Ethics

27/03/2017
Session 3: Publica0on Ethics

Prof. Dr. Zainal Salam,
Centre of Electrical
Energy Systems,
UTM Johor Bahru
Malaysia

For CEES and FKE,
Post Graduates Students.
28 and 29 March 2017
www.utm.my innovaIve ● entrepreneurial ● global 1
Research Misconduct
As defined by Office of Research Integrity, US
Dept. of Health and Human Services
Research misconduct means fabrication,

falsification and plagiarism in proposing,
performing, or reviewing or reporting
research results
Honest error or difference in opinion is not included
in this definition
Known as FFP
Imprtant Aspects of Publishing in High Impac

Journals.
Prof Zainal Salam, UTM Johor Bahru 1
27/03/2017
Research Misconduct
Fabrication :
making up data/results which does not exist and
recording them
Falsification:
Manipulating research material, processes, result to
achieve pre-planned outcomes
Omitting data such that the results are not accurately
represented.
Plagiarism:
Using other person(s) material, ideas, sentences,
paragraph, pictures etc. without appropriately
acknowledging them.
Data Fabrica0on/Falsifica0on

v “Trimming”: altering data
v “Cooking”: selective reporting of data
v “Forging”: making up the data

Journals.
27/03/2017
Consequences
●  Manipulate data with intenIon to that deceive
others (cheaIng)
●  Failure to honestly fulfil scienIfic obligaIons.
●  Mislead their colleagues
●  PotenIally impede progress in their field or
research.
●  Undermine their own authority and
trustworthiness as researchers (lose credibility).
In Research and
Publica0on,
FFP is a CRIME!

Journals.
27/03/2017
High profile case
The Telegraph 26 Oct 2009
Plagiarism and Self-‐Plagiarism
DEFINITION
● Plagiarism: using the ideas or words
of another person without giving
appropriate credit
● Self-‐Plagiarism: The copying or reuse

of one’s own research

Journals.
27/03/2017
Plagiarism

² All sources should be disclosed through
appropriate cita0on or quota0on
convenIons.
² If a large amount of other people’s

wri[en or illustraIve material is to be
used, permission must be sought.

To Avoid Self Plagiarism

●  Journals not interested to reproduce published
material (self plagiarism) as it consumes
valuable space.
●  Sentences need to be “paraphrased”
●  Use quotaIon mark for short quotes, and cite

the original version
●  Permission must be obtained to reproduce large

objects, e.g. pictures, tables etc.

Journals.
27/03/2017
How Journals Detect Plagiarism

Ø Similarity check by Journal Admin before
review process using software, for example
turnitin and crosscheck.
Ø Information from reviewers or other editors
Ø Withdrawal of a paper from publication or

review process (by authors)
Consequences
Ø Papers are retracted from journal
Ø Authors banned from publicaIon in the

journal (and possibly other journals too).

Ø Authors are placed on a “watch list”.
Future submissions will be subjected to
careful examinaIon

Journals.
27/03/2017
High profile case
Other Ethical Issues
● Authorships
● MulIple submissions
● Human/Animal violaIons
● Conflict of Interest

Journals.
27/03/2017
Examples of retracted papers
Authorships

Journals.
27/03/2017
Sequence of Authorship
First Author:
Doing most of the
writing/work
Second Author:
Supervisor/Second
most contributor

Journals.
27/03/2017
Who qualify as Authors?
“Authorship credit should be based only on

1) substanIal contribuIons to concepIon and
design, or acquisiIon of data, or analysis and
interpretaIon of data;
2) drading the arIcle or revising it criIcally for
important intellectual content; and
3) final approval of the version to be published.
Condi0ons 1, 2, and 3 must all be met. “
Duplicate Submissions
●  Most journals consider simultaneously

submi[ed manuscripts is not acceptable
–  May cause disagreement over right to publish
(among publishers)
–  Unnecessary duplicaIon of peer review and ediIng
●  However, it Is acceptable if

–  Paper has been rejected by another journal
–  the paper is withdrawn

Journals.
27/03/2017
zainals@fke.utm.my

Journals.

Ethics

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Ethics

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

27/03/2017

Session 3: Publica0on Ethics

www.utm.my innovaIve ● entrepreneurial ● global 1

Research misconduct means fabrication,

Imprtant Aspects of Publishing in High Impac

v “Trimming”: altering data

v “Cooking”: selective reporting of data

v “Forging”: making up the data

www.utm.my innovaIve ● entrepreneurial ● global 4

Imprtant Aspects of Publishing in High Impac

www.utm.my innovaIve ● entrepreneurial ● global 5

www.utm.my innovaIve ● entrepreneurial ● global 6

Imprtant Aspects of Publishing in High Impac

High proﬁle case

The Telegraph 26 Oct 2009

www.utm.my innovaIve ● entrepreneurial ● global 7

Plagiarism and Self-­‐Plagiarism

● Self-­‐Plagiarism: The copying or reuse

www.utm.my innovaIve ● entrepreneurial ● global 8

Imprtant Aspects of Publishing in High Impac

² If a large amount of other people’s

To Avoid Self Plagiarism

● Sentences need to be “paraphrased”

● Use quotaIon mark for short quotes, and cite

● Permission must be obtained to reproduce large

www.utm.my innovaIve ● entrepreneurial ● global 10

Imprtant Aspects of Publishing in High Impac

How Journals Detect Plagiarism

Ø Information from reviewers or other editors

Ø Withdrawal of a paper from publication or

www.utm.my innovaIve ● entrepreneurial ● global 11

Ø Papers are retracted from journal

Ø Authors banned from publicaIon in the

www.utm.my innovaIve ● entrepreneurial ● global 12

Imprtant Aspects of Publishing in High Impac

High proﬁle case

www.utm.my innovaIve ● entrepreneurial ● global 13

Other Ethical Issues

www.utm.my innovaIve ● entrepreneurial ● global 14

Imprtant Aspects of Publishing in High Impac

Examples of retracted papers

www.utm.my innovaIve ● entrepreneurial ● global 15

www.utm.my innovaIve ● entrepreneurial ● global 16

Imprtant Aspects of Publishing in High Impac

www.utm.my innovaIve ● entrepreneurial ● global 17

Sequence of Authorship

www.utm.my innovaIve ● entrepreneurial ● global 18

Imprtant Aspects of Publishing in High Impac

Who qualify as Authors?

“Authorship credit should be based only on

www.utm.my innovaIve ● entrepreneurial ● global 19

● Most journals consider simultaneously

● However, it Is acceptable if

www.utm.my innovaIve ● entrepreneurial ● global 20

Imprtant Aspects of Publishing in High Impac

www.utm.my innovaIve ● entrepreneurial ● global 21

Imprtant Aspects of Publishing in High Impac

Potrebbero piacerti anche

v “Trimming”: altering data

v “Cooking”: selective reporting of data

v “Forging”: making up the data

Plagiarism and Self-‐Plagiarism

● Self-‐Plagiarism: The copying or reuse

² If a large amount of other people’s

●  Sentences need to be “paraphrased”

●  Use quotaIon mark for short quotes, and cite

●  Permission must be obtained to reproduce large

Ø Information from reviewers or other editors

Ø Withdrawal of a paper from publication or

Ø Papers are retracted from journal

Ø Authors banned from publicaIon in the

●  Most journals consider simultaneously

●  However, it Is acceptable if