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Reflexive pronouns
myself
yourself
himself/herself/itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
Examples
Subject pronouns Object pronouns
I know Tom. Tom knows me.
You know Tom. Tom knows you.
He/she knows Tom. Tom knows him/her.
We know Tom. Tom knows us.
You know Tom. Tom knows you.
They know Tom. Tom knows them.
Reflexive pronouns
I looked at myself.
You looked at yourself.
He/she looked at himself/herself.
We looked at ourselves.
You looked at yourselves.
They looked at themselves.
UNIDAD 1 – PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Cuando el verbo tiene solo una sílaba y se termina en una vocal + una
consonante, duplicamos la consonante.
stop → stopping plan → planning rub → rubbing
PERO: boil → boiling, need → needing, explain → explaining
(porque antes de la consonante tenemos dos vocales)
para hablar de los cambios que están sucediendo ahora (get, change,
become, increase, rise, fall, grow, improve, begin, start)
Is your English getting better?
The population of the world is increasing very fast.
At first I didn’t like my job, but I’m beginning to enjoy it now.
UNIDAD 2 – PRESENT SIMPLE
Para hablar de algo que no nos gusta, que nos molesta, para criticar malas
costumbres usamos PRESENT CONTINUOUS, aunque en la frase aparezcan
adverbios de frequencia como por ejemplo always, usually, never etc.
pero:
SEE – ver
Do you see that man over there? = Can you see…?
I see them coming towards us.
SEE – visitar, tener una cita
She’s seeing her doctor today.
LOOK – parecer
You look well today. = You’re looking well today.
FEEL – sentirse
How do you feel now? = How are you feeling now?
I usually feel tired in the morning. (cosas habituales!!!)
HURT – doler
My leg hurts me. = My leg is hurting me.
BE – ser, estar
He never thinks about other people. He is very selfish.
BE – comportarse, actuar en el momento en el que hablamos
I can’t understand why he’s being so selfish. He isn’t usually like that.
UNIDAD 5 – Past Simple
APARTADO 5B y 5C + APÉNDICE 6 – la fórmula y la ortografía
1. Frases afirmativas:
sujeto + verbos irregulares
Mozart wrote more than 600 pieces of music.
I went to the cinema three times last week.
sujeto + verbos regulares con “-ED”
I work in a travel agency now. Before that I worked in a department store.
I invited them to the party, but they decided not to come.
Cuando el verbo tiene solo una sílaba y se termina en una vocal + una
consonante, duplicamos la consonante.
The police stopped me on my way home last night.
I planned everything very well.
PERO: boil → boiled, need → needed, explain → explained (porque
antes de la consonante tenemos dos vocales)
APARTADO 9A y 9B – el uso
Joe has been eating too much recently. He is going to put on weight.
Somebody has eaten all the chocolates. The box is empty.
APARTADO 10C
APARTADO 10D
Se puede usar Present Perfect y Present Perfect Continuous con los verbos
‘live’ and ‘work’
Julia has been living / has lived here for a long time.
How long have you been working / have you worked here?
pero cuando en la frase aparece el adverbio ‘always’, usamos siempre
Present Perfect:
I’ve always lived in the country.
I haven’t seen Tom since Monday. = Monday was the last time I saw him
Sarah hasn’t phoned for ages. = the last time she phoned was ages ago
UNIDAD 12 – FOR y SINCE / WHEN… y HOW LONG…?
APARTADO 12A
APARTADO 13B
APARTADO 13C
Usamos Present Perfect para hablar de los periodos de tiempo que todavía no
se han terminado (esta semana, este mes, este año...) .
Usamos Past Simple para hablar de los periodos de tiempo que se refieren al
pasado, que se terminaron (ayer, la semana pasada, el mes pasado)
EL USO:
para referirnos a una acción que comenzó en el pasado y que es
anterior a otra acción también en el pasado. La acción que ocurrió
primero es en pasado perfecto y la que sigue en pasado simple.
(BEFORE, BY THE TIME)
When we got home last night, we found that somebody had broken into the flat.
Karen didn’t want to go to the cinema with us because she’d seen the movie before.
By the time we got to the cinema, the film had already started.
Who is that woman? I’ve seen her before, but I can’t remember where. ≠
Who was that woman? I’d seen her before, but I couldn’t remember where.
We aren’t hungry. We’ve had lunch. ≠ We weren’t hungry. We’d had lunch.
The house is dirty. They haven’t cleaned it for weeks. ≠ The house was dirty.
They hadn’t cleaned it for weeks.
EXAMPLE: When I went to England for the first time, I wasn’t used to
driving on the left.
EXAMPLE (preguntas):
- Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child?
- Did she use to have long hair when she was a child?
EXAMPLE:
I used to visit my grandma every day when I lived in Cambridge. = I would
visit my grandma every day when I lived in Cambridge.
I used to live in Paris. = I would live in Paris.
Stative verbs (los verbos estáticos / los verbos de estado) → son verbos que describen
estados permanentes, situaciones, condiciones (no se refieren a acciones) y por eso
no se usan en su forma continua
- Verbos que describen gustos, preferencias, o emociones: adore, detest, dislike,
enjoy, forgive, hate, like, dislike, love
- Verbos relacionados con la percepción y los sentidos: feel, hear, see, smell, taste,
sound, recognise
- Verbos que describen estados mentales como opinión, duda, acuerdo o
desacuerdo: agree, believe, suppose, understand, think, doubt, concern, seem, guess
- Verbos relacionados con la posesión o la pertenecia: have, possess, belong, own
UNIDAD 19 – Present Tenses for the Future
APARTADO 19A – Present Continuous for the future
para:
ofrecer algo: That bag looks heavy. I’ll help you with it.
expresar promesas: Thanks for lending me the money. I’ll pay you
back on Friday.
I won’t tell anyone, I promise.
aceptar hacer algo, mostrar que estamos de acuerdo:
‘Can you give Tim this book?’ ‘ Sure, I’ll give it to him when I see him.
pedir que alguien haga algo: Will you please turn down the music?
“Let’s have a party.” “That’s a great idea. We’ll invite lots of people.”
Sarah and I have decided to have a party. We’re going to invite lots of
people.
APARTADO 25B
APARTADO 25C – IF
I’m going out later. WHEN I go out, I’ll get some bread.
I might go out later. IF I go out, I’ll get some bread.
Don’t worry if I’m late tonight. (when I’m late)
UNIDAD 26 – CAN, COULD, BE ABLE TO
APARTADO 26A – can / cannot
El verbo ‘can’ tiene solamente dos formas: can (presente) y could (pasado).
Por eso a veces es obligatorio usar ‘be able to’ en vez de ‘can’ .
CON OTROS TIEMPOS → I haven’t been able to sleep recently.
(haven’t been could)
I used to be able to play the piano, but I can’t anymore. (used to can)
CON OTROS MODALES →
Tom might be able to come tomorrow. (might can)
Applicants for the job must be able to speak two foreign languages. (must be can)
En estas frases podríamos usar también ‘can’ cuando haya más probabilidad de que algo pase!!!
APARTADO 27B
APARTADO 27C
The weather can change very quickly in the mountains. (en general)
The weather is nice now, but it could/may/might change. (ahora mismo)
APARTADO 27D
APARTADO 27E
COULDN’T + HAVE + participio – para decir que algo no pudo haber sido de
otra manera
We had a really good holiday. It couldn’t have been better.
The trip was cancelled last week. Paul couldn’t have gone anyway because he was ill.
UNIDAD 28 – MUST and CAN’T
APARTADO 28A – MUST y CAN’T
para expresar la seguridad
may be
sujeto (not) be + verbo ING
might infinitivo
may / might + be: It may / might be true. (= perhaps/it’s possible that it is true)
may / might + be + verbo ING: He may / might be having lunch. (= perhaps/it’s
possible that he is having lunch)
may / might + infinitivo: Ask Ann. She may / might know. (perhaps/it’s possible
that she knows)
may been
sujeto (not) have been + verbo ING
might participio
may / might + have + participio: He may/ might have been asleep when you
phoned. (perhaps/it’s possible that she was asleep)
She wasn’t at the meeting yesterday. She may/might not have known about it.
(perhaps/it’s possible that she didn’t know)
may / might + have + been + ing: David was in such a bad mood yesterday. He
may not have been feeling well. (perhaps/it’s possible that he wasn’t feeling well)
Take an umbrella with you. It may/might rain later. = Perhaps it will rain later.
She isn’t feeling well. Amy may/might not go out tonight. = Perhaps she will not go
out tonight.
Buses are so expensive these days, you might as well get a taxi.
UNIDAD 31 – HAVE TO and MUST
APARTADO 31A – HAVE TO para obligaciones externas (tener que)
MUST = HAVE TO – para expresar nuestra opinión sobre algo cuando nos
parece necesario hacerlo o para recomedar algo
I haven’t spoken to Sue for ages. I must/have to phone her. (es necesario)
Mark is a really nice person. You must/have to meet him. (se recomienda)
PERO:
para obligaciones externas no podemos usar MUST –
I have to work from 8:30 to 5:30 every day. (es un hecho, no una opinión nuestra)
NEEDN’T HAVE + PARTICIPIO – para decir que alguien hizo algo pero ahora
se sabe que no hacía falta hacerlo
Everything was OK. We needn’t have worried.
DIDN’T NEED TO + infinitivo – para decir que no hacía falta hacer algo
PERO da igual si alguien lo hizo o no
He didn’t need to get up early, so he didn’t.
He didn’t need to get up early, but it was a beautiful morning, so he did.
DIDN’T NEED TO = DIDN’T HAVE TO
UNIDAD 33 – SHOULD parte 1
2. para hablar de algo que esperamos que pase pronto; para expresar una
probabilidad bastante segura
Helen has been studying hard for the exam, so she should pass.
PERO
1. también podemos omitir ‘should’ después de estos verbos y
expresiones y dejar el verbo en la forma del infinitivo (sin ‘to’ →
subjuntivo):
It’s essential that everyone be here on time.
I insisted that he apologise.
I suggested that she buy a car.
What do you suggest we do?
Después del verbo ‘suggest’ ESTÁ PROHIBIDO usar ‘TO + infinitivo’ pero
podemos usar ‘verbo + ING’:
What do you SUGGEST doing? (What do you suggest us to do?)
What do you SUGGEST we should do?
What do you SUGGEST we do?
What do you SUGGEST we did?
IT’S ABOUT TIME… - usamos esta expresión para que la crítica parezca más fuerte
It’s about time we went home.
Jack is a great talker. But it’s about time he did something instead of just talking.
UNIDAD 36 – WOULD
APARTADO 36A – ‘would’ y ‘would have’
WILL + INFINITIVO
1. para hablar del futuro:
I will call Lisa. Finally I have her number.
I’ll stay a little longer. I’ve got plenty of time.
2. para decir que alguien se niega hacer algo, o que una máquina no
quiere funccionar en el presente:
She is annoyed because her car won’t start.
WOULD + INFINITIVO
1. para hablar de situaciones irreales en el presente
I would call Lisa, but I don’t have her number.(situación irreal)
I’d stay a little longer, but I really have to go now.
2. para hablar del pasado
I promise that I will call Lisa.(ahora) → I promised that I would call Lisa. (el
pasado)
3. para decir que alguien se negó hacer algo, o que una máquina no
quiso funccionar en el pasado:
She was annoyed because her car wouldn’t start.
I used to visit my grandma every day when I lived in Cambridge. = I would visit my
grandma every day when I lived in Cambridge.
I used to live in Paris. = I would live in Paris.
Stative verbs (los verbos estáticos / los verbos de estado) → son verbos que describen
estados permanentes, situaciones, condiciones (no se refieren a acciones) y por eso
no se usan en su forma continua
- Verbos que describen gustos, preferencias, o emociones: adore, detest, dislike,
enjoy, forgive, hate, like, dislike, love
- Verbos relacionados con la percepción y los sentidos: feel, hear, see, smell, taste,
sound, recognise
- Verbos que describen estados mentales como opinión, duda, acuerdo o
desacuerdo: agree, believe, suppose, understand, think, doubt, concern, seem, guess
- Verbos relacionados con la posesión o la pertenecia: have, possess, belong, own
UNIDAD 37 – CAN / COULD / WOULD en preguntas
APARTADO 37A
1. CAN / COULD / WILL / WOULD – para pedir que alguien haga algo
para nosotros: Can / Could / Will / Would you do me a favour?
Es más común usar CAN y COULD, pero con ‘do you think’ usamos
‘COULD’ (no ´can´!!!): Do you think you could do me a favour?
APARTADO 37B
2. CAN / COULD / MAY – para preguntar por algo, para pedir algo
(+have / get) : Can / Could / May I have these postcards, please?
APARTADO 37C
3. CAN / COULD / MAY – para pedir permiso para hacer algo, significan
lo mismo pero MAY es más formal que las otras palabras:
Hello, can / could / may I speak to Steve, please?
Can / Could / May I use your phone?
APARTADO 37D
APARTADO 37E
COMPARE:
DO you mind if I use your phone? = WOULD you mind if I used your phone?
UNIDAD 41 – WISH
HOPE + sujeto (quien / que) + verbo + sustantivo - esperar que algo pase
I hope she has luck / a pleasant stay.
wish + PAST SIMPLE (verbos con ‘ed’ o los verbos de la segunda columna de
los verbos irregulares) – ojalá pero referiendose al presente:
I want to call her. I wish I knew her number.
I wish you didn’t have to go soon. I have so much to tell you.
Do you wish you lived near the sea?
BE BORN – nacer
Where were you born?
I was born in Chicago.
How many babies are born every day?
Lisa has her hair cut every month. → Does Lisa have her hair cut every month?
Lisa is having her hair cut now. → Is Lisa having her hair cut now?
APARTADO D
2. Direct Speech (estilo directo): Paul said “I am fine.” / “I am fine,” said Paul.
Reported Speech (estilo indirecto): Paul said (that) he was fine.
3. tiempos verbales:
Present Simple Past Simple cuando la situación de la cual
estamos hablando ha cambiado o se ha terminado
He said “I play well.” He said (that) he played well.
Present Simple Present Simple cuando la situación sigue
igual (planes, ganas de hacer algo, verdades generales)
Mary said “John is in hospital.” Mary said (that) John is in hospital.
(si todavía sigue en el hospital).
Mary said “John is in hospital.” Mary said (that) John was in
hospital. (cuando ya ha salido del hospital)
Present Continuous Past Continuous
He said “I am playing well.” He said (that) he was playing well.
Past Simple Past Simple / Past Perfect
He said “I played well.” He said (that) he played/had played well.
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
He said “I was playing well.” He said (that) he had been playing
well.
Present Perfect Past Perfect
He said “I have played well.” He said (that) he had played well.
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
He said “I have been playing well.” He said (that) he had been
playing well.
Past Perfect Past Perfect
He said “I had played well.” He said (that) he had played well.
Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
He said “I had been playing well.” He said (that) he had been
playing well.
Future Simple WOULD
He said “I will play well.” He said (that) he would play well.
Going to WAS going to
He said “I am going to play well.” He said (that) he was going to
play well.
Ordenes, peticiones y sugerencias → TO + infinitivo
Ordenes: He told me “Don’t be late!” He told me not to be late.
Peticiones: He asked me “Can you help me?” He asked me to
help him
Sugerencias: He told me “Drink plenty of water.” He told me to
drink plenty of water.
4. palabras que indican el tiempo:
tonight, today, this week/month/year... THAT night, THAT
day, THAT week/month/year…
now THEN, AT THAT TIME, AT ONCE, IMMEDIATELY
yesterday, last night/week/month... THE DAY BEFORE, THE
PREVIOUS night/week/month...
tomorrow, next week/month... THE DAY AFTER, THE
FOLLOWING day/week/month, THE NEXT week/month...
two days/weeks/months ago… two days/weeks/months...
BEFORE
ORDENES O PETICIONES:
TELL + persona + (not) TO + infinitivo:
He told me (not) to close the door.
ASK + persona + TO + infinitivo:
She asked me to close the door.
UNIDAD 49 – QUESTIONS 1
APARTADO 49A – preguntas en tiempos verbales formados por
dos verbos
Las preposiciones van al final de todas las preguntas (aparte de las que
empiezan con “whom”).
Who do you want to speak to?
Which job has Tina applied for?
What is the weather like?
Where are you from?
ESTILO FORMAL:
who + el resto de la pregunta + preposición
= preposición + WHOM + el resto de la pregunta
She is speaking about her sister. →WHO is she speaking about?
About WHOM is she speaking?
They are talking to their dad.→ WHO are they talking to?
To WHOM are they talking?
Las preguntas indirectas sirven para decir que ha preguntado otra persona.
Ejemplos:
- pregunta directa:
The police officer asked ”Where are you going?”
- pregunta indirecta:
The police officer asked where we were going.
CAMBIA EL ORDEN DE LAS PALABRAS
(como una frase afirmativa)
…… pronombre + sujeto + verbo en tiempo correspondente
UNIDAD 51 – AUXILIARY VERBS
APARTADO 51A, 51B, 51C – los usos de los verbos auxiliares
LOS USAMOS:
- para crear preguntas o frases negativas y también algunos tiempos
verbales
- para responder a algunas preguntas sin repetir palabras usadas en
esas preguntas:
‘Have you locked the door?’ ‘Yes, I have.’ (=Yes, I have locked the door.)
‘Do you like onion?’ ‘No, I don’t.’(=No, I don’t like onions.)
- para no repetir las mismas palabras dos veces:
Gary wasn’t working, but Laura was. (=Laura was working.)
SUPOSICIONES:
I could lend you some money, but I WON’T(= … but I won’t
lend you any money)
ORDENES / CONSEJOS:
Don’t lend her money! → I WON’T (= I won’t lend her any money!)
- para desmentir algo:
‘You are sitting in my place.’ ‘No, I’m not.’ (=I’m not sitting in your place.)
‘You didn’t lock the door before you left.’ ‘Yes, I did.’ (=I locked the door.)
- para mostrar interés en lo que está diciendo alguien o para mostrar
que estamos sorprendidos por algo (Have you?/Is she?/Do they?/...)
‘Lisa isn’t very well today.’ ‘Oh, isn’t she? What’s wrong with her?’
‘James and Tanya are getting married.’ ‘Are they? Really?’
- para decir que a alguien le pasa lo mismo que a otra persona, que
están en la misma situación (+ SO / EITHER / NOR / NEITHER)
cuidado con el orden de la palabras!!!!!!
‘I’m tired.’ ‘So am I.’ (=I’m tired, too.)
Sarah hasn’t got a car and neither has Mark.
‘I never read newspapers.’ ‘Neither / Nor do I.’ (=I never read newspapers
either.)
Neither do I. = Nor do I. = I don’t either.
Questions Tags:
- son mini preguntas o preguntas cortas, que ponemos al final de una frase
afirmativa o negativa para convertirla en una pregunta en inglés hablado.
- están formadas por verbos auxiliares
- después de una frase afirmativa ponemos un tag negativo y después de una
frase negativa ponemos un tag afirmativo
- su significado depende de la melodía de la frase. Si diciendolo, bajamos la
melodía, solamente estamos buscando la confirmación. Si diciendolo,
subimos la melodía, hacemos una pregunta y de esta manera esperamos
una respuesta.
Let’s …, + shall we
Let’s go for a walk, shall we?
I am …, + aren’t I
I am right, aren’t I?
decide – decidirse
I’ve decided WHERE to go for my
holidays.
deny – negar ask (question word) – preguntar
They denied stealing / having stolen the He asked HOW to get to the bar?
money. → They denied THAT they had
stolen the money.
know – saber
forget – olvidarse de
explain - explicar
learn – aprender a
understand – entender
wonder - preguntarse
show – mostrar
tell – decir
advise – aconsejar
VERBO + (complemento) VERBO + complemento
+to INFINITIVO +to INFINITIVO
want - querer tell – decir
expect – esperar order – ordenar
ask – pedir, preguntar remind – recordar
beg – suplicar warn – advertir, avisar
help – ayudar enable - permitir
mean – tener intención de force – obligar
would like – gustar, querer invite – invitar
would prefer – preferir encourage - animar
persuade = get – convencer
teach - enseñar
PASSIVE VOICE:
be made + to verb
They made us wait for two hours. → We
were made to wait for two hours.
help – ayudar let – permitir
Can you help me to move this table? My parents don’t let me go out with my
Can you help me move this table? friends.
Let me help you.
like – querer hacer algo porque nos da like – querer hacer algo porque es
placer hacerlo aconsejable hacerlo
I like cleaning the kitchen. I think I can I like to clean the kitchen as often as
call it one of my hobbies. possible, but it’s not my favourite job.
no cambia el significado
begin = start - empezar
continue - continuar
intend – querer, tener la intención de
bother – molestar
prefer - preferir
UNIDADES 53, 54, 55, 56,57, 58 – VERBOS CON –ING y
_TO+INFINITIVO
VERBOS CON –ING
PRESENTE frases afirmativas: verbo + verbo ING I REGRET telling the truth.
PRESENTE frases negativas:
verbo + NOT + verbo ING I REGRET not telling the truth.
PASADO frases afirmativas:
verbo + verbo ING = verbo + HAVING + participio
I REGRET telling the truth. = I REGRET having told the truth.
PASADO frases negativas: verbo + NOT HAVING + participio
I REGRET not having told the truth.
PASIVA: verbo + BEING + participio
I REGRET being told the truth. (I regret they told me the truth)
I ENJOY being told compliments. (I enjoy people telling me compliments.)
APARTADO A – prefer
to apologise (TO sb.) for sth. – pedir perdón a alguien por algo
I apologised (to them) for not keeping their secret.
UNIT 63 – EXPRECIONES CON ING
APARTADO A, B, C, D, E
APARTADO A
adjetivo (+ for + sustantivo) + to +infinitivo
cheap, dangerous, difficult, easy, exciting, expensive, good, hard,
impossible, interesting, nice, safe
EXAMPLES:
It is difficult to understand him. → He is difficult (for me) to understand him.
It was impossible (for me) to answer the questions. → The questions were
impossible (for me) to answer them.
VERBOS CON PREPOSICIONES:
It’s so interesting to talk to Jane. → Jane is interesting to talk to her.
APARTADO B
adjetivo + of + persona + to + infinitivo
careless (imprudente), (in)considerate (des/considerado), generous
(generoso), kind, mean, nice, silly, stupid, unfair (injusto)
EXAMPLES:
It is silly of Jane to give up her work without having a new one.
It is really nice of you to help me.
APARTADO C
adjetivo +to + infinitivo para hablar de nuestras reacciones a ciertas
cosas, los sentimientos que causan
amazed (sorprendido, asombrado) , disappointed (decepcionado),
pleased (contento), relieved (aliviado), sad, sorry (apenado, sentir
que), surprised,
EXAMPLES:
I am surprised to see you here.
I’m sorry to hear that.
APARTADO D
the first / the second / the third / … / the next / the last / the only
(+sustantivo) + to + verb
EXAMPLES:
You are the first to know that I am getting married.
I was the only one to arrive on time.
The next train to arrive is at platform 4 will be the 10:50 to Liverpool.
APARTADO E
sure / certain / likely / bound to happen
EXAMPLES:
She is a very good student. She is bound / sure to pass the exam.
I’m likely to get home late tonight. = She will probably get home late.
UNIT 66 - ADJETIVOS + TO + INFINITIVO
y ADJETIVOS + PREPOSICIONES + ING
APARTADO A – afraid
to be afraid of + verbo ING – tener miedo de que pase algo (del efecto,
resultado);
I don’t like dogs. I’m always afraid of being bitten. (to be bitten)
The path was icy, so we walked very carefully We were afraid of falling. (to fall)
APARTADO B – interested
APARTADO C – sorry
to be sorry to + infinitivo
- sentir cuando lamentamos algo o nos da pena
I was sorry to hear that Nicky lost her job.
I’m sorry lo leave but I really have to go now.
- sentir cuando pedimos perdón por algo que estamos haciendo en el
momento de hablar
I’m sorry to phone you so late, but I need to ask you something.
to be sorry for/about + verbo ING – sentir cuando pedimos perdón por algo
que hemos hecho antes
I’m sorry for / about shouting at you yesterday.
= I’m sorry I shouted ate you yesterday.
UNIT 66 – SEE SB DO / DOING
Tom was walking along the street. Suddenly he got into a car and drove away.
Pero en la Pasiva →
to be seen + verbo ING
to be seen + TO + infinitivo
Tom was seen walking along the street.
Tom was seen TO get into a car.
hear, feel, listen to, smell, find, notice + verbo ING / infinitivo (sin ‘to’)
APARTADO 69C
APARTADO 70B
accommodation
advice (a piece)
baggage (an item / a piece)
behavior
bread (a loaf / a slice / a piece)
electricity
chaos
damage
furniture (a piece)
information (an item / a piece)
luck
luggage (an item / a piece)
money
music
news (an item / a piece)
permission
progress
rice
sand
scenery
toast (a piece / a round / a slice)
traffic
travel
water
weather
work (a piece)
UNIT 72 - A /AN and THE
A / AN THE
1. cuando hablamos de algo por primera 1. cuando ya hemos mencionado algo antes y
vez: no es primera vez que hablemos de eso
I had a sandwich and an apple for lunch. The sandwich wasn’t very good, but the apple
was nice.
2. cuando hablamos de una persona o una 2. cuando hablamos de una persona o cosa
cosa en general en particular
Tim sat down on a chair. Tim sat down on the chair nearest to the door.
Paula is looking for a job. Did Paula get the job she applied for?
the equator, the earth, the moon, the sun, the sky, the sea, the ground,
the world, the universe, the environment, the internet
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!ATENCIÓN!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
IN the sky
The earth goes around round the sun, and the moon goes round
the earth. (hablando sobre sus características)
Which planet is nearest Earth? (como uno de los planetas en el
espacio, los nombres de otros planetas también sin THE)
SPACE siempre sin THE cuando hablamos del espacio en el
universo
There are millions of stars in space.
I tried to park my car, but the space was too small.
6. No usamos THE con sustantivos con números (Room 126, Page 29,
question 3, Gate 10 etc.):
Our train leaves from Platform 5.
Do you have these shoes in size 43
7. con los sustantivos: SCHOOL, UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE, HOSPITAL,
CHURCH, PRISON, JAIL, BED
- no usamos THE cuando hablamos de usarlo para lo que han sido
creados:
Ellie is ten years old. Every day she goes to school. She is at school now.
School starts at 9 and finishes at 3.
pero:
All cars have wheels. ≠ All the cars in this car park belong to this company.
I like working with people. ≠ I like the people I work with.
pero: What do you know about origins of man? (the man = mankind, the
human race)
11. podemos poner THE antes de los adjetivos para poder hablar de
grupos de personas:
the young (los jovenes), the rich (los ricos), the sick (los enfermos), the
injured (los heridos), the disabled (los discapacitados), the dead (los
muertos), the old = the elderly (los mayores) , the homeless (sin techo), the
unemployed (los desempleados)
12. nacionalidades:
- usamos THE con las nacionalidades que se terminan en ‘-ch’ o ‘-
sh’: the French, the Spanish, the English
para hablar de un habitante: a Frenchman, an Englishwoman
10. calles, caminos, plazas, parques: Union Street, Queens Road, Broadway,
Fifth Avenue, Hyde Park, Times Square
1. oceanos: the Atlantic (Ocean), the Pacific (Ocean), the Indian Ocean
6. puntos cardinales: the north (of Spain), the south, the east, the west
PERO no usamos “THE” → northern Spain, North America, the Middle
East, the Far East
APARTADO 79A
sustantivos plurales que se refieren objetos que tienen dos partes
APARTADO 79B
sustantivos singulares que se terminan en ‘-ics’
APARTADO 79C
sustantivos que se refieren a grupos de personas y tienen forma
singular pero a veces les sigue verbo singular y otras veces plural
APARTADO 79D
APARTADO 79E
sustantivos que se refieren a cantidades de dinero, periodos de
tiempo o distancias los tratamos como una unidad y utilizamos
con ellos verbo singular
APARTADO 80B
APARTADO 80C
a sugar bowl (un cuenco para azúcar) ≠ a bowl of sugar (un cuenco de azúcar,
con azúcar dentro)
a shopping bag (una bolsa para compras) ≠ a bag of shopping (una bolsa de
compras, con productos comprados dentro de ella)
APARTADO 80D
APARTADO 81C – OF
sustantivo + OF + sustantivo: cosas o ideas, singular o plural
the temperature of the water = the water temperature (the water’s temperature!!!)
the name of the book, the owner of the restaurant
OF en expresiones: the beginning of, the end of, the middle of, the top of,
the bottom of, the front of, the back of, the side of
Pronombres reflexivos:
singulares: MYSELF, YOURSELF, HIMSELF, HERSELF, ITSELF
plurales: OURSELVES, YOURSELVES, THEMSELVES
APARTADO 82B
APARTADO 82C
APARTADO 82D
sustantivo + OF + MY/ YOUR/ HIS/ HER/ ITS/ OUR/ YOUR/ THEIR + OWN
I would like to have a room of my own.
He won’t be able to help you with your problems. He has too many problems of his own.
Para resaltar que hacemos algo nosotros mismos, sin que nadie lo hace por
nosotros.
Brian usually cuts his own hair. = He cuts his hair himself.
I’d like to have a garden so that I could grow my own vegetables instead of buying
them from shops.
There is (‘s) / are (Hay...) → There is a new restaurant in Hill Street. / There
are two new restaurants in Hill Street.
There was / were (Había...) → There was a lot of traffic in the morning.
There has been / have been (Ha habido…) → There has been a big rise in
the cost of living.
It’s (is) (Es…/Está..) → We’re the new restaurant right now. It is really good.
It was (Fue…/Estuvo…) → I wasn’t expecting them to come. It was a surprise!
It has been (Ha sido…/Ha estado…)
THERE = AHÍ
When we got to the party, there were already a lot of people. (=at the party)
APARTADO 84B
APARTADO 84C
Expresiones con IT
It’s adjetivo to + infinitivo = es... It’s dangerous to cross the river.
It takes / doesn’t take me (you/him/her/us/them) long to
+ infinitivo = (no) tardar mucho en hacer algo
It’s a shame (that)+ una frase = es una pena que…
It’s (not) worth + verbo ing = (no) vale la pena... (no) es digno de
…………. + TO infinitivo
plenty + to infinitivo: We’ve got plenty to do
much + to infinitivo: Did it cost much to fix your phone?
little + to infinitivo: We´ve got little to do.
a lot + to infinitivo: It costs a lot to travel.
PERO:
I love you very much.
I want it so much!
APARTADO 87C y 87D
FEW- pocos/as, no muchos/as, LITTLE – poco/a, no mucho/a,
NO SUFICIENTE NO SUFICIENTE
A FEW – pocos/as, no muchos/as, A LITTLE – poco/a, no mucho/a,
PERO SUFICIENTE PERO SUFICIENTE
She’s lucky. She has few problems. He spoke little English, so it was difficult
She is worried. She has a few problems. to communicate with him.
ONLY + a few He spoke a little English, so we were able
There were only a few houses. to communicate with him.
VERY + few ONLY + a little
Hurry up! We only have a little time.
VERY + little
UNIDAD 88 - ALL, ALL OF / MOST, MOST OF /
NO, NONE OF…
EXEPCIONES:
ALL y HALF + OF (pero OF no es obligatorio) all the cars = all of the cars
half this money = half of this money
EXEPCIONES:
both OF my parents = both my parents!!!!!!! significa lo mismo
APARTADO 89C
2. NEITHER … NOR … - ni … ni …
Neither Chris nor Paul came to the party.
There was an accident but we neither saw nor heard anything.
3. EITHER … OR … - o … o …
I’m not sure where Maria’s from. She’s either Spanish or Italian.
Either you apologise, or I’ll never speak to you again.
APARTADO 89D – dos o más
(diferencia entre either/neither/both y any/none/all)
APARTADO 90C
EVERY/EVERYBODY/EVERYONE/EVERYTHING + verbo singular
PERO EVERYBODY/EVERYONE + they/them/their
Everybody is saying they are enjoying themselves at the party.
ALL THE TIME – todo el tiempo: They never go out. They are at home all the time.
EVERY TIME – cada vez: Every time I see you, you look different.
UNIDAD 91-EACH and EVERY
EACH EVERY
APARTADO 91A
En muchas frases se puede usar las dos palabras:
Each time / Every time I see you, you look different.
There are computers in each classroom / every classroom.
CADA UNO/UNA TODOS/TODAS (~all)
- pensando en cada una de las - pensando en las cosas/personas
cosas/personas por separado como un conjunto
- cuando las cosas son solo dos o - cuando hay más de dos cosas
más de dos
- hablando de frecuencia: every
day, every ten minutes
APARTADO 91B
- en las frases puede aparecer - no puede aparecer solo en las
acompañado por un sustantivo o frases, siempre tiene que estar
solo: Each room was different. / Each acompañado por algún sustantivo
was different. o por la palabra “one”
APARTADO 91C
- podemos utilizar en cualquier
parte de la frase (al principio, en
el medio, al final)
APARTADO 91D
EVERYONE =EVERYBODY (todos)
– se refiere solamente a la gente
Everyone enjoyed the party.
EVERY ONE=EACH ONE (cada
uno/una) – se refiere a las cosas
pero también las personas
She is invited to lots of parties and she
goes to every one.
UNIDAD 92 - RELATIVE CLAUSES 1: WHO/THAT/WHICH
APARTADO 92A – WHO y THAT
APARTADO 92C
The woman who I wanted to see was away on holiday. ‘who,that’ son
The woman I wanted to see was away on holiday. complementos,
Have you found the keys that you lost? por eso pueden
Have you found the keys you lost? omitir
Did you hear what they said? = the thing that they said
UNIDAD 94 - RELATIVE CLAUSES 3:
WHOSE/WHOM/WHERE
APARTADO 94A - WHOSE
APARTADO 95A
RELATIVE CLAUSES 1 RELATIVE CLAUSES 2
sin comas con comas
definen la persona o cosa, de la solamente aportan una
cual alquien está hablando. Sin información adicional, que no es
esta explicación no sabríamos a necesaria para entender a quien
quien o a que se refiere la o a que se refiere la persona que
persona que está hablando. está hablando.
The woman who lives next door is My sister, who lives next door, is
a doctor. a doctor.
APARTADO 95B
APARTADO 95C
We met some people whose car Lisa, whose car had broken
had broken down. down, was in a very bad mood.
UNIDAD 96 - RELATIVE CLAUSES 5:
EXTRA INFORMATION CLAUSES (2)
APARTADO 96A
ESTILO FORMAL: preposiciones antes de ‘WHOM’ (personas) y
‘WHICH’ (cosas)
Mr Lee, to whom I spoke at the meeting, is very interested in our
proposal.
ESTILO INFORMAL: preposiciones en frases con ‘WHO’ y
‘WHICH’ después del verbo
This is my friend from Canada, who I was telling you about.
APARTADO 96B
ALL OF / MOST OF / NONE OF /
NEITHER OF / ANY OF / EITHER OF /
SOME OF / MANY OF / MUCH OF / + WHOM (personas)
(A) FEW OF / BOTH OF / HALF OF / + WHICH (cosas)
EACH OF / ONE OF / TWO OF etc.
APARTADO 96C
-ING CLAUSES:
- para decir que alguien o algo está o estaba haciendo algo en
un momento particular
Do you know the woman talking to Tom? (=who is talking to Tom)
- para decir que “algo sucede todo el tiempo”, para describir
una situación continua
The road connecting the two villages is very narrow. (= which
connects the two villages)
Can you think of the name of a flower beginning with T?
-ED CLAUSES:
- los verbos tienen forma del PARTICIPIO
- las frases tienen significado de LA PASIVA
The boy injured in the accident was taken to the hospital.
(= who was injured)
OPSISHACOMP
OP – opinion (opinión)
SI – size (tamaño)
SH – shape (forma)
A – age (edad)
C – colour (color)
O – origin (origen)
M – material (material)
P – purpose (uso)
APARTADO 99A
OPINION ADJECTIVES – adjetivos que expresan una opinión personal sobre
algo o alguien
FACT ADJECTIVES – adjetivos que definen propriedades de algo o alguien, nos
aportan una información sobre la edad, el tamaño, el color,
el material etc.
APARTADO 99B
El orden de los FACT ADJECTIVES:
1. tamaño
2. edad
3. color
4. origen
5. material
a tall young man, big blue eyes, an old Russian song, an old white cotton shirt
Si en una frase hay dos o más ADJETIVOS DE COLOR, juntamos los dos
últimos con ‘AND’
a black and white dress, a red, white and green flag
APARTADO 99C
Después de los siguientes verbos hay que usar adjetivos:
be / get / become / seem:
Be careful! / I’m getting hungry. / Your friend seems very nice.
look / feel / sound / taste / smell
You look tired. / I feel tired. / She sounds tired.
/ The dinner smells good. / This tea tastes a bit strange.
PERO: Es obligatorio usar adverbios con los verbos que describen como
alguien hace algo: Drive carefully! Susan plays the piano very well.
APARTADO 99D
1. Adjetivos del orden en el tiempo
2. Adjetivos de la cantidad
I didn’t enjoy the first two days of the course.
They’ll be away for the next few weeks.
I always spend the last ten minutes of my workday staring at the clock.
UNIDAD 100 – ADJECTIVES and ADVERBS 1
APARTADO 100A – adjectivo + ‘-LY’ = adverbio
ADJETIVO + LY = ADVERBIO
quick → quickly , serious → seriously, careful → carefully, quiet→ quietly,
heavy → heavily, bad→ badly
No todas las palabras que se terminan con ‘-ly’ son adverbios:
friendly –simpático, acogedor
lively – animado (person, conversation), vivo (imagination, interest)
elderly - anciano
lonely – solo
silly- tonto
lovely – bonito, precioso, encantador
ADJETIVOS ADVERBIOS
Se refieren a los sustantivos Se refieren a los verbos
Sam is a careful driver. Sam drove carefully.
The heavy rain. It was raining heavily.
She speaks perfect English. She speaks English perfectly.
PERO se puede utilizar los adjetivos
después de algunos verbos
(BE / LOOK / FEEL / SOUND etc.)
Please be quiet. Please speak quietly.
I was disappointed that my exam results I was unhappy that I did so badly in the
were so bad. exam.
Why do you always look so serious? Why do you never take me seriously?
I feel happy. The children were playing happily.
+ (adjetivo) + sustantivos
plurales o incontables
They are so nice. They are such (nice) people.
APARTADO 102B
SO (tan) SUCH (tan)
so + adjetivo o adverbio + (that) such + a/an + (adjetivo) +
sustantivos singulares + (that)
The book was so good (that) I couldn’t It was such a good book (that) I couldn’t
put it down. put it down.
APARTADO 102C
SO (así) SUCH (así)
The house was built 100 years ago. I I didn’t realise it was such an old house.
didn’t realise it was so old.
How can you say such a thing?
no + such + sustantivo
There´s no such word.
APARTADO 102D
SO SUCH
SO LONG SUCH A LONG TIME
I haven’t seen her for so long. I haven´t seen her for such a long time.
enough SOLO
We don’t need to stop for petrol. We have enough.
APARTADO 107B
AS + positivo (+sustantivo) + AS – en frases positivas y preguntas
I’m sorry I’m late. I got here as fast as I could.
Let’s walk. It’s just as quick as taking the bus.
Can you send me the information as soon as possible, please?
APARTADO 107C
THE SAME (+sustantivo) AS – igual que
Laura’s salary is the same as mine. = Laura gets the same salary as me.
David is the same age as James.
APARTADO 107D
THAN ME = THAN I AM
You’re taller than me. = You’re taller than I am.
UNIDAD 108 – SUPERLATIVES
APARTADO 108A - reglas
verbo + complemento
I like my job very much.
Did you see your friends yesterday?
Where did you see your friends yesterday?
Helen never drinks coffee.
PERO:
A veces es posible poner la indicación de tiempo al principio de la frase.
Every morning Ben walks to school.
On Monday I’m going to Paris.
En los tiempos de solo 1 verbo, ponemos los adverbios antes del verbo.
adverbio + verbo
Helen always drives to work.
I almost fell down the stairs.
I cleaned the house and also cooked the dinner.
“Shall I give you my address?” “No,I already have it.
PERO:
Cuando en la frase aparece ‘BE’, ponemos los adverbios después del verbo.
verbo BE + adverbio
We were also hungry.
You are never on time.
The traffic isn’t usually that bad.
Con los modales, en las frases negativas y en los tiempos de dos o más
verbos, normalmente ponemos los adverbios después del primer verbo.
PERO:
En las frases con el verbo modal ‘HAVE TO’, ponemos los adverbios antes de
este modal.
Joe never phones. I always have to phone him.
A veces para no repetir ciertas partes de las frases, usamos solamente los
verbos auxiliares correspondentes. Cuando ocurre eso, ponemos los
adverbios antes del verbo auxiliar.
He always says he won’t be late, but he always is. = he is always late
I’ve never done it and I never will. = I will never do it
UNIDAD 111 – STILL,YET,ALREADY, ANY MORE,
ANY LONGER, NO LONGER
YET ≠ STILL
He is still unemployed. ~ He hasn’t found another job yet.
Is it still raining? ~ Has it stopped raining yet?
STILL en frases negativas antes del verbo negativo para expresar que
estamos sorprendidos, impacientes o enfadados
She still hasn’t come. = She hasn’t come yet.
EVEN + VERBO
Sue has travelled all over the world. She has even been to the Antarctic.
entre el verbo auxiliar y el principal
They are very rich. They even have their own private jet.
entre el sujeto y el verbo
I can’t cook. I can’t even boil and egg.
Jessica just run five miles and she ‘s not even out of breath.
después del verbo negativo
EVEN + COMPARATIVO
I got up early, but Jack got up even earlier.
We were surprised to get an email from her. We were even more surprised to see
her a few days later.
UNLESS
AS/SO LONG AS
AS/SO LONG AS = IF
As/So long as go out now, we won’t be late. = If we go out now, we won’t be late.
AS
AS = WHILE – mientras (para hablar de dos acciones que pasan a la vez)
As I drove home, I listened to music.
As I was driving home, I saw an accident on the road.
FOR + periodos del tiempo (hours, weeks, ages) para decir cuanto tiempo
dura algo
We watched TV for two hours last night.
Jess is going away for a week in September.
I’ve been waiting for ages.
Are you going away for the weekend?
I haven’t been there for three years.
I have known her for three years.
The ground is wet. It must have rained during the night./ in the night. → con ‘time
words’ (the morning , the afternoon, the evening, the night, the spring, the
summer, the autumn, the winter…) se puede usar DURING o IN
WHILE + presente simple o continuo (NO will !!!) aunque estemos hablando
del futuro
I’m going to London next week. I hope to see some friends of mine while I’m there.
What are you going to do while you’re waiting?
UNIDAD 121 – AT / ON / IN (time)
ON + días y fechas:
on Friday/ on Fridays, on 16 May 2009,
on Christmas Day (25.12. pero at Christmas), on Boxing Day (26.12),
on New Year´s Eve (31.12), on New Year´s Day (01.01),
on Easter Day (Domingo de Pascua, pero at Easter)
on my birthday, on our wedding anniversary
APARTADO 121B - AT
At first we didn’t get on well, but in the end we became good friends.
We had a lot of problems with our car. We sold it in the end. = Finally we sold it.
He got more and more angry. In the end he just walked out.
Alan couldn’t decide where to go on holidays. He didn’t go anywhere in the end.
UNIT 123 – IN ,ON, AT (position 1)
IN – en (dentro)
room, building, box,
garden, park, mountains,
village, town, country, city, city centre, centre,
pool, sea, river (cuando nos referimos a nadar)
box, pencilcase, pocket etc. (cuando nos referimos a objetos cerrados)
APARTADO 124A - IN
APARTADO 124B - ON
ON+ pisos: on the ground floor (en la planta baja) / on the first floor (en la
primera planta) / on the second floor (en la segunda planta)
ON a map (en un mapa) /ON a menu (en un menu) / ON a list (en una lista)
AT the front (of) / AT the back (of) + edificios, grupos de personas, filas en el
cine o teatro
The garden is at the back of the house.
Let’s sit at the front (of the cinema).
We were at the back, so we couldn’t see well.
IN/AT + edificios:
to eat in/at a restaurant; to buy something it/at a supermarket
PERO:
AT + edificios si hablamos que algun evento tiene lugar o de algo que ha
pasado dentro de ellos
We went to a concert at the National Concert Hall.
The meeting took place at the company’s head office.
There was a robbery at the supermarket.
to go home / come home/ get home/ arrive home /on the way home
to be home = to be at home
to do something at home (play, eat, party…)
on TV / television – en la tele
on the radio – en la radio
on the phone – por teléfono
be / go on strike – estar en huelga / declararse en huelga, hacer huelga
be / go on a diet – estar a dieta / empezar una dieta
be / set on fire – quemarse / prender fuergo a
on the whole = in general – en general
on purpose – a propósito
be / go on holiday – estar / irse de vacaciones
be / go on a trip – estar / irse de viaje
be / go on business – estar / irse de viaje de negocios
be / go on on a tour – estar / irse de un tour
be / go on a cruise – estar / irse de crucero
PASSIVA + BY – para decir por quien fue hecho algo (personas, animales)
Have you ever been bitten BY a dog?
PASSIVA + WITH – para decir con que fue hecho algo (cosas, utensilios)
The door must have been opened BY somebody WITH a key.
thank somebody FOR something – dar las gracias a alguien por algo
He thanked me for helping him.
throw something TO somebody – tirar algo - tirar algo a alguien (para que lo
coja):
Lisa shouted ‘Catch!’ and threw the keys to me from the window.
UNIDAD 137 – PHRASAL VERBS 1
APARTADO 138B – IN
drop in – I dropped in to see Chris on my way home.
join in – They were playing cards, so I joined in.
plug in (an electrical machine) – The fridge isn’t working because you haven’t
plugged it in.
fill in = fill out (a form, a questionnaire) – Please fill in the application form and
send it to us by 28 February.
take somebody in – The man said he was a policeman and I believed him. I was
completely taken in.
By the time the police arrived, the burglars had stolen everything.
The burglars had stolen everything by the time the police arrived.
The police arrived quickly but the burglars had stolen everything before.
MAKE – hacer DO – hacer
(crear algo que no existía) (actividades, tareas, trabajos,
deportes)
make an appointment – quedar do one’s best – emplearse a fondo
make changes – hacer cambios do one’s duty – cumplir con su
make a change: obligación
That would make a nice change do a favour – hacer un favor
- no estaria mal hacer eso para do harm – hacer daño
variar do the military service – hacer la mili
The train was on time today.
Well, that makes a change. do drugs – tomar drogas
- Que cambio! do English – estudiar inglés
do sport – hacer deporte
make a comment – hacer un comentario
make a decision – tomar una decisión do the ironing – planchar
make a journey - hace un viaje do the shopping – hacer la compra
make a mistake – commeter un error do the washing – hacer la colada
make plans – hacer planes do the washing up – fregar los platos
make a promise – hacer una promesa
make a suggestion – hacer una do an exercise – hacer un ejercisio
sugerencia do an experiment - hacer un
experimento
make the bed – hacer la cama do homework – hacer deberes
do housework – hacer tareas domésticas
make breakfast – preparar el desayuno do one’s job – hacer su trabajo
make lunch – preparar la comida do a project – hacer un proyecto
make dinner – preparar la cena do one’s work – hacer su trabajo
make coffee – preparar café
MUST
- se refiere al presente y al futuro
- significa ‘deber’
1. obligaciones internas
2. obligaciones externas
3. ordenes y reglas escritas
≠ DON’T/DOESN’T HAVE TO =
HAS/HAVE TO DON’T/DOESN’T HAVE TO
- se refiere al presente o al futuro - significa ‘no hace falta’
- significa ‘tener que’ 1. falta de necesidad
1. obligaciones externas 2. falta de obligación
MUST
- se refiere al prasente
- significa ‘deber’ o ‘tener que’
1. seguridad que algo es cierto
Formas continuas de los modales en el pasado: MODAL + HAVE + BEEN + VERBO ING