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Hongfeng Yang
1 Equations
Locating earthquake is a classic but still active research subject. Accuracy of location results de-
pends on several factors, such as the station coverage, the number of available phases, and the
velocity model used [Pavlis, 1986]. Relative location methods can effectively reduce the uncertain-
ties due to structure and thus give more reliable results [Pavlis, 1992; Waldhauser and Ellsworth,
2000].
The arrival time difference ∆t of two events at one station can be written as
∆t = −→
−
p · ∆→
−
x + ∆o, (1)
∆ti = −→
−
p i · ∆→
−
x + ∆o
(2)
= −(px i ∆x + py i ∆y + pz i ∆z) + ∆o,
where i stands for the ith station. We re-write equation (2) into matrix format
∆t1 −px1 −py1 −pz1 1
∆t2 −px2 −py2 −pz2 ∆x
1
∆y
... = ... ... ... ...
∆z , (3)
... ... ... ... ...
∆o
∆tn −pxn −pyn −pzn 1
or
d = Gm. (4)
In most cases the number of observations n will be greater than the number of unknown parameters
(4 in this case) so that equation 3 is overdetermined. If the number of differential times is not too
large, we use the singular value decomposition to obtain the solution
m = V Λ−1 U T d, (5)
where U is the matrix of eigenvectors that spans the data space, V is the matrix of eigenvectors
that spans the model parameter space, Λ is a diagonal matrix whose elements are non-negative
singular values of G.
1
2 HypoDD
HypoDD is a Fortran77 computer program package for relocating earthquakes with the double-
difference algorithm of Waldhauser and Ellsworth [2000]. The latest version of HypoDD is version
1.3 and is available from http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/f̃elixw/hypoDD.html.
This tutorial follows instructions on http://geophysics.eas.gatech.edu/people/cwu/teaching/hypoDD/hypoDD.
2. ISTART
This parameter tells hypoDD whether the intial location of events is from a centroid location,
or is taken from network sources (different initial locations).
3. ISOLV
For a small number of events, it is easy to contol the performance of hypoDD by SVD
(ISOLV=1). However, it is more difficulte to assess the reliability of the locations in the case
of large number of events (thousands or more) that can only be relocated in LSQR mode
(ISOLV=2).
2
2.2 Data format
We obtain differetial times of each event pair at one station using waveform cross correlation (CC).
Following are the procedures to perform CC.
The tutorial dataset is located at “hyangteachingHYPODDtutsmalldata”.
2. P and S arrivals
All P and S arrival times need to be manually picked (usually for a small dataset), extracted
from catalog arrivals, or estimated from a velocity model. In this tutorial, the P and S arrivals
for all events are estimated from detection times based on template event waveforms. They
are saved in the sac header files as t1 and t2 , respectively. So we can simply extract them
using saclst and save them into event/p.arr and event/s.arr, respectively.
Then two arrival time files, sta.parr and sta.sarr, need to be built following the format of
eve/sta.z arr 1/0, where “1” indicates good waveform and “0” represents noisy one. It is
also important to check the waveform quality in this step before running waveform cross
correlations.
3
References
Pavlis, G. L., Appraising earthquake hypocenter location errors: a complete practical approach for
single-event locations, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 76, 1699–1717, 1986.
Pavlis, G. L., Appraising relative earthquake location errors, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 82, 836–859,
1992.