Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Topics:
Effective Stress
Compression and Consolidation Process
Settlement Categories
Preconsolidation Condition
Calculation of Primary Consolidation Settlement
Time Rate of Consolidation
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
Effective Stress
Total stress at point A below the soil surface is equal to (1) the stress carried by the water
in the continuous void spaces (i.e. pore water pressure, u) and (2) the stress carried by the
soil solids at their points of contact (i.e. the soil skeleton). Approximately the effective
stress (σ ')
σ = Hγ w + ( H A − H ) γ sat
H HA Ws + Ww
where γ sat = γ =
Vtotal
σ = σ'+u (1 −a )
where a is the fractional surface area of solids (usually a<<1 for all
A practical conditions) so σ ≈ σ'+u
Compression of soil layers due to stress increase by construction of foundations or other loads.
Compression is caused by:
1. Deformation of soil particles
2. Relocation of soil particles
3. Expulsion of water or air from void spaces
Consolidation - Process the reduction of bulk soil volume under loading due to flow of pore
water. For saturated soils, any increment of loading (∆ σ , called surcharge) will be initially
taken up by the pore pressure and result in consolidation until a new equilibrium is reached
where the soil solids (or skeleton) takes up the added load.
surcharge: ∆σ = ∆σ'+∆u
For cohesive soils: at t = 0, ∆σ = ∆u ; t=∞, ∆σ = ∆σ'
For non-cohesive soils: water drains faster and the load is transferred immediately
Categories:
1. Immediate settlement - elastic deformation of dry soil and moist and saturated
soils without change to moisture content
a. due to high permeability, pore pressure in clays support the entire added load and
no immediate settlement occurs
b. generally, due to the construction process, immediate settlement is not important
2. Primary consolidation settlement - volume change in saturated cohesive soils
because of the expulsion of water from void spaces
a. high permeability of sandy, cohesionless soils result in near immediate drainage
due to the increase in pore water pressure and no primary consolidation settlement
occurs
3. Secondary compression settlement - plastic adjustment of soil fabric in cohesive
soils
Preconsolidation Condition
1. normally consolidated - present effective overburden pressure = maximum
pressure the soil has been subjected to in the past (pc)
2. overconsolidated - present effective overburden pressure < maximum pressure the
soil has been subjected to in the past (pc)
Maximum
past load
e
Non-linear
rebound when
log p load is removed log p pc
log p
Calculation of Ultimate Primary Consolidation Settlement
Saturated clay soil layer of thickness H, cross-sectional area A, existing overburden
pressure po, increase in pressure ∆ p, and resulting ultimate primary consolidation
settlement S
e1 − e2 ∆e
Cc = =
log p2 log po + ∆ p
Compression index Cc = slope of the e-log p curve:
p1 po
Cc H po + ∆p
S= log
1 + eo po
∆p
[vz + (dvz /dz)dz]dxdy h = u/γw
sand
dz
dy
dx
2Hdr clay
z
vzdxdy
sand
assume that the decrease in void ratio is proportional to the increase in effective stress (or
the decrease in pore pressure) ∂e = −av ∂u , av = coeff. of compressibility
av
define the coeff. of volume compressibility mv =
1 + eo
k ∂2 u ∂u k ∂2 u ∂u
− = −m , define coeff. of consolidation c v = = cv
γ w ∂z 2 v
∂t γ w mv ∂z 2
∂t
,
cv t
solving gives a time factor Tv =
H dr2
e +e 1 ∆e
estimate mv from e-log p plot at appropriate pressures, mv = 1 + e ∆p , eav = 1 2
av 2
0
0.1
degree of consolidation, U(%)/100
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0.001 0.01 0.1 1
2
Time Factor, Tv=Cvt/H
Sivaram & Swamee (1977) empirical relationship for U (degree of settlement) from 0-100%
2
4Tv π U %
U% π 4 100
= and Tv =
100 2.8 0.179 0.357
4Tv U % 5.6
1 + 1 −
π 100