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3. Motor - controller ( magnetic contactor ) - used to 4. Find the size of the conductor wire. Refer to Table,
start and stop the motor. It includes any switch or for 80.56 A, use any of the following:
device capable of interrupting the stalled rotor current
of motor. 3 - 38 mm2 THW or RHW copper wire
3 - 50 mm2 TW copper wire
4. Running Over current and Overload Protection - used 3 - 80 mm2 TW aluminum or copper clad alum
to protect motor controller and motor against excessive 3 - 50 mm2 THW or RHW aluminum or copper clad
heating due to motor overload and failure to start. aluminum
Name plate of the motor 5. Solve for the size of conduit pipe. Refer to Table, use
50 mm diameter pipe.
25 hp,220 volts, 3 phase; 3 wires
60 Hz, 0.84 power factor 90.5% efficiency 6. Determine the size or rating of the over current
protection. The Code provides "The maximum over
current protection for a single motor or a combination
of motors should be, 250% of the ampacity of the
SOLUTION: largest motor plus the sum of the full load current of
the other motors.
1. Solve for the current load:
Therefore:
1 horsepower = 746 watts 64.45 A x 250% = 161.15 A minimum
I = (load in hp x 746 w)/ (k x E x pf x n) 7. Refer to Table. Use 150 A fuse or trip breaker. It is the
nearest standard rating which does not exceed the
where: 161.12 A current load as computed.
" The protection rating or setting of a motor shall be Because of this inrush, motors require special overload
250 % percent (maximum) of the full load current of the protective devices that can withstand the temporary
biggest motor being served plus the sum of the full load overloads associated with starting currents and yet
current of the other motors." protect the motor from sustained overloads. There are
four major types. Each offers varying degrees of
(45 x 125%) x (250% +39 + 29 + 21) protection.
140.625 + 89 = 229.625 A (maximum)
Fast Acting Fuses
4. Refer to Table. Select a fuse or trip breaker that is To offer overload protection, a protective device,
nearest to standard rating that will not exceed 229.62 depending on its application and the motor’s service
A. Use 200 A. factor (S.F.), should be sized at 115% or less of motor
VERLOAD PROTECTION F.L.A. for 1.0 S.F. or 125% or less of motor F.L.A. for 1.15
Overcurrents or greater S.F. However, as shown in Curve 2, when
An overcurrent exists when the normal load current for fast-acting, non-time-delay fuses are sized to the
a circuit is exceeded. It can be in the form of an recommended level the motors inrush will cause
overload or short-circuit. When applied to motor nuisance openings.
circuits an overload is any current, flowing within the
normal circuit path, that is higher than the motor’s A fast-acting, non-time-delay fuse sized at 300% will
normal full load amperes (F.L.A.). A short-circuit is an allow the motor to start but sacrifices the overload
overcurrent which greatly exceeds the normal full load protection of the motor. As shown by Curve 3 below, a
current of the circuit. Also, as its name infers, a short-
sustained overload will damage the motor before the (6) Where incandescent lighting is provided, lighting
fuse can open. equal to one watt per square metre of floor area shall
be considered to meet the requirement in Subsection
ILLUMINATION CALCULATION AND DESIGN FOR B(5)(e).
MULTI-FAMILY DWELLING UNIT
(7) Where self-contained emergency lighting units are
used, they shall conform to CSA C22.2 No. 141-M, “Unit
Equipment for Emergency Lighting”.
(8) Every public or service area in buildings, including a
recreational camp and a camp for housing of workers,
shall have lighting outlets with fixtures controlled by a
wall switch or panel.
Interior lighting. (9) When provided by incandescent lighting,
(1) Within all buildings of three or fewer storeys in illumination required in Sentence (1) shall conform to
building height, having a building area not exceeding Table § 629-36B(1).
600 square metres and used for residential occupancies, (j) When other types of lighting are used, illumination
business and personal services occupancies, mercantile equivalent to that
occupancies or medium and low industrial occupancies. shown in Table 36.B.(1) shall be provided.
(1) Every exit (except those serving not more than one (2) Within all buildings exceeding three storeys in
dwelling unit), public corridor or corridor providing building height or having a building area exceeding 600
access to exit for the public shall be equipped to square metres or used for other occupancies not
provide illumination to an average level of not less than described in Subsection B(1).
50 lux at floor or tread level and at all points such as (a) An exit, a public corridor, a corridor providing access
angles and to exit for the public, a corridor serving patients or
intersections at changes of level where there are stairs residents in a Care and Treatment occupancy or Care
or ramps. occupancy, a corridor serving
classrooms, an electrical equipment room, a
(2) Emergency lighting shall be provided in: transformer vault and a hoistway pit shall be equipped
to provide illumination to an average level not less than
(a) Exits; 50 lux at floor or tread level and at angles and
intersections at changes of level where there are stairs
(b) Principal routes providing access to exit in an open or ramps.
floor area; (b) Rooms and spaces used by the public shall be
illuminated as described in Subsection B(1)(h),(i) and (j).
(c) Corridors used by the public; (c) Elevator machine rooms shall be equipped to
provide illumination to an average level of not less than
(d) Underground walkways; and 100 lux at floor level.
(d) Every place of assembly intended for the viewing of
(e) Public corridors. motion pictures or the performing arts, shall be
equipped to provide an average level of illumination at
(3) Emergency lighting required in Subsection B(1)(b) floor level in the aisles of not less than two lux during
shall be provided from a source of energy separate from the viewing.
the electrical supply for the building. (e) Every area where food is intended to be processed,
prepared or manufactured and where equipment or
(4) Lighting required in Subsection B(2)(b) shall be utensils are intended to be
designed to be automatically actuated for a period of
not less than 30 minutes when the electric lighting in (2) Within all buildings exceeding three storeys in
the affected area is interrupted. building height or having a building area exceeding 600
square metres or used for other occupancies not
(5) Illumination from lighting required in Subsection described in Subsection B(1).
B(2)(b) shall be provided to average levels of not less
than 10 lx at floor or tread level. (a) An exit, a public corridor, a corridor providing access
to exit for the public, a corridor serving patients or
residents in a Care and Treatment occupancy or Care The lumen method is applied only to square or
occupancy, a corridor serving rectangular rooms with a regular array luminaires as
classrooms, an electrical equipment room, a shown in Figure 2.
transformer vault and a hoistway pit shall be equipped 2. Lumen Method Calculations
to provide illumination to an average level not less than The lumen method is based on fundamental lighting
50 lux at floor or tread level and at angles and calculations. The lumen method formula is easiest to
intersections at changes of level where there are stairs appreciate in the following form.
or ramps. (1)
where E = average illuminance over the horizontal
(b) Rooms and spaces used by the public shall be working plane
illuminated asdescribed in Subsection B(1)(h),(i) and (j). n = number of lamps in each luminaire
N = number of luminaire
(c) Elevator machine rooms shall be equipped to F = lighting design lumens per lamp, i.e. initial bare lamp
provide illumination to an average level of not less than luminous
100 lux at floor level. flux
UF = utilisation factor for the horizontal working plane
(d) Every place of assembly intended for the viewing of LLF = light loss factor
motion pictures or the performing arts, shall be A = area of the horizontal working plane
equipped to provide an average levelof illumination at
floor level in the aisles of not less than two lux during
the viewing. 2.1 Light Loss Factor
(e) Every area where food is intended to be processed, Light loss factor (LLF) is the ratio of the illuminance
prepared or manufactured and where equipment or produced by the lighting installation at the some
utensils are intended to be specified time to the illuminance produced by the same
installation when new. It allows for effects such as
In a service space in which facilites are included to decrease in light output caused by
permit a person to enter and to undertake maintenance (a) the fall in lamp luminous flux with hours of use,
and other operations; and On a shelf and rack storage (b) the deposition of dirt on luminaire, and
system, which includes walkways, platforms, (c) reflectances of room surfaces over time.
unenclosed egress stairs and exits providing means of
egress. In fact, light loss factor is the product of three other
factors:
(j) The minimum value of the illumination required by
Subsections B(2) (h) and (i) shall be not less than one (2)
lux. where LLMF = lamp lumen maintenance factor
Luminaire maintenance factor (LMF) is the proportion Amount of light energy absorbed in luminaire = 100 - 80
of the initial light output from a luminaire after a set = 20 %
time to the initial light output from a lamp after a set
time. It constitutes the greatest loss in light output and A greater DLOR usually means a higher UF.
is mainly due to the accumulation of atmospheric dirt
on luminaire. Three factors must be considered in its A simple classification of luminaires according to their
determination: distribution is based on flux fractions, as shown in
Figure 5. Upward flux fraction (UFF) and downward flux
(a) the type of luminaire, fraction (DFF) are used as a basis of comparison.
(a) the fall in lamp luminous flux with hours of use, Room surface maintenance factor (RSMF) is the
proportion of the illuminance provided by a lighting
(b) the deposition of dirt on luminaire, and installation in a room after a set time compared with
that occurred when the room was clean. It takes into
(c) reflectances of room surfaces over time. account that dirt accumulates on room surfaces and
reduces surface reflectance. Figure 4 shows the typical
In fact, light loss factor is the product of three other changes in the illuminance from an installation that
factors: occur with time due to dirt deposition on the room
surfaces.
(2)
LMF = luminaire maintenance factor Utilisation factor (UF) is the proportion of the luminous
flux emitted by the lamps which reaches the working
RSMF = room surface maintenance factor plane. It is a measure of the effectiveness of the lighting
scheme. Factors that affect the value of UF are as
follows:
2.1.1 Lamp Lumen Maintenance Factor
(a) light output ratio of luminaire
Lamp lumen maintenance factor (LLMF) is the
proportion of the initial light output of a lamp produced (b) flux distribution of luminaire
after a set time to those produced when new. It allows
for the decline in lumen output from a lamp with age. (c) room proportions
Its value can be determined in two ways:
(d) room reflectances
(a) by consulting a lamp manufacturer's catalog for a
lumen depreciation chart, and (e) spacing/mounting height ratio
A greater DLOR usually means a higher UF. Room index (RI) is the ratio of room plan area to half
the wall area between the working and luminaire
A simple classification of luminaires according to their planes.
distribution is based on flux fractions, as shown in
Figure 5. Upward flux fraction (UFF) and downward flux (4)
fraction (DFF) are used as a basis of comparison.
where L = length of room
Example 2
W = width of room
For data given in Example 1 determine upward flux
fraction (UFF), downward flux fraction (DFF) and flux Hm = mounting height, i.e. the vertical distance
fraction ratio (FRR). between the working plane and the luminaire.
2.2.2 Flux Distribution of Luminaire The effective reflectances of the above three surfaces
affect the quantity of reflected light received by the
Direct ratio is the proportion of the total downward working plane.
luminous flux from a conventional installation of
luminaires which his directly incident on the working
plane. It is used to assess the flux distribution of 2.2.5 Spacing to Height Ratio
luminaire. Since the intensity distribution pattern of the
light radiated from a luminaire in the lower hemisphere Spacing to Height ratio (SHR or S/Hm) is defined as the
will affect: ratio of the distance between adjacent luminaires
(centre to centre), to their height above the working
(a) the quantity of the downward flux falls directly on plane. For a rectangular arrangement of luminaires and
the working plane and by approximation,
(b) the quantity of flux available for reflection from the (5)
walls in a given room,
where A = total floor area
Direct ratio depends on both the room proportions and
the luminaires. Direct ratio has a low value with a N = number of luminaires
narrow room (small room index) and a luminaire which
emits most of its light sideways (BZ 10), and on the Hm = mounting height
contrary, a high value with a wide room (large room
index) and a luminaire which emits most of its light Under a regular array of luminaires the illuminance on
downwards (BZ 1). the working plane is not uniform. The closer spaced the
luminaires for a given mounting height, the higher the
uniformity; or the greater the mounting height for a
given spacing, the greater the uniformity. If uniformity Design a lighting installation for a college seminar room
of illuminance is to be acceptable for general lighting, so that the average illuminance is 500 lux on the
horizontal working plane, using the data listed below.
(a) SHR should not exceed maximum spacing to height Suggest the layout and check appropriate spacing to
ratio (SHR MAX) of the given luminaire as quoted by the mounting height.
manufacturer, and
Room dimensions: 12 m long x 8 m wide x 3.2 m high
(b) geometric mean spacing to height ratio of the
luminaire layout should be within the range of nominal Working plane at 0.7 m above floor
spacing to height ratio (SHR NOM) of the given
luminaire as quoted by the manufacturer, i.e. Reflection factors: Ceiling 70 %
(6) Walls 50 %
Working plane 20 %
3. Summary of Procedures for Lumen Design Method Light Loss factor: 0.779
(a) Calculate the room index. Luminaires: 1800 mm twin tube with opal diffuser
(d) Determine the light loss factor. Dimensions : 1800 mm long x 200 mm wide
(e) Inert the appropriate variables into the lumen Lamps: 1800 mm 75 W plus white
method formula to obtain the number of luminaires
required. 5800 average initial lumens per lamp
(i) Calculate the illuminance that will be achieved by the From manufacturer's photometric data sheet (Table 3),
final layout and check against the standard. utilisation factor (UF) is 0.5336 by interpolation.
4. But the National Electrical Code limits the size of 6. Find the size of the branch circuit fuse protection.
convenience outlet wire to minimum of 3.5 mm2 or No. Refer to Table, for 17.74 A current load, use 30 A fuse or
12 AWG copper wire. The code must prevail. Use No. 12 trip breaker.
TW.
5. Determine the size of the conduit pipe. Refer to Table E. Determine the sub-feeder per dwelling
. For No. 12 TW wire, use 13 mm diameter pipe.
1. Solve for the total connected load per dwelling.
6. Find the Size of the Branch Circuit fuse protection.
Refer to table. For 12.53 A non continuous load on Lighting load ........................................ 1920 watts
convenience outlet, use 20 AT breaker. Convenience Load ,............................... 2880 watts
Other loads 5.1 + 1.5 kW........................ 6600 watts
1. Laundry Circuit at 1500 watts per circuit (PEC 2. Apply 80% demand factor (see Table)
provision)
TOTAL LINE CURRENT = (11400 watts x.80 df)/230 volts
1500 watts/230 volys = 6.52 A
= 39.65 A
2. Find the size of the branch circuit conductor. From
Table, use 3.5 mm2 or No. 12 TW copper wire, the 3. Determine the Size of the sub-feeder and protection
minimum size for convenience outlet. per dwelling for 39.65 A. For Table 9.1 or 11.1, use 8.0
mm2 or No. 8 wire THW copper wire.
3. Find the size of the conduit pipe. From Table, use 13
mm diameter pipe. 4. Find the size of the conduit pipe. For 8.0 mm2 wire,
specify 25 mm diameter pipe.
4. Find the size of the branch circuit fuse protection.
From Table. The 6.52 A load on convenience outlet 5. Determine the size or rating of the fuse protection.
requires 20 A fuse or trip breaker. From Table, use 60 A molded Circuit breaker 2- wire 250
volts with solid bus.
1. Total Load is 5.1 kW = 5100 watts F. Determine the Size of the Main Feeder
2. The quality of light
1. Solve for the Total connected Load on 4 dwelling
units at 11400 watts each. Multiply:
Quantity of Light – refers to the amount of illumination
11400 watts x 4 = 45600 watts or luminous flux per unit area.
Quantity of light can be measured and easily handled
2. Refer to Table. For 4 dwelling units apply 45% because it deals with the number of light fixtures
demand factor. Multiply: required for a certain area.
5. Find the size of conduit pipe. Refer to Table. Use 38 There are four factors that affect illumination, namely:
nn diameter RSC or IMT pipe 1. Brightness
2. Glare
6. Find the size or rating of the over-current protection. 3. Contrast
Refer to Table. Use 125 A safety switch,250 volts, 2 4. Diffuseness
pole.
ILLUMINATION CALCULATION AND DESIGN FOR SINGLE Brightness is the light that seems to radiate from an
FAMILY DWELLING object being viewed. Brightness or luminance is the
PRINCIPLES OF ILLUMINATION luminous flux (light) emitted, transmitted or reflected
6 – 1 INTRODUCTION from a surface.
Illumination is defined as the intensity of light per unit Contrast is the difference in brightness or the brightness
area. When we talk of illumination, or simply lighting, ratio between an object and its background. The
we are referring to man made lighting. Daylight being recommended brightness ratio between an object being
excellent is not included, thus, we assume a night time viewed and its background is normally 3:1.
condition.
If a print on a white paper can be clearly seen on a light
background, it is due to the effect called contrast.
Electric Illumination is the production of light by means Likewise, if a light object is placed on a dark
of electricity and its applications to provide efficient, background, the light object reflects more light and
comfortable and safe vision. Specifically, when one looks brighter although bought have equal illumination.
speaks of lighting design, he refers to only two things: It is for this reason that office furniture are generally
light colored, tan or light green for eye comfort.
Diffuseness refers to the control of shadows cast by The quantity of light level of illumination can be easily
light. Diffuseness is the degree to which light is measured or calculated with the aid of portable foot
shadowless and is therefore a function of the number of candle meter.
directions to which light collides with a particular point
and the comparative intensities. Footcandle (fc) is the amount of light flux density. It is
the unit of measure used when describing the amount
of light in a room and is expressed in lumens per square
Perfect Diffusion is an equal intensities of light clashing foot.
from all directions producing no shadows. A single lamp
will cast sharp and deep shadows. A luminous ceiling
provides a satisfactory diffuse illumination and less Footlambert (fl) is defined as “the luminance of a
shadows. surface reflecting. Transmitting or emitting one lumen
(lm) of illumination per square foot of area in the
direction being viewed or the conventional unit of
The color of lighting and the corresponding color of the brightness or luminance. In the same manner, the
object within a space is an important consideration in lumens (lm) is the light output generated continuously
producing a quality of light. by a standard wax candle
There are three characteristics that define a particular
coloration. They are:
In our study of light, we are interested in the amount of
light that fall on the areas that we want to illuminate.
a. Hue – is the quality attribute by which we recognize We also want to know the lumens per square foot or
and describe colors as red, blue, yellow, green, violet square meter in a space.
and so on. This quantity called Light Flux Density is the common
b. Brilliance or Value – is the difference between the term Foot-candle (fc) represented by the formula:
resultant colors of the same hue, such as: white is the Footcandle = Lumens
most brilliant of the neutral colors while black is the Area
last.
c. Saturation or Chroma – is the difference from the ILLUSTRATION 6 – 1
purity of the colors. Colors of high saturation must be A 40 – watt fluorescent lamp 120 centimeters long
used in well lit spaces. produces 3,200 lumens of light in a room having a
general dimension of 10 x 20ft. Find the illumination on
the floor.
6 – 2 ESTIMATING ILLUMINATION AND BRIGHTNESS
In many respect, it is more important to know
luminance measurements than illumination because the SOLUTION
eye is more sensitive to brightness than simple Footcandle = Lumens
illumination. However, it is more difficult to measure Area
luminance than illumination. fc = 3,200 lm. = 16 footcandle
10 x 20 ft.
The footcandle is an important unit of measure in
There are three types of luminance meter, namely: calculating the desired illumination and layout of
fixtures. In the absence of Tables of equivalent
footcandles for a particular fixture, a rule of thumb of Table 6 – 2 TABLE OF COMPARISON
10-30-50 illumination level is here presented.
Where:
E=The illumination in lux
Al=Average lumens with a typical value of:
20 500 lumens for 40 watts
11 500 lumens for 250 watts Under the Working Voltage, the mean lamp lumens of a
5 400 lumens for 125 watts 250 watts lamp is 11, 500 lumens, this is the nearest
The value of Al varies depending upon the type of lamp value to 8,662.83 average lumens. Therfore, a 250 watts
specified. lamp is acceptable.
mf- is the maintenance factor which depends on the Computing for the new actual illumination E
following:
a). Maintenance practice of the company
b). Operation of light sources at rate current and
voltage This is higher than the 6.46 recommended in table 6-
c). Regular replacement of depreciated lamp 11. Therefore, the road is considered as adequeately
d). Periodic cleaning of the luminaires either 0.8-0.9 lighted.
w = Width of the roadway
d = Distance between luminaires
cu = Coefficient of utilization which is dependent on the
type of fixture, mounting height, width of roadway and WIRING CALCULATIONS FOR SINGLE FAMILY DWELLING
the lenght of mast arm or outreach. UNIT
SINGLE FAMILY DWELLING
Type of Service - 230 V
Single Phase 2 wire 60 Hz
Line to ground Current system
The values given are based on the favorable
reflectances for asphalt road, the recommended
illumination should be increased by 50%. For concrete
road, the recommended value could be decreased by
25%.
In decreasing street illumination, consider the modern PROBLEM:
lighting today that will be obsolete tomorrow when the
A single family dwelling is to be circuited with the maximum 100 watts per light outlet. therefore the use
following requirements as shown on the figure above. of 2.0 mm2 or No.14 TW is safe.
Determine the:
800 watts/230 volts = 3.48 amperes 2. Solve for the Total Estimated Load
3. Determine the size of conductor wire for circuit - 1 . 12 x 180 watts per outlet = 2,160 watts
Refer to Table 9.1 or 11.1. use 2 pieces 2.0 mm2 or No.
14 TW copper wire having an ampacity of 15 amperes 3. Determine the Maximum Expected Current Load:
that is much largr than the 3.48 amperes computed
maximum load. 2,160 watts / 230 volts = 9.39 amperes
4. Determine the size of the Conduit Pipe. Refer to 4. Determine the Size of the Conductor wire . Refer to
Table . The smallest diameter of a conduit pipe that Table 9.1 or 11.1. For 9.39 amperes, use 2 pieces 3.5
could accommodate up to 3 pieces of No.14 TW mm2 or No. 12 TW copper wire for Circuit no.2
conductor wire is 13 mm diameter. therefore, specify
13 mm diameter conduit pipe. 5. Determine the Size of the conduit pipe. for the 2 - No.
12 TW wire, refer to Table . Use 13 mm conduit pipe.
5. determine the size or rating of the fuse protective 6. Determine the Over Current fuse protection. Refer to
device. Refer to Table . Use 15 amperes fuse Table . under the column of fuse and breaker rating, the
20 amperes fuse can safely carry a maximum load of 16
The National Electrical Code provides that: amperes the 80 % of 20 amperes fuse can safely carry a
"Ampacity of the connected load shall not exceed 80% maximum load of 16 amperes the 80% of 20 amperes
of the amperage capacity of the conductor and the load permitted by the National Electrical Code on No.
fuse." 12 circuit wire.
5. Determine the Size of the Conduit Pipe (if reqd) to 2. These type of loads are classified as non-continuous
Table. Two pieces No. 12 AWG wire can be load. From Table 9.1, the 5.5 mm2or
accommodated comfortably in a 13 mm diameter No.10 AWG copper wire conductor has 30 amperes
conduit pipe. Specify 13 mm diameter conduit pipe. ampacity which is bigger than 22.8 amperes as
computed. However, we do not specify the use of No.10
6. Determine the size or rating of the Over-current AWG wire because the code limits the use of 8.0 mm2or
Protection. Refer to Table . For the 15.65 amperes load No.8 AWG, conductor as minimum size for Service
use 20 amperes fuse rating. Entrance.
COMMENTS:
3. The National Electrical Code on Service Entrance NOTE:
provides that: The quantity of materials is subject to change
depending upon the area and the choice of the
" Service entrance shall have sufficient ampacity to designing engineers. For open onstallation, conduit pipe
carry the building load. They shall have the adequate can be changed to split knobs or PDX wires.
mechanical strength and shall not be smaller than 8.0
mm2or 3.2 mm diameter except for installation to
supply limited load of a single branch circuit such as
small poly-phase power, controlled water heaters and
the like and they shall not be smaller than 3.5 mm2or SINGLE FAMILY DWELLING
2.0 mm diameter copper or equivalent. Type of Service - 115/230 V
Single Phase 3 wire 60 Hz
Line to Line system
THE MAIN DISCONNECTING MEANS OR SAFETY SWITCH
3. Provide 2-double branch circuit cut out with two 15 1. The PEC provides that 100 watts be the maximum
and 2-20 amperes fuse respectively. load per light outlet. thus, for 10 light outlets at 100
watts, multiply:
The protection of branch circuit is tapped to the hot line 3. Find the size of Branch circuit wire. Refer to Table 9.1
of live wire. The grounded line being in neutral zero or 11.1. For 4.35 amperes, use 2.0 mm2 TW copper
voltage is not protected with fuse. this is one advantage wire.
of the MULTI-GROUND SYSTEM being adopted by the 4. Find the rating of overcurrent protection. Refer to
electric cooperative implemented by the RURAL Table. for 4.35 A, use 15 amperes trip breaker.
ELECTRIFICATION PROGRAM of the government. The
branch circuit and cutout should be doubled because 5. Determine the size of conduit pipe. Refer to Table ,
the engaged voltage in the line is only 230 V while the for No. 14 TW copper wire, use 13 mm conduit pipe.
other is zero being grounded ( see figure)
B. Circuit - 2 Lighting Load (9 light outlets)
Other electric service system on the other hand, are 1. For 9 outlets, find the Total load in watts.
classified as LINE TO LINE SERVICE wherein the engaged
voltage is 115/230 volts which requires FUSE 9 outlets x 100 watts per outlet = 900 watts
PROTECTIO FOR BOTH LINES. Divide : 900 watts/230 volts = 3.91 amperes
2. Determine the Size of the Branch circuit Wire. Refer 4. Determine the Size of the Branch Circuit wire. Refer
to Table 9.1 or 11.1. For 3.91 A load, use 2.0 mm2or to Table 9.1 or 11.1. For the 27.82 A, use 8.0 mm2 or
No.14 TW copper wire. No. 8 TW copper wire.
3. Determine the size of the conduit pipe. Refer to
Table. For 2 pieces No. 14 TW copper wire, use the 13 5. Determine the Size of Conduit pipe. Refer to Table.
mm minimum size of conduit pipe. For 2 pieces No.8 wire use 200 mm diameter pipe.
4. Determine the size or rating of the overcurrent
Protection. Refer to Table. For 3.91 A load, use 15 A 6. Find the Size or Rating of the Fuse or Trip Breaker.
load fuse of trip breaker. Refer to Table. For appliance load, use 40 A fuse or trip
C. Circuit - 3 For small appliance load breaker.
Section 3.3.1.2 of the the PEC specif 180 watts load limit F. Circuit - 6 for Water heater Load
per convenience outlet. Thus,
1. one unit water heater at 2.5 kW = 2500 watts
1. Find the number of appliance load outlet and the 2. The current load will be:
current load.
2500 watts/230 volts = 10.86 A
6 outlets x 2 gang per outlet x 180 watts
12 x 180 = 2,160 watts 3. Solve for the Size of the Branch circuit wire. Refer to
Divide: 2160 watts/230 volts = 9.39 A Table 9.1 or 11.1 . For 10.86 A convenience outlet use 2
pcs 3.5 mm2 or No. 12 TW copper wire.
2. Determine the Size of the Service Wire conductor. 4. Determine the Size of the conduit pipe. Refer to
Refer to Table 9.1 or 11.1. For the 9.39 A load, specify Table. For 2 - No.12 Tw copper wire, use 13 mm conduit
the minimum wire gauge for convenience outlet. pipe.
5. Find the Size or Rating of the Over Current
2 pieces 3.5 mm2or No.12 TW copper wire Protection. For the 10.86 A load, use 20 A fuse fuse or
trip breaker.
3. Determine the Size of the conduit pipe. Refer to
Table. For 2 pieces No.12 TW copper wire. Use 13 mm
diameter conduit pipe. G. Circuit 7 and 8 with 1 - unit ACU each
4. Solve for the Size or Rating of the Over current
Protection. Refer to Table. For 9.39 A on No. 12 TW 1. One unit ACU at 1.5 Hp is
copper wire specify:
20 A fuse or trip breaker. 1.5 Hp x 746 = 1119 watts
for other load, multiply by 40% A single family dwelling with a floor area of 80 square
6720 x .4 .........................................2688 watts meters has the following receptacles and outlets load.
3. Compute the actual lighting load. Multiply: FINDING THE SIZE OF THE SERVICE ENTRANCE OR
FEEDER
7 - Fluorescent lamps x 40 watts = 280 watts
2 - Incandescent bulb x 60 watts = 120 watts 1. Get the sum total of connected load. Add:
TOTAL............ 400 watts
Lighting Load.................................... 1920 watts
4. Solve the actual current load. Divide: Small appliance load ......................... 3175 watts
TOTAL.................................. 5095 watts
400 watts/230 volts = 1.74 A
2. Solve for the total connected load current. Divide:
5. Determine th Size of the Branch Circuit wire. From ,
the 1.74 A is very small load to be carried by 2.0 mm2 or 5095 watts/230 volts = 22.15 A
No. 14 TW copper wire. Therefore, the No. 14 wire is
safe. 3. Find the size of Service Entrance. Refer to Table. For
22.15 A, use No. 8 TW copper wire, the minimum size
6. Determine the Size of the conduit pipe. Refer to for service entrance.
table, for 2- No.14 wire, use 13 mm conduit pipe.
4. For Main Protection, use 1-safety switch, 2 pole, 2
7. Determine the size or rating of the branch circuit wires, 250 volts.
protection. Refer to table. For 2.0 mm2 or No.14 copper Under the preceding set-up, one safety switch could
wire conductor, use 15 A fuse or trip breaker. supply both lighting and convenience outlet at different
branch circuit without the use of fuse cutout. This is
only applicable to the line to ground or multi-ground
B. Circuit - 2 For small appliance load system being used by the electric cooperative.
1. Solve for the total appliance current load. PEC REQUIREMENTS FOR ADEQUATE WIRING IN SINGLE
AND MULTI-FAMILY DWELLING UNIT
LOAD CURRENT = ( 1000 + 1100 + 500 + 175 + 300 + GENERAL LIGHTING LOADS BY OCCUPANCIES
100) / 230 volts (Table 1.1)
= 3175 watts/230 volts
= 13.81 A * All receptacle outlets of 20-ampere or less in one-
family, two-family and multifamily dwellings and in
2. Determine the size of the Branch circuit wire guest rooms of hotels and motels shall be considered as
conductor. Refer to Table. For a convenience load of outlets for general illumination, and no additional load
13.81 A specify 3.5 mm2 or No. 12 TW copper wire, the calculations shall be required for such outlets.
minimum size required for convenience outlet.
** In addition a unit load of 8 volt-amperes per square
3. Find the size of the conduit pipe. Refer to Table, for 2 meter shall be included for general purpose receptacle
pieces No.12 TW copper wire, use 13 mm diameter outlets when the actual number of general purpose
pipe. receptacle outlets is unknown.
4. Find the Size or rating of the Protection device. See
Table, for 13.81 A, use 1 - 20 A fuse.
FEEDER DEMAND FACTORS FOR GENERAL LIGHTING Note 3: Over 1.75 kW through 8.75 kW. In lieu of the
LOAD AND SMALL APPLIANCE LOAD method provided in column A, it shall be permissible to
(Table 2.1) add the nameplate ratings of all ranges rated more than
1.75 kW but not more than 8.75 kW and multiply the
sum by the demand factors specified in column B or C
*The demand factors of this table shall not apply to the for the given numbers of appliances.
computed load of feeders to areas in hospitals, hotels,
and motels where the entire lighting is likely to be used Note 4: Branch circuit load. It shall be permissible to
at one time, as in operating rooms, ballrooms, or dining compute the branch-circuit load for one range In
rooms. accordance with Table 3.3.2.10. the branch-circuit load
for one wall-mounted oven or one counter-mounted
cooking unit shall be the nameplate rating of the
appliance. The branch-circuit load for a counter-
mounted cooking unit and not more than two wall-
DEMAND FACTOR FOR HOUSEHOLD ELECTRIC CLOTHES mounted ovens, all supplied from a single branch circuit
DRYER and located in the same room, shall be computed by
(Table 3.1) adding the nameplate ratings of the individual
appliances and treating this total as equivalent to one
range.
(Table 14.1)
ALLOWABLE AMPACITIES OF INSULATED CONDUCTORS
RATED 0-2000 VOLTS, 60º C TO 90ºC
NOT MORE THAN THREE CONDUCTORS IN RACEWAY OR
CABLE OR EARTH (DIRECTLY BURIED), BASED ON
AMBIENT ALLOWABLE AMPACITIES FOR SINGLE INSULATED
TEMPERATURE OF 30ºC CONDUCTORS, RATED 0-2000VOLTS, 150º TO 250ºC, IN
(Table 9.1) FREE AIR BASED ON AMBIENT AIR
TEMPERATURE OF 40ºC
(Table 15.1)
AMPACITY CORRECTION FACTORS
(Table 10.1)
(Table 16.1)
ALLOWABLE AMPACITIES OF SINGLE INSULATED
CONDUCTORS, RATED 0-2000VOLTS, IN FREE AIR
BASED ON AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURE OF 30ºC
(Table 11.1) EXCEPTIONS (based on PEC requirements)
(b) Dwelling units. In every kitchen, family room, dining 4.In other than one-family dwellings where laundry
room, breakfast room, living room, parlor, library, den, facilities are not be installed or permitted, a laundry
sun room, bedroom, recreation room, or similar rooms, receptacle shall not be required.
receptacle outlets shall be installed so that no point
along the floor kine in any wall space is more than 1800 As used in this section, a "wall space" shall be
mm, measured horizontally, from an outlet in that considered a wall unbroken along the floor line by
space, including any wall space 600 mm or more in doorways, fireplaces, and similar openings. Each wall
width and the wall space occupied by sliding panels in space 600 or more mm wide shall be treated
exterior walls. The wall space afforded by fixed room individually and separately from the other wall spaces
dividers, such a free-standing bar type counters, shall be within the room. A wall space shall be permitted to
included in the 2 meter measurement. include two or more walls or a room(around corners)
where unbroken at the floor line.
In kitchen and dining areas, a receptacle outlet shall be
installed at each counter space wider than 300 mm. The receptacle outlets required by this section shall be
Counter top spaces separated by range tops, in addition to any receptacle that is part of any lighting
refrigerators, or sinks shall be considered as separate fixture or appliances, located within cabinet or
counter top spaces. Receptacles rendered inaccessible cupboard, or located over 1600 mm above the floor.
by appliances fastened in place or appliances occpying
dedicated space shall not be considered as these 5. Permanently installed electric baseboard heaters
requires outlets. equipped with factory installed receptacle outlets, or
outlets provided as a separate assembly by the
Receptacles outlets shall, in so far as practicable, be manufacture, shall be permitted as the required outlet
spaced equal distances apart. Receptacle outlets in or outlets for the wall space utilized by such
floors shall not be counted as part of the required permanently installed heaters. Such receptacle outlets
number of receptacle outlet unless located close to the shall not be connected to the heater circuits.
wall.
Lighting Outlets Required:
At least one wall receptacle shall be installed in the
bathroom adjacent in the basin location. (a) Dwelling units: At least one wall switch controlled
lighting outlet shall be installed in every habitable room,
For a one-family dwelling, at least one receptacle outlet in bathrooms, hallways, stairways and attached garage:
shall be installed outdoors. and at outdoor entrances
For a one-family dwelling, at least one receptacle outlet At least one lighting outlet shall be installed in an attic,
in addition to any provided for laundry equipment, shall underfloor space, utility room and basement only wher
be installed in each basement and in each attached these spaces are used for storage or containing
garage. equipment requiring servicing.
Outlets in other section of the dwelling unit for special 6. In habitable rooms, other than the kitchen, one or
appliances, such as laundry equipment, shall be placed more receptacles controlled by a wall switch shall be
within 1800 mm of the intended location of the permitted in lieu of light outlets
appliance.
7. In hallways, stairways, and at outdoor entrances shall be permitted to have the neutral load determined
remote, central, or automatic control of lighting shall be by this section
permitted.
the connected load to which the demand factors apply
shall include the following:
FEEDERS:
(1)1500 watts for each 2-wire, 20 A small appliance
Minimum size or rating. Feeder conductors shall have branch circuit and each laundry branch circuit
an ampacity not lower than required to supply the load
. The minimum sizes shall be as specified in (a) and (b) (2) 24 watts per square meter for general lighting and
below under the conditions stipulated. Feeder general use receptacles
conductors for a one family dwelling or amobile home
need not be larger than service entrance conductors. (3) The nameplate rating of all appliances that are
fastened in place, permanently connected or located to
(a) For specified circuits. The feeder conductors shall be on a specific circuit, ranges, wall mounted ovens,
not be smaller than 5.5 square mm where the load counter-mounted cooking units, clothes dryer, water
supplied consists of the following number and types of heaters and space heaters
circuits: (1) Two or more 2-wire branch circuits supplied
by a 2-wire feeder. (2) MOre than two 2-wire branch If water heater elements are so interlocked that all
circuits supplied by a 3-wire feeder (3) Two or more 3- elements cannot be used at the same time, the
wire branch circuits supplied by a 3-wire feeder maximum possible load shall be considered the
nameplate load.
(b) ampacity relative to service entrance conductors.
The feeder conductor ampacity shall not be lower than (4)The nameplate A or kVA rating of all motors and of
that of the service-entrance conductors 14 square mm all low-power factor load.
or smaller.
(5) The larger of the air conditioning load or the space
(c) Overload feeders. Where at any time feeder heating load.
conductors are or will be overloaded the feeder
conductors shall be increased in ampacity to
accommodate the ctual load served. BASIC CONCEPT IN ELECTRICAL DESIGN
RECEPTACLES AND WIRING DEVICES
OPTIONAL CALCULATION - MULTIFAMILY DWELLING
(a) It shall be permissible to compute the feeder or
service load of a multifamily dwelling where all the ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS
following conditions are met:
Electrical Conductors are substances that offer a very
(1) No dwelling unit is supplied by more than one feeder low resistance to current flow.
(2) Each dwelling unit is equipped with electric cooking
equipment. Insulators are substances that offer a very high
resistance to current flow.
EXCEPTION: When the computed load for multifamily
dwelling under the section without cooking load
exceeds that computed under this section for the List of some good electrical conductors:
identical load plus electric cooking exceeds that
computed for the identical load plus the electric Silver
cooking, the lesser of the loads may be used. Zinc
Copper
(3) Each dwelling unit is equipped with either electric Platinum
space heating or air conditioning or both Aluminum
Iron
Feeders and service-entrance conductors whose Nickel
demand load is determined by this optional calculation Tin
Brass SQUARE MIL. It is the area of a square having its side
Lead equal to 1 mil.
Square mil = ( sides )2 = ( 1 mil )2 = ( 0.001 in.)2 = 1 x 10-
6 in.2
List of some insulating materials: Square mil = 0.7854 x circular mils
Rubber
Asbestos
Porcelain
Thermoplastics CONDUCTOR AREAS:
Varnish
Paper CONVERSION FACTOR
Slate
Oils Square inch = square mil x 0.000001
Glass Square mil = square inch x 1,000,000
Wax Square mil = circular mils x 0.7854
Mica Circular mil = square mils x 1.273
Dry air Millimeter = inches x 25.4
Latex Square mm = circular mils x 0.0005067
CIRCULAR MIL. This is the unit of cross section in the DIFFERENT TYPES OF CABLES
American wire gauge. The term “mil” means one-
thousandth of an inch (0.001 in.). It is the area of a
circular wire having a diameter of one mil. To find the 1. Armored Cable. This type of cable, the type AC is a
number of circular mils in a circle of a given diameter, fabricated assembly of insulated conductors enclosed in
we have to square the number of mils in the diameter. flexible metalsheath. Armored cable is used in both
exposed and concealed work.
3. Mineral Insulated Cable. This type of cable, type MI, 10. Flat Conductor Cable. This type of cable, type FCC
is a factory assembly of one or more conductors consists of three or more flat conductors placed edge to
insulated with a highly compressed refractory mineral edge, separated and enclosed within an insulating
insulation and enclosed in liquid-tight and gas-tight assembly. This used for general purpose, appliance
continuous copper sheath. The type MI is used in dry, branch circuits and for individual branch circuits
wet or continuously moist location as service, feeders or specifically on hard, smooth, continuous floor surfaces,
branch circuit. etc.
4. Nonmetallic Sheathed Cable. Types NM and NMC are 12.Medium Voltage Cables. MV cable is a single or
factory assembled two or more insulated conductors multiconductor solid dielectric insulated cable rated
having a moisture-resistant outer sheath, flame- 2,001 volts or higher and is used for power systems up
retardant and non-metallic material. These types are to 35,000 volts. The MV cables are of different types
used specifically for one or two dwelling not exceeding and characteristics.
3 storey buildings.
7. Underground Feeder and Brach Circuit Cables. This According to the type of materials used, conduit maybe
type of cable, the type UF cable is a moisture-resistant classified as either metallic such as steel pipes or
cable used for underground, including direct burial in nonmetallic such as PVC, and the like.
the ground, as feeder or branch circuit.
According to its make, conduits maybe classified as:
rigid metal, flexible metal, rigid nonmetal and flexible
8. Power and Control Tray Cable. Type TC cable is a nonmetal.
factory assembly of two or more insulated conductors
with or without associated bare or covered grounding b) Connectors
under a metallic sheath. This is used for installation in
cable trays, raceways or where supported by a A connector is a metal sleeve usually made of copper
messenger wire. that is slipped over and secured to the butted ends of
conductors in making joint. A connector is also called a
splicing sleeve.
9. Flat Cable Assemblies. This is an assembly of parallel
conductors formed integrally with an insulating material c) Other Raceways
Aside from the conduits and connectors there are still These are comparatively new types of wire, consisting
numerous types and kinds of raceways, among these of the basic Type THH and THW but with less
are the a) conduit couplings, elbows and other fittings; thermoplastic insulation, and with a final extruded
b) conduit supports, such as clamps, hangers,etc; c) jacket of nylon. Nylon has exceptional insulating
cable trays, cablebus; d) metal raceways;e) nonmetal qualities and great mechanical strength, all of which
raceways. results in a wire which is smaller in diameter than
ordinary Types T, TW, TW of corresponding size.
E. OTHER TYPES
TYPES OF WIRES
Other types such as the basic Type R, which is suitable
for only in dry locations, is no longer being made. The
A. TYPES T, TW, THW most ordinary kind is Type RHW, which may be used for
dry or wet locations. Types RH and RHH have insulation
The most ordinary type of plastic insulated wire is the which withstands more heat and therefore have a
“type T”. It may be used only in dry locations. Some higher ampacity in the larger size. They may be used
manufactures no longer make the ordinary Type T, only in dry locations.
instead produce Type TW, which is identical in
appearance, but may be used in wet or dry locations.
Also available is Type THW, is similar to Type TW but
withstand a greater degree of heat, and consequently KINDS OF LOCATIONS
has a higher ampacity rating in the larger sizes.
DAMP LOCATION
B. TYPES THHN, THWN
Partially protected locations under canopies, marquees, which the liquids, vapors, or gases will normally be
roofed open porches, and like locations, and interior confines within closed containers or closed systems
locations subjected to moderate degree of moisture, from which they can escape only in case of accidental
such as some basements, some barns, and some cold- rupture or breakdown of such containers or systems, or
storage warehouses. in case of abnormal operation of equipment; or ii) in
which ignitible concentrations of gases or vapors are
normally prevented by positive mechanical ventilation,
DRY LOCATION and which might become hazardous through failure or
abnormal operation of the ventilating equipment; iii)
A location not normally subject to dampness or that is adjacent to Class I, Division 1 location, and to
wetness. A location classified as dry may be temporarily which ignitible concentrations of gases or vapors might
subject to dampness or wetness, as in the case of a occasionally be communicated unless such
building under construction. communication is prevented by adequate positive
ventilation from a source of clean air, and effective
safeguards against ventilation failure are provided.
WET LOCATION
Installations underground or in concrete slabs or Class II Locations. Class II locations are those that are
masonry in direct contact with the earth, and location hazardous because of the presence of combustible dust.
subject to saturation with water or other liquids, such
as vehicle washing areas, and locations exposed to a) Class II, Division 1. A class II, Division 1 location is a
weather and unprotected. location: I) in which combustible dust is in the air
normal operating conditions in quantities sufficient to
produce explosive or ignitible mixtures; or ii) where
mechanical failure or abnormal operation of machinery
HAZARDOUS (CLASSIFIED) LOCATIONS or equipment might cause such explosive or ignitible
mixtures to be produced, and might also provide a
Locations where fire or explosion hazards may exist due source of ignition through simultaneous failure of
to flammable gases or vapors, flammable liquids, electric equipment, operation devices, or from other
combustible dust, or ignitible fibers or flyings. causes; or iii) in which combustible dusts of an
electrically conductive nature may be present in
1. Class I Locations. Class I locations are those in which hazardous quantities.
flammable gases or vapors are or may be present in the
air in quantities sufficient to produce explosive or
ignitible mixtures. b) Class II, Division 2. A Class II, Division 2 location is a
location where combustible dust is not normally in the
air in quantities sufficient to produce explosive or
a) Class I, Division 1. A Class I, Division 1 location is a ignitible mixtures, and dust accumulations are normally
location: I) in which igntible concentrations of insufficient to interfere with the normal operation of
flammable gases or vapors can exist under normal electrical equipment or other apparatus, but
operating conditions; or ii) in which ignitible combustible dust may be in suspension in the air as a
concentrations of such gas vapors may exist frequently result of infrequent malfunctioning of handling or
because of repair or maintenance operations or processing equipment and where combustible dust
because of leakage; or iii) in which breakdown or faulty accumulations on, in, or in the vicinity of the electrical
operation of equipment or processes might release equipment may be sufficient to interfere with the safe
ignitible concentrations of flammable gases or vapors, dissipation of heat from electrical equipment or may be
and might also cause simultaneous failure of electric ignitible by abnormal operation or failure of electrical
equipment. equipment.
b) Class I, Division 2. A Class I, Division 2 location is a 3. Class III Locations. Class III locations are those that
location: I) in which volatile flammable liquids or are hazardous because of the presence of easily
flammable gases are handled, processes, or used, but in combustible fibers or flyings, but in which such fibers or
flyings are not likely to be in suspension in the air in
quantities sufficient to produce ignitible mixtures.
THE OVERHEAD SERVICE-DROP CONDUCTOR
No. of Service:
b) Minimum Size. The conductors shall not be smaller
A building or other structure served shall be supplied by than 8 mm2 copper, 14 mm2 aluminum or copper-clad
only one service. aluminum.
*EXCEPTIONS* CLEARANCES:
1. For fire pump where a separate service is required. a) Above Roofs. Conductors shall have a vertical
clearance of not less than 2,500 mm from the roof
2. For emergency electrical system where a separate surface.
service is required.
b) Vertical Clearance from Ground.
3. Multiple-Occupancy building
3,100 mm - at the electric service entrance to buildings,
4. Capacity Requirements. Two or more services shall be or at the drip loop of the building electric entrance, or
permitted: above areas or sidewalks
b) Bare copper for direct burial where bare copper is The most common type of service entrance employed
judged to be suitable for the soil conditions. by the power companies supplying electricity which is
either a 2, 3 or 4-wire connection. Generally, the
c) Bare copper for direct burial without regard to soil overhead service cable between the building property
conditions where part of cable assembly identified for line and the supply point is supplied by electric
underground use. company to a limit of 30 meters.
b) Minimum Size. The conductors shall not be smaller SERVICE - ENTRANCE CONDUCTORS
than 5.5 mm2 copper or 8.0 mm2 aluminum or copper-
clad aluminum.
Where two to six service disconnecting means in No. of Service-Entrance Conductor Sets
separate enclosures supply separate loads from one Each service drop or lateral shall supply only one set of
service drop or lateral, one set of service entrance service-entrance conductors.
conductors shall be permitted to supply each or several
such service equipment enclosures.
*EXCEPTIONS:
EXCEPTION: For installations to supply only limited
loads of a single branch circuit such as small polyphase 1. Buildings with more than one occupancy.
PROTECTION:
2. Where two to six service disconnecting means in a
separate enclosures are grouped at one location and Service entrance conductors subjected to physical
supply separate loads from one service drop or lateral. damage shall be protected in any of the following ways
or methods:
A fuse is also an overcurrent protective device with a b) Double-throw Knife Switches. Double-throw knife
circuit opening fusible element which opens when there switches shall be permitted to be mounted so that the
is an overcurrent in the circuit. It is considered as the throw will be either vertical or horizontal. Where the
simplest and the most common circuit protective device throw is vertical, a locking device shall be provided to
used into the house wiring connection. hold the blades in the open position when so set.
2. When there is an overcurrent, the circuit breaker 1. On large installation, one feeder is provided for each
trips automatically and after correcting the fault, it is floor.
ready to be switched on again, unlike the fuse which
has to be discarded and replaced after it is busted. 2. In small installations, one or two feeders is
satisfactory.
Advantages of fuse over a circuit breaker
3. Feeder for motor must be separate and independent Principles applied in installing panel board
from the light circuits. 1. The approach should be accessible and convenient.
4. Feeders requiring more than 50 mm diameter 2. The panelboard must be centrally located to shorten
conduit should not be used. the home wiring runs.
3. It must be installed near the load center. As in most
5.Feeders should be subdivided if there are several cases, panelboard is installed near the kitchen and the
bends or offsets because a 50 mm conduit is the largest laundry where heavy loads are expected.
that could be economically used.
MAIN- is the feeder interior wiring extending from
6. Feeders radiating from the distributing panel should service switch, generator bus, or converter bus to the
be provided each with a properly rated switch and main distribution.
circuit breaker.
BRANCH CIRCUIT- is defined as the circuit conductors
7. Good practice dictates that feeders and main shall be between the final overcurrent device protecting the
installed inside a conduit pipe as it carries high voltage circuit and the outlets. This means that the branch
that should be well protected. circuit is only the wiring between the circuit overcurrent
protection device such as fuses or circuit breaker and
the outlets. However, it is a common knowledge and
practice that the branch circuit comprises the entire
circuit including the outlet receptacles and other wiring
GROUNDING PROTECTION devices.
A ground is an electrical connection which may either PROTECTION OF THE BRANCH CIRCUIT
be intentional or accidental between an electric circuit
or equipment and the earth, or to some conducting Any current in excess of the rated current capacity of
body that serves in place of the earth. The purpose of the equipment or the rated ampacity of the conductor
grounding a circuit is to fix permanently a zero voltage is called overcurrent.
point in the system. The grounded line of a circuit
should not be broken nor fused to maintain a solid and The causes of overcurrent are:
uninterrupted connection to the ground. 1. Overload in the equipment conductors.