Paper 9.5 - H Ding

PROGRESS IN PAPER DEGRADATION
ASSESSMENT IN SERVICE-AGED
TRANSFORMERS
H. Ding, R. Heywood, J. Lapworth, S. Ryder and
A. Wilson
Presenter: Dr Hongzhi Ding

Doble PowerTest Ltd UK
INSUCON - 17th May 2017

©2017 Doble Engineering Company. All Rights Reserved 1
Stating the obvious
Why did this happen?
And How can we detect it?

Outline of the presentation
 Introduction to Transformer Life and Paper Degradation

 Typical Ageing Factors Limiting Power Transformer’s Lifetime
 Progress in Paper Degradation Assessment
 Using furans (2-furfural or 2FAL)
 Using methanol (MeOH)
 Using dissolved gas analysis (DGA)
 Using forensic investigation.
 Conclusions
Introduction to Transformer Life and Paper Degradation
Depends on:
• Mechanical design
• Thermal design
• Dielectric design
• Electromagnetic circuit
• Tank and Oils
• Tap‐changers
• Loading
• Operation
Autocatalytic ageing circle !

Oxygen Insulating Oil
Acids are formed by
oxidation Acids
Oil
Heat Reclaiming
Paper
Moisture
Water is formed by Water & Acids
paper ageing accelerates paper ageing
Traditional view is that life of power transformer is limited by paper ageing.

This is frequently the case, but NOT always.
Authority Stage of Life Associated DP
IEC 60450 New 1000-2000
Good 650-1000
Average 350-650
Aged <350
IEC 60076-7 End-of-life 200
Large utility UK End-of-life 200
Uncertainty in the minimum acceptable value for DP of paper remains!!

6
Typical Ageing Factors Limiting Power Transformer’s Lifetime
• Winding hotspots and damage to winding conductor insulation
• Partial discharges in windings
• Creeping discharges on inter-winding insulation
• Deteriorated transposition joints and localised overheating in windings
• Corrosive sulphur in oils and copper sulphide contamination
• Moisture ingress from deteriorated gasket and metal corrosion
• Loose connections in supporting structures
• Loose core clamping and partial discharges
• Loose winding clamping and damage to winding conductor insulation
• Foreign objects and winding contamination
Progress in paper degradation assessment
1400 1800 Comparsion of 2FAL Trend in Three Single Phase GSU Transformers
5.000
1600
Concentration (mg/g per g of paper)

1200 4.500
1400 4.000
Degree of Polymerisation
1000
1200 3.500
800 1000 3.000
2FAL (ppm)
2.500
600 800
2.000
DP
600
400 2-furaldehyde 1.500 A Phase
400
B Phase
1.000
200
200 C Phase
0.500
0 0 0.000
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 01/08/2004 25/10/2005 18/01/2007 12/04/2008 06/07/2009 29/09/2010 23/12/2011 17/03/2013 10/06/2014 03/09/2015 26/11/2016
Time (Hours) Sampling Date
Emsley, A., Xiao, X., Heywood, R. and Ali, M., “Degradation of cellulosic insulation in power transformers. Part 2:
Formation of furan products in insulating oil”, IEE Proc Sci. Meas. Technol. Vol. 147(3): 110-114, 2000.
Log10 2FAL  A  B * DP

According to Xue Chendong, A=1.51, B= 0.0035, which predicts a [2FAL]
concentration of 6.5ppm corresponding to a DP of 200.
Xue Chendong, “Monitoring paper insulation aging by measuring furfural contents in oil”, 7th International
Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, Dresden, 139-142, August 1991.
Example of High 2FAL with Higher Than Indicated DP
A 240MVA 400/132kV transformer decommissioned
after 49 years in-service, suspected to be significantly
in risk of failure from severe paper ageing since for
some years the indicated DP being 207 using highest
2FAL 6.12ppm.
During scrapping investigation, however, the

measured worst DP of 350 from selected winding
samples are much better than furan results indicated
DP 207 using highest 2FAL 6.12ppm.
 Using furans (2-furfural or 2FAL) Marker Lab 1 Lab 2
2FAL (ppm) 0.295 0.473
Example of Low 2FAL with Lower Than Indicated DP MeOH (ppm) 0.132 0.097
EtOH (ppm) 0.280 0.225
A 1000MVA 400/275kV transformer proactively CO (ppm) 642 747
CO2 (ppm) 2490 2576
decommissioned and scrapped after only 19 years in
service, believed to be significantly in risk of failure from
localised thermal ageing due to suspect manufacturing
error causing oil flow restriction, albeit little amount of
2FAL (less than 0.5ppm) had been measured.
During scrapping the measured worst DP was only 161

and much lower than indicated DP being 524 using
measured highest 2FAL 0.473ppm and Chendong
equation.
Cigre JWG A2.D1.46 (Field Experience with Transformer Solid Insulating Ageing Makers)
Measured methanol with a notable increasing

trend with transformer in-service age in about
100 service-aged UK transmission transformers
which are free breathing, have normal Kraft
paper operating at 65K average rise and have
been in service from 5 years to nearly 60 years.
Wang, Z.D., Liu, Q., Tee, S.J., Matharage, S.Y., Jarman, P., Wilson, G., Hooton, R., Dyer, P., Walker, D., Krause, Ch., Smith, P.,
Mavrommatis, P., Noakhes, J., Gyore, A and Martin, R., “Ageing Assessment of Transformers through Oil Database Analyses and
Alternative Diagnostic Techniques,” CIGRE SC A2 Colloquium, Shanghai, China, Paper FP0663, 20th – 25th September, 2015.
Correlating 2FAL with MeOH
Marker GSU1 GSU2
Phase A B C A B C
2FAL 1.522 1.503 1.453 2.467 2.416 2.588
MeOH 1.311 1.322 1.286 1.695 1.724 1.672
EtOH 0.203 0.203 0.206 0.448 0.454 0.450
Thermal Fault Involving Paper
Paper covered and bare metal faults can be differentiated by ethylene/ethane ratio, and
the ratio <3 indicates winding fault whereas the ratio>3 indicates core fault.
The main disadvantage of DGA method for the assessment of paper degradation in
service-aged transformer is that it is impossible to establish the location and phase of
the fault if it occurs.
Example of Indicated High Resistance Fault by DGA
400/275kV 750MVA transformer
increasing ethylene (up to 320ppm)
DGA signature is indicatives a high

temperature overheating fault of paper-
warped conductor.
Levels of hydrogen together with CO as

well as CO2/CO ratio indicate the fault
not within the winding.
 Using forensic investigation
DP Data from Scrapped UK Transmission Transformers
Data of Scrapped UK Transmission Transformers
Linear (Data of Scrapped UK Transmission Transformers)
900
800
700
600
Worst DP
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Years in Service
The variation of paper degradation within these transformers is strongly design dependent!
DP Data from Scrapped UK Generator Transformers
Ageing Investigation on UK's Generator Transformers
800
Design 1
Design 2
700
Design 3
Lowest Degree of Polymerisation (DP)
Design 4
600
Design 5
Design 6
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Years in Service
Again, the variation of paper degradation within these transformers is strongly design dependent!
Correlating 2FAL and DP for Scrapped UK Transformers
Data of Scrapped UK Transmission Transformers
Xue Chendong Equation (1991)
1.5
Linear (Data of Scrapped UK Transmission Transformers)
The Chendong correlation is not unreasonable
1
for the UK data, but tends to significantly
underestimate the actual paper degradation for
Worst Log (2FAL)
0.5
0
a particular 2FAL concentration.
The UK experience so far shows a much lower

‐0.5
‐1
2FAL threshold value (~1.5ppm) than
‐1.5
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 suggested by Chendong (~6ppm).
Worst DP
Additional Advantage of Forensic Method
Mechanical damage to the paper of a transformer LV winding and

discharges between loosened LV winding turns
Conclusions
 Measurement and analysis of the oil in in-service transformers for the

concentration of paper degradation by-products such as furans, methanol and
dissolved gases are good methods for determining the degree of paper
degradation, but all these methods is suggestive and should be used with care.
 The trend in 2FAL, methanol and dissolved gases should be observed, as well
as the absolute levels. Results should be compared with as many others as
possible, preferably including scrapped transformers where the DP is known.
 The rates of paper degradation in service-aged transformers are more dependent upon
the OEM/design groups than years in service.
Conclusions
 Forensic investigations on sister transformers of the same design are the best method
for determining paper degradation and hence residual life. Knowledge from the forensic
investigation of failed or scrapped transformers for any reason not only enable the
results of oil testing for 2FAL, methanol and DGA as well as electrical condition
assessment measurements to be understood correctly, but also provide unique insight
into likely end-of-life scenarios for the increasing population of ageing power
transformers and therefore offer significant financial and reliability benefits.
Thank You for Listening

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PROGRESS IN PAPER DEGRADATION

Presenter: Dr Hongzhi Ding

INSUCON - 17th May 2017

And How can we detect it?

 Introduction to Transformer Life and Paper Degradation

Autocatalytic ageing circle !

Traditional view is that life of power transformer is limited by paper ageing.

Authority Stage of Life Associated DP

IEC 60450 New 1000-2000

IEC 60076-7 End-of-life 200

Large utility UK End-of-life 200

Uncertainty in the minimum acceptable value for DP of paper remains!!

Concentration (mg/g per g of paper)

800 1000 3.000

Time (Hours) Sampling Date

Log10 2FAL  A  B * DP

During scrapping investigation, however, the

During scrapping the measured worst DP was only 161

Measured methanol with a notable increasing

Marker GSU1 GSU2

DGA signature is indicatives a high

Levels of hydrogen together with CO as

The UK experience so far shows a much lower

Mechanical damage to the paper of a transformer LV winding and

 Measurement and analysis of the oil in in-service transformers for the

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