãªqàdG áëF’ ¢VÎØJ
Representation (List PR) each party presenting a list of candidates
.ÚÑNÉqædG Qƒ¡ªL ¤EG Úë°TôŸÉHq áëF’ ÜõM qπc Ωq~≤j
/»Ñ°ùæq dG π«ãªàq dG áëF’ to the electorate, voters vote for a party,
»Ñ°ùædG π«ãªàdG ΩÉ¶f and parties receive seats in proportion to ~YÉ≤ŸG ÜGõMC’G ≈q≤∏àJ Éª«a ,Üõë∏d ¿ƒÑNÉqædG äƒ°ü«a q
their overall share of the national vote.
á«Hõ◊G áªFÉ≤dG ™e Winning candidates are taken from the
.»æWƒdG ~«©°üdG
q ≈∏Y âjƒ°üqà∏d áq«dÉªLE’G á°üë∏dq káÑ°ùf
lists. Lists can be open, closed, or free. ~b »àdG íFGƒ∏dG øe ºgDhÉ≤àfG qºà«a ,¿hõFÉØdG ¿ƒë°TôŸG
q ÉqeGC
.IqôM hCG ,á≤∏ë hCG ,áMƒàØe ¿ƒμJ
Literature Drop A voter contact method in which volun- øe ¿ƒYƒ£àŸG Ögòj å«M ÚÑNÉædÉH ∫É°üJÓd á∏«°Sh
äÉ«HOC’G AÉ≤dEG hCG ∑ôJ teers go door to door to leave campaign
πc ‘ ÜÉÑdG πØ°SCG øe äÉ«HOC’G AÉ≤dE’ ÜÉH ¤G ÜÉH
literature at each house or apartment of
voters in the district. Because they do ¿ƒK~ëàj ’h ÜÉÑdG ¿ƒbô£j ’ º¡fC’h .IôFG~dG ‘ øμ°ùe
not knock on the doors and talk to vot- ∫É˘°üJÓ˘˘d á˘˘«˘ dÉ˘˘©˘ a π˘˘bCG á˘˘∏˘ «˘ °Sƒ˘˘dG √ò˘˘¡˘ a ÚÑ˘˘NÉ˘˘æ˘ dG ¤EG
ers, this is a less persuasive method of
voter contact than door to door, but can É˘gRÉ‚EG ø˘μÁ ø˘μ˘dh ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘∏˘d kÉ˘YÉ˘æ˘bEG π˘bCGh ÚÑ˘˘NÉ˘˘æ˘ dÉ˘˘H
be accomplished a lot quicker. See .ÜÉH ¤EG ÜÉH øeh á∏ª◊G äÉ«HOCG ô¶fG .ÈcCG áYô°ùH
Campaign Literature and Door-to-Door.
Literature Handout A voter contact method in which volun- ™jRƒàH ¿ƒYƒ£àŸG Ωƒ≤j å«M ÚÑNÉædÉH ∫É°üJÓd á∏«°Sh
/äÉ«HO’G ™jRƒJ teers hand campaign literature to poten-
äÉ©ªŒ ‘ øj~°ûàÙG Ú∏ªàÙG ÚÑNÉæ∏d á∏ª◊G äÉ«HOCG
äÉ«HOC’G Iô°ûf tial voters gathered in any large groups,
such as workers leaving a factory, com- á˘jÉ˘¡˘f ‘ ™˘æ˘°üŸG ¿hQOÉ˘¨˘j ø˘˘jò˘˘dG ∫É˘˘ª˘ ©˘ dG π˘˘ã˘ e IÒÑ˘˘c
muters waiting for a train or shoppers at
a market. See Campaign Literature.
‘ º¡ØbƒJ ~æY äÓ°UGƒŸG πFÉ°Sh ‘ Ú∏≤æàŸG hCG ,ΩGh~dG
.á∏ª◊G äÉ«HOCG ô¶fG .Úbƒ°ùàŸG hCG ,QÉ¶àf’G äÉ£fi
Local Election An election held in a particular locality hCG Úë°TôŸG

q ÚH QÉ«àN’G πLCG øe É«∏fi ΩÉ≤oJ äÉHÉîàfG
á«∏fi äÉHÉîàfG to choose between candidates or to vote
.ÜÉîàf’G äGAGôLG ≈∏Y âjƒ°üà∏d
on ballot measures.
Logistic Division See Operations Division. .äÉ«q ∏ª©dG º°ùb ô¶fG

»à°ùLƒd º°ùb
Low Profile Race An election campaign for a particular ¬˘H º˘à˘¡˘j ’ Ú©˘e »˘HÉ˘î˘à˘fG ~˘©˘≤Ÿ á˘˘«˘ HÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ fG á˘˘∏˘ ª˘ M …CG
¢ Øîæe ¢ùaÉæJ office that voters are not that interested
~j~°T ¢ùaÉæJ ô¶fG .áàÑdG ¬H ¿ƒKÎμj ’ ÉÃQh ¿ƒÑNÉædG
in and they are likely to ignore. See
High Profile Race and Down Ballot. .¿~àe ´GÎbGh
Lower House in a bicameral legislature, the branch áeÉY ¬j~d …òdG ´ôØdG ƒg ,»FÉæK »©jô°ûJ ¢ù∏› ‘
É«f~dG á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG which generally has a larger member- .Ó«ã“ ÌcCG ƒg ‹ÉàdÉHh ,™°ShCG ájƒ° Y
ship and is thereby more representative;
also called lower chamber. Example:
The House of Representatives is the “lower
house” in the US federal government.
M
45 Mail - Margin of Error
Mail A voter contact method in which cam- á∏ª◊G äÉ«HOCG π°SôJ å«M ÚÑNÉædÉH ∫É°üJÓd á∏«°Sh
~jôH paign literature is sent through the post
äÉ˘˘ «˘ ˘HOC’G ∂∏˘˘ à˘ ˘d ø˘˘ μÁh .~˘˘ ˘jÈdG ÈY ÚÑ˘˘ ˘NÉ˘˘ ˘æ˘ ˘ dG ¤EG
to voters. Depending on the type of
voter file or mailing list you have, this ∞∏ŸG ´ƒæd kÉ≤ah kÉ«aGô¨ÁO hCG kÉ«aGô¨L ÚÑNÉædG ±G~¡à°SG
literature can be targeted to voters based
on geography or demographics. See
á∏ª◊G äÉ«HOCG ô¶fG .º¡j~d IôaƒàŸG ÚÑNÉædG áªFÉb hCG
Campaign Literature and Voter File. .ÖNÉædG ∞∏eh
Mail Registration Registration through the postal system. øY πj~Ñc ~ªà©jh ,q…~jÈdG ΩÉ¶qædG ÈY π«é°ùqàdG ƒg
~jÈdÉH π«é°ùàq dG An alternative to enumeration or regis-
.Éª¡«dEG áaÉ°VEÉc hCG ,π«é°ùqàdG õcGôe hCG ,OG~©qàdG á∏«°Sh
tration centres, or as a supplement.
Majority Fifty percent of the votes cast plus one ¤EG á˘aÉ˘°VE’É˘˘H äGƒ˘˘°UC’G ø˘˘e á˘˘FÉŸG ‘ Ú°ùª˘˘N »˘˘æ˘ ©˘ Jh
á«Ñ∏ZCG vote. This as opposed to a simple plu-
rality of the vote or the most votes cast.
hCG äGƒ°UCÓd á£«°ùH ájO~©J πHÉ≤j Gògh ,~MGh äƒ°U
See Plurality. .á«Ñ∏ZCG/ájO~©J ô¶fG .É¡H ¤~ŸG äGƒ°UC’G ÌcCG
Majority System An electoral formula in which the win- õ˘FÉ˘Ø˘dG í˘°TôŸG ≈˘∏˘Y ÖLƒ˘à˘j ¬˘fGC å«˘M á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘fG á˘¨˘«˘ °U
…ÌcCG/á«Ñ∏ZC’G ΩÉ¶f ning candidate must receive more than
É˘˘¡˘ H ¤~ŸG äGƒ˘˘ °UC’G ∞˘˘ °üf ø˘˘ e ÌcCG ≈˘˘ ∏˘ ˘Y ∫ƒ˘˘ °ü◊G
half (50% + 1) of the votes cast.
.(1+%50)
Majority-R
Runoff The most common method for the sec- âjƒ˘°ü˘àq ˘dG IQh~˘d á˘Ñ˘°ù˘æq ˘dÉ˘H kÉ˘Yƒ˘˘«˘ °T ÌcC’G á˘˘∏˘ «˘ °Sƒ˘˘dG q¿GE
(Two-R
Round System) ond round of voting in a Two-Round
(Rarely Used) System is a straight “run-off” contest
áª°SÉM IQhO AGôLEG »g ,ÚJQhO ≈∏Ym ΩÉ¶f πq X ‘ ,á«fÉqãdG
ΩÉ q¶æ∏d áª°SÉ◊G IQh~q dG between the two highest vote-winners GRÉM ¿Gò∏dG ¤hC’G IQh~q dG GõFÉa É¡«a ¢ùaÉæàj ,Iô°TÉÑe
≈∏Y …q ÌcCG ΩÉ¶f) …q ÌcC’G from the first round - this we term a
IQh~q dG AGôLE’G Gòg ≈ªq °ùjo h .âjƒ°üàq dG øe áÑ°ùf ≈∏YCG
(ádhG~àe ÒZ) (ÚJQhO majority-runoff system.
.…q ÌcC’G ΩÉ¶æq ∏d áª°SÉ◊G
Malapportionment The uneven distribution of voters .á«q HÉîàf’G ôFGh~q dG ≈∏Y ÚÑNÉæq ∏d A≈aÉμàŸG ÒZ ™jRƒàq dG ƒg
¢ü«°üëqàdG Aƒ°S between electoral districts.
Mandate A command or an authorization given by ‘ »°SÉ«°ùdG º¡∏ãªŸ ¿ƒÑNÉædG ¬«£©j …òdG ¢ jƒØàdG
/ºμ◊G I~e/~¡Y a political electorate to its representative.
É° jCG ºμ◊G ‘ AÉ≤ÑdG IÎa ≈ª°ùJh .IO~q fi IÎØd ,ºμ◊G
¢ jƒØJ /áj’h The period of time that this representa-
tive stays in office is also called mandate. .áj’h hCG ~¡Y
Manifesto A public declaration of intentions (as hCG »°SÉ«°ùdG Üõ◊G øe Q~°üeo ) ±G~gC’G øY ΩÉY ¿É«H
»HÉîàfG ¿É«H issued by a political party or government).
.(áeƒμ◊G
Manufactured Majority Where a single party wins less than 50 per äGƒ°UC’G øe áFÉŸÉH Ú°ùªN øe πbCÉH ~MGh Ü
l õM RƒØj ÚM
(Rarely Used) cent of the valid votes, but an absolute
á©æq °üŸG ájq ÌcC’G majority of the parliamentary seats.
.á«q fÉŸÈdG ~YÉ≤ŸG øe á≤MÉ°ùdG
q ájq ÌcC’ÉH ÉªqfGE ,á◊É°üdG
(ádhG~àe ÒZ)
Margin of Error In a public opinion poll, the plus or áÑ°ùæ∏d ¿É°ü≤ædG hCG IOÉjõdG ¥É£f ƒg , ΩÉ©dG …CGôdG ‘
(sampling error) minus range within which the final per-
ƒd áë«ë°U èFÉàædG ¿ƒμJ ~b h .áæ«Y ÉC £N ÖÑ°ùH á«FÉ¡ædG
§∏¨dG hCG ÉC £ÿG ¢ûeÉg centages may fall due to sampling
error—what the true results would be if »g áæ«q ©dG) á«HÉîàf’G QƒeC’G ‘ Ö©°ûdG πc á∏HÉ≤e ” ¬fCG
everyone in the population were actual-
ly interviewed (a sample is only a very
õcôe ¿Éc GPEG ,kÓãe .(Ö©°ûdG πc øe Ò¨°üdG Aõ÷G
small portion of the entire population). ídÉ°üd ¿ƒμà°S äGƒ°UC’G øe %60 ¿CÉH ÉC ÑæJ ~b âjƒ°üàdG
46 Margin of Error - Media Access
For example, if a poll predicts that 60 áÑ°ùf ¿ƒμJ ¿CG πªàëoj Ég~æY ,3 - hCG + ''õfƒL'' í°TôŸG
percent of the vote will be awarded to
Candidate Jones with a + or - figure of 3,
.%63 ¤EG %57 øe äÉHÉîàf’G Ωƒj ¬d âjƒ°üàdG
then the voting percentage Jones may
actually receive on election day could be
anywhere from 57% to 63%.
Margin of Victory The number of votes needed to assure ‘ Rƒ˘˘ Ø˘ ˘dG ≥˘˘ «˘ ˘≤– ¿É˘˘ ª˘ ˘° d á˘˘ Hƒ˘˘ ∏˘ ˘£ŸG äGƒ˘˘ ˘°UC’G O~˘˘ ˘Y
RƒØdG ¢ûeÉg that the candidate wins the election.
.±G~¡à°S’G ô¶fG .í°Tôª∏d äÉHÉîàf’G
See Targeting.
Mark Marks, mostly made with a pen or pen- øμªoj å«ëH √ÒZ hCG È◊G hCG ¢UÉ°UôdG º∏≤H áeÓY ™°Vh
áeÓY /º°Sr hn cil, that a scanner would detect. They
äÉeÓY ≈∏Y ∫~J ¿CG øμªŸG øe .¬fÉ«Ñà°SG á°TÉ°û∏d
may be deliberate marks for a listed can-
didate; they may denote the presence of ábQh ≈∏Y ±É° oe º°SEG ≈∏YhCG ;πqé°ùe í°TôŸ I~sª©àe
a possibly valid write-in vote; or they
may be erasures and stray marks that
ádB’G É¡à∏Ñb áë°VGh ÒZ hCG IÉë‡ áeÓY hCG ;âjƒ°üàdG
have been erroneously identified by the .CÉ£ÿG ≥jôW øY ''äƒ°üc
n '' áë°SÉŸG
machine as “votes.”
Mark-C
Choice Ballot Where alternate candidate/ parties appear ábQh/ábÉ£H ≈∏Y ¿ƒÑbÉ©àe ÜGõMCG/¿ƒë°Tôe
q ô¡¶j ÚM
áeƒ°Sƒe ´GÎbG ábQh on the same ballot and the voter places
only a single mark to mark his or her ¤EG Ò°û«d I~MGh áeÓY ÖNÉæq dG ™° «a ,É¡°ùØf ´GÎb’G
preference. .¬∏«° ØJ
Mark-S
Sense Voting Mark-Sense voting systems, often called øª° àJ »gh ,ájô°üÑdG áë°SÉŸG á°TÉ°ûdÉH ≈ª°ùJ Ée kÉÑdÉZ
º°SƒdG í°ùe ÈY âjƒ°üàdG Optical Scanners, have preprinted bal-
hCG äÉ©HôÃ hCG Úë°TôŸG AÉª°SCÉH áYƒÑ£e ´GÎbG ¥GQhCG
lots consisting of the candidates’ names
or the ballot issues with an empty box, áæcGO AGOƒ°S áeÓ©H É¡àÄÑ©J ÖNÉædG ≈∏Yh áZQÉa ôFGhO
circle, rectangle, or arrow next to them.
The voter must fill in the circle or box
.äGƒ°UC’G ÜÉ°ùàM’ á›ÈŸG ádB’ÉH ábÉ£ÑdG ∫ÉNOEGh
with a black marker and feed the ballot É¡fCG ≈∏Y ábQƒdG ≈∏Y áæcGO áeÓY ÌcCG Üƒ°SÉ◊G òNCÉj
through a computerized vote-tabulating
machine. The computer recognizes the
.É¡∏é°ùjo h í«ë°üdG âjƒ°üàdG
darkest mark on the ballot as the correct
vote and records it.
Mass Media Any independent press that has a large .™°SGh Qƒ¡ªéH ≈¶ëj …òdG π≤à°ùŸG ΩÓYE’G …CG
ΩÓYE’G audience.
Matching Funds Public money that is given to presiden- ájhÉ°ùe máª«≤H ¿ƒq«°SÉFqôdG ¿ƒë°TôŸG
q √Éq≤∏àj ΩÉY ∫Ée ƒg
áÄaÉμàe ≠dÉÑe tial candidates in an amount equal to the
.»°üî°T hCG ¢UÉNm πμ°ûH Égƒ©ªL »àdG ∂∏àd
amount that they have raised privately.
Mayor Chief elected official of a city. .áæj~e ≈∏Y á¶aÉëª∏d kÉq«ª°SQ Öîàæoj ¢ù«FQ
ájq ~∏ÑdG ¢ù«FQ
Measure A question or proposal submitted in an
ÒH~J /AGôLEG election to obtain an expression of the
≈∏Y ∫ƒ°üë∏d äÉHÉîàf’G AÉæKCG ìô£oj ìGÎbG hCG ádCÉ°ùe
voters’ will on the matter. .ádCÉ°ùŸG √òg ‘ ÖNÉædG áÑZQ øY ÒÑ©J
Media Access The purpose of this policy is to ensure ,áq«°Uƒ°üÿG ¿CG øe ~cCÉàdG á°SÉ«°ùdG √òg øe ±~¡dG
ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh ¤EG ∫ƒ°UƒdG that privacy, security and legal issues
øe √ÒZh âfÎfE’ÉH á≤∏©àŸG á«fƒfÉ≤dG ÉjÉ° ≤dGh øeC’Gh
concerning the Internet and other forms
of electronic communication, including ~˘˘jÈdG π˘˘ª˘ °ûJ »˘˘ à˘ ˘dG á˘˘ «˘ ˘fhÎμ˘˘ dE’G ∫É˘˘ °üJ’G π˘˘ FÉ˘˘ °Sh
e-mail, voice-mail, electronic fax, bul-
letin boards, television access channels,
,ÊhÎμdE’G ¢ùcÉØdGh ,á«Jƒ°üdG ádÉ°SôdGh ,ÊhÎμdE’G
47 Media Access - Mixed Electoral System
electronic subscription services, and any äÉ˘˘e~˘˘Nh ,¿ƒ˘˘jõ˘˘Ø˘ ∏˘ à˘ dG äGƒ˘˘æ˘ bh ,äÉ˘˘fÉ˘˘«˘ Ñ˘ dG äÉ˘˘Mƒ˘˘dh
other electronic communication forums
are addressed, and that a policy is for-
á«fhÎμdEG ∫É°üJG á∏«°Sh …CGh ,á«fhÎμdE’G äÉcGÎ°T’G
mally established to define appropriate √òg ≈∏Y Öéj Éªc ,QÉÑàY’G Ú©H òNDƒJ áMÉ°ùdG ‘
use of these tools.
.áªFÓe á≤jô£H πFÉ°SƒdG √òg ∫Éª©à°SG ~j~– á°SÉ«°ùdG
Media Market The geographic area reached by the ‘ ΩÓYE’G É¡«dG π°üj »àdG á«aGô¨÷G á≤£æŸG »æ©Jh
ΩÓYE’G ¥ƒ°S mass media in a particular region. Often
¥É˘£˘f π˘NGO á˘dhG~˘à˘e á˘Ø˘«˘ë˘°U ¿ƒ˘μ˘J ~˘b .Ú©˘˘e ¥É˘˘£˘ f
a newspaper will have a circulation
within a city and its metropolitan area πNGO É¡ãH ~àÁ ájRÉØ∏J á£fi hCG ,IQhÉÛG IQƒª©ŸGh áæj~e
and a television station can only reach a
certain area.
.Ú©e ¥É£f
Member Any person elected to parliament. .¿ÉŸÈdG ‘ kGƒ° Y íÑ°UCGh ÖîoàfG ~b ¢üî°T …CG
ƒ° Y
Message A limited body of truthful information í˘°TôŸG Ωƒ˘˘≤˘ j á˘˘bOÉ˘˘°üdG äÉ˘˘eƒ˘˘∏˘ ©ŸG ø˘˘e IO~fi á˘˘¨˘ «˘ °U
ádÉ°SQ that is consistently conveyed by the can-
á©æ≤ŸG ÜÉÑ°SC’G áMÉJE’ ΩGh~dG ≈∏Y É¡dÉ°üjEÉH á∏ª◊Gh
didate and the campaign to provide per-
suasive reasons for voters to vote for the .í°Tôª∏d âjƒ°üà∏d ÚÑNÉæ∏d
candidate.
Message Box The exercise in which the campaign ‘ ∫É˘˘ ≤˘ ˘j ¿CG ø˘˘ μÁ ÉŸ á˘˘ jDhô˘˘ dG á˘˘ ∏˘ ˘ª◊G í˘˘ æÁ ø˘˘ jô“ ƒ˘˘ ˘gh
ádÉ°SôdG ¥h~æ°U views what will be said in the election
øY ¬dƒ≤f Éeh ,Éæ°ùØfCG øY øëf ¬dƒ≤f Ée :äÉHÉîàf’G
by us about us, by us about them, by
them about them and by them about us. .ÉæY ¿ƒdƒ≤j Éeh º¡°ùØfCG øY ºg ¬fƒdƒ≤j Éeh ,Ú°ùaÉæŸG
This should be a fairly complete picture A»˘°T π˘c ø˘Y kÉ˘«˘Ñ˘°ùf á˘∏˘ª˘à˘μ˘ e IQƒ˘˘°U ∂d í˘˘«˘ à˘ j Gò˘˘gh
of everything that will be said during the
campaign and should provide the cam- á∏ªë∏d í«àj ¿CG »¨Ñæjh ,á«HÉîàf’G á∏ª◊G ∫ÓN ∫É≤«°S
paign with a clear contrast with their .Ú°ùaÉæŸG ÚHh ∂æ«H øjÉÑàdGh áë°VGƒdG ¢ FÉ≤ædG
opponents.
Midterm Election (in USA), An election for seats in the …CG ,¢ù«FôdG áj’h §°Sh iôŒ »àdG ¢Sô¨fƒμdG äÉHÉîàfG
áj’ƒdG ∞°üàæe äÉHÉîàfG U.S. Senate and House of Representatives
Öîàæj »àdGh ,á£∏°ùdG ‘ á©HQC’G ¬eGƒYCG øe ÚeÉY ~©H
that occurs during a presidential term of
office — that is, two years into the four- ¢ù∏› AÉ° YCG å∏Kh ÜGƒædG ¢ù∏› AÉ° YCG πc É¡«a
year presidential term. The results are
sometimes interpreted as a popular ref-
iƒà°ùe ≈∏Y ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG øe Òãc ¤EG áaÉ°VE’ÉH ,ñƒ«°ûdG
erendum on that president’s perform- äÉHÉîàf’G ∂∏J èFÉàf ô°ùØJh .á«∏ÙG ¢ùdÉÛGh äÉj’ƒdG
ance for the first two years of his term. ÚeÉ©dG ‘ ¢ù«FôdG AGOCG ≈∏Y ΩÉY AÉàØà°SG É¡fCÉH ÉfÉ«MCG
Midterm elections determine some
members of the U.S. Senate and all ∞˘°üà˘æ˘ e äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ fG ¿EÉ˘ a ∂dò˘˘ch .¬˘˘à˘ j’h ø˘˘e ÚdhC’G
members of the House of Representatives, AÉ° YCG πch ñƒ«°ûdG ¢ù∏› AÉ° YCG øe GO~Y Qô≤J áj’ƒdG
as well as many state and local officials.
.Ú«F’ƒdGh Ú«∏ÙG ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG øe ~j~©dGh ÜGƒædG ¢ù∏›
Mixed Constituencies A combination of the relative advan- áª¶fCG É¡H ™qàªàJ »àdG á«q Ñ°ùqædG äÉq«∏° aC’G øe èjõe »g
á£∏àfl á«q HÉîàfG ôFGhO tages of the large proportional systems
.áqjÌcC’G áª¶fCGh á©°SGƒdG áq«Ñ°ùqædG
and of the majority systems.
Mixed Electoral System A system in which the choices ¿ƒÑNÉædG É¡æY ôqÑ©j »àdG äGQÉ«àN’G ¬«a òNDƒJ ΩÉ¶f
§∏àfl »q HÉîàfG ΩÉ¶f expressed by voters are used to elect
ÚæKG ÚeÉ¶f ÈY Ú∏ã‡ ÜÉîàfG πLCG øe πª©à°ùoàd
representatives through two different
systems: Proportional Representation …ÌcCG ΩÉ˘˘¶˘ fh »Ñ°ùædG π«ã˘ª˘à˘dG ΩÉ˘˘¶˘ f :ÚØ˘˘∏˘ àfl
system and Plurality Majority system.
The main aim of a mixed system is to
á÷É©e ƒg §∏àıG ΩÉ¶ædG øe ¢SÉ°SC’G ±~¡dG .…O~q ©J
address the distortions caused by the .ÉJGƒ°UCG ÌcCÓd RƒØdG ΩÉ¶f É¡ÑÑ°ùj »àdG äÉgƒ°ûàdG
First Past the Post system.
48 Mixed Member Proportional System - Multi-S
Seat Election
Mixed Member A Mixed Electoral System in which all §∏àfl »HÉîàfG ΩÉ¶f ƒg :§∏àfl »Ñ°ùf ájƒ° Y ΩÉ¶f
Proportional System the voters use the plurality/majority sys-
(MMPS) tem to elect some of the representatives
ájO~©àdG /ájÌcC’G ΩÉ¶f ÚÑNÉædG πc Ω~îà°ùj å«M
§∏àfl »Ñ°ùf ájƒ° Y ΩÉ¶f to an electoral body. The remaining ~YÉ≤ŸG á«≤H ÉeCG .»HÉîàfG º°ù÷ Ú∏ãªŸG ¢ ©H ÜÉîàf’
seats are then allocated to parties using
proportional representation so as to
π«ãªàdG ΩG~î°SG ∫ÓN øe ÜGõMCÓd É≤M’ ¢ü°üîàa
compensate for disproportionality in .º¡∏«ã“ ‘ ¿RGƒàdG Ω~Yh π∏ÿG øY ¢ jƒ©à∏d »Ñ°ùædG
their representation.
Mobile Polling Station .∫GƒL

ádGƒL ÜÉîàfG á£fi
See Mobile Voting Centre. q ÜÉîàfG õcôe ô¶fG
Mobile Voting Centre Mobile voting facilities are provided to øcÉeC’G ¢ ©H ‘ ÚYÎ≤ŸG I~YÉ°ùŸ Iôaƒàe äÓ«¡°ùJ
∫GƒL ÜÉîàfG õcôe assist electors in such places as hospitals
õcôe ƒgh .º¡JGƒ°UCÉH A’OÓd Iõé©dG QhOh äÉ«Ø°ûà°ùŸÉc
and nursing homes to cast a vote. The
voting is mobile because election offi- ≥WÉæŸG ∫ƒM ¿ƒ∏q≤æàj äÉHÉîàf’G ‹hDƒ°ùe ¿C’ ∫ƒéàe
cials move around the premises, taking
portable ballot boxes and voting com-
.π≤æ∏d á∏HÉb ÜÉîàfG äGÒéMh ´GÎbG ≥jOÉæ°U º¡JRƒëHh
partments directly to patients.
Money One of the three resources in every polit- ¿GOQƒŸGh ,á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘fG á˘∏˘ ª˘ M π˘˘μ˘ d ,á˘˘KÓ˘˘ã˘ dG OQGƒŸG ~˘˘MCG
∫GƒeC’G ical campaign, the others being time and
≠∏ÑŸG ~j~– á«ªgC’G øeh .ô°ûÑdGh øeõdG Éªg ¿GôNB’G
people. It is important to determine how
much money each activity in the cam- ô¶fG .¬d §«£îàdGh á∏ªë∏d •É°ûf πc ¬Øq∏μ«°S …òdG
paign will cost and plan for it. See
Campaign Resources and Budget.
.á«fGõ«ŸG/áfRGƒŸGh á∏ª◊G OQGƒe
Mudslinging Negative, often personal, frequently ,á≤«bO ÒZh ,áª q¶©eh á«°üî°T kÉÑdÉZh á«Ñ∏°S äÉªé¡J
/á«°SÉ«°S äÉªé¡J inaccurate or exaggerated attacks direct-
Úë˘°TôŸG π˘Ñ˘pb ø˘e á˘˘«˘ °SÉ˘˘«˘ °ùdG á˘˘°VQÉ˘˘©ŸG ¤EG á˘˘¡˘ Lƒ˘˘eh
ed at the political opposition by both
A…òH ì~b candidates and political parties. .kÉ©e á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMC’Gh
Multi Mandate An election district in which more than ~YÉ≤ŸG Ö°UÉæÃ í°Tôe øe ÌcCG ¬H RƒØj IôFGO ‘ ÜÉîàfG
O~q ©J /~YÉ≤ŸG O~©àe one candidate will win the positions
.IO~©àŸG
áj’ƒdG O~©J /~YÉ≤ŸG sought in this campaign.
Member District
Multi-M An electoral district in which electors ‘ á«©jô°ûàdG á«©ª÷G ‘ πã‡ øe ÌcCG ¿ƒYÎ≤ŸG Öîàæj
~YÉ≤ŸG IO~q ©àe IôFGO elect more than one representative in
äGƒ°UCG I~Y ÚÑNÉæ∏d ¿CG Éªc .á«HÉîàf’G IôFG~dG √òg
the legislative assembly. Electors of
such an electoral district generally have .IôaƒàŸG ~YÉ≤ŸG O~Y ≈∏Y
as many votes as there are seats in the
electoral district.
¿EG .ΩÉ¶ædG Gòg ‘ áeƒμ◊G º«¶æJ ≈∏Y ¿ÉHõM ¢ùaÉæàj
Multi-P
Party System System in which more than two parties
áq«Hõ◊G ájO~q ©àdG ΩÉ¶f compete for control of government.
ájO~q ©àdG ΩÉ¶f ≈∏Y õμJôJ ⁄É©dG ‘ äÉ«WGô≤Á~dG ájÌcCG
Most of the world’s democracies are .á«Hõ◊G
multi-party systems.
.ÌcCG hCG äÉeÓY çÓãH âª°Sho ~b ´GÎbG ábQh »gh

Multiple-M
Marked A ballot that is overvoted with three or
º°SƒdG IO~q ©àe ´GÎbG ábQh more marks.
,¬°ùØf ´ƒæq dG øe ÌcCG hCG øj~©≤e ∫ƒM äÉHÉîàfG »g
Multi-S
Seat Election Is the election of two or more seats of .ÚYôq °ûŸG äÉHÉîàfÉc
IO~q ©àŸG ~YÉ≤ŸG äÉHÉîàfG the same type - like the election of law-
makers.
N
49 Name Recognition - Non-B
Blank Vote/Ballot
Name Recognition Identification of the candidate’s name ±ô©j Ée kÉÑdÉZh .Úë°TôŸG AÉª°SCG ≈∏Y ÚÑNÉædG ±tô©J
º°S’G ≈∏Y ±ô©àdG by the voters. Often voters will know
í°Tôª∏d ¿ƒYÎ≤j ∂dòdh Úë°TôŸG øY π«∏≤dG ¿ƒÑNÉædG
little about the candidates and therefore
vote for the name that they recognize. It ¿CG Úë°TôŸG ≈∏Y º¡ŸG øeh .¬ª°SG ≈∏Y ¿ƒaô©àj …òdG
is important for candidates to have the Úë°TôŸG AÉª°SCG ÚH §HôdG ≈∏Y øjQOÉb ÚÑNÉædG Gƒ∏©éj
voters associate their name with their
message because only the name will .´GÎb’G áëF’ ≈∏Y ô¡¶«°S √~Mh º°S’G ¿C’ ,ádÉ°SôdGh
appear on the ballot.
Negative Ads Political advertisements that attack a m í˘°Tô˘

q e º˘°üN º˘LÉ˘¡˘J »˘à˘dG á˘q«˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG äÉ˘˘fÓ˘˘YE’G »˘˘g
]á«°SÉ«°S[ äÉfÓYEG candidate’s opponent, often trying to .¬ØbGƒÃ ±ÉØîà°S’Gh ¬àq«°üî°T ¬jƒ°ûJ kádhÉfi ,øq«©e
á«q Ñ∏°S destroy the opponent’s character.
Neutral Political A political environment aiming at hav- .á¡jõfh ádOÉYh IôM äÉHÉîàfG ºYO ¤EG ±~¡j »°SÉ«°S §«fi
Environment ing and supporting free, fair, and credi-
…OÉ«M »°SÉ«°S §«fi ble elections.
Neutrality A voting system is neutral if the system Gõ«q ëàe ΩÉ¶ædG øμj ⁄ GPEG ÉjOÉ«M »HÉîàf’G ΩÉ¶ædG ¿ƒμj
OÉ«M does not favor any alternative. Although
í°VGƒdG øe ¿ƒμj ~b ¬qfGC ™e .πj~H …C’ π«° ØJ √~æYh
it may seem obvious that voting systems
should be neutral, some are designed ¢ ©H q¿GC ÒZ ,ájOÉ«M ¿ƒμJ ¿CG á«HÉîàf’G º¶ædG ≈∏Y ¿CG
specifically not to be neutral in order to øe …OÉ«M ÒZ ¿ƒμ«d É°ü«°üN ºªq °üe áª¶fC’G √òg
promote government stability or ensure
that a decision is made. In fact, many .ø«q ©e QGôb òNCG ¿Éª°V hCG áeƒμ◊G äÉÑãd èjhÎdG πLCG
systems that have tie-breaking rules that ¢SÉ°SCG ≈∏Y πª©J »àdG áª¶fC’G øe Òãc ,™bGƒdG ‘
do not employ a random choice violate
neutrality. For example, parliamentary ,É«WÉÑàYG GQÉ«N Ω~îà°ùJ ’h ''∫OÉ©àdG ô°ùc'' ~YGƒb
voting systems in which ``yea'' and ÜÉîàf’G áª¶fCG ‘ ,∫ÉãŸG π«Ñ°S ≈∏Y .ájOÉ«◊G ∂¡àæJ
``nay'' votes are taken generally favor
the nay side in the event of a tie. Thus ò˘˘NÉC ˘ J ''’''h ''º˘˘©˘ f'' `dG Ω~˘˘î˘ à˘ ˘°ùJ å«˘˘ M á˘˘ «˘ ˘fÉŸÈdG
they are biased towards the nay alterna- »g Gòd .∫OÉ©àdG ∫ÉM ‘ ''’''`dG ÖfÉL áeÉY äGƒ°UC’G
tive and are not neutral.
.ájq OÉ«M â°ù«d »g ‹ÉàdÉHh ''’''`dG ÖfÉL ¤EG õ«q ëàJ
Nomination The process by which candidates indi- äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ¢ùaÉæàdÉH Úë°TôŸG á«q f ~j~– á«∏ªY »g
Ú«©J/á«ª°ùJ/í«°TôJ cate their intention to compete in an
Üƒ∏£e O~©d ´ƒ° î∏d á°VôY kÉªFGO .Ú©e âbh ∫ÓN
election within specified time. Often
subject to submission of a required num- .´G~jEG hCG ≠∏Ñe ™aO ¤EG hCG/h äGAÉ° e’G øe
ber of signatures and/or to the payment
of a deposit.
Nominee The person that a political party chooses ‘ ¬∏ãª«d »°SÉ«°ùdG Üõ◊G √QÉàîj …òdG ¢üî°ûdG ƒg
í°Tôe to represent it in a general election. This
.''á«ª°ùJ/Ú«©J'' kÉ° jCG ≈ª°ùjo .áeÉ©dG äÉHÉîàf’G
is called Nomination.
Non-B
Blank Vote/Ballot A non-blank vote ballot is simply that- ´Î≤ŸG É˘¡˘«˘∏˘Y ™˘°Vh »˘à˘dG ´GÎb’G á˘bÉ˘£˘H »˘g ,á˘˘WÉ˘˘°ùÑ˘˘H
/áeƒ°Sƒe ´GÎbG ábQh a mark is made on the ballot-the voter ábQh ô¶fG .ábÉ£ÑdG ≈∏Y í°Tôe …C’ ¬Jƒ°üH ¤OCGh ,áeÓY
¢VÉ«H ≈∏Y â°ù«d voted for any of the candidates on the
.¢VÉ«H ≈∏Y ábÉ£H/AÉ° «H
ballot. See Blank Vote.
50 Non-G
Governmental Organizations (NGOs) - Non-P
Partisan
Non-G
Governmental The term refers to international organi- .áeƒμ◊Gh ÜGõMC’Gh äÉ£∏°ùdG øY á∏≤à°ùe äÉ«©ªL
Organizations (NGOs) zations that are not associated with any
á«eƒμM ÒZ äÉª¶æe government. Examples include many
á˘«˘fÉ˘°ùfE’G I~˘YÉ˘°ùŸÉ˘H á˘jÉ˘æ˘©˘∏˘d ô˘ª˘ M’C G Ö«˘˘∏˘ °üdG :kÓ˘ ã˘ e
religions that cross borders, internation- ~¡©ŸG ,á°VÉjô∏d á«dh~dG á«ÑŸhC’G ÜÉ©dC’G áæ÷ ,á«dh~dG
al humanitarian aid organizations such
as the International Red Cross, sporting
õ˘jõ˘©˘J ¬˘a~˘˘gh á˘˘«˘ dh~˘˘dG ¿hDƒ˘ °û∏˘˘d »˘˘æ˘ Wƒ˘˘dG »˘˘WGô˘˘≤Á~˘˘dG
organizations such as the International äÉ˘˘ª˘ ¶˘ æŸG ø˘˘e É˘˘gÒZh ,kÉ˘ ˘«ŸÉ˘˘ Y É˘˘ gô˘˘ °ûfh á˘˘ «˘ ˘WGô˘˘ ≤Á~˘˘ dG
Olympic Committee, organizations that .á«æ¡ŸGh á«aÉ≤ãdGh ájOÉ°üàb’G
works to strengthen and expand democ-
racy worldwide such as NDI for
International Affairs, and many scientif-
ic, business, educational, and other pro-
fessional organizations.
Non-P
Partisan When something relates to all political hCG ,ÜGõMC’G πμH Ée ôeCG hCG Ée ¢üî°T §ÑJôj Ée~æY ∂dPh
/É«HõM õ«ëàe ÒZ parties or no particular political parties.
¿CG »æ©j »Hõ◊G ÒZ ÜÉîàf’G ÉeCG .Ú©e ÜõëH §ÑJôj ’
»HõM ÒZ A non-partisan election is one where
candidates are not affiliated with partic- º¡HGõMCG ¿CG hCG áæ«©e ÜGõMCG ¤EG ¿ƒªàæj ’ Úë°TôŸG πc
ular parties and their party is not listed »¡a á«Hõ◊G ÒZ áª¶æŸG ÉeCG .´GÎb’G áëF’ ‘ áfh~e
on the ballot. A non-partisan organiza- q ÒZ
tion is one that associates with either no ÜGõMCG I~Y º° Jh ÜGõMC’ÉH á£ÑJôŸG ÒZ áª¶æŸG ∂∏J
political parties or many different politi- .Ú©e ÜõM ¤EG AÉªàf’G …OÉØàd ∂dPh ,áØ∏àfl
cal parties, avoiding the association with
one particular party.
O
51 Observation-((Watch) - Opinion Leaders
Observation-((Watch) The process that sees that the election is ,äÉHÉîàf’G Ò°S ø°ùM ≈∏Y ±ô°ûJ »àdG á«q ∏ª©dG »g
áÑbGôe being carried out in accordance with the
ácQÉ°ûe á«q fÉμeEG øe ≥q≤ëàJ Éªc ,¿ƒfÉ≤dG ΩÉμMC’ kÉ≤ah
law and whether candidates, parties and
votes are able to participate on an equal .IGhÉ˘˘°ùŸG Ω~˘˘b ≈˘˘∏˘ Y ÚÑ˘˘NÉ˘˘æq ˘ dGh ÜGõ˘˘ MC’Gh Úë˘˘ °TôŸGq
basis. Short-term observation encom-
passes voting day and the count. Long
´GÎb’G Ωƒ˘j á˘∏˘«˘W Ò°ü≤˘dG i~ŸG ≈˘∏˘Y á˘Ñ˘ bGôŸG ~q ˘ à˘ ª˘ à˘ a
term observation encompasses monitoring πª°ûàa ,πjƒ q£dG i~ŸG ≈∏Y áÑbGôŸG Éeq GC .»q HÉîàf’G RôØdGh
and assessing holistically the entire
election process. A guarantee of the
øª° J »gh .É¡ª««≤Jh πq μc á«q HÉîàf’G á«q ∏ª©dG áÑbGôe
honesty of the electoral process. .á«q HÉîàf’G á«q ∏ª©dG ágGõf
Office (of a government or government official) …CG ,Ée Ö°üæe π¨°ûj ,»eƒμM ∞Xƒe hCG áeƒμ◊
Ö°üæe /Öàμe holding an office means being in power.
.PƒØf ¬j~d
Ommitted Voter The name of a qualified voter that has áëF’ øe âaòMo »àdG Ú∏gDƒŸG ÚÑNÉædG AÉª°SCG »g
…QGOEG OÉ©Ñà°SG been omitted from the voters list by the .~©dÉH Ú∏qcƒŸG ¢UÉî°TC’G πÑpb øe ÚYÎ≤ŸG
enumerators .
One-A
Area Election An election that takes place entirely in a ÒZ øe ,I~MGh á≤£æe ‘ ,É¡∏ªcCÉH ,…ôŒ äÉHÉîàfG »g
I~MGƒdG á≤£æŸG äÉHÉîàfG single area not divided into districts.
.ôFGhO ¤EG É¡ª«°ù≤J
Open List In the context of elections, the variant of áMƒàØŸG ÒZ áëFÓdG ¢ «≤f ≈∏Yh ,äÉHÉîàf’G ¥É«°S ‘
/áMƒàØe áëF’ party-list proportional representation in
ÜGõ˘˘MC’G QÉ˘˘ «˘ ˘à˘ ˘N’ Pƒ˘˘ Ø˘ ˘f …CG ÚYÎ≤ŸG í˘˘ æ“ ’ »˘˘ à˘ ˘dG
I~ª› ÒZ which voters have at least some influence
on which specific candidates may be π°ù∏°ùàdG ¿CG å«M) º¡∏°ù∏°ùJ ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG hCG á«°SÉ«°ùdG
chosen, as opposed to the closed-list
system whereby voters can effectively
I~ªÛG ÒZ/áMƒàØŸG áëFÓdG ,(Üõ◊G πÑpb øe ´ƒ°Vƒe
only vote for political parties as a whole ¿CG å«M ,Üõ◊G áëF’ π«ãªàd »Ñ°ùædG ±ÓàN’G »g
and thus have no influence on the order in .Úæ«q ©e Úë°Tôe QÉ«àNG ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG ¢ ©H ÚYÎ≤ª∏d
which party candidates are elected (that
order being supplied by the party itself).
Open Primary A primary election that differs from a I~ªÛG /á≤∏¨ŸG/á∏Ø≤ŸG á«dhC’G äÉHÉîàf’G ±ÓàNG ≈∏Y
/áMƒàØe á«dhCG äÉHÉîàfG closed primary in that all voters,
øY ô¶ædG ¢ ¨H ,ÚYÎ≤ŸG πc äÉHÉîàf’G √òg íæ“,
I~ª› ÒZ regardless of party affiliation, may vote
for a party’s nominee. .»HõM í°TôŸ âjƒ°üàdG ,á«Hõ◊G º¡JÉHÉ°ùàfG
Operations Division Responsible for the procurement and ,É¡©jRƒJh á«q HÉîàf’G OGƒŸG ÒH~J øY ∫hDƒ°ùe ºl °ùb ƒg
äÉ«q ∏ª©dG º°ùb distribution of election materials,
∞FÉXƒdÉH ~«YGƒe ∫hG~L ™°Vhh ,´GÎb’G õcGôe ~j~–h
identification of voting sites and the
creation of timetables for the different .ÜÉîàf’G Ωƒj áØ∏àıG
functions at election time.
Opinion Leaders Opinion leaders are people in the ‹É˘gC’G ‘ ÒKCÉ˘à˘dG ¿ƒ˘©˘«˘£˘à˘°ùj ø˘jò˘dG ¢UÉ˘˘î˘ °TC’G º˘˘gh
…CGôdG IOÉb community who can influence others.
øeh ,á«f~ŸG äÉª¶æŸG IOÉb øe ¿ƒfƒμj ~bh .º¡H Ú£«ÙG
These people can be leaders of civic
organizations, other political leaders, .™ªàÛG ¿É«YCGh á«eÓYE’G äÉÄ«¡dG AÉ° YCGh …CGôdG IOÉb
members of the media, or well-known
and respected individuals. It is often
á∏Môe ‘ ¢UÉî°TC’G ∂ÄdhCG ~«jCÉàH RƒØdG G~L º¡ŸG øeh
important to win the endorsement of .ábOÉ°üŸG ô¶fG .á∏ªë∏d IôμÑe
these individuals early in the campaign.
See Endorsements.
52 Opinion Poll/s - Ordinary Vote
Opinion poll/s A survey conducted between and before øe áæ«Y hCG ,Qƒ¡ª÷G AGQBG ´Ó£à°SG ≈∏Y õμJôe ôjô≤J ƒg
…CGô∏d ´Ó£à°SG/AÉàØà°SG elections to get a projection on the AÉ˘æ˘KCG äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G á˘é˘«˘à˘f ø˘Y Qƒ˘q °üJ ø˘jƒ˘μ˘à˘d ,Qƒ˘¡˘ ª÷G
outcome of the elections.
.Ég~©Hh äÉHÉîàf’G á«∏ªY
Opponent These are other candidates running for Rƒ˘Ø˘∏˘d ∂fƒ˘°ùaÉ˘æ˘j ø˘jò˘dG Úë˘˘°TôŸG π˘˘c ∂dP π˘˘ª˘ °ûjh
º°üN/¢ùaÉæe the same office and on the same ballot as .É¡°ùØf ´GÎb’G áëF’ ‘ ∂ë°Tôe ¿ƒcQÉ°ûjh ,~©≤ŸÉH
your candidate.
Opposition A political party or an organized group hCG ,áYƒªéª∏d á°VQÉ©e áª q¶æe áYƒª› hCG »°SÉ«°S ÜõM
á°VQÉ©e opposed to the group, party, or govern- .á£∏°ùdG ‘ áeƒμ◊G hCG Üõ◊G
ment in power.
Opposition Research Opposition research is all the information, Ú°ùaÉæŸG ~j~ëàd á∏ª◊G É¡©ªŒ »àdG ,äÉeƒ∏©ŸG »gh
á°VQÉ©ŸG çƒëH both good and bad, that your campaign
øe kGAõL ~©J »gh .I~«L hCG áÄ«°S âfÉc AGƒ°S AÉjƒbC’G
can put together on all of the viable
opponents. This is part of the overall ô¶fG .á∏ª◊G π¡à°ùe ‘ ÉgDhGôLEG »¨Ñæj »àdG çƒëÑdG
research that should be done at the .çƒëÑdG
beginning of the campaign.
See Research.
Optical Scan Voting Optical scan paper ballots are used for ´GÎb’G ¥GQhC’ …ô°üÑdG í°ùŸG ÜÉîàfG ¥GQhCG πª©à°ùoJ
Machines mail ballot voting, emergency voting and
.»˘˘ ˘ °VGÎY’G ´GÎb’Gh AiQÉ˘˘ ˘ ˘£˘ ˘ ˘ dG ´GÎb’Gh ,…~˘˘ ˘ ˘jÈdG
…ô°üÑdG í°ùŸG ä’BG challenge voting. You should follow the
á«HÉîàf’G written voting instructions that accompany .¥GQhC’G √òg ≥aGôJ »àdG äÉª«∏©àdG á©HÉàe ∂«∏Y ÖLƒàj
these ballots.
Optional Choices Means that the voter is not required to .º¡©«ªL Úë°TôŸG
q ∞«æ°üàd mô q£° e ÒZ ÖNÉqædG q¿GC …CG
á«eGõdEG ÒZ äGQÉ«N rank all the candidates.
Ordinal Ballot A ballot where the voter is required to ÚH ¬JÓ«° ØJ ~j~ëàH ÖNÉqædG Ωõ∏oJ ´GÎbG ábQh »g
»q Ñ«JôJ ´GÎbG indicate preferences amongst the various º°SG OG~©J ∫ÓN øe ,ÜGõMC’G hCG Úë°TôŸGq ∞∏àfl
candidates or parties by numbering their
respective names, in declining order. .kÓ«° ØJ πbC’G ¤EG ÌcC’G øe ,º¡æe qπc
Ordinary Vote A vote cast, at a voting centre, in the Ωƒ˘˘j ,´Î≤ŸG Iô˘˘FGO ø˘˘ª˘ °V ,´GÎb’G õ˘˘ cô˘˘ e ‘ âjƒ˘˘ °üJ
…OÉY ´GÎbG elector’s home district, on election day. .ÜÉîàf’G
P
53 Paid Media - Party Representation
Paid Media Any advertisements the campaign pays ¬qãH πLCG øe ¬d ÓHÉ≤e á∏ª◊G ™a~J »FÉYO ¿ÓYEG …CG
ΩÓYE’G hCG ´ƒa~ŸG ΩÓYE’G to have placed in the mass media, such
ƒjOGôdGh ¿ƒjõØ∏àdG πãe á«eÓYE’G §FÉ°SƒdG ‘ ¬°VôYh
ôLCÉH as television, radio or newspapers.
.áaÉë°üdGh
Palm Card A standard piece of campaign literature ∞°Uƒd Ω~îà°ùJ á∏ª◊G äÉ«HOCG øe ájQÉ«©e á©£b »g
∞μdG ábÉ£H used to describe the candidate and øª° àJ ¿CG Öéjh ,¬d âjƒ°üà∏d ÜÉÑ°SC’G Ë~≤Jh í°TôŸG
provide a reason to vote for him. This
should provide a clear summary of the á∏ª◊G äÉ«HOCG ô¶fG .á∏ª◊G ádÉ°Sôd áë°VGh á°UÓN
campaign message. See Campaign .ádÉ°SôdGh
Literature and Message.
Parallel System “Parallel system” is where the ward and π«ãªàdGh IôFG~dG ÉeÉ¶f ¿ƒμj Ée~æY mRGƒàe ΩÉ¶ædG ¿ƒμj
Rm Gƒàe ΩÉ¶f proportional representation voting systems Éª¡›~d ádhÉfi ájCG ~Lƒj ’h kÉ«∏c Ú∏°üØæe »Ñ°ùædG
run completely separately and there is
no attempt to integrate the two sets of .¢ ©ÑH
votes.
Parliament The political assembly in which elected ¿ƒ∏ãªŸG ¢ûbÉæàj É¡dÓN øe »àdG á«°SÉ«°ùdG á«©ª÷G ƒgh
ÜGƒædG ¢ù∏› representatives debate and vote upon
á˘˘ª˘ ∏˘ c Oƒ˘˘©˘ J .á˘˘MÎ≤˘˘e ÚfGƒ˘˘≤˘ d ¿ƒ˘˘Jƒ˘˘°üjh ¿ƒ˘˘Ñ˘ î˘ àn ˘ æŸG
proposed laws. The word ‘parliament’
comes from 15th century English, and »˘˘gh ,…õ˘˘«˘ ∏˘ μ˘ fE’G ô˘˘°ûY ¢ùeÉÿG ¿ô˘˘ ≤˘ ˘dG ¤EG ''¿ÉŸôH''
from a French word meaning ‘talking .''ΩÓμdG ¿Éμe'' á«°ùfôØdG áª∏μdG øe áq≤à°ûe
place’.
Partisan Anything relating to the political party. ÚMh .»°SÉ«°S ÜõM ¤EG »ªàæj ôeCG …CG hCG ¢üî°T …CG
»HõM When an election is partisan, it means
¬d »Hõ◊G AÉªàf’G ¿CG »æ©j ∂dòa kÉ«HõM ÜÉîàf’G ¿ƒμj
that party affiliation matters and may be
listed on the ballot. .´GÎb’G áëF’ ≈∏Y ´ƒ°Vƒe ÉÃQh ,ÒÑc ¿CÉ°T
See Non-Partisan. .»HõM ÒZ ô¶fG
Party Observer See Party Agent. .»HõM π«ch ô¶fG

Üõ◊G ÖbGôe
Party A group of people who join together hCG ôμa ¢SÉ°SCG ≈∏Y á«°SÉ«°S áÄ«¡d ¿ƒªàæj OGôaCG áYƒª›
ÜõM because they share many ideas about
.~Mƒe èeÉfôH
what the government should do.
Party Agent/ Proxy A political party agent is appointed by its πÑb øe ¬H ±Î©jh ,¬HõM πÑb øe »Hõ◊G π«cƒdG ø«s ©j
/Üh~æe/»HõM π«ch party and accredited by the NEC for
øªq ° àj .á«HÉîàf’G áÑbGôª∏d äÉHÉîàfÓd á«æWƒdG áæé∏dG
»HõM ~ªà©e electoral observation. Agents of political
¢ ©H AGOCÉH Ú°VƒØŸG ÜõM ‘ Ú©bƒŸG É° jC
parties also include signatories of a party k G AÓcƒdG
assigned to carry out specific affairs of
the party. Also known as Proxy.
.Üõë∏d IO~q ÙG ¿hDƒ°ûdG
Party List This is a method of voting where the äƒ˘˘°üj É˘˘e~˘˘æ˘ Y ∂dPh ,´GÎb’Gh âjƒ˘˘°üà˘˘∏˘ d §‰ »˘˘gh
/á«HõM áªFÉb voters vote for a party and the party
É≤ah Úë°TôŸG QÉ«àNÉH Üõ◊G Ωƒ≤j ºK Üõ◊ ¿ƒÑNÉædG
á«HõM áëF’ selects the candidates based on the
percentage of the vote it receives. .É¡«∏Y π°üM »àdG âjƒ°üàdG áÑ°ùæd
Party Representation A representative of a party who may be á«q ∏ªY ∫ÓN ~LGƒàj ¿CG øμÁ ,mÜõM øY kÓqã‡ øªq ° àj
»q HõM π«ã“ present during the vote and the counting
∫hDƒ°ùe ≈∏Y ∂dP ≥Ñ£æj ~bh .äGƒ°UC’G Rôah âjƒ°üàq dG
of the votes. This term may also apply to
a national or regional officer of a party. .»ª«∏bEG hCG »æWh »q HõM
54 Party List Proportional Representation System - Phone Bank
Party-LList Proportional See List Proportional Representation. .»Ñ°ùædG π«ãªàdG áëF’ ô¶fG
Representation System
»Ñ°ùædG π«ãªàdG ΩÉ¶f
/á«Hõ◊G áªFÉ≤dG ™e
»Ñ°ùædG π«ãªàdG áëF’
Past Performance This is the information for past elections O~˘Yh ,á˘≤˘HÉ˘°ùdG äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ø˘˘Y äÉ˘˘eƒ˘˘∏˘ ©ŸG π˘˘c »˘˘gh
≥HÉ°S AGOCG on how many votes or what percentage
ÜõM »ë°TôŸ áMƒæªŸG äGƒ°UC’G áÑ°ùf hCG äGƒ°UC’G
of votes candidates from a particular
party or similar ideology received. If ∑Éæg ¿Éc GPEG .á¡HÉ°ûe á«Lƒdƒj~jEG ¬d ôNBG Üõ◊ hCG Ú©e
there are similar candidates or multiple
elections, the various percentages can be
™˘°Vh ø˘μÁ IO~˘©˘à˘e äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘fG hCG ¿ƒ˘¡˘HÉ˘°ûà˘e ¿ƒ˘ë˘°Tô˘e
averaged together to find an overall áaô©Ÿ ¢ ©H ™e É¡° ©H ,É¡©«ªL ,áYƒæàŸG Ö°ùpædG §°Sƒàe
performance.
.»∏μdG AGOC’G
Periodic Register The result of election administration Qƒ£J

q »àdG äÉHÉîàf’G IQGOEG äÉ£∏°S πªY áé«àf »g
…q QhO πé°S authorities developing a new list of
πÑb ,ÜÉîàfÓd Ú∏gDƒŸG ÚÑNÉædG øe øe I~j~L áëF’
eligible voters prior to each election.
.á«q HÉîàfG á«q ∏ªY πq c
Periodic Voters List See Periodic Register. .…QhO

q πé°S ô¶fG
ájq Qh~q dG ÚYÎ≤ŸG áëF’
Periodical List It is one in which the election admini- ç~M πμd ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd á«HÉîàf’G äÉ£∏°ùdG º«q ≤J
/ájQhO áëF’ stration authorities devise a new voters
πª©à°ùoJh .πÑ≤à°ùª∏d É¡H ®ÉØàM’G ¿hO ~j~L »HÉîàfG
…QhO πé°S list for each new electoral event, without
intending to maintain or update this list ,IOÉY πμ°ûoJh ~MGh »HÉîàfG ç~◊ ájQh~dG áëFÓdG
for the future. Periodic lists often are
used for only one electoral event, and
∂dòc .äÉHÉîàf’G ~Yƒe π«Ñb ,IQhô° dÉH ¢ù«d øμdh
are normally, although not necessarily, .…q Qh~dG πé°ùdÉH ±ô©oJ
created just prior to the election. Also
known as periodic register.
Persuadability The extent to which a particular group of ≈∏Y ÚÑNÉædG øe áYƒª› âjƒ°üJ Ω~Y i~e »æ©Jh
´ÉæbE’G á«fÉμeEG voters do not vote in a consistent way.
.ºFGO ~MGh §‰
Persuadable Voters Voters who do not vote in a consistent ,ôªà°ùeh Ú©e §‰ ≈∏Y ¿ƒJƒ°üj ’ øjòdG ¿ƒÑNÉædG ºgh
º¡YÉæbEG øμªŸG ¿ƒÑNÉædG way, voting for one candidate and not
¬˘˘ d π˘˘ KÉ‡ ô˘˘ NB’ ¿ƒ˘˘ Jƒ˘˘ °üj ’h É˘˘ e í˘˘ °TôŸ ¿ƒ˘˘ ˘Jƒ˘˘ ˘°üj …CG
voting for a candidate with a similar
ideology or from the same party in either hCG ¬°ùØf ÜÉîàf’G ‘ ,¬°ùØf Üõ◊G øe hCG á«Lƒdƒj~jE’ÉH
the same election or in two consecutive A’Dƒ˘g ¿CG ~˘≤˘à˘©˘jh .Úà˘Ñ˘ bÉ˘˘©˘ à˘ e Úà˘˘«˘ HÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ fG ÚJQhO ‘
elections. It is believed that these voters
do not identify with a particular party or hCG Ú©˘˘e Üõ˘˘ ë˘ ˘H •É˘˘ Ñ˘ ˘JQ’É˘˘ H ¿ƒ˘˘ Ø˘ ˘æ˘ ˘°üj ’ ÚÑ˘˘ NÉ˘˘ æ˘ ˘dG
ideology and can be persuaded by a .áë°VGh ádÉ°SôH º¡YÉæbEG øμÁ øμdh ,áæ«©e á«Lƒdƒj~jEÉH
clear message.
Petition Group Their major role is to appeal decisions. .äGQGô≤dG ±ÉæÄà°SG »°SÉ°SC’G ÉgQhO
äÉ°SÉªàd’G áYƒª›
Phone Bank A place where there is a number of øe O~Y ¬«a …òdG ¿ÉμŸG ƒgh ,á«ØJÉ¡dG ä’É°üJ’G õcôe
∞JÉ¡dG ∂æH phones and volunteers able to come á˘Yƒ˘ª› ¿ƒ˘∏˘μ˘°ûj ø˘jò˘dG ÚYƒ˘£˘àŸGh ∞˘JÉ˘¡˘dG •ƒ˘˘£˘ N
together as a group to phone voters.
.ÚÑNÉædÉH ∫É°üJÓd
55 Phoning - Political Efficacy
Phoning A method of voter contact in which ¿ƒ˘Yƒ˘£˘àŸG Ωƒ˘≤˘j å«˘M ,ÚÑ˘˘NÉ˘˘æ˘ dÉ˘˘H ∫É˘˘°üJÓ˘˘d á˘˘∏˘ «˘ °Sh
»ØJÉ¡dG ∫É°üJ’G volunteers call voters on the phone.
√ò˘g Ω~˘î˘à˘°ùJ ~˘bh .∞˘JÉ˘¡˘dG ÈY ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dÉ˘H ∫É˘˘°üJ’É˘˘H
This method can be used to persuade
voters, identify supporters and turn out åMh ø˘˘j~˘˘jDƒŸG ~˘˘j~–h ÚÑ˘˘NÉ˘˘æ˘ ˘dG ´É˘˘ æ˘ ˘bE’ á˘˘ ∏˘ ˘«˘ ˘°Sƒ˘˘ dG
the vote near Election Day.
.»HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG ‘ ´GÎb’G õcGôe ¤EG ¬Lƒà∏d ÚYÎ≤ŸG
Platform The program, often written, that the hCG »˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG Üõ◊G ¬˘«˘a ÚÑ˘j ,kÉ˘Hƒ˘à˘μ˘e ¿ƒ˘μ˘j É˘˘e É˘˘Ñ˘ dÉ˘˘Z
/»HÉîàf’G èeÉfÈdG political party or candidate will address
¢ù«d èeÉfÈdGh .¿ƒÑîàæoj ÚM √RÉ‚EÉH ¿h~p©j Ée í°TôŸG
»°SÉ«°ùdG èeÉfÈdG if and when they are elected. This is not
a campaign message. See Program. .èeÉfÈdG ô¶fG .á«HÉîàfG ádÉ°SQ
Plebiscite Is a direct vote in which an entire ÒÑ©à∏d ÚÑNÉædG πc É¡d ≈Y~à°ùj ô°TÉÑe âjƒ°üJ á«∏ªY
ΩÉY/»Ñ©°T AÉàØà°SG electorate is asked to either accept or
Qƒà°SO »æq ÑJ øμÁ .O~fi ìGÎb’ º¡° aQ hCG º¡dƒÑb øY
reject a particular proposal. This may be
the adoption of a new constitution, a ∞˘Xƒ˘e ÜÉ˘î˘à˘fG IOÉ˘YEG hCG ,¿ƒ˘fÉ˘b hCG ,¬˘˘∏˘ j~˘˘©˘ J hCG ~˘˘j~˘˘L
constitutional amendment, a law, a recall
of an elected official or simply a specific
á˘˘eƒ˘˘μ˘ M á˘˘°SÉ˘˘«˘ °S »˘˘æ˘ Ñ˘ J ,á˘˘WÉ˘˘°ùH π˘˘μ˘ H ,hCG ,Öî˘˘à˘ ˘æ˘ ˘e
government policy. The referendum or ≠˘«˘°Up ø˘e á˘¨˘«˘°U »˘Ñ˘©˘°ûdG AÉ˘à˘Ø˘ à˘ °S’G π˘˘qμ˘ °ûj.á˘˘æ˘ «q ˘ ©˘ e
plebiscite is a form of direct democracy.
.á«WGô≤Á~dG
Plurality The most votes cast in a given election. ‘ º˘¡˘JGƒ˘°UCÉ˘H ¿ƒ˘d~˘j ø˘jò˘˘dG ÚYÎ≤ŸG á˘˘«˘ Ñ˘ ∏˘ ZCG »˘˘æ˘ ©˘ Jh
/ÚYÎ≤ŸG á«Ñ∏ZCG This differs from a majority of the votes
»àdG ÚÑNÉædG á«Ñ∏ZCG øY ∞∏àîj ƒgh ,Ú©e ÜÉîàfG
ájO~©J cast or 50% plus one vote.
See Majority. ájÌcCG ô˘¶˘ fG .~˘˘MGh ÖNÉ˘˘f ¤EG á˘˘aÉ˘˘°VE’É˘˘H %50 »˘˘æ˘ ©˘ J
.ÚÑNÉædG
Plurality Majority They are the winner-take-all systems we ÜÉîàf’ É¡∏ª©à°ùf »àdG äÉHÉîàf’G ìÉ°ùàcG áª¶fCG »g
Systems most often use to elect officials to our
/ájO~q ©J ájÌcCG áª¶fCG local, state, and federal legislatures.
,á˘«˘eƒ˘μ◊Gh ,á˘«˘∏ÙG á˘«˘©˘jô˘°ûà˘dG äÉ˘˘Ä˘ «˘ ¡˘ dG ‘ ÚdhDƒ˘ °ùe
á«Ñ∏ZCG These systems all require the winning ≈∏Y ∫ƒ°ü◊G õFÉØdG í°TôŸG øe Ö∏£àJ »gh .á«dGQ~ØdGh
candidate to garner either a plurality or a
majority of the votes.
.äGƒ°UC’G á«Ñ∏ZCG hCG ájÌcCG
Plurality of Votes Each voter votes for one candidate, and ≈∏Y π°üëj …òdG í°TôŸGh ,í°TôŸ ´Î≤e πc äƒ°üj q
äGƒ°UC’G ájÌcCG/ájO~©J the candidate with the plurality (most
π°üM ~b ¿Éc GPEG ô¶ædG ¢ ¨H ,RƒØj äGƒ°UC’G ájÌcCG
votes) wins, regardless of whether that
candidate gets a majority or not. .É¡«∏Y π°üëj ⁄ hCG äGƒ°UC’G á«Ñ∏ZCG ≈∏Y
Political Action An organization of 50 or more people ¤EG ±~¡J É°üî°T 50 øe ÌcCG øe áØdDƒe áª¶æe »g
Committee (PAC) that is created to raise money for favored ¿ƒμJh Ú∏° ØŸG
á«°SÉ«°ùdG πª©dG áæ÷ political candidates and is registered
q Ú«°SÉ«°ùdG Úë°Tôª∏d ∫GƒeC’G ™ªL
with the Federal Election Commission É¡∏«μ°ûJ øμªoj .á«dGQ~ØdG äÉHÉîàf’G áæ÷ ™e á∏qé°ùe
(FEC). A PAC may be formed by any äGOÉ–’Gh ,∫ÉªYC’G ∫ÉLQ É¡«a ÉÃ áYÉªL …CG πÑpb øe
group, including businesses, labor
unions, and special interest bodies. .á°UÉÿG ídÉ°üŸGh äÉeÉªàg’G äGP äÉÄ«¡dGh ,á«dÉª©dG
Political Efficacy The belief on the part of the individual ''¥ôa çG~MEG'' OôØdG øWGƒŸG ¿ÉμeEÉH ¬fCG OÉ≤àY’G »g
/á«°SÉ«°S á«∏YÉa citizen that he or she can “make a hCG ,âjƒ°üàdG ∫ÓN øe »°SÉ«°ùdG ΩÉ¶ædG ≈∏Y ÒKCÉà∏d
»°SÉ«°S ÒKCÉJ difference” by influencing the political
system through such activities as voting, hCG ,á«HÉîàf’G äÓªë∏d äÉYÈàdG AÉ£YEG hCG ,¢VGÎY’G
protesting, giving campaign contri- Ö°üæŸ ¬˘°ùØ˘f í˘«˘°Tô˘J ≈˘à˘M hCG äÓ˘ª◊G ≈˘∏˘ Y π˘˘ª˘ ©˘ dG
butions, working on a campaign, or even
running for political office. .»°SÉ«°S
56 Political Funding - Politician
Political Funding Distribution and spending of amount of á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMC’G ≈∏Y ¬bÉØfEGh ∫ÉŸG øe ≠∏Ñe ™jRƒJ
»°SÉ«°S πjƒ“ money that political parties can spend
.á«HÉîàf’G É¡JÓªM IQGOEG ≈∏Y ¬bÉØfEG øμªŸG ~◊G øª°V
on running their election campaigns.
»°SÉ«°S πjƒ“
Political Landscape The environment in which the campaign ´GƒfCÉ˘H ≥˘∏˘©˘à˘j É˘e á˘°UÉ˘î˘Hh ,á˘∏˘ª◊É˘H á˘£˘«ÙG á˘Ä˘«˘Ñ˘dG »˘gh
/á«°SÉ«°S á«°VQCG will be waged, particularly in reference
.á≤£æŸG ‘ »°SÉ«°ùdG πª©dÉH Úªà¡ŸG ô°ûÑdG øe áØ∏àfl
to the various people involved in politics
»°SÉ«°S ô¶æe in the area. »°SÉ«°S ô¶æe/á«°SÉ«°S á«°VQCG
Political Participation Right of all adults of either gender to ,Ú°ùæ÷G ø˘˘ e ,ø˘˘ j~˘˘ °TGô˘˘ ˘dG ≥˘˘ ˘M ‘ ¢üî˘˘ ˘∏˘ ˘ à˘ ˘ J »˘˘ ˘gh
á«°SÉ«°S ácQÉ°ûe vote; the right to form or participate in
∑GÎ°T’G hCG á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMC’G AÉ°ûfEG ≥Mh ;âjƒ°üàdÉH
activites of political parties; and the
right to free, fair, and regular elections á«©jô°ûàdG äÉÄ«¡∏d ádOÉYh á¡jõf äÉHÉîàfÉH ≥◊Gh ;É¡«a
for legislative bodies.
áª¶àæe äÉHÉîàfG ≥jôW øY
Political Party A group of people with similar ideas or ±G~gC’Gh QÉμaC’G ‘ ¿ƒ©ªàéj ¢UÉî°TC’G øe áYƒª›
»°SÉ«°S ÜõM aims, some of whose members nominate
‘ RƒØdÉH kÓeCG äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ í°TÎj º¡° ©H ,á∏KÉªŸG
as candidates at elections in the hope
that they will be elected to parliament. .¿ÉŸÈdG
Political Party Campaign Political activity, including meetings, ,äÉ˘fÉ˘Lô˘˘¡˘ eh ,äÉ˘˘YÉ˘˘ª˘ à˘ LG ø˘˘ª˘ ° à˘˘j »˘˘°SÉ˘˘«˘ °S •É˘˘°ûf
»°SÉ«°ùdG Üõ◊G á∏ªM rallies, speeches, demonstrations, parades,
,iôNCG çG~MCGh ,äÉ°VGô©à°SGh ,äGôgÉ¶eh ,äÉHÉ£Nh
other events, and the use of the media,
intended to inform the electorate of the èeÉfÈH ÚÑNÉædG ΩÓYEG ¤EG ±~¡J ,ΩÓYE’G ∫Éª©à°SGh
platform of a particular political party
and to gather support.
.¬d º¡ªYO ≈∏Y ∫ƒ°ü◊Gh øq«©e »°SÉ«°S ÜõM
Political Platform a document stating the aims and principles .¬FOÉÑeh »°SÉ«°ùdG Üõ◊G ±G~gCG RÈJ á≤«Kh
»°SÉ«°S èeÉfôH of a political party.
Political Players Those people involved in politics in the ôKDƒj ~bh ,á≤£æŸG ‘ á°SÉ«°ùdÉH ºà¡j ¢üî°T πc »æ©j
¿ƒ«°SÉ«°S ¿ƒÑY’ area and who may influence the campaign
.á∏ª◊G ‘ iôNCÉH hCG á≤jô£H
one way or another.
Political Polling Scientific, quantitative sociological re- É˘≤˘ah √DhGô˘LEG º˘à˘j »˘ª˘ ch »˘˘Yƒ˘˘°Vƒ˘˘e »˘˘YÉ˘˘ª˘ à˘ LG åë˘˘H
»°SÉ«°S ´Ó£à°SG search based on randomly selected voters
á˘∏˘ª◊G ¬˘e~˘î˘à˘°ùJh ,ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘∏˘d á˘∏˘ã‡ á˘«˘FGƒ˘°ûY äÉ˘æ˘«˘ ©˘ d
used by the campaign to determine the
opinions of the voters and used to provide äÉeƒ∏©ŸG Òaƒàd Ω~îà°ùj Éªc ,ÚÑNÉædG AGQBG ~j~ëàd
strategic planning information.
.»é«JGÎ°S’G §«£îà∏d
Political Rallies Any kind of public activities or demon- øe áª n¶æŸG äGôgÉ¶ŸG hCG áeÉ©dG äÉWÉ°ûædG øe ´ƒf …CG
/á«°SÉ«°S äÉfÉLô¡e stration organized by a political party to
.¬«ë°Tôe hCG ¬›ÉfôH ºY~d »°SÉ«°S ÜõM πÑpb
á«°SÉ«°S äÉ©ªŒ support its program or its candidates.
Political Rights The right of people to participate in the ø˘ª˘°V á˘«˘ °SÉ˘˘«˘ °ùdG IÉ˘˘«◊G ‘ á˘˘cQÉ˘˘°ûŸG ‘ Ö©˘˘°ûdG ≥˘˘M
á«°SÉ«°S ¥ƒ≤M political life of their communities and
.¬àeƒμ◊ âjƒ°üàdG πãe ,™ªàÛGh º¡JÉYÉªL
society such as by voting for their
government.
Politician A person who is running for office or has q ¢üî°T

äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ RÉa ¿CG ≥Ñ°S hCG ,Ö°üæŸ í°Tôe l ƒg
»q °SÉ«°S won an election and is already in office. .kÉÑ°üæe RÉMh
57 Poll - Polling Station Officer
Poll A place where votes are cast; also refers º««≤àd ôjô≤àdG ¬H ~°ü≤oj ∂dòc ,äGƒ°UC’ÉH A’OEÓd õcôe
âjƒ°üJ õcôe/´GÎbG º∏b to a survey to assess public opinion or to
.äÉHÉîàf’ÉH ƒD ÑæàdG hCG ΩÉ©dG …CGôdG
´Ó£à°SG hCG forecast an election.
Poll Workers The people dealing directly with the .kIô°TÉÑe ÚÑNÉqædG ™e ¿ƒ∏eÉ©àj øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G ºg
≥jOÉæ°U ~æY ¿ƒ∏eÉY voters.
´GÎb’G
Polling See Voting. .ÜÉîàfG ô¶fG
ÜÉîàfG/´GÎbG/âjƒ°üJ
Polling Center Building with 2 or more Polling Stations. .´GÎb’G º∏b ô¶fG .ÌcCG hCG øjõcôÃ ≈æÑe
´GÎb’G õcôe See Poll.
Polling Day See Election Day. .»HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG/ÜÉîàf’G Ωƒj ô¶fG

´GÎb’G Ωƒj
Polling Division A small geographic unit within a consti- ~°Uôjo ,á«q HÉîàfG IôFGO øª°V iô¨°U á«q aGô¨L I~Mh »g
âjƒ°üàdG/´GÎb’G º°ùb tuency, for which a specific number of ÚÑNÉæq dG øe áëF’h ,ÚÑNÉæq dG øe O~q fi O~Y É¡∏LCG øe
electors and for which a list of electors is
established for one or more polling sites Ωƒj ‘ âjƒ°üàq dG ±~¡H ,ÌcCG hCG m ´GÎbG õcôÃ Ú£ÑJôŸG
for the purpose of voting on polling day. .ÜÉîàf’G
Polling Official/ Person who works at a polling station on äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G Ωƒ˘j ´GÎb’G õ˘cô˘e ‘ π˘ª˘©˘ j …ò˘˘dG Oô˘˘Ø˘ dG
Electoral Affairs Officer election day. Also known as poll clerk.
»YGÎbG õcôe ‘ ∫hDƒ°ùe .´GÎb’G º∏b ÖJÉμH kÉ° jCG ±hô©ŸG
Polling Place The particular location where voters go .º¡JGƒ°UCÉH A’OEÓd ¿ƒYÎ≤ŸG ¬éàj å«M ø«q ©ŸG ô≤ŸG
»HÉîàfG ¿Éμe to cast their ballots.
Polling Site A physical installation where the electors Gƒd~«d ,ø«q ©e ´GÎbG º°ùb ƒÑNÉf É¡«dEG ¬Lq ƒàj ICÉ°ûæe »g
´GÎb’G õcôe ™bƒe of a polling division can cast their vote. .´GÎb’G º°ùb ô¶fG .º¡JGƒ°UCÉH
See Polling Division.
Polling Station A place where voters go to cast their ´GÎbG ‘ º¡JGƒ°UCÉH ¿ƒÑNÉædG ¬«a ‹~j …òdG ¿ÉμŸG
âjƒ°üàdG á£fi votes from a particular electoral district.
.Ée IôFGO ‘ Ú©e
Polling Station Assistant The polling station assistant signs for ¥GQhCG ≈∏Yh ºqbôŸG ´GÎb’G ¥h~æ°U ≈∏Y AÉ° eE’ÉH Ωƒ≤j
/´GÎb’G Öàμe QƒeCÉe the numbered ballot box at their station
≈∏Y πª©j .äGƒ°UC’G É¡«∏Y πéq °ùà°S »àdG ´GÎb’G
and the ballot papers on which votes are
~YÉ°ùe to be recorded. He conducts polling such äÉ˘˘jƒ˘˘g Ú∏˘˘eÉ◊G ¢UÉ˘˘î˘ °TCÓ˘ d ÜÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ ˘fG ¥GQhCG QG~˘˘ °UEG
as: ballot papers are only issued to
persons with a valid matriculation card;
ábQh ™e É¡àfQÉ≤Ÿ äÉjƒ¡dG √òg ¿h~J q ¿CG ≈∏Y É¡H ±Î©e
prior to issue each ballot paper is ¥GQhC’G √òg QG~°UEG πÑb .~©H Éª«a IQ~°üŸG ÜÉîàf’G
stamped with the official stamp; and the .kÉ«ª°SQ É¡ªàîH Ωƒ≤j
matriculation card of each voter is
appropriately marked so as to clearly
indicate that a vote has been recorded in
the election for which a ballot paper has
been issued.
Polling Station Officer Where a voter is blind or affected by ,äÉgÉY GP hCG (≈ªYCG) ô°üÑdG ~bÉa ÖpîàæŸG ¿ƒμj Ée~æY
´GÎb’G Öàμe ∫hDƒ°ùe other disability that voter may vote √~˘YÉ˘°ùj hCG √QÉ˘«˘à˘NG ø˘e π˘é˘°ùe ÖNÉ˘˘f ¬˘˘à˘ ≤˘ aGôÃ Ωƒ˘˘≤˘ j
accompanied by another registered voter
of her/his choice, or that voter may be .´GÎb’G Öàμe ∫hDƒ°ùe
assisted by a polling station officer.
58 Poll-S
Site Internet Voting - Precinct Captain
Site Internet Voting

Poll-S An election in which Internet voting ´GÎbG õcGôe ‘ âfÎf’G ÈY ´GÎb’G ™bGƒe πμ°ûoJ
´GÎbÓd âfÎfE’G ™bƒe stations are made available at conven-
πμ°ûH ¿Gôaƒàe øeC’Gh É¡«dEG ∫ƒN~dG ¿CG å«M áaƒdCÉe
tional poll-sites where access and security
are controlled as they are today. These ¢SQG~ŸG ‘ É˘˘gÒaƒ˘˘J kÉ˘ ° jCG ø˘˘μÁ .Ωƒ˘˘«˘ dG É˘˘ª˘ c •ƒ˘˘Ñ˘ ˘° e
could also include schools and libraries
where Internet access is already available.
.Ó°UCG ôaƒàe âfÎf’G ∫Éª©à°SG å«M äÉÑàμŸGh
Pollster A person or company that researches .áeÉY á«° b ‘ Qƒ¡ª÷G …CGQ ™∏£à°ùj ácô°T hCG ¢üî°T
™∏£à°ùe/mâØàn °ùe public opinion.
Popular Vote The vote that is actually cast by each IÎa ∫Ó˘˘ N Oô˘˘ a ø˘˘ WGƒ˘˘ e π˘˘ c ø˘˘ ˘e ¬˘˘ ˘H ¤~oŸG äƒ˘˘ ˘°üdG
»Ñ©°T âjƒ°üJ individual citizen in an election.
.äÉHÉîàf’G
Postal Vote/ Postal voting is another way of casting a ÚÑNÉæ∏d Iôaƒàe »gh ∂Jƒ°üH A’OEÓd iôNCG á≤jôW »g
Voting By Mail vote during an election and is available
~jÈdÉH/…~jôH ´GÎbG to registered electors on request, in some
¿G~∏H ‘ ÉeCG ;¿G~∏ÑdG ¢ ©H ‘ ,Ö∏£dG ~æY Ú∏éq °ùŸG
countries; some other countries have âjƒ˘°üà˘dÉ˘H ìÉ˘ª˘°ù∏˘d á˘°UÉ˘N äÉ˘Ñ˘∏˘£˘à˘e É˘¡˘j~˘∏˘ a ,iô˘˘NCG
special requirements to allow postal
voting, like handicap or other specified
¢VƒY .áæ«q ©e iôNCG ÜÉÑ°SCG hCG ábÉYE’G É¡æe ,…~jÈdG
reasons. Instead of going to a polling Iô°TÉÑe ´GÎb’G ábQh π°SôJ ,´GÎbG õcôe ¤EG ÜÉgòdG
station the ballot paper is sent direct to
the address of the voter's choice. The
IQÉ°TEG ÖNÉædG ™° j .ÖNÉædG ¬æ«q ©j …òdG ¿Gƒæ©dG ¤EG
voter marks his choice an send the ballot .¢UÉN ´GÎbG Öàμe ¤EG ábQƒdG π°Sôjh √QÉ«àNG ≈∏Y
to a specified Election Office.
Posters Large signs with the candidate’s name ,»HÉîàf’G ~©≤ŸGh í°TôŸG º°SG øª° àJ IÒÑc äÉeÓY
äÉ≤°ü∏e on them and the office they are seeking .Qƒ˘æ˘dG I~˘ª˘YCG hCG ò˘˘aGƒ˘˘æ˘ dG êÉ˘˘LR ≈˘˘∏˘ Y É˘˘¡˘ ©˘ °Vh ø˘˘μÁh
which can be put in windows and on
poles. Posters are good for increasing í°TôŸG º°SG ≈∏Y ±ô©àdG ¢Uôa áØYÉ° Ÿ I~«L äÉ≤°ü∏ŸG
name recognition of the candidate and .äÉ«FôŸG ô¶fG .´GÎb’G Ωƒ«H ÚÑNÉædG ÒcòJh
reminding people to vote.
See Visibility.
Potential Supporter A possible person who backs a politician kÉ˘Hõ˘M hCG kÉ˘q«˘°SÉ˘«˘ °S kÉ˘ ë˘ °Tô˘
q ˘e º˘˘Y~˘˘j ¿CG π˘˘ª˘ à˘ ë˘ j ¢üî˘
l ˘°T
πªàfi ~qjƒD e or a political party etc. ...ïdEG ,kÉq«°SÉ«°S
Power Sharing Power sharing arrangements are a ±~¡dG .»JGòdG ~j~ëàdG äÉYGõf π◊ áæμ‡ á≤jôW »g
á£∏°ùdG º°SÉ≤J potential means of solving self-
äÉYƒªÛG äÉeÉªàgÉH »ØJ »àdG äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG õjõ©J É¡æe
determination disputes. They aim to
promote practices and institutions, áª°ù≤ŸG
q AiOÉÑŸG ÚH ìÓ°U’G É¡fCÉ°T øe kÉ° jCGh .á«bô©dG
which, in one way or another, aim to .kÉ«bôY áª°ù≤ŸG
satisfy all major ethnic groups in society. q äÉj’ƒdG ‘ á«WGô≤Á~dGh IOGQE’G ájôM ‘
In this way such arrangements attempt
to reconcile the potentially divisive
principles of self-determination and
democracy in ethnically divided states.
Precinct The smallest district in relation to IôFG~∏d ¿ƒμj ÉÑdÉZh .äÉHÉîàf’ÉH ≥∏©àJ IôFGO ô¨°UCG »gh
á«HÉîàfG IôFGO elections. Cities and counties are divi- áª°ù≤e
q äÉ©WÉ≤ŸGh º°UGƒ©dG ¿ƒμJh .~MGh ´GÎbG õcôe
ded into precinct polling districts.
.á«HÉîàfG ôFGhO ¤EG
Precinct Captain An individual responsible for organizing èeÉfôHh ,Üõ◊G •É°ûf º«¶æJ øY ∫hDƒ°ùŸG ¢üî°ûdG ƒgh
á«HÉîàf’G IôFG~dG ÏHÉc the party activity, voter contact program .áæ«q ©e IôFGO ‘ á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dGh ,ÖNÉædÉH ∫É°üJ’G
and Election Day operation in a
particular precinct. Sometimes these øμÁh ,kÉYƒ£àe ¿ƒμj ¿CG ¢üî°ûdG Gò¡d øμÁ ÉfÉ«MCG
people are volunteers and sometimes .á«HÉîàf’G IôFG~dG ô¶fG .∂dòd ¬HÉîàfG
they are elected. See Precinct.
59 Precinct Information - Preset Events
Precinct Information Whatever information can be gathered :πãe ,áæ«©e á«HÉîàfG IôFGO øY É¡©ªL ºàj äÉeƒ∏©e …CG
IôFGO øY äÉeƒ∏©e about a particular precinct, such as voter
á≤HÉ°ùdG äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ÚYÎ≤ŸG ‹ÉªLEGh ÚÑNÉædG áªFÉb
á«HÉîàfG list, turnout from the last election, and
returns from the last election. .≥HÉ°ùdG ÜÉîàf’G øe äGƒ°UC’G á∏«°üMh
Preference Count An indicative sort and count of votes qºàJh .∫hCq ’G ÉgRôa ƒ∏àj äGƒ°UCÓd Rôah ‹’O ∞«æ°üJ
»∏«° ØJ Rôa following the primary vote count. The
‘ ,äÉq«∏° aCÓd ™jRƒqàdGh ,q‹hC’G äGƒ°UC’G Rôa Éàq«∏ªY
primary vote count and national distri-
bution of preferences are both conducted .âjƒ°üqàdG ÜÉH ¥ÓZEG ~©H ´GÎb’G IÒéM
at the polling booth once polling has
closed.
Preferential Distribution A system in which votes counted are ™jRƒJ IOÉYE’ ÉgRôa q” »àdG äGƒ°UC’G ≈∏Y ~ªà©j ΩÉ¶f ƒg
»∏«° ØJ ™jRƒJ used to redistribute the preferences of
»eÉ¶f ‘) õFÉa øY ¿ÓYE’G ±~¡H ,ÚÑNÉqædG äÓ«° ØJ
the electors to establish a winner (in
alternative vote and single non .(Ò«éqà∏d πHÉ≤dG ÒZ q…OôØdG ´GÎb’Gh ,πj~ÑdG ´GÎb’G
transferable vote systems).
Preferential Voting See Alternative Vote. .πj~H âjƒ°üJ ô¶fGoC

»∏«° ØJ ´GÎbG
Preliminary Election Election prior to general election in πéq °ùoj ’ ,áqeÉ©dG äÉHÉîàf’G πÑb …ôŒ äÉHÉîàfG »g
ájq ~«¡“ äÉHÉîàfG which no party affiliation is used, and
.Úë°TôŸG
q O~Y ¢ü«∏≤J É¡a~gh ,ÜõM q…’C ÜÉ°ùàfG É¡«a
conducted to reduce the number of
candidates.
Preliminary List of Lists of electors for which the data is ≈∏Y ¿ƒªFÉ≤dG º¡pJÉfÉ«H ™ªéj øjòdG ÚYÎ≤ŸG áëF’ »g
Electors gathered by enumerators or at registration
ÚYÎ≤ŸG áëF’ centres, normally done on the basis of a
á«q aGô¨L mI~Mh ¢SÉ°SCG ≈∏Y ,π«é°ùàq dG õcGôe hCG OG~©àq dG
ájq ~«¡ªàq dG small geographic unit during or imme- .kIô°TÉÑe É¡∏Ñb hCG äÉHÉîàf’G IÎa ∫ÓN ,kIOÉY IÒ¨°U
diately preceding the election period.
Provides a list of electors that ensures that
q¿CG ≈˘˘∏˘ Y ÚÑ˘˘NÉ˘˘æq ˘ dG ~˘˘«˘ cCÉ˘ J ÚYÎ≤ŸG á˘˘ë˘ ˘F’ ø˘˘ ª˘ ˘° Jh
voters are able to confirm that they are Gƒæqμªàj »c ,Öéj Éªc äÓé°ùdG q ‘ áLQ~e ºgAÉª°SCG
duly registered to vote in the next or
pending electoral event.
.á«q dÉ◊G hCG á∏Ñ≤ŸG äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ âjƒ°üàq dG øe
Preliminary Result Result that precedes or is introductory or IOÉY »JCÉJ ,ájÒ° ëàdG hCG ,áj~«¡ªàdG hCG ,á≤Ñ°ùŸG áé«àædG
áj~«¡“ áé«àf preparatory. Coming before and usually
.á≤M’ èFÉàæd áe~≤ªc
forming a necessary prelude to some-
thing else.
Pre-sselection The preselection process encompasses »ë°Tôe áYƒª› π«μ°ûJ ¬«ë°TôŸ Üõ◊G QÉ«àNG πª°ûj
≥Ñ°ùe QÉ«àNG the setting up of a pre-selection panel, πª©dGh ,º¡à∏HÉ≤eh Úë°TôŸG º««≤Jh ,QÉ«àN’G πÑb Ée
the assessment of candidates, interviews
with candidates and the setting up of a .áYƒªÛG √òg πÑpb øe ''õLƒe'' ôjô≤J ≈∏Y
so-called “briefing” report by the pre-
selection panel.
Preset Events Any event or large grouping of voters ¬ª«¶æJ ºàj ÚÑNÉæ∏d ÒÑc ~°ûM hCG ç~M …CG »æ©Jh
áª¶æe áeq ÉY äÉÑ°SÉæe organized outside the campaign, where á˘∏˘HÉ˘≤˘eh Qƒ˘° ◊G á˘∏˘ª˘ë˘ ∏˘ d ø˘˘μÁ å«˘˘M .á˘˘∏˘ ª◊G êQÉ˘˘N
/äÉYÉªàLG/É≤Ñ°ùe the campaign can go and meet voters.
áeÉ©dG äGô“DƒŸGh áeÉ©dG äÉ©ªéàdG qº° J »gh .ÚÑNÉædG
á≤Ñ°ùe áeÉY äÉYÉªàLG These can be parades, conventions, or
debates. These are often outside the Iô£«°S êQÉN ÖdÉ¨dG ‘ É¡©«ªL »gh IôXÉæŸG äÉÑ∏Mh
control of the campaign. See Created
Events. .äÉÑ°SÉæŸG ≥∏N ô¶fG .á«HÉîàf’G á∏ª◊G
60 Press - Primary Elections
Press Anyone working for a mass media ΩÓYE’Gh áaÉë°üdG ƒY~Jh á∏ª◊G ¬d §£îJ ç~M …CG
ΩÓYEGh áaÉë°U organization and who is writing or
á«° b øY hCG á∏ªM øY äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ≈∏Y ´ÓW’G áMÉJE’
otherwise commenting on the election
campaign. .áæ«©e
Press Conference An event planned by the campaign to ¬˘«˘dEG ≈˘Y~˘oj á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G á˘∏˘ª◊G π˘Ñ˘pb ø˘e §˘£fl ç~˘˘M
‘Éë°U ô“Dƒe which the press is invited with the
∫ƒM hCG á∏ª◊G ∫ƒM äÉeƒ∏©Ã ºg~jhõàd ¿ƒq«aÉë°üdG
purpose to providing information about
the campaign or on a particular issue. .áæ«©e á«° b
Press Packet A pack of information developed by the É˘¡˘e~˘≤˘Jh á˘∏˘ª◊G É˘gQƒ˘£˘J ,äÉ˘eƒ˘∏˘©ŸG ø˘˘e á˘˘¶˘ aÉ˘˘M »˘˘gh
á«eÓYEG á¶aÉM campaign and giving to the press to
øª° àJh .í°TôŸG øY ÌcCG äÉeƒ∏©e áMÉJE’ áaÉë°ü∏d
provide them with more information
about the candidate and the campaign. A ¬˘˘JQƒ˘˘°Uh í˘˘°TôŸG IÒ°S ÖdÉ˘˘¨˘ dG ‘ á˘˘«˘ eÓ˘˘YE’G á˘˘¶˘ aÉ◊G
press packet often includes a candidate
biography, a photo of the candidate, a
hCG Ö£ÿG hCG ¬ë«°TôJ øY ø∏©J »Øë°üdG ¿É«Ñ∏d áî°ùfh
copy of the press release announcing their ∞bGƒŸG ∫ƒM åëÑdG ¥GQhCG áë°Vƒe u á«aÉë°üdG äÉfÉ«ÑdG
candidacy or the speech, press releases
outlining various position papers, copies
á∏ª◊G É¡J~YCG »àdG I~«÷G á«eÓY’G á«£¨à∏d ï°ùf ™e
of good press the campaign has received, .á∏ª◊G äÉ«HOCG øe ï°ùfh
and copies of campaign literature.
Press Q&A An opportunity for the press to ask the äÉHÉLE’G »≤∏Jh á∏Ä°SC’G ¬«Lƒàd áaÉë°ü∏d á°Uôa »gh
áHƒLCGh á∏Ä°SCG :áaÉë°üdG candidate questions and receive answers. .í°TôŸG øe
Press Release Information provided by the campaign hCG Ú∏˘°SGô˘ª˘∏˘d á˘∏˘ª◊G É˘¡˘ ë˘ «˘ à˘ J »˘˘à˘ dG äÉ˘˘eƒ˘˘∏˘ ©ŸG »˘˘gh
/»Øë°U ÆÓH to reporters and others in the mass media Ée á«° b øY í°TôŸG ∞bƒe í°VƒJ ,ΩÓYE’G ‘ Ú∏eÉ©dG
presenting the candidates position on a
¿É«H particular issue or event. Press releases are á¨«°U ‘ ÉÑdÉZ á«Øë°üdG äÉZÓÑdG ÖàμJh ,ç~M hCG
often written in the form of a news story. .ájÈN á°üb
Press Secretary This is the individual in the campaign .ΩÓYE’G ™e πeÉ©àdG øY ∫hDƒ°ùe á∏ª◊G øe ¢üî°T ƒgh
áaÉë°üdG ÒJôμ°S organization responsible for dealing with
.áaÉë°üdGh ΩÓYE’G ô¶fG
the mass media. See Mass Media and
Press.
Primary Essentially, a “nominating election.” In a äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ ˘fG ‘ .''á«ë«°TÎdG äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G'' ƒ˘˘ g É˘˘ °SÉ˘˘ °SCG
á«dhCG äÉHÉîàfG presidential primary, the voters express a
choice among competing presidential
p
Ú°ùaÉæàŸG ÚH ºgQÉ«N øY ¿ƒYp Î≤ŸG ôqÑ©j á«dhCq ’G á°SÉFôdG
contenders. In the general election, the πμ°ûH QÉ«àN’G Qnô≤oj ,áeÉ©dG äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ .Ú«°SÉFôdG
final choice of office-holder is deter- .Éæg á∏ª©à°ùe ÜGõMC’G ¤EG äÉHÉ°ùàf’G .»FÉ¡f
mined. Party affiliations are used.
Primary Elections Primary election is the term used in É˘¡˘dÓ˘N ø˘e ¿ƒ˘Ñ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG Ú©˘j á˘«˘∏˘ NGO á˘˘«˘ dhCG äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ fG
/á«dhCG äÉHÉîàfG many countries for the elections which
will select the two parties presidential
GC ~ÑJ Ée~æY .äÉHÉîàf’G QÉªZ ¢Vƒÿ Üõ◊G »ë°Tôe
áj~«¡“ äÉHÉîàfG nomination. When the primary elections ÜÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ΩÉ˘Y ø˘e Ú©˘e ô˘¡˘°T ‘ á˘«˘dhC’G äÉ˘HÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ f’G
start in a specific month of election year
then it is called the “primary season”.
.''‹hCq G π°üa'' ≈ª°ùoj É¡æ«M
See Primary.
61 Print Media - Provisional Vote
Print Media Print media are independent newspapers øe πμ°T …CG hCG ,á∏≤à°ùŸG äÓÛGh ∞ë°üdG »æ©jh
/´ƒÑ£e ΩÓYEG and magazines or any other part of the
IQƒ˘°üdG hCG á˘ª˘∏˘μ˘dG Ω~˘˘î˘ à˘ °ùj …ò˘˘dG ,ΩÓ˘˘YE’G ∫É˘˘μ˘ °TCG
Ahô≤e mass media using the written word
and/or still pictures, as opposed to the …òdG ,ÊhÎμd’G ΩÓYE’G ÚHh ¬æ«H ≥jôØà∏d ,I~eÉ÷G
electronic media that use the spoken
word and/or video. See Electronic
ΩÓYE’G ô¶fG .ƒj~˘«˘Ø˘dG hCG á˘Yƒ˘ª˘°ùŸG á˘ª˘∏˘μ˘dG Ω~˘î˘à˘°ùj
Media and Mass Media. .ΩÓYE’G hCG ÊhÎμdE’G
Privacy Is the ability of a person to control the ¬H á≤∏©àŸG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ≈∏Y Iô£«°ùdG ‘ ¢üî°ûdG IQ~b
á«°Uƒ°üN availability of information about and
.É¡æY ∞°ûμdG hCG ¬dhÉæàe ‘ »àdGh
exposure of him- or herself.
Private Sector Refers to any non-governmental activity .ádh~dG ¥É£f êQÉN hCG »eƒμM ÒZ •É°ûf …CG ¬H ~°ü≤oj
¢UÉN ´É£b or sphere of control.
Proactive Campaign A campaign that has a strategy and a ∂∏J ≥«≤ëàd á£Nh á«é«JGÎ°SG É¡d »àdG á∏ª◊G »gh
á«bÉÑà°SGh á∏YÉa á∏ªM written plan to carry that strategy out. É˘˘¡˘ dÉ˘˘ª˘ YCG ∫h~˘˘L á˘˘∏˘ ª◊G √ò˘˘ g ™˘˘ ° J ,á˘˘ «˘ ˘é˘ ˘«˘ ˘JGÎ°S’G
This campaign sets the agenda in the
election and knows what to expect from .Ú°ùaÉæŸG øe É¡¡LGƒ«°S Ée ÉeÉ“ ∑Q~Jh äÉHÉîàfÓd
their opponents. See Reactive Campaign. .á∏©ØæŸG á∏ª◊G ô¶fG
Proceedings See Adjudication.

/äÉYRÉæŸG ‘ π°üØdG QGôb /(áªμfi) ºμM ô¶fG
/™FÉbh /äGAGôLEG/iƒYO á©LGôŸG á«dBG
/ä’hG~e/(´ÉªàLG) ô° fi
iƒY~dG Ò°S
Program The candidate or party’s program is
I~Y √ÉŒ ¬∏ª©«°S Ée ÚÑj ,í°TôŸG hCG Üõ◊G èeÉfôH ƒgh
èeÉfôH what they say they will do concerning ô˘¶˘fG .á˘dÉ˘°SQ ¢ù«˘˘d è˘˘eÉ˘˘fÈdGh .ÖNÉ˘˘æ˘ ∏˘ d á˘˘ª˘ ¡˘ e É˘˘jÉ˘˘° b
various issues important to the voters. A
program is not a message.
.»HÉîàf’G èeÉfÈdGh ádÉ°SôdG
See Message and Platform.
Proportional Properly related in size or degree or

hCG ,ºé◊G ™e áÑ°SÉæàe ábÓY ¬d ,áª∏μ∏d ≥«° dG ≈æ©ŸÉH
»Ñ°ùf other measurable characteristics. .¢SÉ«≤∏d á∏HÉb äÉØ°U …CG hCG ,áLQ~dG
Proportional Parties having representation in a legis-

ÜGõMC’G πμd π«ãªàdG ¿Éª°V ¤EG ±~¡j »HÉîàfG ΩÉ¶f
Representation lature in proportion to the number of »àdG äGƒ°UC’G áÑ°ùf ¢SÉ°SCG ≈∏Y á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG πNGO
»Ñ°ùf ΩÉ¶f/»Ñ°ùf π«ã“ their voters in the election.
.ÜõM πc É¡«∏Y π°üM
Protest Vote A vote for a third party candidate (who

ød ¬qfGC h~Ñj) ådÉK mÜõM øe í°Tôe q áë∏°üŸ âjƒ°üJ ƒg
/¢VQÉ©e âjƒ°üJ is not likely to win) that is meant to Úë˘˘°TôŸG
q ø˘˘e kAÉ˘˘«˘ à˘ °SG ¢ùμ˘˘©˘ jh ,(ìÉ˘˘é˘ ˘qæ˘ ˘dÉ˘˘ H π˘˘ s∏˘ ˘μ˘ ˘oj
»LÉéàMG âjƒ°üJ show displeasure with the mainstream
.I~FÉ°ùdG
candidates or parties. q ÜGõMC’G hCG øjô£«°ùŸG
Protocol A code of correct conduct related to the

.äÉHÉîàf’ÉH á°UÉÿG
q äGAGôL’ÉH §ÑJôe πªY ¥Éã«e
∫ƒcƒJhôH procedures of an Election.
Provisional Vote
See Tendered Ballot.
.É¡àë°üd áÑ°ùædÉH ¢SQ~dG ~«b âjƒ°üJ ábQh ô¶fG
/»àbh /âbDƒe äƒ°U
âsbƒD e ´GÎbG /»WÉ«àMG
62 Proxy - Punch-C
Card Voting
Proxy See Party Agent. .»HõM ~ªà©e/»HõM π«ch ô¶fG

Üõ◊G πã‡/¢VƒØe
q
Public Of or having to do with the people as a .πq μc Ö©°ûdÉH ábÓY ¬d Ée
Ωq ÉY whole.
Public Funding/ Funds provided by the government to ,ÜGõMC’Gh á°SÉFôdG »ë°Tôe ∫hÉæàe ‘ ΩÉ©dG πjƒªàdG ¿ƒμj
Public Financing reimburse expenses incurred by candi-
»eƒμM/qΩÉY πjƒ“ dates and political parties to seek election. .ÜÉîàf’G äÉ≤Øf ¢ jƒ©àd ∂dPh ,áeƒμ◊G πÑpb øe
Public Hearing Session at which citizens present their á˘Ä˘ «˘ ¡˘ dG ¤EG º˘˘gAGQBG ¿ƒ˘˘æ˘ WGƒŸG É˘˘¡˘ «˘ a Ω~q ˘ ≤˘ j á˘˘°ù∏˘˘L »˘˘g
áqeÉY ´Éªà°SG á°ù∏L views on a specific matter to a govern-
.áæ«q ©e á«q ° b ∫ƒM á«q eƒμ◊G
ment body.
Pull Making sure that voters who support the ¤EG í°Tôª∏d øj~jDƒŸG ÚÑNÉædG ÜÉgP øe ~qcÉC àdG »æ©Jh
Öë°S candidate go to the polls and vote for the º˘˘ ¡˘ ˘JGƒ˘˘ °UCÉ˘ ˘H A’OEÓ˘ ˘d O~ÙG Ωƒ˘˘ «˘ ˘dG ‘ ´GÎb’G õ˘˘ ˘cGô˘˘ ˘e
candidate on Election Day. The campaign
should do everything short of “pulling” ''Öë°ùd'' A»°T πc πª©J ¿CG á∏ªë∏d »¨Ñæjh .í°Tôª∏d
the voters to the polls. Generally only »˘¨˘Ñ˘æ˘j ,Ωƒ˘ª˘©˘dG ≈˘∏˘ Yh .´GÎb’G õ˘˘cGô˘˘e ¤EG ÚÑ˘˘NÉ˘˘æ˘ dG
supporters who have been identified
previously are encouraged to vote, except ÜÉgòdÉH kÉ≤HÉ°S ºg~j~– ” øjòdG øj~jDƒŸG §≤a ™«é°ûJ
in areas of extreme support. .≥∏£ŸG ~«jCÉàdG É¡«a ôaƒàj »àdG ≥WÉæŸG G~Y âjƒ°üàdG ¤EG
See GOTV and Blind Pull.
Öë°ùdGh âjƒ°üàdG ™«é°ûJ /∂Jƒ°U íæeG ô¶fG
.≈ªYC’G
Punch-C
Card Voting With punch card ballots, voters create .√QÉ«àNG ~j~ëàd ÖNÉædG É¡Ñ≤ãj ábQƒdG √òg ∫Éª©à°SG ~æY
´GÎb’G ábQh Ö≤ãH ´GÎbG holes in prepared ballot cards to indicate
their choices.
Q
63 Q&A - Quota
Q&A Questions and Answers. .áHƒLCGh á∏Ä°SCG :áaÉë°üdG ô¶fG .ÜGƒ÷Gh ∫GDƒ°ùdG »gh
áHƒLCGh á∏Ä°SCG See Press Q&A.
Qualification The qualities that are in a person and Ö°üæŸ í«°TÎdG Ë~≤àd ¢üî°ûdG πgDƒJ »àdG äÉØ°üdG
á«∏gCG/äÓgDƒe that might qualify him/her in the process
of demonstrating whether he /she is í˘FGƒ˘∏˘dG ‘ π˘«˘é˘°ùà˘˘∏˘ d á˘˘jQhô˘˘° dG •hô˘˘°ûdG -»˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ fG
capable of fulfilling specified require- .âjƒ°üàdG ≥M ≈∏Y ∫ƒ°üë∏d á«HÉîàf’G
ments to run for elections, or to register
to vote in an election...
Quick Count Results Results obtained through a quick count Ée~æY Ω~îà°ùJh ,™jô°S Rôa áq«∏ªY øY á«qJÉC àŸG èFÉàqædG »g
™jô°ùdG
q RôØdG èFÉàf process used where the collation of the
overall results can take a lengthy period. .kÓjƒW kÉàbh ¥ô¨à°ùJ áq«dÉªLE’G èFÉàqædG ¿ƒμJ
Quota A number or percentage, especially of a äÉ˘Yƒ˘ªÛG hCG »˘°ùæ÷G ´ƒ˘˘æ˘ dG ø˘˘e Ó˘˘ã˘ e ,á˘˘Ñ˘ °ùf hCG O~˘˘Y
/á≤Ñ°ùŸG ¢ü°ü◊G ΩÉ¶f certain gender or ethnic group or
π˘˘bC’G ~◊G π˘˘μ˘ °ûj ,ÚehôÙG hCG äÉ˘˘«˘ ∏˘ bC’G hCG á˘˘«˘ æ˘ ˘K’G
ÉJƒc/á«Ñ°ùf ¢ü°üM minority or unprivileged people, consti-
tuting a required or targeted minimum so ~YÉ≤ŸG áa~¡à°ùŸG áYƒªÛG ÓC ªàd ±~¡à°ùŸGh Üƒ∏£ŸG
that the targeted groups fill the assigned
number of seats.
.O~©dG IO~ÙG á«HÉîàf’G
R
64 Race - Referendum
Race An election campaign is often compared ≥HÉ°ùàj å«M ,¥ÉÑ°ùdÉH ÉÑdÉZ á«HÉîàf’G á∏ª◊G ¿QÉ≤J
¥ÉÑ°S to a running race in which candidates
.äÉHÉîàf’G ¢VƒN Ö≤Y »HÉîàfG ~©≤Ã RƒØ∏d ¿ƒë°TôŸG
“run for office.” See Running for
Office. .í°TÎdG/~©≤ª∏d
q »°ùaÉæàdG ¥ÉÑ°ùdG ô¶fG
Ratified Formal approval by voters or other persons á˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùd º˘gÒZ hCG ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG π˘Ñ˘pb ø˘e á˘«˘ ª˘ °SQ á˘˘≤˘ aGƒ˘˘e
ΩÈe/¬«∏Y ¥~q °üe of proposed policies, laws, or decisions.
.äGQGôb hCG ,ÚfGƒb hCG ,áMÎ≤e
Reactive Campaign A campaign that spends its resources á«°VQC’G ‘ OhOô∏d ÉgOQGƒe ~Øæà°ùJ »àdG á∏ª◊G »g
á∏©Øæe á∏ªM responding to the political landscape
√òg .á«HÉîàf’G á∏ª◊G ∫ÓN ç~ëj Ée hCG ,á«°SÉ«°ùdG
and what happens during the campaign.
This is a campaign that lacks a plan, is IôqNÉC àe kÉªFGO ¿ƒμJh ,§«£îàdG ¤EG ô≤àØJ »àdG á∏ª◊G
always behind and cannot set the agen- .∫ÉªYCG ∫h~L ™°Vh É¡©°SƒH ¢ù«dh
da. See Proactive Campaign.
.á«bÉÑà°SGh á∏YÉa á∏ªM ô¶fG
Recheck A recheck is a normal procedure under- ôj~e πÑpb øe …OÉY ôeCG á©LGôŸG IOÉYEG á«∏ªY ¿ƒμJ
¢üëØdG /á©LGôŸG IOÉYEG taken by an election manager before a
πc ¢üë˘Ø˘oJ .»˘∏˘«˘° Ø˘à˘dG ~˘©˘dG AGô˘LEG π˘Ñ˘b äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G
preference count is conducted. All ballot
papers are re-examined and counted kÉª∏Y ¿hòNCÉjh ¿ƒ≤qb~ŸG ô° ëj .Égq~Y OÉ©ojh ká«fÉK ¥GQhC’G
again. Scrutineers are entitled to be pres-
ent and should be aware of any correct-
~˘©˘ dÉ˘˘H A~˘˘Ñ˘ dG π˘˘Ñ˘ b Dhô˘˘£˘ J (á˘˘«˘ ª˘ bQ) äÉ˘˘ë˘ «˘ ë˘ °üJ …CÉ˘ H
ed figures before a preference count is Rôa IOÉYEG IQÉÑ©H IQÉÑ©dG √òg §∏N Rƒéj ’ .»∏«° ØàdG
commenced. (This term should not be .äGƒ°UC’G
confused with the term “Recount”).
Recount A second or further count of votes in an RôØdG èFÉàf âfÉc GPEG á°UÉN ,á«aÉ°VEG äGƒ°UCG Rôa á«∏ªY
äGƒ°UC’G Rôa IOÉYEG election.
.áHQÉ≤àe ∫hC’G
Redistribution A new arrangement of the electoral divi- ~©H á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG Oh~M í«ë°üJ hCG ~j~– IOÉYEG
ôFGh~dG ™«£≤J IOÉYEG sions in a state or territory with the result äGÒ«¨àdG ôFGh~dG ¢ùμ©J »μd ¿Éμ°ù∏d AÉ°üMEÉH ΩÉ«≤dG
™jRƒJ IOÉYEG /á«HÉîàf’G that the boundaries of some existing
¿É÷ ¤EG á˘˘«˘ ∏˘ ª˘ ©˘ dG √ò˘˘g ~˘˘¡˘ ©˘ J .á˘˘∏˘ ˘°UÉ◊G á˘˘ «˘ ˘fÉ˘˘ μ˘ ˘°ùdG
divisions are changed.
¤EG ´Éªà°SÓd äÉ°ù∏L ≈∏Y ô¡°ùJ á∏≤à°ùe á°ü°üîàe
.á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG §FGôN áZÉ«°U ~«©Jh Ú°üàıG
Redistricting The process by which individual states Oh~M πj~©J IOÉYEG á«∏ª©H IOôØæŸG äÉj’ƒdG ¢ ©H Ωƒ≤J
/á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG πj~©J redraw district boundaries to adjust for äGÒ«˘¨˘ à˘ dG ™˘˘e ∞˘˘«˘ μ˘ à˘ à˘ d ∂dPh á˘˘«˘ HÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ f’G ô˘˘FGh~˘˘dG
á«HÉîàf’G IôFG~dG º°SQ IOÉYEG changes in the population.
.¿Éμ°ù∏d »ª°SôdG AÉ°üM’G Ö°ùM á«fÉμ°ùdG
Redivision The redrawing of electoral boundaries to ÚÑ˘NÉ˘f O~˘Y ¿É˘ª˘ ° d á˘˘«˘ HÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ f’G Oh~◊G ~˘˘j~– IOÉ˘˘YEG
º«°ù≤J IOÉYEG ensure that there are, as near as possible,
.IôFGO πc ‘ ,¿Éμe’G Q~b ≈∏Y ,mhÉ°ùàe
equal numbers of voters in each electorate.
Referendum The legal process of submitting to the ìGÎbG ∫ƒÑ≤H âjƒ°üàdG ≥jôW øY ÚæWGƒŸG IQÉ°ûà°SG
AÉàØà°SG voters for their approval or rejection of
IQÉ°ûà°S’ AÉàØà°S’G ¤EG áeƒμ◊G ÉC é∏J .¬° aQ hCG O~fi
proposed state of local laws or constitu-
tional amendments. ìGÎbG ¢ aQ hCG ,ìGÎbG hCG ,áæ«©e á«° b ∫ƒM ÚæWGƒŸG
.…Qƒà°SO πj~©J hCG »∏fi ¿ƒfÉb
65 Register of Electors - Representative Democracy
Register of Electors It is a database of citizens who are qual- …ƒàëj .âjƒ°üà∏d Ú∏gDƒŸG ÚæWGƒŸG äÉfÉ«H I~YÉb ƒg
/ÚÑNÉædG qπé°S ified to vote. It contains basic informa-
,¿Gƒæ©dGh ,º°S’Éc ,Oôa πc øY á«°SÉ°SCG äÉeƒ∏©e ≈∏Y
Ö£°ûdG íFGƒd tion about each person - name, address,
.IO’ƒdG ïjQÉJh ,¢ùæ÷Gh
sex and date of birth.
Registered Political In order for a political party to become ÖLƒàj ,π«é°ùàdG øe »°SÉ«°ùdG Üõ◊G øμªàj »μd
Party registered it should submit its legal
πqé°ùe »°SÉ«°S ÜõM papers to the government. Once the infor-
√òg øe ~cCÉàdG ~©H .áeƒμë∏d á«ª°SôdG ¬bGQhCG Ë~≤J ¬«∏Y
mation on the application is verified and .Üõ◊G π«é°ùJ ºàj ,É¡dƒÑbh ¥GQhC’G
accepted, the party becomes eligible to
be registered.
Registration Registering the names of eligible electors ‘ º¡æY äÉeƒ∏©ŸGh ÚÑNÉædG π«é°ùJ hCG ~««≤J á«∏ªY
‘ π«é°ùàdG/~««≤àdG and relevant information on a list of electors.
.âjƒ°üà∏d Ú∏gDƒe GƒëÑ°ü«d á«HÉîàf’G íFGƒ∏dG
á«HÉîàf’G íFGƒ∏dG
Registration Center A setting where registration takes place .¬Lƒd kÉ¡Lh π«é°ùqàdG ¬«a …ôéj ¿Éμe ƒg
~«≤dG/π«é°ùqàdG õcôe in a face-to-face setting.
Registration of Parties The act of enrolling political parties and ácQÉ°ûª∏d Úë°TôŸGh á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMC’G π«é°ùJ øμªoj
and Candidates candidates to participate in the elections,
º¡JGAÉ° eEG º«∏°ùJh º¡JÓgDƒe ¢SÉ°SCG ≈∏Y äÉHÉîàf’ÉH
ÜGõMC’G π«é°ùJ on the basis of eligibility criteria and
Úë°TôŸGh submitted signatures and deposits. .º¡JÉYG~jEGh
Registration of Voters The act of entering voters in the voters .íFGƒ∏dG ‘ ÚÑNÉædG AÉª°SCG êGQOEG ≈∏Y πª©dG ƒg
ÚÑNÉædG π«é°ùJ lists. Also known as Enrolment.
Rejected Ballot A rejected ballot is one that has made its ´GÎb’G ¥h~æ°U ‘ â©°Vho ~b ¿ƒμJ »àdG ábQƒdG »g
I~©Ñà°ùe ábÉ£H way into the ballot box but has been
≈∏Y º°SƒJ
n ⁄ hCG ÉC £N á≤jô£H âª°Sho É¡fC’ â° aQo øμdh
rejected because it was improperly
marked, or was not marked at all when a ÒZ ábQh :»g ábQh ¢ aôd á©FÉ°ûdG ÜÉÑ°SC’G .¥ÓW’G
mark was required. The most common
criteria to reject a ballot are: ballot with
Éªæ«H ÜõM hCG í°Tôe øe ÌcC’ áeƒ°Sƒe ábQh ;áeƒ°Sƒe
no mark; ballot with mark for more than ;ÖLGƒ˘˘dG ƒ˘˘g ~˘˘ MGh Üõ˘˘ M hCG ~˘˘ MGh í˘˘ °Tô˘˘ e QÉ˘˘ «˘ ˘à˘ ˘NG
one candidate/political party/option
when only one was supposed to be cho-
;ábQƒdG º°Sƒd ≈£©oŸG »°SÉ°SC’G º∏≤dG ÒZ º∏b ∫Éª©à°SG
sen; ballot marked with a type of pen or ÒZ áeÓY ;´GÎb’G õcôŸ áÑ°ùædÉH á«ª°SQ ÒZ áeÓY
pencil other than the one provided at the áaô©e øμªjo πμ°ûH áeÓY É¡«∏Y â©°Vho ábQh ;ájOÉY
polling station; unofficial mark accord-
ing to the law; unusual marks; ballot É¡H ±Î©ŸG IôFG~dG êQÉN áeƒ°Sƒe ábQh hCG ;É¡æe ÖNÉædG
marked so the voter could be identified; .äÉHÉîàfÓd
or ballot marked in a location prohibited
by legislation (outside the circle, etc...).
Remote Internet Voting The ability to vote from anywhere an hCG â«ÑdÉc Iôaƒàe âfÎfEG áμÑ°T …CG øe âjƒ°üàdG IQ~b
ÈY »FÉædG âjƒ°üàdG internet connection is available, such as .ÖàμŸG
âfÎf’G home or office.
Representative A government in which the adult citi- Gƒ¨∏H øjòdG ádhq~dG ƒæWGƒe É¡«∏Y ´Î≤j áeƒμëH πqãªàJ
Democracy zens of the country vote to elect the A’Dƒg òîàq jh .OÓÑdG IOÉb ÜÉîàfG πLCG øe ~°TqôdG qø°S
á«q ∏«ã“ á«q WGô≤ÁO country’s leaders. These elected leaders
.áq«eƒμ◊G äGQGô≤dG ¿ƒÑnîàæŸG IOÉ≤dG
make the governmental decisions.
66 Research - Running for Office
Research All the information that will influence »àdGh ,ÜÉîàf’G Gòg ‘ ôKDƒà°S »àdG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG πc »g
åëÑdG/çƒëÑdG this election that your campaign can
~YGƒb äÉ˘eƒ˘∏˘©ŸG ø˘ª˘° à˘J ~˘bh .É˘¡˘©˘ª˘L á˘∏˘ª˘ë˘∏˘d ø˘μÁ
find. This may include information
about the election rules, the district, the á˘≤˘HÉ˘°ùdG äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’Gh ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dGh ô˘FGh~˘dGh äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G
voters, past elections, this election, your
candidate and any viable opponents.
Ú°ùaÉæŸGh ∂ë°Tôe øY äÉeƒ∏©eh ,πÑ≤ŸG ÜÉîàf’Gh
Research is the first step in putting ™˘˘°Vƒ˘˘d ¤hC’G Iƒ˘˘£ÿG »˘˘g çƒ˘˘ë˘ Ñ˘ dG AGô˘˘LEGh .AÉ˘˘jƒ˘˘ bC’G
together a campaign strategy and plan. .á£ÿGh á∏ª◊G á«é«JGÎ°SG
Resident Someone who lives at a particular place øe á∏jƒW I~Ÿ øq«©e ¿Éμe ‘ ¢û«©j …òdG ¢üî°ûdG
º«≤e for a prolonged period or who was born
.¿ÉμŸG Gòg ‘ ~dho …òdG OôØdG hCG ,øeõdG
there .
Results Information as to the successful candi- hCG Úë˘°TôŸG

q ø˘e kGRƒ˘a Rô˘MCG ønÃ ≥˘q∏˘©˘ à˘ J äÉ˘˘eƒ˘˘∏˘ ©˘ e »˘˘g
èFÉàf date or candidates or party or parties. .ÜGõMC’G
Returning Officer A returning officer is responsible for the äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘ f’G Ò° – ø˘˘Y ∫hDƒ˘ °ùe ƒ˘˘g ÜÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ f’G Qƒ˘˘eCÉ˘ e
/´GÎb’G Öàμe ¢ù«FQ preparation and conduct of an election .áæq«©e áq«HÉîàfG IôFGO ‘ É¡FGôLEGh
ÜÉîàf’G QƒeCÉe in a specific electoral district.
Rhetoric The ability to use language effectively. á¨dÉÑŸG ∫Éª©à°SG ,á«dÉ©ØH á¨∏dG ∫Éª©à°SG ≈∏Y IQ~≤dG
áZÓH The undue use of exaggeration or dis- ∫É˘ª˘©˘à˘°SG ∫Ó˘N ø˘e Ò¨˘dG ≈˘∏˘Y ÒKÉ˘à˘dG ø˘˘a .¢Vô˘˘n©˘ dGh
play. The art of influencing others
through the use of words. The use of .Ú«°SÉ«°ùdG ÚH ™FÉ°T øØdG Gòg .äÉª∏μdG
rhetoric is common among politicians.
Roll See Electoral List. .á«HÉîàfG áëF’ ô¶fG

áªFÉb
Rule of Finite Resources Every decision to do something is a deci- Ω~©H QGôb ¬°ùØf âbƒdG ‘ ƒg Ée πª©d QGôb …CG ¿CG »æ©Jh
IOh~ÙG OQGƒŸG I~YÉb sion not to do something else. Every
,OQGƒŸG øe Oh~fi O~Y á∏ªM πμ∏a .ôNBG A»°T πªY
campaign has a limited number of each
of the resources, time, money and peo- QGô˘≤˘dG ò˘î˘à˘ J ¿CG »˘˘¨˘ Ñ˘ æ˘ jh .ô˘˘°ûÑ˘˘dGh ∫ÉŸGh ø˘˘eõ˘˘dG »˘˘gh
ple, and must make decisions about how
to use those resources. It is therefore
¿ƒμj ¿CG º¡ŸG øe ~©j ∂dòc ,OQGƒŸG ∂∏J ∫Ó¨à°S’
important to have a written campaign .á«é«JGÎ°S’G í°VƒJ áHƒàμe á∏ªM á£N ∂d
plan which lays out the strategy.
Ruling Party The party that becomes the administra- .á«Ñ∏ZC’G ∂∏àÁ hCG á£∏°ùdG ‘ »°SÉ«°ùdG Üõ◊G
ºcÉM ÜõM tive and policymaking center of the
government.
Run The act of campaigning for elective .»eƒμM Ö°üæe πLCG øe á«HÉîàfG á∏ªëH ΩÉ«≤dG
í°TÎdG/äÉHÉîàf’G
q ¢VƒN office.
Run Off In certain systems, an election held to øe ~j~ëàd ÜÉîàfG AGôLEG ºàj Ée~æY ,áª¶fC’G ¢ ©H ‘
¥ÉÑ°ù∏d ~j~L ¥Ó£fG determine a winner with a majority of
ø˘e …CG π˘°üë˘j ’ É˘ª˘æ˘«˘Mh ,ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG á˘«˘Ñ˘∏˘ ZCÉ˘ H õ˘˘FÉ˘˘Ø˘ dG
the votes when none of the candidates
received a majority in the first round. ¿EÉa ,¤hC’G IQh~dG ‘ ÚÑNÉædG á«Ñ∏ZCG ≈∏Y Úë°TôŸG
The top two candidates who received äGƒ°UC’G á«Ñ∏ZCÉH áªFÉ≤dG ≈∏YCG ÓàMG øjò∏dG Úë°TôŸG
the most votes in the first round will run
in the run-off election. .~j~L ¥ÉÑ°S ‘ ¿É≤∏£æ«°S ¤hC’G IQh~dG ‘
Running for Office An election campaign is often compared å«˘M ,¥É˘Ñ˘°ùdG á˘Ñ˘∏˘ë˘H É˘Ñ˘dÉ˘Z á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G á˘∏˘ª◊G ¿QÉ˘˘≤˘ J
/~©≤ª∏d »°ùaÉæJ ¥ÉÑ°S to a running race in which candidates
.¥ÉÑ°ùdG ô¶fG .~©≤ŸÉH RƒØ∏d ¿ƒë°TôŸG ≥HÉ°ùàj
í°TÎdG “run for office.” See Race.
q
S
67 Salvaged Votes - Semi-P
Proportional System
Salvaged Votes The votes of a dropped candidate. These √òg q¿GC ÒZ .á°ùaÉæŸG IôFGO øe êôN m í°Tôe
q äGƒ°UCG »g
IOq Î°ùe äGƒ°UCG votes are not dropped, they are salvaged
‹Éàq dG QÉ«ÿG ¤EG ∫ƒëo
q Jh Oq Î°ùJ πH ,≈¨∏oJ ’ äGƒ°UC’G
and transferred to the next choice on
each ballot. .´GÎb’G ábQh ≈∏Y
Sampling of Results A small part of the results intended as .πμdG π«ã“ ¤EG ±~¡j èFÉàædG øe Ò¨°U AõL
èFÉàædG øe äÉæ«q Y QÉ«àNG representative of the whole.
Scheduler The person in the campaign responsible á∏ªë∏d ΩÉ©dG πé°ùdG øY ∫hDƒ°ùe á∏ª◊G øe ¢üî°T ƒg
∫ph~néoe for keeping the campaign calendar, the
≈˘˘∏˘ Y Oô˘˘dGh í˘˘°Tô˘˘ª˘ ∏˘ d »˘˘æ˘ eõ˘˘dG π˘˘é˘ °ùdGh á˘˘ eÉ˘˘ fRhô˘˘ dGh
candidate’s calendar and responding to
invitations. .äGƒY~dG
Scrutineer A person appointed by a candidate to ¥GQhCG ~q ˘Yh ≥˘«˘b~˘à˘dh äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G á˘Ñ˘bGôŸ í˘°TôŸG ¬˘æ˘«˘©˘jo
≥qb~e observe voting and the scrutiny and
Ö°ùM Ò°ùJ äÉHÉîàf’G ¿CÉH ´ÉæàbÓd ∂dPh ´GÎb’G
count of ballot papers to satisfy their
candidate that the poll was conducted .¿ƒfÉ≤dG
strictly in accordance with the law.
Scrutiny The checking and counting of ballot è˘FÉ˘˘à˘ f ø˘˘e ≥˘˘q≤˘ ë˘ à˘ ∏˘ d ´GÎb’G äÉ˘˘bÉ˘˘£˘ H q~˘ Yh á˘˘©˘ LGô˘˘e
≥«b~J papers to ascertain the result of an
.äÉHÉîàf’G
election.
Seat Another term for division; used because ÖîàæŸG í°Tôª∏d ¿C’ πª©à°ùoJ ;º«°ù≤J áª∏μd ôNBG ÒÑ©J
~©≤e the candidate elected then has a seat in
.¿ÉŸÈdG ‘ ~©≤e
parliament.
Seat Allocation In the context of elections, the process á˘«˘©˘ª÷G ‘ ~˘YÉ˘≤ŸG ™˘˘jRƒ˘˘J ƒ˘˘g ,äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ f’G ¥É˘˘«˘ °S ‘
~YÉ≤ŸG ™jRƒJ of distributing the seats in a legislative
¢SÉ°SCG ≈∏Y Úë°TôŸG hCG á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMCÓd á«©jô°ûàdG
assembly to political parties or candi-
dates on the basis of the number of votes .É¡«∏Y Gƒ∏°üM »àdG äGƒ°UC’G O~Y
they have obtained.
Second Ballot Electoral See Two-Round System. .ÚJQhO ≈∏Y …ÌcCG ΩÉ¶f ô¶fG
System
´GÎbÓd »HÉîàfG ΩÉ¶f
ÊÉãdG
Secret Ballot Principle of voting that ensures that no √QÉ˘«˘à˘NG á˘jô˘°S ´Î≤˘ª˘∏˘d ø˘ª˘° j …ò˘dG ÜÉ˘î˘à˘f’G CG~˘Ñ˘ e
/âjƒ°üàdG ájô°S one will know which political party or .í°Tôª∏d hCG »°SÉ«°ùdG Üõë∏d
…ô°ùdG ´GÎb’G candidate the voter has chosen.
Semi-P
Proportional Semi-PR systems are those which inher- ~YÉ≤ŸG O~©H äGƒ°UC’G kÉ°SÉ°SCG ºLÎj …òdG ΩÉ¶ædG ƒg
System ently translate votes cast into seats won
»Ñ°ùf ∞°üf ΩÉ¶f in a way that falls somewhere between
ÚH ™≤J á«Ñjô≤J á≤jôW ¤EG ÉC é∏jh ¿ƒë°TôŸG É¡H RÉa »àdG
the proportionality of Proportional .…O~©àdG …ÌcC’G ΩÉ¶ædG ájÌcCGh »Ñ°ùædG ΩÉ¶ædG á«Ñ°ùf
Representation (PR) systems and the
majoritarianism of plurality-majority
systems.
68 Silent Elector - Single Member Plurality (SMP)
Silent Elector An elector who believes that having πμ°û«°S áëFÓdG ≈∏Y ¬ª°SG OƒLh ¿CG ´Î≤ŸG Gòg ~≤à©j
âeÉ°U ´Î≤e their name on the roll will place their
πé°ùj ¿CG øμÁh ¬Jô°SCG OGôaCG ≈∏Yh ¬«∏Y kÉ«°üî°T kGô£N
personal safety or that of members of
their family at risk can apply to have .qπé°ùdG ≈∏Y ¬fGƒæY RGôHEG ¿hO ¬ª°SG
their address not shown on the roll.
Single Mandate An election district in which one candi- ’EG RƒØj ’ å«M ,~MGh ~©≤e äGP á«HÉîàfG IôFGO »gh
/~MGh ~¡Y/I~MGh áj’h date will win the position sought in this
.á∏ª◊G ¬∏LCG øe ≈©°ùJ …òdG ~©≤ŸÉH í°Tôe
OôØe ~©≤e campaign.
Single Member District An electoral district which sends a sin- .á«eƒμ◊G á«©ª÷G ‘ m~MGhm ¢üî°ûH πãªoJ á«HÉîàfG IôFGO
/~MGh ƒ° Y äGP IôFGO gle person to represent it in a govern-
π«ã“ ¤EG …ODƒj ’ ΩÉ¶ædG Gòg ¿CG ¤EG Éæg IQÉ°TE’G Q~éj
ájOôa IôFGO mental assembly. The point is made that
this system may not lead to as broad rep- I~©H πsãªjo …òdG ôFGh~dG ΩÉ¶f ¢ùμ©H äÉ«∏bC’G ΩÉªàgG
resentation of minority interests as sys-
tems by which districts select several
.¢UÉî°TCG
people to represent them.
Single Member As in the Single Member Plurality ÌcCÓd RƒØdG ΩÉ¶f hCG ~MGh ~©≤Ã »Ñ∏ZC’G ΩÉ¶ædG ‘ Éªc
Majority System (SMP) or the first Past the Post (FPTP)
~MGh ~©≤Ã …ÌcCG ΩÉ¶f system, the country, in the Single
~©≤Ã …ÌcC’G ΩÉ¶ædG ™Ñàj …òdG ~∏ÑdG º°ù≤ n oj ,kÉJGƒ°UCG
Member Majority System (SMM), is kGƒ° Y ÖîàæJ ÉgQh~H »àdG á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG¤EG ~MGh
also divided into constituencies and
each constituency returns only one
≈∏Y ∫ƒ°ü◊G Éæg õFÉØdG ≈∏Yh .á«æWƒdG á«©ªé∏d kG~MGh
member to the National Assembly. ¬«∏Y ÖLƒàj ,ôNBG k≈æ©Ã .äGƒ°UC’G øe á≤∏£ŸG á«Ñ∏ZC’G
However, the winner must obtain an
absolute majority of votes in the con-
.ÚbÉÑdG Úë°TôŸÉH káfQÉ≤e äGƒ°UC’G ÌcCG ≈∏Y ∫ƒ°ü◊G
stituency in the (SMM). In other words, AGô˘LEG OÉ˘©˘ oj É˘˘g~˘˘æ˘ Y ,∂dP ø˘˘e í˘˘°TôŸG
n ø˘˘μ˘ ª˘ à˘ j ⁄ GPEG
he/she must obtain more votes than the
combined votes of all the other candi-
äÉHÉîàf’G øe ¿ƒë°TôŸG É¡«a iQÉÑàjh ká«fÉK äÉHÉîàf’G
dates. If no candidate is able to secure an í˘˘°TôŸG ¿É˘˘ª˘ ° d iô˘˘NCG äGAGô˘˘ LGE ò˘˘ NDƒ˘ ˘J hCG á˘˘ ≤˘ ˘HÉ˘˘ °ùdG
absolute majority of votes, then either a .á≤∏£ŸG á«Ñ∏ZC’G ≈∏Y ∫ƒ°ü◊G
re-run is provided for in which the per-
mitted number of candidates from the
earlier poll are allowed to contest or
some other arrangement is put in place
to ensure that the winner in the end does
command an absolute majority.
Single Member Single Member Plurality works with »æ©jh ,~MGh ~©≤Ã IôFG~dG ΩÉ¶f ™e ΩÉ¶ædG Gòg πª©j
Plurality (SMP) single-member districts, meaning geo-
~MGh ~©≤Ã »Ñ∏ZCG ΩÉ¶f graphically-defined districts that send
¤EG kG~MGh kÓã‡ π°SôJ kÉ«aGô¨L IO~ÙG IôFG~dG ¿CG ∂dP
one representative to a legislature. á˘æ˘«˘©˘e Iô˘FGO ‘ ¿ƒ˘YÎ≤ŸG Öî˘à˘æ˘j .á˘«˘©˘jô˘°ûà˘dG á˘Ä˘ «˘ ¡˘ dG
Voters in a given district cast one vote
for their favorite candidate, and the can-
ÌcCG ≈∏Y π°üëj …òdG ƒg õFÉØdGh ,π° ØŸG º¡ë°Tôe
didate receiving the most votes is elect- øe Úà∏°ù∏°S ¢SÉ°SCG ≈∏Y ΩÉ¶ædG Gòg πª©jh .äGƒ°UC’G
ed. This system commonly works in a
series of two elections, in which primar-
πμd í°TôŸG O~– »àdG á«dhC’G »g ¤hC’G ,äÉHÉîàf’G
ies are held to determine a nominee from ø˘jõ˘FÉ˘Ø˘dG ¢Vô– »˘à˘dG á˘«˘eƒ˘ª˘©˘ dG »˘˘g á˘˘«˘ fÉ˘˘ã˘ dGh ,Üõ˘˘M
each major party, followed by a general .¢ ©ÑdG º¡° ©H ~°V ÚdhC’G
election that pits the primary winners
against one another.
69 Single Non-TTransferable Vote - Sound Trucks
Single Non-TTransferable A voting system under which each elec- OƒLh øe ºZôdÉH kG~MGh kÉJƒ°U ÖNÉædG íæÁ âjƒ°üJ ΩÉ¶f
Vote tor has one vote even though there are
ÒZ …Oôa äƒ°U/´GÎbG multiple seats to be filled. Those candi-
≈∏YCG ≈∏Y ¿ƒ∏°UÉ◊G ¿ƒë°TôŸG .IôZÉ°T IO~©àe ~YÉ≤e
Ò«éà∏d πHÉb dates with the highest vote totals fill .õcGôŸG √òg ¿ƒ∏¨°ûj øjòdG ºg äGƒ°UCG áÑ°ùf
these positions.
Single Party System Only one political party is legally .ºμ◊G ≈∏Y ô£«°ùj ¿CG ~MGh »°SÉ«°S Üõ◊ ≥ëj ,kÉ«fƒfÉb
~MGƒdG Üõ◊G ΩÉ¶f allowed to hold effective power.
¿CG É¡«∏©a ,OƒLƒdÉH ájƒfÉK ÜGõMC’ ìÉª°ùdG øe ºZôdÉHh
Although minor parties may sometimes
be allowed, they are legally required to ¬˘˘HÉ˘˘°ûà˘˘ j ’ Üõ◊G Gò˘˘ g .º˘˘ cÉ◊G Üõ◊G IOÉ˘˘ «˘ ˘b π˘˘ Ñ˘ ˘≤˘ ˘J
accept the leadership of the dominant ∂∏J øe ºgCG ~YÉ≤e ≈∏Y ¬FGƒàMG øe ºZôdÉH áeƒμ◊ÉH
party. This party may not always be,
however, identical to the government, .áeƒμ◊G ‘ »àdG
although sometimes positions within the
party may in fact be more important than
positions within the government.
Single Transferable Vote Uses multi-member districts, with voters ÚYÎ≤ŸGh ~YÉ≤ŸG IO~©àŸG ôFGh~dG ´GÎb’G Gòg πª©à°ùj
πHÉb …Oôa äƒ°U/´GÎbG ranking candidates in order of prefer-
á˘«˘∏˘° aC’G π˘°ù∏˘°ùJ Ö°ùM Úë˘°TôŸG ¿ƒ˘Ñ˘î˘à˘æ˘ j ø˘˘jò˘˘dG
âjƒ°üàdG/Ò«éà∏d ence on the ballot paper in the same
IQh~dG /äGQÉ«ÿG ≈∏Y manner as the Alternative Vote. ø˘μ˘ ªŸG ø˘˘e .πj~ÑdG âjƒ˘°üà˘dG ‘ É˘ª˘c …QÉ˘«˘ à˘ N’G
Preference marking is optional and vot-
äGQÉ«àNEÓd áª°SÉ◊G ers are not required to rank-order all
äGƒ°UC’G OG~©J ~©H .~MGh í°TôŸ q âjƒ°üJ áeÓY AÉ£YEG
candidates. If they wish they can mark .ÉJƒμdG ™°VƒH q~©dG GC ~Ñj ,∫hCq ’G q»∏«° ØqàdG ´GÎb’G ‘
only one. After the total number of first
preferential votes are counted the count
begins by establishing the quota.
Single-S
Seat Election The election of one person from a field .Úë°TôŸG
q ±ƒØ°U ÚH øe ~MGhm ¢üî°T ÜÉîàfG πª°ûJ
~MGƒdG ~©≤ŸG äÉHÉîàfG of candidates.
Slogan This is a short phrase that voters may hCG í°TôŸG ~j~ëàH ÚÑNÉædG ôcòJ ~b áÑ° à≤e IQÉÑY ƒgh
QÉ©°T remember to identify the candidate or
.ádÉ°SôdG ƒg ¢ù«d QÉ©°ûdGh .á∏ª◊G
campaign. A slogan is not a message.
Soft Money See Hard Money/Soft Money. .áæ«∏dG ∫GƒeC’G/áÑ∏°üdG ∫GƒeC’G ô¶fG
/áæ«∏dG ∫GƒeC’G
ô°ù«àŸG
q ∫ÉŸG
Sound Bite In the reporting of TV news, a very short Iôμa hCG kGõLƒe kÉfÉ«H ¬«a Ω~≤oj ájQÉÑNEG Iô°ûf ‘ ™£≤e
/≠«∏H õLƒe ôjô≤J statement, lasting no more than a few
hCG IQÉÑY .§≤a m¿Gƒãd Ωh~jh ,Qƒ¡ª÷G ΩÉªàgG Üò÷ áæq«©e
á«Jƒ°üdG áª≤∏dG seconds, that tries to convey a specific
äÉ˘μ˘Ñ˘°T √Qqô˘μ˘Jh É˘e í˘˘°Tô˘
idea, image, or perception that will q ˘e ¬˘˘≤˘ ∏˘ £˘ j ô˘˘KDƒ˘ e ™˘˘bh hP ∫ƒ˘˘b
attract the viewing audience’s attention. .áYGPE’Gh ¿ƒjõØ∏àdG
Sound Trucks Automobiles with loud speakers attached äƒ°üdG äGÈμe πª– »àdG äÉHô©dGh äGQÉ«°ùdG »gh
»eÓYEG äƒ°U äÉHôY to them that go through areas of the dis-
trict broadcasting a message. These are
øe kGAõL ~©Jh .ádÉ°SôdG øY áæ∏©e IôFG~dG ‘ ∫ƒéàJh
considered part of the visibility method .ÖNÉædÉH ∫É°üJÓd äÉ«FôŸG è¡æe
of voter contact.
70 Special Ballot - Sponsor
Special Ballot A ballot paper for electors unable to õcGôe ¤EG Qƒ° ◊G øY øjõLÉ©dG ÚÑîàæª∏d ´GÎbG ábÉ£H
/á°UÉN ábQh-ábÉ£H attend a polling station. See also Postal
Ω~q ≤àe ´GÎbGh ~jÈdG ÈY ´GÎbG ¤EG ô¶fG .´GÎb’G
¢UÉN âjƒ°üJ vote, Advance Voting and Absentee
Voting. . »HÉ«Z ´GÎbGh
Special Election An election not held at the usually ¿ƒμjh »æeõdG ∫h~÷G êQÉN IOÉY ~≤©j ÜÉîàfG ƒgh
]»FõL[ ¢UÉN ÜÉîàfG scheduled time, often to fill a vacancy in
‘ ÚYÎ≤ŸG O~˘Y ¢ Ø˘î˘æ˘jh .~˘˘©˘ ≤ŸG ô˘˘¨˘ °ûd É˘˘«˘ ∏˘ «˘ ª˘ μ˘ J
the office. There is often a much lower
voter turnout in a special or by-election. ÜÉîàf’G ô˘¶˘fG .á˘°UÉÿG
q hCG á˘«˘ ∏˘ «˘ ª˘ μ˘ à˘ dG äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ f’G
See By-Election.
.»YôØdG hCG »∏«ªμàdG
Special Voting Facilities for electors who on voting day øY øjõLÉ©dG ÚÑNÉqædG πLCG øe ICÉ°ûæe äÓ«¡°ùJ »g
¢UÉN
q âjƒ°üJ/´GÎbG are unable to access a normal voting sta-
áq«HÉîàf’G IôFGq~dG øª°V ,q…OÉYm ´GÎbG õcôe ¤EG ∫ƒ°UƒdG
tion in the electoral district in which
they are registered to vote. .äÉHÉîàf’G Ωƒj ´GÎbÓd É¡«a ºgAÉª°SCG Gƒ∏qé°S »àdG
Speech Usually prepared remarks given orally hCG ,¢SÉædG øe áYƒªÛ É«¡Ø°T Ω~≤J äÉ¶MÓÃ IOÉY ~©J
áÑ£N/ÜÉ£N to a group of people or a large audience.
.Ú©ªà°ùŸG øe ~°û◊
Spin Doctor/Spin A media adviser or political consultant ~cCÉà∏d Ée á«HÉîàfG á∏ªM ¬ØXƒJ »°SÉ«°S hCG »eÓYEG QÉ°ûà°ùe
/á«eÓYE’G á≤dò◊G employed by a campaign to ensure that
á˘˘«˘ £˘ ¨˘ à˘ dG ø˘˘e ø˘˘μ‡ Q~˘˘b π˘˘° aCG É˘˘¡˘ ë˘ °Tô˘˘ e ∫É˘˘ æ˘ ˘j ¿CG ø˘˘ e
the candidate receives the best possible
á≤dò◊G PÉà°SCG publicity in any given situation. For ¿CG ∂dP ≈∏Y ∫Éãe .±hô¶dG øe ±ôX …CG ‘ á«eÓYE’G
example, after a debate between the pres-
idential candidates, each candidate’s
ÚHõ◊G »ë°Tôe ÚH IôXÉæe ~≤©H >á≤dò◊G IòJÉ°SCG' Ωƒ≤j
“spin doctors” will seek out journalists so ‘ Iƒ≤dG øWGƒe QÉ¡X’ áaÉë°üdG ∫ÉLôH ∫É°üJ’ÉH á°SÉFô∏d
they can point out their candidate’s
strengths in the debate and try to con-
- ΩÓY’G πFÉ°Sh ´ÉæbEG ádhÉfih IôXÉæŸG AÉæKCG º¡ë°Tôe
vince the press, and by extension the pub- .IôXÉæŸG >Ö°ùc' …òdG ƒg º¡ë°Tôe ¿CÉH - Qƒ¡ª÷G ‹ÉàdÉHh
lic, that their candidate “won” the debate. ''¿ƒ¨Ñ°üj'' Ú«˘˘eÓ˘˘ Y’G ø˘˘ jQÉ˘˘ °ûà˘˘ °ùŸG ¿EG ∫É˘˘ ≤˘ ˘j Gò˘˘ μ˘ ˘gh
When these media advisers practice their
craft, they are said to be “spinning” or .á°UÉÿG ''º¡à¨Ñ°üH'' ¬fƒ¨Ñ°üj hCG ç~◊G hCG ™°VƒdG
putting “spin” on a situation or event.
Spoilt Ballot Ballot paper wrongly marked or dam- øμªŸG øeh ,áØ∏àe hCG ÉC £N á≤jô£H áeƒ°Sƒe ´GÎbG ábQh
áØdÉJ ábÉ£H aged which may be replaced by a pool-
ing official.
.É¡dG~Ñà°SG ™ª÷G øY ∫hDƒ°ùª∏d
Sponsor An external funding source that enters hCG Üõ◊G hCG í°TôŸG ÒZ ,áª¶æe hCG ¢üî°ûH ôeC’G ≥∏©àj
»YGôdG /m ´GQ into an agreement with a person or an
´Ó˘£˘à˘°SG hCG á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G á˘jÉ˘Y~˘dG ∫ƒ“ …ò˘˘dG ,á˘˘«˘ ©˘ ª÷G
organization to support research,
instruction, public service, or other ~bh .Üõ◊G hCG í°TôŸG I~FÉØd äÉHÉîàf’G ∫ÓN …CGô∏d
sponsored electoral activities. Sponsors
include private businesses, corporations,
hCG á«eƒμM ÒZ áª¶æe hCG á°UÉN á°ù°SDƒe »YGôdG ¿ƒμj
foundations and other not-for-profit .äÉeƒμ◊G hG á©eÉL
organizations, universities, and all levels
governments.
71 Stay on Message - Suffrage
Stay on Message When a candidate or campaign contin- hCG ádÉ°SôdG ∫É°üjEG ‘ á∏ª◊G hCG í°TôŸG ôªà°ùj Ée~æY
/ádÉ°SôdG ≈∏Y AÉ≤ÑdG ues to deliver the same message or
¿CG ∫hÉëj Ée ÉÑdÉZ ¢ùaÉæŸG .áëfÉ°S á°Uôa …CG ‘ ¿ƒª° ŸG
/ádÉ°SôdÉH ΩGõàd’G theme at every opportunity. Often the
ádÉ°SôdG QGôμJ opponent will try to pull the campaign …OÉØJ º¡ŸG øeh .É¡àdÉ°SQ QGôμJ øY G~«©H á∏ª◊G qôéj
off their message but it is critical not to
let this happen.
.∂dP ´ƒbh
Strategic Planning A meeting, or short series of meetings, í˘°Tô˘ª˘∏˘d äGAÉ˘≤˘∏˘ dG ø˘˘e á˘˘∏˘ °ù∏˘˘°S hCG äÉ˘˘YÉ˘˘ª˘ à˘ LG »˘˘gh
Session of the candidate and any key advisors
~j~–h áeRÓdG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ™ª÷ Ú°ù«FôdG øjQÉ°ûà°ùŸGh
§«£îàdG á°ù∏L that will gather the necessary informa-
»é«JGÎ°S’G tion and determine the overall strategy √ò˘˘g ¿ƒ˘˘μ˘ J ¿CG »˘˘¨˘ ˘Ñ˘ ˘æ˘ ˘jh .á˘˘ ∏˘ ˘eÉ˘˘ μ˘ ˘dG á˘˘ «˘ ˘é˘ ˘«˘ ˘JGÎ°S’G
of the campaign. This strategy must be
written down in the form of a campaign
.á∏ªë∏d á£N á¨«°U ‘ áHƒàμe á«é«JGÎ°S’G
plan. See Campaign Plan. .á∏ª◊G á£N ô¶fG
Strategy The method, written into the Campaign ¬H Ωƒ≤à°S Ée hCG ,á∏ª◊G á£N ‘ ÜƒàμŸG è¡æŸG »gh
á«é«JGÎ°SG Plan, of what the campaign will do from
.~©≤ŸÉH RƒØdGh í°TôŸG ÜÉîàf’ ´GÎb’G Ωƒj ≈àM á∏ª◊G
this point to election day to elect the
candidate to the chosen office. .á∏ª◊G ±~g ≥«≤– ¤EG …ODƒj ∫É©ØdG ∫Ó¨à°S’G Gògh
Straw Poll This is a nonscientific poll, taken in such ,á«FGƒ°ûY á≤jô£H ™bGƒdG ‘ PƒNCÉe ,»ª∏pY ÒZ AÉàØà°SG
/»ª°SQ ÒZ »ÑjôŒ âjƒ°üJ a haphazard fashion that any results are
π«ãªàd áæq«Y ¬fCG ¢SÉ°SCG ≈∏Y »æÑe ÒZ èFÉàædG øe …CGh
ΩÉ©dG …CGô∏d ´Ó£à°SG not based upon the sample being truly
representative of the population. An ¢ ©H øe ¿ƒjõØ∏àdG ƒ©jòe Ö∏£j Ée~æY ,kÓãe .Ö©°ûdG
example would be TV broadcasters ask-
ing members of the viewing audience to
,áæ«©e áJCÉ°ùŸ âjƒ°üàdG ‘ ''’'' hCG ''º©f'' ∫ƒ≤H Qƒ° ◊G
call in with a “yes” or “no” vote regard- .πμc Ö©°ûdG øe kIõ«e /kGAõL âjƒ°üJ’ Gòg πuãÁ
ing a particular issue or question. The
callers are unlikely to represent all of the
important segments/ characteristics of
the population as a whole.
Stump Speech A standard speech delivered by a candi- .äÉÑ°SÉæe I~Y ‘ í°TôŸG É¡dƒ≤j ájQÉ«©e áÑ£N »gh
áj~YÉb áÑ£N date on many occasions. This speech
¿CG ≈∏Y É¡ª«ª°U ‘ á∏ª◊G ádÉ°SQ ≈∏Y …ƒà– ¿CG »¨Ñæjh
should contain the campaign message as its
core and be repeated at every opportunity. .áëfÉ°S á°Uôa πc ‘ OOôJ
Substitution of Voter When a voter goes to cast a vote instead ,¬Jƒ°üH A’OEÓd ¬°ùØf ÖNÉæq dG ∫~H ¢üî°T l ¬Lq ƒàj Ée~æY
ôNBÉH ÖNÉf ∫G~HEG of another voter. It will be uncovered
AÉ˘˘° eE’G á˘˘fQÉ˘˘≤˘ eh á˘˘©˘ ˘LGôŸG ∫Ó˘˘ N ø˘˘ e ¬˘˘ Ø˘ ˘°ûc ø˘˘ μÁ
and proven by the revision of ballots and
the comparison between the signatures »àdG ∂∏J ™e ÚÑNÉæq dG πq é°S ‘ ô¡¶J »àdG äÉª°üÑdGh
and thumbmarks appearing in the Book
of Voters and those appearing in the List
äÉHÉîàf’G ô° fi ¤EG áaÉ°VE’ÉH ,á«q HÉîàf’G áëFÓdG ≈∏Y
of Voters with Voting Records used on .É¡æ«M πª©à°ùj …òdG
election day.
Suffrage The right to vote or the Franchise. .ÖNÉf áØ°U hCG ´GÎb’G ≥M
/âjƒ°üàdÉH …hÉ°ùàŸG ≥◊G
ÜÉîàf’G ≥M
72 Supporters - Swing Voter
Supporters Voters and others who have been identified ¢UÉî°TCÉc á∏ª◊G øe ºg~j~– ” øjòdG ¿ƒÑNÉædG ºg
¿h~jq ƒD e by the campaign as people who will vote .ÜÉîàf’G Gòg ‘ Üõë∏d hCG í°Tôª∏d ¿ƒYÎ≤«°S
for the candidate or party in this election.
Surplus Votes Are votes that a candidate may have in m πμ°ûH ,øq«©e í°Tôe
q É¡«∏Y π°üëj »àdG äGƒ°UC’G »g
á° FÉa äGƒ°UCG excess of the quota of votes in a Single m
~ªà©J äÉHÉîàfG ‘ áq«Ñ°ùqædG äGƒ°UC’G ¢ü°üM øY ~jõj
Transferable Vote Election.
.Ò«éqà∏d πHÉ≤dG …q OôØdG äƒ°üdG-´GÎb’G
Surrogate Anyone speaking on behalf of the candi- .É«ª°SQ ¬∏ãÁ hCG í°TôŸG øY áHÉfE’ÉH ¢üî°T …CG
πj~H/¢VƒØe/π«ch date or otherwise officially representing
the candidate.
Swing The difference between the performance äÉHÉîàf’G i~MEG ‘ ÜõM hCG í°Tôe
q AGOCG ÚH ¥ôØdG
íLQCÉJ of a candidate or party at one election in .á≤HÉ°S mäÉHÉîàfG ™e káfQÉ≤e
comparison to a previous election.
Swing District An election district has a history of vot- ÜGõMC’ ´GÎb’G øe ïjQÉJ É¡d á«HÉîàfG IôFGO »g h
áëLQCÉàe IôFGO ing for different parties or different
types of candidates in the same or con-
ÜÉî˘à˘f’G ‘ Úë˘°Tô˘ª˘∏˘d ähÉ˘Ø˘à˘e ƒ˘ë˘f ≈˘∏˘Yh á˘Ø˘∏˘àfl
secutive elections. Because the district Úª«dG ÚH íLQCÉàJ É¡fC’ ,ÚàÑbÉ©àe ÚJQhO ‘ hCG ¬°ùØf
can “swing” back and forth between dif- .ÚØ˘∏˘àıG Úë˘°TôŸGh á˘Ø˘ ∏˘ àıG ÜGõ˘˘MC’G ÚHh ,QÉ˘˘°ù«˘˘dGh
ferent parties or candidates, it is often
important to spend campaign resources ‘ ÚÑNÉædG ´ÉæbE’ ÉgOQGƒe á∏ª◊G ≥ØæJ ¿CG kÉª¡e ~q ©jh
to persuade voters in these districts to .º¡JGƒ°UCÉH RƒØdG ¿Éª° d IôFG~dG √òg
ensure that the campaign wins them.
See Persuadability. .´ÉæbE’G á«fÉμeEG ô¶fG
Swing Precincts Precincts within a particular election øe ïjQÉJ É¡dh á«HÉîàf’G IôFG~dG øª°V IÒ¨°U IôFGO »gh
áëLQCÉàe á«HÉîàfG IôFGO district that have a history of voting for
different parties or different ideologies
‘ áJhÉØàe äÉ«Lƒdƒj~jEG hCG áØ∏àfl ÜGõMC’ ´GÎb’G
in different elections. The campaign A’Dƒg ~©jh .áØ∏àfl äÉHÉîàfG ‘ hCG ¬°ùØf ÜÉîàf’G
may want to put extra resources into º¡«dEG π°UƒàdG ” GPEG º¡YÉæbEG øμªŸG øª°V ¿ƒÑNÉædG
these districts to ensure that the candi-
date wins them. See Precincts. .iôNCG äÉeƒ∏©Ã hCG I~«L á∏ªM ádÉ°SôH
.á«HÉîàfG IôFGO ô¶fG
Swing Voter Voters who are not tied to a particular hCG õ˘«‡ »˘°SÉ˘«˘°S Üõ˘ë˘H º˘¡˘d á˘∏˘°U ’ ø˘jò˘˘dG ¿ƒ˘˘Ñ˘ NÉ˘˘æ˘ dG
íLQCÉàe ÖNÉf political party or ideology, but have a
hCG ÜGõ˘˘MC’ ´GÎbG ï˘˘jQÉ˘˘J º˘˘ ¡˘ ˘d ø˘˘ μ˘ ˘dh á˘˘ «˘ ˘Lƒ˘˘ dh~˘˘ jCÉ˘ ˘H
history of voting for different parties or
different ideologies in the same or dif- .É˘gÒZ hCG É˘¡˘°ùØ˘f äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ‘ á˘Ø˘∏˘àfl äÉ˘«˘Lƒ˘dh~˘jCG
ferent elections. These voters are con-
sidered persuadable and likely to be
GPEG á«HÉîàf’G á∏ª◊G ádÉ°SôH º¡YÉæbEG øμªjo ¬fCG º¡Jõ«e
reached by a good campaign message or .¬YÉæbEG øμªŸG ÖNÉædG ô¶fG .I~«L âfÉc
other information. See Persuadable Voter.
T
73 Tabulation of Votes - Tendered Ballot
Tabulation of Votes The process of compiling the result of a .äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ~©dG èFÉàæd ™ª÷G á«∏ªY
/äGƒ°UC’G ádh~L count at the election.
äGƒ°U’G ÜÉ°ùàMG
Tactics A procedure or set of maneuvers engaged á∏ª◊G OQGƒe ∫Ó¨à°SG ºàj É¡dÓN øe »àdG á∏«°SƒdG »g
∂«àμàdG in to achieve an end, an aim, or a goal.
.á∏ª◊G ±~g ≥«≤– ‘ »é«JGÎ°SG ƒëf ≈∏Y
Tally Room Location where election results are .äÉHÉîàf’G áq«°ûY äÉHÉîàf’G èFÉàf QG~°UEG õcôe ƒg
~q ©dG áaôZ displayed on election night.
Tally Sheet/ The form used for counting of ballots. .´GÎb’G äÉbÉ£H ~©d I~ªà©ŸG IQÉªà°S’G
Reconciliation Sheet
/äGƒ°UC’G ¿É«H
äGƒ°UC’G ô° fi
Target Voters Voters whom the campaign believes are ´ÉæbEÓd Ú∏HÉb á∏ª◊G ºgGôJ øjòdG ÚÑNÉædG øe ƒgh
¿ƒa~¡à°ùe ¿ƒÑNÉf most likely to be persuaded by the
¢ûeÉgh ádÉ°SôdG ô¶fG.RƒØ∏d É°ûeÉg ¿ƒØ«° jh ádÉ°SôdÉH
campaign’s message and thus provide
the margin of victory. See Message and .RƒØdG
Margin of Victory.
Targeting The process of dividing the voting äÉ˘Yƒ˘ª› ¤EG ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG Qƒ˘¡˘ª˘L º˘«˘°ù≤˘J á˘«˘∏˘ª˘ Y »˘˘gh
±G~¡à°SG population into smaller groups and ∂àdÉ°SQ É¡«∏Y õcôJ ¿CG »¨Ñæj É¡æe …CG ~j~–h .ô¨°UCG
determining which of the votes you
want to concentrate your message on to ‘Gô¨Á~˘dG ±G~˘¡˘à˘°S’G ô˘˘¶˘ fG .Rƒ˘˘Ø˘ dG ¢ûeÉ˘˘ g ô˘˘ aƒ˘˘ à˘ ˘d
provide the margin of victory. See .‘Gô¨÷G ±G~¡à°S’Gh
Demographic Targeting and Geogra-
phic Targeting.
Telephone voting Telephone voting allows people to call ∞˘JGƒ˘g ΩÉ˘bQCÉ˘H ∫É˘˘°ü˘˘qJ’G Ö©˘˘°û∏˘
q ˘d ´GÎb’G Gò˘˘g í˘˘æ˘ °ùj
/∞JÉ¡dG ÈY âjƒ°üàdG different telephone numbers to indicate øμÁ hCG áØ∏àıG äGQÉ«àNÓd º¡à«q ∏° aCG QÉ¡XE’ ,IO~q ©àe
´GÎb’G preference for different options, or a
voter might call one number and indicate ≈∏Y §¨° dG q Ég~©Hh ,ø«q ©e ~MGhm ºbôH ∫É°üqJ’G ´Î≤ª∏d
a preference by pressing buttons in a Gòg ‘ ~«MƒdG ≥FÉ©dG .IO~q fi áªFÉb ∫ÓN øe ΩÉbQC’G
menu system. Its main drawback is the
difficulty in verifying the identity of the ~MGh äƒ°U AÉ£YEGh ÖNÉæq dG ájq ƒg áaô©e Ω~Y ƒg ΩÉ¶æq dG
voter and in permitting only one vote per á˘«q ˘∏˘ª˘Y ‘ á˘cQÉ˘°ûŸG π˘«˘¡˘°ùJ »˘¡˘a ¬˘æ˘e I~˘˘FÉ˘˘Ø˘ dG É˘˘eq CG .¬˘˘d
person. Its chief advantage is the ease in
getting people to participate. .âjƒ°üàq dG
Teller Person appointed to help count votes. .äGƒ°UC’G Rôa ‘ I~YÉ°ùª∏d øq«©ŸG ¢üî°ûdG
q ƒg
»°üÙG
Tendered Ballot Ballot, where the right of the voter is …ôéj .∂°T hCG ∫G~L ‘ ´Î≤ŸG ≥M ™° J »àdG ábQƒdG
¢SQ~dG ~«b âjƒ°üJ ábQh disputed or in doubt. Tendered votes are
É¡æμdh ,kÉàbDƒe ádƒÑ≤e »g h ,±ôX ‘ ábQƒdG √òg ™°Vh
¥GQhCG /É¡àë°üd áÑ°ùædÉH placed in envelopes, provisionally
accepted, and subject to verification .~©∏d É¡dƒÑb πÑb É¡æe ~cCÉà∏d ká°VôY
QÉ¶àfÉH á≤∏©ŸG ´GÎb’G before being accepted for the count.
É¡ÑMÉ°U á«∏gCG øe ~cCÉàdG
74 Term Limits - Touch-S
Screen Electronic Voting Machines
Term Limits Are restrictions on the number of terms Ö°üæ˘e ‘ Ö˘nî˘à˘æ˘ª˘ ∏˘ d Rƒ˘˘é˘ j ’ …ò˘˘dG äÉ˘˘j’ƒ˘˘dG O~˘˘Y
/äÉj’ƒdG O~Y ~j~– a board member or elected official may
.√G~©àj ¿CG »eƒªY
Oƒ¡©dG serve in the same post.
Third Party Any political party that is not one of the ø˘˘jò˘˘∏˘ dG Ú«˘˘°ù«˘˘ Fô˘˘ dG ÚHõ◊G ÒZ »˘˘ °SÉ˘˘ «˘ ˘°S Üõ˘˘ M …CG
ådÉK ÜõM two parties that dominates politics and
É«˘Ñ˘©˘°T É˘ª˘YO ≈˘≤˘∏˘jh ,»˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG ΩÉ˘¶˘æ˘dG ≈˘∏˘Y ¿É˘æ˘ª˘«˘¡˘j
that receives a base of support and plays
a role in influencing the outcome of an .äÉHÉîàf’G áé«àf ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG ‘ GQhO Ö©∏jh
election.
Threshold The starting point for a new state or .I~j~L áHôŒ hCG áj’ƒd ¥Ó£f’G ájG~H
áÑàY experience.
Ticket A list of candidates for election ÜõM º¡«qª°ùj øjòdG äÉHÉîàf’G »ë°TôÃ q áªFÉb »g
/ÜõM »ë°TôÃ
q áëF’ nominated by a political party or group; áªFÉ≤dG √òg øqª° àJ ~bh ;áq«°SÉ«°S áYÉªL hCG q»°SÉ«°S
ábÉ£H a slate and/or the declared principles or
É¡©Ñqàj »àdG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG hCG AiOÉÑŸG hCG/h Úë°TôŸG
policies of a political party or group. q AÉª°SCG
.áq«°SÉ«°S áYÉªL hCG q»°SÉ«°S ÜõM
Ticket Splitting See Vote Splitting. .´GÎbE’G ΩÉ°ùàbG ô¶fG

º°ù≤e âjƒ°üJ
Time One of the three resources every OQƒe πªμjh ,á«°SÉ«°ùdG á∏ªë∏d áKÓãdG OQGƒŸG øe ƒgh
âbh political campaign has, the other two ø˘˘eõ˘˘ dG ø˘˘ e º˘˘ c O~– ¿CG º˘˘ ¡ŸGh .…ô˘˘ °ûÑ˘˘ dG OQƒŸGh ∫ÉŸG
being people and money. It is important
to determine how much time each cam- πμd §«£îàdG »¨Ñæj ,Gòdh .Ée •É°ûf ≥«≤– ¥ô¨à°ù«°S
paign activity will take and plan for it. ¬°ùØf âbƒdG ¿C’ ,øjôNB’G øjOQƒŸG øY ∞∏àîjh .•É°ûf
Unlike the other two resources, time is
the same for each of the campaigns øμdh ,äÉHÉîàf’G ¢VƒîJ »àdG äÓª◊G ∞∏àı ìƒæ‡
involved in an election, but not all .É¡°ùØf áeÉàdG á«dÉ©ØdÉH äÓª◊G ∂∏J ¬∏¨à°ùJ ’
campaigns use their time as effectively.
See Campaign Resources. .á∏ª◊G OQGƒe ô¶fG
Top Up It is when the second votes of a Mixed ÊÉqãdG ´GÎb’G ΩG~îà°SG ºq àj Ée~æY IOÉYE’G √òg ç~–
á«¨H ÜÉîàf’G IOÉYEG Member Proportional election are ÚH áfRGƒª∏d ,§∏àıG »q Ñ°ùæq dG ájq ƒ° ©dG ΩÉ¶f øe
¿RGƒàq dG used to balance up the proportionality of
.áeÉ©dG á«q Ñ°ùæq dGh ,ôFGh~q dG ‘ ÚÑîn àæŸG AÉ° YC’G á«q Ñ°ùf
the district elected members to the
popular proportionality.
Touch-SScreen You register your choices electronically É¡∏éq °ùJh á°TÉ°ûdG

q ¢ùŸ ~æY kÉ«q fhÎμdG ∂JGQÉ«àNG ¿h~J q
Electronic Voting by touching a screen and record them
Machines ¢ùª∏dG äÉ°TÉ°T .''äƒ°üdÉH
q A’OE
’ G '' Q
q R ¢ùª∏J Ée~æY
when you touch Cast Vote.
á«q HÉîàf’G á«q fhÎμd’G
75 Town Meeting - Two-R
Round System
Town Meeting An informal gathering of an office- Ö°üæŸ í°Tôe hCG Öîàæe ∫hDƒ°ùe ÚH »ª°SQ ÒZ ΩÉY AÉ≤d
/I~∏ÑdG ´ÉªàLG holder or candidate for office with a
,IOÉY Ú«∏ÙG ÚæWGƒŸG øe ,¢SÉædG øe O~Yh »HÉîàfG
á«∏gCG Ih~f group of people, often local, in which
the audience raises questions directly to .í°TôŸG hCG ∫hDƒ°ùŸG ¤G Iô°TÉÑe á∏Ä°SCG ¿hô°VÉ◊G É¡«a ¬Lƒj
the officeholder or candidate.
Tracking Poll / Survey A political poll taken later in the cam- ≥˘M’ âbh ‘ ¬˘FGô˘LEÉ˘H Ωƒ˘≤˘J »˘°SÉ˘˘«˘ °S ´Ó˘˘£˘ à˘ °SG ƒ˘˘gh
/≥M’ ´Ó£à°SG paign to determine how the campaign’s á˘Ø˘∏˘àıG π˘Ñ˘°ùdGh á˘∏˘ª◊G á˘dÉ˘°SQ âfÉ˘˘c ∞˘˘«˘ c ~˘˘j~˘˘ë˘ à˘ d
/»Ñq≤©J ´Ó£à°SG message and the various methods of
voter contact is affecting undecided and ,º¡YÉæbEG øμªŸG ÚÑNÉædG ‘ ÉgÒKCÉJh ÖNÉædÉH ∫É°üJÓd
...í°ùe/á©HÉàe ´Ó£à°SG persuadable voters. See Baseline Poll ô¶fG .º¡JGQÉ«ÿ GQGôb Ghòîàj ⁄ øjòdG ÚÑNÉædG ∂dòch
and Political Poll.
.»°SÉ«°ùdG ´Ó£à°S’Gh …~YÉ≤dG §ÿG ´Ó£à°SG
Transparency In Politics, transparency is the opposite øY ∫É≤«a ;ájq ô°ùdG ¢ùμY »g á«aÉØ°ûdGq ,á°SÉ«°ùdG ‘
á«aÉØ°T of privacy; an activity is transparent if all .ájq ôëH äÉeƒ∏©ŸG πq c OQGƒàJ Ée~æY ±ÉqØ°T ¬qfGE •É°ûf
information about it is freely available.
Trapdoor An opening in a computer code through πj~ÑJ É¡dÓN øe ºq àj ,ôJƒ«ÑeƒμdG õeQ ‘ áëàa »gh
á«q ØN á∏«M/»q ØN ÜÉH which a program can be altered. In the πj~Ñàd øμÁ ,ô°TÉÑŸG ‹B’G π«é°ùàq dG ΩÉ¶f ‘ .èeÉfÈdG
case of Direct recording electronic
voting system, such an alteration could .äÉHÉîàf’G èFÉàf ∞«jõJ Gò¡c
falsify the results of an election.
Turnout/ Voter Turnout This is the portion of the electorate that õ˘cGô˘e ¤EG π˘©˘ Ø˘ dÉ˘˘H ¿ƒ˘˘Ñ˘ gò˘˘j ÚÑ˘˘NÉ˘˘æ˘ dG ø˘˘e Aõ˘˘L º˘˘gh
/ÚÑNÉædG ácQÉ°ûe áÑ°ùf actually goes to the polls and votes. áÑ°ùæc º¡«dEG IQÉ°TE’G øμÁh º¡JGƒ°UCÉH ¿ƒd~jh ´GÎb’G
ácQÉ°ûŸG áÑ°ùf This can be referred to as a percentage
or as a real number. .í«ë°U O~Y hCG ájƒÄe
Two-R
Round System/ An election system under which elections ≈∏Y äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G AGô˘LEG »˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ΩÉ˘¶˘æ˘dG Gò˘g π˘©˘é˘j
Run-O
Off Election may be run in two stages. In electoral í°Tôe …CG RƒØj ’ »àdG á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG ‘ .ÚJQhO
/ÚJQhO ≈∏Y …ÌcCG ΩÉ¶f districts where no candidate wins an
∫hCG) ∫hC’G ´GÎb’G ‘ äGƒ°UC’G øe á≤∏£ŸG á«Ñ∏ZC’ÉH
absolute majority of the votes on the first
ÚJQhO ≈∏Y ´GÎbG ballot (or first round of voting), a second ÚH á°ùaÉæŸG ô°üM ™e ,á«fÉK äÉHÉîàfG π°ü– ,(IQhO
election is held, with the contest
restricted, say, to the two candidates who ‘ äGƒ˘˘°UC’G á˘˘jÌcCG ≈˘˘∏˘ Y Ó˘˘°üM ø˘˘jò˘˘dG ø˘˘«r ˘ ˘ën ˘ ˘°TôŸG
won the most votes on the first ballot, or ÈcCG áÑ°ùæH GhRÉa øjòdG Úë°TôŸG ÚH hCG ∫hC’G ´GÎb’G
only to those candidates who won more
than a specified share of the vote. After ´GÎb’G ~©H .äGƒ°UC’G øe º¡à°ü◊ q IO~ÙG áÑ°ùædG øe
the second ballot, the candidate with the .äGƒ°UC’G ÌcCÉH RÉa …òdG í°TôŸG ƒg õFÉØdG í°TôŸG ÊÉãdG
most votes wins.
U
76 Unbiased - Upper House
Unbiased Without favor or blame, objective. .…OÉ«M ,»©°Vƒe ,Ωƒd hCG ~«jCÉJ ¿hO
õq«ëàe ÒZ
Underdog In politics, the candidate who is viewed ’ hCG/h ¬˘ª˘ °üN ™˘˘Ñ˘ à˘ j …ò˘˘dG í˘˘°TôŸG ƒ˘˘g ,á˘˘°SÉ˘˘«˘ °ùdG ‘
/∞©° à°ùe í°Tôe as trailing his or her opponent and/or is ¬˘fCG ±hô˘©ŸG ø˘e ø˘μ˘dh .äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ‘ ~˘«˘jCÉ˘à˘H ≈˘¶˘ë˘ j
∞«©°V not favored to win the election.
However, underdogs have been known äÉ˘bhô˘Ø˘dG ≈˘∏˘Y Ö∏˘¨˘à˘dG ∞˘©˘° à˘°ùŸG í˘°Tô˘ª˘∏˘d ø˘μ˘ ª˘ jo
to overcome the odds, especially in state .»∏ÙG ¥ÉÑ°ùdG hCG áj’ƒdG ¥ÉÑ°S ‘ kÉ°Uƒ°üN
and local races.
Unenrolled Registered voter not affiliated with any ¿CG ÒZ øe ,πqé°S ‘ ¬ª°SG êQ~j …òdG ÖNÉqædG ƒg
Üõ◊ ™HÉJ ÒZ major political party; informally known ÒZm πμ°ûH ±ô©«a ;qº¡e q»°SÉ«°S mÜõM q…GC ¤EG Ö°ùàæj
as “independent”.
.''πq≤à°ùŸÉH'' q»ª°SQ
Unicameral Parliament Having a single legislative chamber. .~MGh ¢ù∏› ¿ÉŸÈ∏d ¿ƒμj Ée~æY
/π«ãªàdG …q OÉMCG ¿ÉŸôH
~MGh ¢ù∏éÃ ¿ÉŸôH
Universal Suffrage The right of all the eligible voters to õ««“ ¿hO øj~°TGôdG ÚæWGƒŸG πc I~FÉØd âjƒ°üàdG ≥M
πeÉ°T/ΩÉY ´GÎbG participate in the electoral process ...ïdEG á«æK’G hCG ¥ô©dG hCG ,á«μ∏ŸG hCG ,¢ùæ÷G ¢SÉ°SCG ≈∏Y
without discrimination based on gender,
property rights, ethnicity, residence,
race, etc...
Unmarked Ballot See Rejected Ballot. .I~©Ñà°ùŸG ábÉ£ÑdG/ábQƒdG ô¶fG

áeƒ°Sƒe ÒZ ábÉ£H/ábQh
Unofficial Results Results published by the media. .ΩÓYE’G Égô°ûæj »àdG èFÉàqædG »g
áq«ª°SQ ÒZ èFÉàf
Unused Ballot Any ballot in excess of the number Ó˘a ,Üƒ˘˘∏˘ £ŸG O~˘˘©˘ dG ø˘˘Y ~˘˘jõ˘˘J »˘˘à˘ dG äÉ˘˘bÉ˘˘£˘ Ñ˘ dG »˘˘g
ábQh/á∏ª©à°ùe ÒZ ábÉ£H required which has not been used during .äÉHÉîàf’G ∫ÓN Ω~îà°ùoJ
the election.
Upper House It is the Legislative Council, one of the ¬«dEG QÉ°ûoj .¿ÉŸÈdG »°ù∏› ~MCG ,q»©jô°ûqàdG ¢ù∏ÛG ‘
É«∏©dG á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG two houses of State Parliament. Usually PƒØf øe πbCG ¢ù∏ÛG Gòg PƒØf .ñƒ«°ûdG q ¢ù∏éÃ kÉ° jCG
referred to as the Senate. This house is
generally less powerful than the lower á«ª°ùJ ¬˘«˘dEG Ö°ùæ˘oj É˘e kÉ˘Ñ˘dÉ˘Z .É˘«˘fq~˘dG á˘q«˘©˘jô˘°û˘qà˘dG á˘Ä˘«˘¡˘dG
house. It is often called the ‘house of .¬eÉ¡e RôHCG øe √òg ¿ƒc ,''á©LGôŸG ¢ù∏›''
review’ as this is one of its major functions.
V
77 Valid Vote - Vote Counting Officer
Valid Vote A vote cast in an election, marked É° jC

k G ±hô©e .~YGƒ≤∏d Ék≤ÑW ÜÉîàfG ‘ âjƒ°üàdG ájOCÉJ
/ídÉ°U-í«ë°U ´GÎbG according to the rules. Also known as
.»q ª°SôdG âjƒ°üàdG/äƒ°üdÉH
äƒ°U Formal Vote.
Values The principles considered desirable by .ÚÑNÉædG i~d áHƒZôe ~©J »àdG ÇOÉÑŸG »gh
º«b the voters.
Veto From the Latin term veto means “I for- øe ~MGƒH áWƒæŸG á£∏°ùdG »g .''™æeCG ÉfCG'' á«æ«JÓdG øe
/(ƒà«a) ¢VGÎY’G ≥M bid”. The vested power or constitutional
√ò¡d …Qƒà°S~dG ≥◊G »g hCG ,É¡eÉ°ùbCG hCG áeƒμ◊G ´hôa
¢ ≤ædG hCG ¢ aôdG ≥M right of one branch or department of
government to refuse approval of meas- É˘¡˘à˘MÎbG äGAGô˘LEG ≈˘∏˘Y á˘≤˘ aGƒŸG ¢ aô˘˘J ¿CÉ˘ H ,ΩÉ˘˘°ùbC’G
ures proposed by another department,
especially the power of a chief executive
…ò«ØæàdG ¢ù«FôdG á£∏°S á°UÉN »g ;ôNBG º°ùb hCG IôFGO
to reject a bill passed by the legislature hCG ™æÁ ∂dòHh á«©jô°ûàdG á£∏°ùdG ¬Jôq bCG ÉfƒfÉb ¢ aôj ¿CÉH
and thus prevent or delay its enactment
into law.
.¿ƒfÉ≤c ¬æq °S ôNu ƒD j
Visibility The voter contact method in which the πã“h ,í°TôŸG º°SG É¡«a ô¡¶j ÚÑNÉædÉH ∫É°üJÓd á∏«°Sh
äÉ«Fôe candidate’s name is advertised on signs,
…CG hCG äÉàaÓdG ≈∏Y Öàμj Éeh áHƒàμŸGh áeƒ°SôŸG äGQÉ©°ûdG
t-shirts, cups and just about anything
else. If seen enough this can often raise ≈∏Y ±ô©àdG øμÁ m±Éc âbƒd É¡àjDhQ OôéªÑa .ôNBG A»°T
the candidates name recognition but it .á∏ª◊G ádÉ°SôH ÚÑNÉædG GÒãc ™æ≤J ’ É¡æμdh ,í°TôŸG º°SG
does little to persuade voters with a cam-
paign message.
Volunteer A supporter of the candidate who gener- ,Ωƒ˘ª˘©˘dG ‘ ,âbƒ˘dG ¢ ©˘H »˘° ≤˘jh í˘°Tô˘ª˘∏˘d ~˘˘jDƒ˘ e ƒ˘˘g
´ƒ£àe
q ally spends some of their time helping .ôLCG hCG πHÉ≤e ¿hO á∏ª◊G I~YÉ°ùŸ
the campaign without being paid a
salary.
Volunteer Coordinator A person on the campaign staff responsible ø˘˘Y ∫hDƒ˘ °ùe á˘˘∏˘ ª◊G ‘ Ú∏˘˘eÉ˘˘©˘ dG á˘˘Ä˘ ˘«˘ ˘g ø˘˘ e ¢üî˘˘ °T
ÚYƒ£àŸG
u ≥°ùæe
u for recruiting and scheduling volunteers. .º¡JÉbhCG ádh~Lh ÚYƒ£àŸG ÜÉ£≤à°SG
Vote Choice by an elector about party, candi- ∫ÓN øe á«° b hCG ,í°Tôe hCG ,Üõ◊ ´Î≤ŸG QÉ«àNG
äƒ°U date or issue, expressed through a ballot .ΩÉ©dG AÉàØà°S’G hCG ´GÎb’G
at an election or a referendum.
Vote Counting Assistant Vote Counting Assistant is the person .äGƒ°UC’G Rôa ‘ ~YÉ°ùj øe ƒg
RôØdG QƒeCÉe/~YÉ°ùe who assist in counting votes .
Vote Counting Officer Vote Counting Officer can visit premis- QƒeCÉe øY kÉ°VƒY RôØdG ôj~jh ,´GÎb’G õcôe Qhõj ¿CG ¬æμÁ
äGƒ°UC’G Rôa øY ∫hDƒ°ùe es and conduct the count for, or assist,
ÈY ÉeEGh ,¥QƒdG ≈∏Y kÉ«q HÉàc Éeq GE ,√~YÉ°ùj hCG ,ÜÉîàf’G
the Returning Officer, either manually
on paper, or with computers. .ôJƒ«ÑeƒμdG Iõ¡LCG
78 Vote Counting/ Verification - Voter Fatigue
Vote Counting/ The Vote Counting topic area deals with äGƒ°UC’G O~Y ¿CG øe ~cCÉàdGh äGƒ°UC’G Rôah ~Y á«∏ªY
Verification the actual counting of votes, which
äGƒ°UC’G ≥«b~J /Rôa requires accuracy, speed and security.
Gògh ,á∏°üÙG äGƒ°UC’G O~Y Ó©a …hÉ°ùj É¡H ìô°üŸG
.øeC’Gh áYô°ùdGh áqb~dG Öq∏£àj
Vote Shifting When voters vote for one candidate in ºK äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ í°TôŸ ¿ƒYÎ≤ŸG äƒ°üj q Ée~æY π°üëj
/äƒ°üdG Ò«¨J one election and vote for a candidate o
‘ iô˘˘NBG á˘˘«˘ Lƒ˘˘dh~˘˘jCG hCG ô˘˘NBG Üõ˘˘M í˘˘ °TôŸ ¿ƒ˘˘ Jƒ˘˘ °üj
from a different party or with a different
äƒ°üdG π≤f ideology in the next election. Voters who ´É˘æ˘bEG ø˘e Aõ˘L äGƒ˘°UC’G Ò«˘¨˘J .á˘«˘ dÉ˘˘à˘ dG äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ f’G
shift their votes are considered to be per- .á«HÉîàf’G á∏ª◊G ádÉ°SôH ÚÑîàæŸG
suadable with a campaign message. See
Persuadability. .´Éæb’G á«fÉμeEG ô¶fG
Vote Splitting When voters vote for one candidate and ¿ƒd~j ºK í°TôŸ º¡JGƒ°UCÉH ¿ƒÑNÉædG ‹~j Ée~æY ∂dPh
/´GÎb’G ΩÉ°ù≤fG vote for a candidate from a different
party or with a different ideology on the
AÉªàfG ¬d hCG ∞∏àfl ÜõM øe ôNBG í°TôŸ º¡JGƒ°UCÉH
º°ù≤e
q âjƒ°üJ same ballot in the same election. Voters ‘h É¡°ùØf ´GÎb’G ábÉ£H/ábQh ≈∏Y ∞∏àfl »Lƒdƒj~jEG
who split their votes are considered to be º¡JÉYGÎbG ‘ ¿ƒª°ù≤æj øjòdG ¿ƒÑNÉædÉa .¬°ùØf ´GÎb’G
persuadable with a campaign message.
See Persuadability. .á∏ª◊G ádÉ°SôH ´ÉæàbEÓd Ú∏HÉb ¿h~©j
.´ÉæbE’G á«fÉμeEG ô¶fG
Vote-B
Buying Vote buying is a widespread phenome- ÚÑNÉæ∏d ÉjG~¡dG hCG ∫ÉŸG Ë~≤J .kG~L ádhG~àe IôgÉX √òg
äGƒ°UC’G AGô°T non. It is usually viewed as a purely eco-
Iô˘gÉ˘¶˘dG √ò˘g Èà˘©˘Jh .º˘¡˘JGƒ˘°UCG ≈˘∏˘ Y ∫ƒ˘˘°ü◊G ±~˘˘¡˘ H
nomic exchange in which the voter sells
his or her vote to the highest bidder. .ÉàëH ÉjOÉ°üàbG ’OÉÑJ
Voter This is any person who is able to vote in äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ âjƒ°üàdG ≈∏Y QOÉb ¢üî°T …CG ƒgh
ÖNÉf the election for a particular office.
.¿ƒYÎ≤e/áÑNÉf áÄ«g ô¶fG .øq«©e ~©≤Ÿ
See Electorate.
Voter Drop Off Less important or lower profile races á«ªgC’G á° ØîæŸG hCG áª¡ŸG ÒZ á«HÉîàf’G äÉbÉÑ°ùdG ‘
ÚÑNÉædG ¢VÉØîfG often receive less votes than higher pro-
‘ äGƒ°UC’G øY π≤Jh á«f~àe ÚYÎ≤ŸG äGƒ°UCG ¿ƒμJ
file races because often voters do not
know about the race, do not know the ’ ÚÑNÉ˘æ˘dG º˘¶˘©˘e ¿C’ ,á˘«˘dÉ˘©˘dG á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G äÉ˘bÉ˘Ñ˘°ùdG
candidates and do not feel comfortable ’h í°TôŸG øY hCG »°ùaÉæàdG ¥ÉÑ°ùdG øY kÉÄ«°T ¿ƒª∏©j
voting for candidates they do not know.
.º¡fƒaô©j ’ Úë°TôŸ âjƒ°üàdÉH ìÉ«JQ’ÉH ¿hô©°ûj
Voter Education Program to instruct the population about ô˘¶˘fG .ÜÉ˘î˘à˘f’G á˘«˘∏˘ª˘Y ΩÉ˘¶˘f Ö©˘°ûdG º˘«˘∏˘©˘à˘ d è˘˘eÉ˘˘fô˘˘H
/ÖNÉædG ∞«≤ãJ the electoral process. See Civic Edu-
.ÖNÉædG äÉeƒ∏©eh á«f~ŸG á«HÎdG
ÚÑNÉædG á«HôJ cation, Voter Information.
Voter Fatigue The tendency of voters not to vote for can- ’ øjòdG Úë°Tôª∏d âjƒ°üàdG Ω~Y ¤EG ÚÑNÉædG ¬qLƒJ ƒgh
ÚÑNÉædG AÉ«YEG didates they do not know or in races they ÖNÉædG AÉ«YEG ™ØJôj É¡H ¿ƒªà¡j ’ »àdG äÉbÉÑ°ùdG ‘ hCG ,º¡fƒaô©j
do not care about. Voter fatigue is greatest
in low profile or down ballot races. See ô¶fG .Ê~àŸG ´GÎb’G ‘ hCG ¢ ØîæŸG »°ùaÉæàdG ¥ÉÑ°ùdG ‘
Voter Drop Off, Low Profile and .¿~àe ´GÎbG hCG ¢ Øîæe ¥ÉÑ°S hCG ÚÑNÉædG ¢VÉØîfG
Down Ballot.
79 Voter File - Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail
Voter File A database that contains at least the AÉª°SCG ≈∏Y …ƒà– »àdG äÉeƒ∏©ª∏d äÉfÉ«ÑdG I~YÉb »gh
ÖNÉædG ∞∏e name and address of all the voters in a
~b Qƒ£àŸG ÖNÉædG ∞∏eh .IôFG~dG ‘ º¡æjhÉæYh ÚÑNÉædG
district. An enhanced voter file may
have other information about the voters ΩÉbQCG πãe ÚÑNÉædG øY iôNCG äÉeƒ∏©e ≈∏Y …ƒàëj
such as their phone numbers, their ages,
and whether or not they have a history of
øμÁh .´GÎb’G ‘ ≥HÉ°ùdG º¡îjQÉJh ºgQÉªYCGh º¡ØJGƒg
voting in the past. Political parties and ÖNÉ˘æ˘dG ∞˘∏˘e ô˘jƒ˘£˘J Úë˘°TôŸGh á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG ÜGõ˘˘MCÓ˘ d
candidates may further enhance the »àdG ÉjÉ° ≤dG hCG í°Tôª∏d øj~jDƒŸG ~j~ëàH π° aCG IQƒ°üH
voter file by finding out who supports
the candidate or what issues are impor- ¬LƒàdÉH »g ∂dP πª©d I~«MƒdG á≤jô£dGh ,ÚÑNÉædG º¡J
tant to voters. The only way to do this is .Iô°TÉÑe ÚÑNÉædG ∫GDƒ°ùH
to ask voters directly.
Voter Fraud This includes: Voter Registration §¨° dG ‘ πãªàJ ¿ƒfÉ≤∏d á«aÉæe ∫ÉªYCÉH ôeC’G ≥∏©àj
»HÉîàfG ôjhõJ Fraud, Absentee Ballot Fraud, Ilegally
ô˘jhõ˘Jh âjƒ˘°üà˘dG äÉ˘bÉ˘£˘Ñ˘H ÖYÓ˘à˘dGh ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘ dG ≈˘˘∏˘ Y
or Improperly “Assisting” Others To
Vote Their Absentee Ballot, and Vote- .ÚÑNÉædG ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG ±~¡H ≥FÉKƒdG ∞∏àfl
Buying.
Voter Information Short term program focusing on specif- äÉeƒ∏©e ≈∏Y õcôjo h Ò°ü≤dG i~ŸG ≈∏Y ~©jo èeÉfôH
/ÖNÉædG äÉeƒ∏©e ic election information. See Civic
∞«≤ãJh á«f~ŸG á«HÎdG ô¶fG .äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ áæ«q ©e
ÚÑNÉædG ΩÓYEG Education, Voter Education.
.ÖNÉædG
Voter Priorities Voters often care about things that affect π˘ã˘e º˘¡˘«˘æ˘©˘J »˘à˘dG AÉ˘«˘°TC’É˘H ¿ƒ˘Ñ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG º˘à˘¡˘j É˘e kÉ˘Ñ˘ dÉ˘˘Z
ÚÑNÉædG äÉjƒdhCG them directly, such as their job or the
º¡eÉªàgG ™LGÎj Ée ÉÑdÉZh .º¡dÉØWCG º«∏©J hCG º¡ØFÉXh
education of their children. They often
care less about policy issues that they .É¡«∏Y Iô£«°ùdG ¿ƒμ∏Á ’ »àdG áeÉ©dG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ÉjÉ° ≤H
have little control over. Candidates
need to speak to the voters about things
øY ÚÑNÉædG ¤EG ç~ëàdG Úë°TôŸG øe ôeC’G »° à≤jh
they care about. .º¡ª¡J »àdG AÉ«°TC’G
Voter Registration The act or process of registering a citi- .´Î≤«d øWGƒŸG π«é°ùJ á«∏ªY
ÚÑNÉædG π«é°ùJ zen to vote.
Voter Turnout The percentage or number of people √ò˘g õ˘μ˘Jô˘˘J .Gƒ˘˘YÎbG ø˘˘jò˘˘dG ¢UÉ˘˘î˘ °TC’G O~˘˘YhCG á˘˘Ñ˘ °ùf
/ÚÑNÉædG áÑ°ùf who voted. The percentage can be based
¿É˘μ˘°ùdGh π˘eÉ˘°ûdG »˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G π˘«˘é˘°ùà˘dG ≈˘∏˘Y á˘Ñ˘°ùæ˘˘dG
ÚYÎ≤ŸG O~Y on voter registration or on voting age
population. .´GÎb’G ø°S øª°V
Voter Verifiable Paper VVPAT stands for “Voter Verifiable âjƒ°üJ ádBG ¬©Ñ£J ,''âjƒ°üàq dG ∫É°üjEG'' øe ´l ƒf ¬qfGE
Audit Trail Paper Audit Trail”. It is a kind of “vote
Ö°ùàMG ~b »q HÉîàf’G ΩÉ¶æq dG q¿GC ÖNÉæq ∏d ø«q ÑJ á«q fhÎμdG
á≤q≤ëàŸG ≥«b~àq dG ábQh receipt” printed by an electronic voting
É˘ª˘c ,¬˘æ˘Y k’hDƒ˘°ùe äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ∞˘ qXƒ˘e ¿ƒ˘μ˘jh .¬˘˘Jƒ˘˘°U
machine showing the elector his/her
âjƒ°üàq dG áëq °U øe vote as it is being acquired by the elec-
toral system. The VVPAT is retained by
±~¡H É¡H ‹OGoC »àdG äGƒ°UC’G πé°S øY k’hDƒ°ùe ¿ƒμj
election official as the record of votes Öéj ,RôØdG IOÉYEG ∫ÉM ‘h .ÉgRôa IOÉYEG hCG É¡«a ≥«b~àq dG
cast for purposes of an audit and any äGƒ˘˘°UC’G äÓ˘˘é˘ °S É˘˘¡˘ qfCG ≈˘˘∏˘ ˘Y ¥GQhC’G √ò˘˘ g QÉ˘˘ Ñ˘ ˘à˘ ˘YG
recount. VVPATs are to be considered
the official records of the vote in case of ä’BG ÒaƒJ IQhô°V ≈∏Y ΩÉ©dG …CGôq dG íq dCG ~bh .á«q ª°Sôq dG
recounts. A huge request of voting íæ“ É¡qfGC ¤EG kGô¶f ,¥GQhC’G √òg ™Ñ£J »àdG âjƒ°üàq dG
machines providing VVPATs is coming
80 Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail - Voting
from the public opinion. The main point IOÉYEG í«àJh ,ÊhÎμd’G âjƒ°üqàdÉH ÈcCG ká≤K ÖNÉqædG
is that VVPATs give the voter more con-
fidence about the electronic vote, and
.äÉHÉîàf’G èFÉàæH ∂«μ°ûqàdG ∫ÉM ‘ äGƒ°UC’G Rôa
permit to recount votes in case of doubts.
Voter’s Guide Provides voters with summary informa- ≈∏Y Ú°SÉ«°ùdG ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG ∞∏àfl AÉª°SCG πªëj π«dO
ÖNÉædG π«dO tion on the voting ways used in their
¤EG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ~jhõJ ¤EG »eôjh »æWƒdGh »∏ÙG iƒà°ùŸG
local polling places with pointers about
the voting technology and how to vote ∂dò˘c .»˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG º˘¡˘«˘Yh iƒ˘à˘°ùÃ AÉ˘≤˘JQ’Gh Úæ˘WGƒŸG
successfully. May also cover how to
investigate and get help when something
´GÎb’G á«Ø«ch ÜÉîàf’G á«æ≤J ∫ƒM äÉeƒ∏©Ã ºgOhõj q
goes wrong with the voting process. Ée ÉC £N ∫ƒ°üM ∫ÉM ‘ ≥«≤ëàdG á«Ø«c πª°ûjh .íLÉædG
.á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG ‘
Voters List See Electoral List. .á«q HÉîàf’G áëFÓdG ¤EG IOƒ©dG
áëF’/ÚÑNÉædG ∫h~L
/ÚÑNÉædG πé°S/ÚÑNÉædG
Ö£°ûdG íFGƒd
Votes Cast The number of votes contained in the .´GÎb’G ≥jOÉæ°U ‘ É¡H ¤~ŸG äGƒ°UC’G O~Y
áYÎ≤ŸG äGƒ°UC’G O~Y ballot boxes.
Voting Age Population Total number of citizens above the offi- .´GÎbÓd »ª°SôdG ø°ùdG ¥ƒa ¿Éμ°ùdG O~Y ´ƒª›
ø°S øª°V ¿Éμ°ùdG cial voting age.
´GÎb’G
Voting Book Record list available in electoral dis- ≈∏Y …ƒàëj áq«HÉîàf’G ôFGhq~dG πc ‘ OƒLƒe πé°S ƒg
/âjƒ°üàdG ÜÉàc tricts containing information about all
»¨Ñæjh .º¡JGAÉ° eEGh ÚÑNÉædG πc ¢Uƒ°üîH äÉeƒ∏©e
/âjƒ°üàdG πé°S voters and their signatures. A voting
ÚÑNÉædG πé°S book for general voting must be based ¤EG ΩÉ˘©˘dG âjƒ˘°ü˘qà˘dÉ˘H ≥˘q∏˘©˘àŸG π˘é˘°ùdG Gò˘˘g ~˘˘æ˘ à˘ °ùj ¿CG
on the list of voters for the voting area
for which it is to be used, showing the
º°SG ôcP ™e ,áq«æ©ŸG áq«HÉîàf’G IôFGq~dG ‘ ÚÑNÉqædG áëF’
name, residential address and voter ∫É› ìÉ˘°ùaEGh ,»˘HÉ˘î˘à˘ f’G ¬˘˘ª˘ bQh ,¬˘˘fGƒ˘˘æ˘ Yh ,ÖNÉ˘˘æ˘ dG
number of each voter and providing a
space opposite this information for the
.ÖNÉqædG AÉ° eE’ ∂dP πHÉ≤e
voter’s signature.
Voting Booth A booth in which a person can cast a øY ∫õ©Ã ¬Jƒ°üH É¡«a ÖNÉædG ‹~jo ´GÎbÓd IÒéMo
∫õ©e private vote.
.OGôaC’G »bÉH
Voting for a Mix of Voting for more than one candidate that .¿ƒÑNÉqædG º¡H øeDƒj ~MGhm í°Tôe
q øe ÌcCG ídÉ°üd âjƒ°üqàdG
Candidates voters believe in.
q øe m§«∏ÿ âjƒ°üàq dG
Úë°TôŸG
Voting Machine A mechanical device used for voting. There ´Gƒ˘fCG É˘¡˘d ,âjƒ˘°ü˘àq ˘∏˘d Ω~˘î˘à˘°ùJ á˘«q ˘ μ˘ «˘ fÉ˘˘μ˘ «˘ e IGOCG »˘˘g
âjƒ°üàq dG ádBG are many different types of voting
machines, like Full-Face Ballot Electronic
I~˘ª˘à˘©ŸG á˘«q ˘fhÎμ˘d’G âjƒ˘°ü˘˘àq ˘dG ä’BG :π˘ã˘e ,á˘Ø˘∏˘àfl
Voting Machines, Touch-Screen Elec- á°TÉ°T ¢ùŸ Öq∏£àJ »àdG ∂∏Jh ,á∏eÉμdG ¥GQhC’G ≈∏Y
tronic Voting Machines, Optical scan .Ú©∏d kÉë°ùe Ωõ∏à°ùJ »àdG hCG ,ôJƒ«ÑeƒμdG
Voting Machines.
Voting This is what the public does to choose the ºμë«d »°SÉ«°S QÉ«àN’ ΩÉ©dG Ö©°ûdG ¬H Ωƒ≤j Ée Gòg
âjƒ°üJ /´GÎbG /ÜÉîàfG politician they want to run their area or .âjƒ°üàdGhCG ´GÎb’ÉH ±hô©e kÉ° jCG ,ºg~∏H hCG º¡à≤£æe
country. Also known as polling or balloting.
.ôFGhO ¤EG É¡ª«°ù≤J qºàj áæq«©e máæj~e ‘ á≤£æe π«ã“
W
81 Ward Representation - Write-iin Ballot
Ward Representation Representation by an area of a city that .õFÉa m í°Tôe

q Ö«°üf øe ¿ƒμJ ’ »àdG äGƒ°UC’G »g
≥WÉæŸG π«ã“ is devided into precincts.
.√qOôe É¡ª¶©e qøμd ,áaõæà°ùŸG äGƒ°UC’G ƒg É¡° ©H
Wasted Votes It is a vote that does not end up on a win- á˘Ø˘°û≤˘

q àŸG º˘«˘eÉ˘°ü˘qà˘dG hCG/h ,á˘£˘«˘°ùÑ˘dG ÜÉ˘î˘à˘f’G π˘FÉ˘°Sh
IO~s Ñe äGƒ°UCG ning candidate. Some of these will be
the exhausted votes but most are caused .qπμc ≥qÑ£ŸG q»HÉîàf’G ΩÉ¶qæ∏d
by poor election methods and/or poor
design features of the entire election
system being used.
Winner-TTake-A
All In the simplest kind of election, the can- ≈q≤∏àj …òdG í°TôŸG q RƒØj ,§°ùHC’G äÉHÉîàf’G ΩÉ¶f ‘
ÜÉîàf’G ìÉ°ùàcG didate who receives the most votes wins,
í˘˘°ùà˘˘cG'' ¬˘˘ qfCG Èà˘˘ ©˘ ˘«o ˘ ˘a ;äGƒ˘˘ °UC’G ø˘˘ e ÈcC’G O~˘˘ ©˘ ˘dG
or “takes all.” Most elections, whether
of government officials or in the private AGƒ°S ,äÉHÉîàf’G º¶©e èFÉàf ôjô≤J ºq àjh .''äÉHÉîàf’G
sector, are decided on a winner-take-all
basis. The winner is the person who
´É£≤dG AGQ~e hCG Ú«q eƒμ◊G ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG äÉHÉîàfÉH â≤q∏©J
receives a plurality of at least one vote. øe ƒg õFÉØdÉa .äÉHÉîàf’G ìÉ°ùàcG ΩÉ¶æd kÉ≤ah ,¢UÉÿG q
.πbC’G ≈∏Y ~MGh mäƒ°U ¥QÉØH ,äGƒ°UC’G ájq ÌcCG ≈q≤∏àj
Writ of Election Writ is a document commanding an øY ∫hDƒ°ùŸG ôeCÉJ á«HÉîàf’G áæé∏dG ¢ù«FQ É¡©bƒj á≤«Kh
á«∏ª©dG º«¶æàH ôeCG electoral officer to hold an election and
hCG) á«HÉîàfG á«∏ªY º«¶æàH á«HÉîàfG á©WÉ≤e ‘ äÉHÉîàf’G
á«HÉîàf’G contains dates for the close of rolls, the
close of nominations, the polling day .O~fi ïjQÉJ ‘ (AÉàØà°SG
and the return of the writ.
Write-iin ballot See Absentee Voting. .»HÉ«Z ´GÎbG ô¶fG

ábQh ≈∏Y º°SG áaÉ°VEG
´GÎb’G
Éæg ≥°üdG
terms notes
äÉë∏£°üe äÉ¶MÓe
Éæg ≥°üdG
sender’s address

P.O.Box 13-5320
Chouran 1102-2030
Beirut, Lebanon
tel 961 1 805 632
fax 961 1 805 633
website www.ndi.org
email arabictranslation@ndi.org
Éæg ≥°üdG
terms notes
Éæg ≥°üdG
sender’s address

P.O.Box 13-5320
Chouran 1102-2030
Beirut, Lebanon
tel 961 1 805 632
fax 961 1 805 633
website www.ndi.org
Éæg ≥°üdG
terms notes
Éæg ≥°üdG
sender’s address

P.O.Box 13-5320
Chouran 1102-2030
Beirut, Lebanon
tel 961 1 805 632
fax 961 1 805 633
website www.ndi.org
Éæg ≥°üdG
terms notes
Éæg ≥°üdG
sender’s address

P.O.Box 13-5320
Chouran 1102-2030
Beirut, Lebanon
tel 961 1 805 632
fax 961 1 805 633
website www.ndi.org
Éæg ≥°üdG
terms notes
Éæg ≥°üdG
sender’s address

P.O.Box 13-5320
Chouran 1102-2030
Beirut, Lebanon
tel 961 1 805 632
fax 961 1 805 633
website www.ndi.org
Éæg ≥°üdG
terms notes
Éæg ≥°üdG
sender’s address

P.O.Box 13-5320
Chouran 1102-2030
Beirut, Lebanon
tel 961 1 805 632
fax 961 1 805 633
website www.ndi.org
Éæg ≥°üdG
terms notes
Éæg ≥°üdG
sender’s address

P.O.Box 13-5320
Chouran 1102-2030
Beirut, Lebanon
tel 961 1 805 632
fax 961 1 805 633
website www.ndi.org
Éæg ≥°üdG
terms notes
Éæg ≥°üdG
sender’s address

P.O.Box 13-5320
Chouran 1102-2030
Beirut, Lebanon
tel 961 1 805 632
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National Democratic Institute

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Compiling the English based jargon of election

It would be an understatement to say that Arabic

As NDI expands democracy and governance

The team at the Arabic Publication Center, who

User feedback is essential - comments and thoughts

The glossary included in "The Political Campaign

The UNTERM: It is a Multilingual Database

The UNDP Programme on Governance in the Arab

ACE PROJECT Glossary: www.aceproject.org

The Boulder Community Network (BCN): it provides

Elections Canada is an independent body establi-

Access Clark County is the official website for the

Please accept our thanks in advance for your

Joseph Hall, Senior Advisor

Balloting See Voting. .âjƒ°üJ /´GÎbG /ÜÉîàfG ô¶fG

Blanket Primary A primary election in which the names ‘ Úë°TôŸG

Code of Ethics See Code of Conduct. .πª©dG ¥Éã«e ¤EG IOƒ©dG

Contributions See Campaign Contributions. .á∏ªë∏d äÉYÈJ/á∏ª◊G ‘ äÉªgÉ°ùe ô¶fG

Delimitation See Districting. .á«q HÉîàf’G ôFGh~q dG º«°ù≤J ô¶fG

Electoral Roll See Voters List. .Ö£°ûdG íFGƒd/ÚÑNÉædG ∫h~L ô¶fG

á˘cQÉ˘°ûª˘∏˘d á˘«˘Yô˘°ûdG á˘«˘°SÉ˘°SC’G •hô˘°ûdÉ˘H π˘gDƒŸG Oô˘Ø˘ dG

Enfranchise Grant voting rights. .´GÎb’G ¥ƒ≤M íæe

External Voting/ See Absentee Voting. .»HÉ«Z ´GÎbG ô¶fG

Impersonation An illegal practice which consists of ¢üî°T

Institutional Polls Institutional polls will be set up in health á«ë°üdG

Local Election An election held in a particular locality hCG Úë°TôŸG

Logistic Division See Operations Division. .äÉ«q ∏ª©dG º°ùb ô¶fG

Mobile Polling Station .∫GƒL

.ÌcCG hCG äÉeÓY çÓãH âª°Sho ~b ´GÎbG ábQh »gh

Negative Ads Political advertisements that attack a m í˘°Tô˘

Party Observer See Party Agent. .»HõM π«ch ô¶fG

Periodic Register The result of election administration Qƒ£J

Periodic Voters List See Periodic Register. .…QhO

Politician A person who is running for office or has q ¢üî°T

Polling Day See Election Day. .»HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG/ÜÉîàf’G Ωƒj ô¶fG

Site Internet Voting

Preferential Voting See Alternative Vote. .πj~H âjƒ°üJ ô¶fGoC

Proceedings See Adjudication.

Proportional Properly related in size or degree or

Proportional Parties having representation in a legis-

Protest Vote A vote for a third party candidate (who

Protocol A code of correct conduct related to the

Proxy See Party Agent. .»HõM ~ªà©e/»HõM π«ch ô¶fG

Results Information as to the successful candi- hCG Úë˘°TôŸG

Roll See Electoral List. .á«HÉîàfG áëF’ ô¶fG

Ticket Splitting See Vote Splitting. .´GÎbE’G ΩÉ°ùàbG ô¶fG

Touch-SScreen You register your choices electronically É¡∏éq °ùJh á°TÉ°ûdG

Unmarked Ballot See Rejected Ballot. .I~©Ñà°ùŸG ábÉ£ÑdG/ábQƒdG ô¶fG

Valid Vote A vote cast in an election, marked É° jC

Ward Representation Representation by an area of a city that .õFÉa m í°Tôe

Wasted Votes It is a vote that does not end up on a win- á˘Ø˘°û≤˘

Write-iin ballot See Absentee Voting. .»HÉ«Z ´GÎbG ô¶fG

National Democratic Institute

National Democratic Institute