Ethio Telecom Internship Report on GSM Systems

ETHIO TELECOM JJU 2013
JIGJIGA UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER ENGINEERING
(COMMUNICATION STREAM)
ETHIO TELECOM, NER& SEMERA REGION
(MAR.11/2013-JUN.26/2013)
REPORT ON QUALIFIED INTERNSHIP PROGRAM
BY:- YASSIN MUHAMMAD
ABERA HAILE
BERHAN FELEKE
ABRARAW BISET
SUBMISSION DATE:-OCT.16/2013
ELC. & COMP. ENG. Page 1

Declaration of the student

We, yassin Muhammad, Abera Haile ,BrhanFeleke andAbrarawBiset student of Jijiga University, have
completed our internship report on GSM systems in DessieEthio Telecom (NER&and SEMERA
Region) for the academic year. All the information written in this report are obtained from what we
have seen in our internship period and to read different books regarding GSM and computer
Network as well as the company training manuals. All the resources used to write this report are
properly cited. During this time we have spent most of our time by knowing and understanding the
overall Ethio Telecom system. Also we have done some work tasks.
Name and signature of the interns;
Yassin Muhammad
Abera Haile
BrhanFeleke
AbrarawBiset

Acknowledgements
We would like to thank DessieEthio Telecom (NER&SEMERA Region) which was hosting for
the whole four months and the company manager Mr.Fenta. Then we would like to thank
Mr.Adaneour mentor, Mr.Adhane and Mr.Woretaw, whoare BSC Engineer for his diligent effort
to prepare a weekly report and giving us valuable feedbacks and his important work experience.

Executive summary
This report is all about the four month long industrial internship program that is it contains
different topics in the consecutive chapters
Chapter one contains the background and history of our internship hosting company, ’ that is it
tries to describe the brief history, the main products or services, the main customers or the
end users of its products or services and the overall organization and work flow of the
company.
Chapter two is also about the overall work experience we have gained there like how we
get into the company , section of the company we were working in and its work flow.
Chapter three describes the benefits we have gained from the program such as benefits
gained in terms of improving practical skills, theoretical knowledge, inter personal
communication skills and understanding about work ethics related issues.
Finally there is conclusion and recommendations for the company made from our point of
view.

Contents
1 BACKGROUND OF THE COMPANY...................................................................................................... 8
1.1 Company Profile and History ................................................................................................... 8
1.1.1 International connections ................................................................................................. 9
. 1.1.2 Urban connections ....................................................................................................... 9
1.2 Services .................................................................................................................................. 10
1.2.1 Fixed Line Services ........................................................................................................... 10
1.2.2 Mobile services ................................................................................................................ 11
1.2.3 Broadband service ......................................................................................................... 12
1.2.4 International Roaming Service ....................................................................................... 12
1.3 Product Development ........................................................................................................... 13
1.4 Customer .................................................................................................................................. 13
1.4.1 Data customer: ................................................................................................................... 13
1.4.2 Internet customers ............................................................................................................ 14
1.4.3 Mobile customer ............................................................................................................... 14
1.4.4 Fixed phone customers ...................................................................................................... 14
1.5 Overall Organizational Structure and Work Flow ..................................................................... 14
1.5.1 Organizational Structure Work flow description .............................................................. 16
1.5.2 Regional Organization Structure (NER&SEMERA Region) .................................................. 16
1.5.3 Work Flow Description ....................................................................................................... 16
2. OVER ALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE ............................................................................................... 18
2.1 How We Get Into The Company? .............................................................................................. 18
2.2 MOBILE COMMUNICATION ..................................................................................................... 19
2.2.1 INTRODUCTION TO MOBILE COMMUNICATION................................................................ 19
2.2.2 Work flow ....................................................................................................................... 20
2.3 GSM Architecture ..................................................................................................................... 21
2.3.1 The Mobile Station ............................................................................................................. 24
2.3.2 The Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)......................................................................... 24
2.3.3 Base Station Subsystem ................................................................................................ 28
2.3.4 The Network Management Subsystem (NMS) .................................................................. 29
2.4 Specifications and Characteristics for GSM ............................................................................ 30
2.5 GSM Frequencies...................................................................................................................... 31

2.6 TDMA ....................................................................................................................................... 31

2.6.1 Advantages of TDMA ......................................................................................................... 32
2.6.2 Disadvantage of TDMA .................................................................................................... 32
2.7 CDMA ....................................................................................................................................... 33
2.7.1 Advantages of CDMA ......................................................................................................... 33
2.7.2 Disadvantages of CDMA .................................................................................................... 34
2.7.3 Differences between CDMA and TDMA ............................................................................. 34
2.8 Satellite..................................................................................................................................... 34
2.9 Computer Network ....................................................................................................................... 36
2.9.1 Types of Network............................................................................................................ 36
2.10The physical topology of IP network.......................................................................................... 40
2.10.1 IP NGN Overview ............................................................................................................. 42
2.11 IT (Information Technology) .................................................................................................. 44
2.11.1 Networking .................................................................................................................... 44
2.11.2 Cabling .......................................................................................................................... 45
2.12 Work Tasks ............................................................................................................................ 46
2.12.1 Work Challenges and Measures ...................................................................................... 47
3 Internship Benefit............................................................................................................................. 47
3.1 Theoretical Knowledge ............................................................................................................ 48
3.2 Practical skill ............................................................................................................................ 49
3.3 Interpersonal Communication Skills ........................................................................................ 49
3.4 Team Playing Skills .................................................................................................................... 50
3.5 Leadership Skills ...................................................................................................................... 50
3.6 Work Ethics.............................................................................................................................. 51
3.7 Entrepreneurship skill ............................................................................................................... 51
4 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................... 52
5 Recommendations for the company ............................................................................................... 53
6 References ...................................................................................................................................... 54
7 Appendix......................................................................................................................................... 55

List of Tables
Table 2.1.Most commonly used GSM Frequencies……………………………………………..31
List of Figures
Figure 1.1 management organization chart ofethio telecom…………………………………………15
Figure 1.2 organizational structure (NER&Semera)………………………………………………………….16
Figure 2.1 work follow diagram………………………………………………………………………………………20
Figure 2.2 the GSM architecture…………………………………………………………………………………………23
Figure 2.3 the network switching sub system………………………………………………………………………25
Figure 2.4 base transfer station (BTS)…………………………………………………………………………………..29
Figure2.5 local area network...……………………………………………………………………………………………….37
Figure 2.6 wide area network………………………………………………………………………………………………….38
Figure 2.7 metropolitan network…………………………………………………………………………………………..39
Figure 2.8 physical topology of IP network……………………………………………………………………………….40
Figure 2.9 IP network layers………………………………………………………………………………………………………43
Figure2.10 network topology of dessie site………………………………………………………………………………43
Figure2.11 straight cabling………………………………………………………………………………………………………45
Figure2.12 cross cabling………………………………………………………………………………………………………….46

1BACKGROUND OF THE COMPANY

1.1Company Profile and History
The introduction of telecommunications services in Ethiopia dates back to 1894, when

Minilik II, the King of Ethiopia, introduced telephone technology to the country. However
the first Ethiopian pioneer of telephone was his cousin RasMekonnen who came back with
telephone apparatus in 1889 after his visit of Italy and established a company. The company
was placed under government control at the beginning of the twentieth century, and was later
brought to operate under the auspices of the Ministry of Post and Communications. In 1952,
telecommunications services were separated from the postal administration, and structured
under the Ministry of Transport and Communications. The Ethiopian Telecommunications
Corporation is the oldest Public Telecommunications Operator (PTO) in Africa.
Under the Dergue Regime the Ethiopian Telecommunications was reorganized as: Ethiopian
Telecommunications Service from October 1975 to February 1981; and
Ethiopian Telecommunications Authority (ETA) on January 1981. It retained this name until
November 1996. The Ethiopian Telecommunications Service as well as the Ethiopian
Telecommunications Authority (ETA) was in charge of both the operation and regulation of
telecommunications service in Ethiopia.
The Ethiopian Authority was replaced by the Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation

(ETC) by regulation number Telecommunications 10/1996 of the Council of Ministers to
which all the rights and obligations of the former Ethiopian Telecommunication authority
were transferred to the Corporation.
There are 966 public service stations and exchanges across the country. The number of rural
kebelesthe lowest administrative unit with telephone access increased from only 60 in
2004/05 to 8 676 in 2007/08, and the target is to provide access to telecom services to all 15
000 rural kebeles by 2010. By the end of 2007/08, the number of cellular telephone (mobile)
subscribers increased nearly five times from the 2004/05 level, reaching 1 954 527; the
number of broadband customers reached 1 496, up from only 65 in 2002/03; and the dial-up
Internet subscribers were 34 110, almost twice the number in 2004/05. Tele density,
excluding mobile phones, has tripled since 2000/01 to reach 1.23 per 100 households in

2007/08. Including mobile phones, Teledensity reached 3.88 in 2007/08 from only 0.48 in
2000/01.
In 2005, ETC installed a national fiber optic backbone comprising 4 000 kilometers radiating
out in six major directions from the capital (to Dire Dawa, Djibouti, Dessie-Mekele, Bahir
Dar-Nekemte, Jimma and Awassa), laying a foundation for delivering current and future
services including digital radio, TV, Internet, data and other multimedia services. In order to
increase the service capacity, reliability, quality, speed and size of data transfer, ETC
transferred from narrowband to broadband service in January 2005. The introduction and
installation of broadband Internet, broadband VSAT and broadband multimedia infrastructure
are among the major achievements of the past 12 years. Currently there are 1 318 submarine
gateway circuits that connect Ethiopia with the rest of the world.
1.1.1 International connections
The Sululta earth station is used to access:
1. Western Europe and America using INTELSAT Atlantic Ocean region satellite
2. Europe, Asia and the Far East using the INTELSAT Indian Ocean region satellite
3. The Middle East, Far-East and Western Europe using the SEA-WE-ME cable.
Some African countries (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia and Djibouti) are
accessed throughthe PANAFTEL microwave network. Eritrea is accessed by both
microwave and satelliteconnections
.1.1.2Urban connections
In 1995, there were 40 stations benefiting from automatic exchanges, 113 stations benefiting
from semi-automatic exchanges and 290 benefiting from manual exchanges. The capacity of
the automatic exchanges was 150,556, that of the semi-automatic exchanges were 14,638 and
that of the manual exchanges were 13,900.
Addis Ababa is by far the most important centre for the urban network. 104,108 of the
automaticexchange capacity is concentrated in the capital city. Its seven stations are inter-
connected using digital microwave links and fibre optics (for the Arada - Filoha connection).
The quality of inter-station connections is therefore very good and suitable for data
transmission. The weak points are the lines from the stations to the users end. The signal
deterioration rates on these lines are estimated to be 1 dB for short distances. The average for
the whole network is about 1.5 dB.

1.2 Services
ETC provides fixed line telephony, mobile telephone and Internet and multimedia services.
ETC uses satellites, digital radio multi access system (DRMAS), Very Small Aperture
Terminal (VSAT), Ultra High Frequency (UHF), Very High Frequency (VHF), long line and
high frequency (HF) radio networks.
ETC provides different types of Internet services including dial up, leased line and shared
DSL Internet services to government organizations, private and commercial companies,
international institutions and individuals. The broadband Internet services uses asymmetric
digital subscriber line (ADLS) and fixed wireless access (FWA) technologies. Some of the
uses of VSAT in Ethiopia include
1. School Net services (providing high schools with standard educational programs
through television);
2. Woreda Net services (connecting the Woredacentres of the country - the
administrative unit higher than kebele - with the federal government and with each
other using Internet, data, video conferencing and voice services;
3. Agri Net services (for connection of agricultural institutions with the federal
government and with each other)
4. Health Net (for the provision of a wide range of information services that are crucial
to health care by connecting healthcare professionals throughout the country
1.2.1Fixed Line Services

Ethiopia Telecommunications Corporations (ETC), the oldest telephone operator in Africa,
introduced this service in 1894 after 17 years of the invention of telephone itself. It provides
the following services to its subscriber: Supplementary/VAS (Value Added Services) −The
term supplementary service is generally defined as services offered by telecommunications
operators in addition to the basic (voice) services upon request by subscriber. Provides the
following Supplementary services:
1. CLIP Caller Line Identification Presentation: - enables to identify the person calling the
number display on your screen while the phone is ringing.
2. Waiting:-Alerts you when a caller wants to speak to you.
3. Call barring:-Barred national & international calls to control who makes these call using
your home fixed line.
4. Abbreviated dialling: - Calling abortively.

5. Don't disturb: - Do Not Disturb routes all your calls to your voicemail.
6. CD/ Call Divert/call transfer: - Unconditional (On No Reply and On Busy): Incoming calls
are sent to another number or mobile number.
7. Fixed Hot line: - Dial a number automatically when the handset is lifted. There is a five
second delay before the call is made.
8. Hot line time out: - Allows you to automatically call frequently dialled number each time
the handset is lifted.
9. Inquiring function: - Lets speak one up to five peoples talk on a single line.
10. Call-Conference: - Lets you speak to two people at the same time.
11. Automatic Wakeup: - This service allows fixed line telephone subscribers to program
their telephone to ring at a specific time, thus providing automatic wake up service.
1.2.2Mobile services
The provision of the service commenced in 1999, Currently its services include with prepaid
&post-paid service, SMS, Roaming, Satellite mobile phone, Call barring, waiting, diverting,
services which are accessible from Ethio mobile service. Provides the following services:
a. Basic/Main services: Voice
b. Supplementary/VAS:
The services provided are:
I. Call diverts:
a) Unconditional call forward: this service redirects all incoming calls to other chosen
telephone number. In this case, no calls will be received on the original subscriber’s handset.
b) Forward calls if busy: redirects incoming calls to the desired number when the phone is
busy. This service will not work if you are using a call waiting service
c) Forward calls if not answered: redirect incoming calls to the desired number if the phone is
not answered with in specific period of time

IICall waiting: This feature informs a subscriber engaged in a normal telephone conversation
that a third party is calling and it enables this subscriber to answer the now call by holding the
previous one. Once this service is provided by the telecom operator, it can be activated and
deactivated by the user.
III. Call barring
IV. Roaming
VGPRS and EDGE
VIShort Messaging Service (SMS): Short Messaging Service enables mobile users to send
and receive text messages on their mobile. The maximum length of a single SMS is 160
characters including any character and space. vii. Voice mail: The voice mail service (VMS)
enables a user to forward incoming calls to a voice mailbox (9084) so that calling parties can
put voice message. The voice mail service user can retrieve the message by dialling
appropriate number (9086) from his/her mobile phone simultaneously. The subscriber who
wished to invite a third party in to the conversation should hold the first and dial the
telephone number of the second part to be included in the conversation
IX. Short no. calls
1.2.3 Broadband service

Based on the emerging ICT explosion in the country, the worldwide trend in general ETC has
made Broadband Internet, Broadband multimedia and broadband VSAT services a reality.
I. Basic/Main: Offers access to the internet. A computer connects to the internet using
a standard telephone line
II. Supplementary/VAS: Additional E-mail Box, Hard disk rent for HTML, &
audio/video & Data base files Domain Name Registration
III. Features/Applications: Access to the internet is on demand. Dial Up is for people
who need to use the internet, but enjoy the freedom of not being tied into an
expensive, fixed location broadband subscription.
1.2.4International Roaming Service

ETC started International Mobile Roaming service in October 2003 with 6 African based
GSM Network operators or as usually called on the business roaming partners. In the past
years the service growth in number of partners and revenue has shown a tremendous growth.

Presently, the number of partners reached 195 in 104 countries across the world, which
enabled ETC to have a footprint in each continent.
1.3 Product Development
In 2009 ETC launched a pilot project for notifying post-paid mobile phone subscribers of
their bills through text messages; and it began providing ‘General Packet Radio Service’
(GPRS) that enables subscribers to receive as well as send text, visual, and audio-video
massages from the Internet using GPRS Enabled Mobile Apparatus. The new technology
enables subscribers to obtain e-mail service through their GPRS enabled mobile apparatus;
however, access to GPRS is limited to post-paid mobile subscribers for the time being. The
corporation envisages providing similar service to prepaid mobile subscribers in the future.
Nine projects of its Next Generation Networking (NGN) would be completed and ready for
use by January 2010. These projects began in September 2008-09 with an outlay of 1.5
billion Br paid out of its own coffers. These projects include GSM mobile, CDMA-WLL,
optical fibre transmission, and next generation call centres, which are at various levels of
completion.
1.4 Customer
Since ethio telecom is the sole telecommunication operator in the country, every telecom
service is provided by the company. After the company is reborn as ethio telecom the number
of customers are dramatically increasing due to the services provided become more enhanced
both in coverage and quality. The main customers of the company includes:-
 Individuals
 Private, governmental and nongovernmental organizations
 International embassies, Private and governmental business & Commercial sectors
1.4.1 Data customer:
Service is used by some organizations that have their own server & want the telecom
company for the transportation of their signal between their server & client computers.
Examples are:
a. Banks for ex. Dashen Bank, Commercial Bank of Ethiopia,etc.
b. Companies and organization
c. NGO

1.4.2Internet customers
a. Internet cafe
b. Universities
c. Companies and organizations
1.4.3 Mobile customer

a. All prepaid mobile customers
b. All post-paid mobile customers
1.4.4 Fixed phone customers
All the above services except data services are directly accessible by Individual customers
1.5Overall Organizational Structure and Work Flow
In this section we will try to describe the organizational structure and management of ethio
telecom with one of its branch, (NER&SEMERA Region). The ethio telecom is engages in
the execution of comprehensive structural reform which included overall capacity building,
infrastructure development, First class service delivery finance and Business development
and bringing ICT to the community during the past incorporated multifaceted reform
activities organizational structural adjustment, service slivery improvement and human
resource development within the package of reform programs. The corporation has also been
striving to realize its vision enshrined in the mission of ensuring an information rich society
in the country and delivering world class telecom service to all on sustainable equitable basis.
To overcome this, actually, ethio telecom changes its organization structure continuously.

ETHIO TELECOM Board of Directors
JJU 2013
Chief Executive
Officer
.
Chief Finance Internal Audit
Officer
Chief Legal PMO/Security

Officer Public Relation
Chief Human Quality and Process

Resourcing officer
Officer
Chief sourcing
and Facilitates
Chief Operating
Office
Chief Chief Enterprises Chief Customer Chief Technical Chief

Residential and Officer Service Officer Officer Information
Facilitates
Officer
Officer
Figure 1.1management organization chart of ethio telecom

Beside the main office structure, the company has 10 regional offices throughout the country.
These regional offices are located in main cities and they are also used as a regional gateway
(regional exchange).
The name of the regional offices are listed below
1. Addis Ababa 1 regional office(Addis Ababa)
2. Addis Ababa 2 regional office(Addis Ababa)
3. North eastern &Semera regional office(Dessie)
4. Northern regional office(Mekelle)
5. North western regional office(Bahir Dar)
6. Eastern &Jijiga regional office(Dire Dawa)
7. South western regional office(Jimma)
8. Southern regional office(Shashemene)

9. South eastern regional office(Nazret)

10. Western regional office(Nekemt)
1.5.1 Organizational Structure Work flow description

The above figure clearly shows the work levels and work flows of ethio telecom. The figure
starts from the board of directors and chief executive directors, Chief finance officer and
internal Audit. The chief executive officer control and coordinate the lower branches. The
branches which are called Chief sourcing Facilities officer, Chief Operating officer, Chief
Technical Officer and Chief Technical Officer of all the regional divisions. When other sub
division such as Chief Operating officer is also controls Chief Residential Marketing & Sales,
Chief Residential Marketing & Sales Officer and Chief Customer Services Officer.
1.5.2 Regional Organization Structure (NER&SEMERA Region)
Tele service department
Regional manager
Training
Security
Technical supporter Resource manager

Customer service
Seiner area Finance
Area
Figure1.2Organizational
Sub area Structure (NER&SEMERA)
1.5.3Work Flow Description

The North-Eastern and semera Regional is one of the classes under ethiotelecom business
service. The above figure clearly shows the work levels and work flows of ethiotelecom

(NER&SEMERA Region). It starts from, the top rank which is telecom service department
and then to regional manager. Next to this there are different branches. These branches are
secretary, training, technical support customer services, Finance, resource management and
senior area.

2.OVER ALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE

2.1 How We Get Into The Company?
Jigjiga University gives us a chance for finding our internship hosting company by ourselves.
It is the first time to implement such internship program which lasts for one semester. The
curriculum of the University states that when the students of Institute of Technology are 4th
year, they should be sent to the company to accomplish the internship program. To facilitate
the program, the university established an independent office. This office is the university
industry linkages (UIL) office. The UIL facilitates and searches internship places for the
interns as a preparation for internship program. Several months before the internship
semester, the UIL contacts make links with different companies and organizations that are
able to host the internship program there by announcing the internship program. We found
that ethtio telecom is suitable according to our department, interest and its site of location.
After deciding this, we went to ethio telecom north eastern and samara regional office at
dessie for submitting a request letter for internship. Now Ethio Telecom formerly Ethiopian
telecommunication corporation (NERandSemeraRegion) is the company we prefer for the
internship where we could get practical work experience and develop my practical
knowledge. The company has seven main project departments which are available to host the
interns for practice. These are:
1. Radio Access Network (RAN)
2. Local switch
3. Transmission
4. IP, It, VISAT and local switch
5. Power control
6. Pay phone
7. Performance
8, core

Among this class we have been placed when we joined into Ethio Telecom we were placed in
core section and also see other sections. After arranging of the internship students, we did in
core especially for GSM the past months.
2.2 MOBILE COMMUNICATION

2.2.1 INTRODUCTION TO MOBILE COMMUNICATION
A connection between two people a caller and called person is the basic service of all
telephone networks. To provide this service, the network must be able to set up and maintain
a call, which involves a number of tasks: identifying the called person, determining the
location, routing the call, and ensuring that the connection is sustained as long as the
conversation lass. After the transaction, the connection is terminated and the calling user is
charged for the service he/she has used. In a fixed telephone network, providing and
managing connections is a relatively easy process, because telephones are connected by wires
to the network and their location is permanent from the networks’ point of view. In a mobile
network, however, the establishment of a call is a far more complex task, as the wireless
(radio) connection enables the users to move at their own free will providing they stay within,
the network service area. In practice, the network has to find solutions to three problems
before it can even set up a call.
1. Where is the subscriber?
2. Who is the subscriber?
3. What does the subscriber want?

In other words, the subscriber has to be located and identified to provide him/her with the
requested services. The emergence of the cellular mobile communication is a revolution in
the mobile communication. The 1G communication system is an analog system based on the
Frequency Division multiple Access (FDMA) technology. Its operating band is around 450
MHZ to 900MHZ, and the frequency separation is lower than 30 KHZ. Although, its
frequency multiplexing greatly increases the system capacity; the network intelligence
enables the cell-crossing transit and roaming function and increases the service scope, it has
limitation. The analog communication system the following disadvantages:
a.There is no common air interface between various systems;
b.It cannot quickly evolve the digital system together with the fixed network, and it hard to
the provision the digital bearer service;

c.Low frequency utilization rate, so it cannot meet the requirement for large Capacity; Low
security; the call can be easily eavesdropped, and the account can be easily embezzled. The
disadvantages obstruct the further development of the analog cellular mobile communication
system. However, the networking technologies used in the analog system will still be used in
the digital system. In digital mobile communication there are two multiple access methods
which greatly increases system capacity and additional new services. These are: Time
Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and NARROW BAND CDMA and was developed in
1990. This system is called the second generation mobile telephone system (2G). 2G is a
digital communication system that transfers voice and data. GSM is one of the 2G systems. In
addition to voice communication services, the 2G can also provide low speed data service
and short messaging services
2.2.2Work flow
Customer complain
Any Department or Member
Customer support centre
Any Department or Member

On-Duty Manager
Section Team leader
BTS Staff BSC Staff MSC Staff
Figure2.1. Work flow diagram

2.2.2.1 Work flow description

In room where we working, the flow of work is hierarchical although the customer complains
sometimes provided by the staff leaders. As it can be seen from the above figure, whenever
there is a complaint from customers, customers of the service report to any member in the
company, the company member then report it to Customer Support Centre as soon as
possible. The Customer Support Centre then reports to the on-duty manager about the fault
that is occurring. After receiving fault report, the on-duty manager directs it to the section
team leader, and the section team leader checks the operation to find out where the problem is
occurred. If the fault is due to BTS problem, it will then forward it to BTS staff. The BTS
staff with the help of OMCR tries to examine the problem and if it’s found out to be
transmission problem then it is forwarded to transmission section. If the fault is air
conditioning, the problem is forwarded to the power section, if the fault is on the BTS, it will
be maintained by those experts in our room. If the faults due to BSC problem, it will be
handed to BSC staff. If the fault is due to MSC problem, it will be handed to MSC staff and
maintained accordingly. All the above procedures must be reported to the concerned body as
soon as possible as it might cause serious problems to customers.
Service providing in our room are
In the room where we are working, the services delivered to the customers are the following
1. GSM services:
I. data service
ii. Voice service
2. CDMA service
I. Voice service
ii. Data service
3. Transmission
2.3GSM Architecture
One of the main purposes behind the GSM specifications is to define several open interfaces.
Which then limit certain parts of the GSM system. Because of this interface openness, the
operator maintaining the network may obtain different parts of the network from different
GSM network suppliers. When an interface is open, it also strictly defines what is happening
through the interface, and this in turn strictly defines what kind of actions
/procedures/functionmust be implemented between the interfaces.The GSM specifications
define two truly open interfaces which in the GSM network. The first one is between the

Mobile Station (MS) and the Base Station (BS). This open ‘air interface.’ Is appropriately
named the air interfaceIt is relatively easy to imagine the need for this interface to be open, as
mobile phones of all different brands must be able to communicate with GSM networks from
all different suppliers.
The second interface is located between the mobile services switching centre, MSC, (which is
the switching exchange in GSM) and the Base Station Controller (BSC). This interfaces
called the A-interface. The system includes more than the two define interfaces, but they are
not totally open, as the system specifications had not been completed when the commercial
system were launched. When operating analogue mobile networks, experience has shown that
centralized intelligence generates excessive load in the system, thus decreasing the capacity.
For this reason, the GSM specifications, in principle, provides the means to distribute
intelligence throughout the network. Referring to the interfaces, the more complicated the
interfaces in use, the more intelligence is required between the interfaces in order to
implement all the functions required. In a GSM network, this decentralized intelligence is
implementing by dividing the whole network into four separate subsystems:
1. Mobile Station (MS)
2. Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)
3. Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
4. Network Management subsystem (NMS)
The actual network needed for establishing calls is composed the NSS and BSS. The BSS is
responsible for radio path control and every call is connected through the BSS .The NSS
takes care of call control functions. Calls are always connected by and through the NSS
.In addition to the above three subsystem, the Mobile Station (MS) can be considered is a
mother network element and is briefly discussed below.

Figure 2.2.The GSM Architecture

2.3.1The Mobile Station
The mobile station (MS) consists of the mobile equipment (the terminal) and a smart card
called the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). The SIM provides personal mobility, so that the
user can have access to subscribed service irrespective ofa specific terminal. By inserting the
SIM card into another GSM terminal, the user is able to receive calls at that terminal, make
calls from that terminal, and receive other subscribed services.
MS=SIM+ME
From the user’s point of view, the SIM is certainly the best-known database used in a GSM
network. The SIM is a small memory device mounted on a card and contains user-specific
identification. The SIM card can be taken out of mobile equipment and inserted into another.
In the GSM network, the SIM card identifies the user - just like a traveller uses a passport to
identify himself. The SIM card contains the identification numbers of the user and a list of
available networks. The SIM card also contains tools needed for authentication and ciphering.
Depending on the type of the card, there is also storage space for messages, such as phone
numbers. A home operator issues a SIM card when the user joins the network by making a
service subscription. The home operator of the subscriber can be anywhere in the world, but
for practical reasons the subscriber chooses one of the operators in the country where he/she
spends most of the time.
2.3.2The Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)
The Network Switching Subsystem (NSS) contains the network elements MSC, VLR, HLR,
AUC and EIR.
The main functions of NSS are:
Call control: This identifies the subscriber, establishes a call, and clears the connection after
the conversation is over.
Charging: This collects the charging information about a call (the numbers of the caller and
the called subscriber, the time and type of the transaction, etc.) and transfers it to the Billing
Centre
Mobility management: This maintains information about the subscriber's location.

Signalling: This applies to interfaces with the BSS and PSTN
Subscriber data handling: This is the permanent data storage in the HLR and temporary
storage of relevant data in the VLR.
Figure 2.3The Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)
2.3.2.1 Mobile services Switching Centre (MSC)
The mobile switching canter (MSC): Acts like a standard exchange in a fixed network and
additionally provide all the functionality needed to handle a mobile subscriber. The main
functions are registration, authentication, location updating, and handovers and call routing to
a roaming subscriber. If the MSC also has a gateway function for communicating with other
networks, it is called Gateway MSC (GMSC).It is the core of GSM Network which provides
switching functions and connects mobile subscribers with fixed network subscribers or with
other mobile subscribers. Provides interfaces to other communication networks (BSC, HLR,
etc.) and interconnection with other MSCs. Provides the following services:
I. Telecom Services e.g. Telephony, fax, emergency call, etc.

II. Supplementary Services e.g. call forwarding, call waiting, etc.

The MSC is responsible for controlling calls in the mobile network. It identifies the origin
and destination of a call (mobile station or fixed telephone), as well as the type of a call. An
MSC acting as a bridge between a mobile network and a fixed network is called a Gateway
MSC. The MSC is responsible for several important tasks, such as the following. Call
control: MSC identifies the type of call, the destination, and the origin of a call. It also sets
up, supervises, and clears connections. Initiation of paging: Paging is the process of locating
a particular mobile station in case of a mobile terminated call (a call to a mobile station).
Charging data collection: (Charging will be covered later in this material.)
2.3.2.2Visitor Location Register (VL R)
Visitor Location Register (VLR) is a data base which contains information about subscribers
currently being in the service area of the MSC/VLR such as:
1. Identification numbers of the subscribers
2. Security information for authentication of the SIM card and for ciphering
3. Services that the subscriber can use
The VLR carries out location registrations and updates. It means that when a mobile station
comes to a new MSC/VLR serving area, it must register itself in the VLR, in other words
perform a location update. Please note that a mobile subscriber must always be registered in a
VLR in order to use the services of the network. Also the mobile stations located in the own
network is always registered in a VLR. The VLR database is temporary, in the sense that the
data is held as long as the subscriber is within its service area.
2.3.2.3Home Location Register (HLR)
HLR maintain a permanent register of the subscribers, for instance subscriber identity
numbers and the subscriber services. In addition to the fixed data the HLR also keeps track of
the current location of customers. HLR is a database used for management of mobile
subscribers. It stores the international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI), mobile station ISDN
number (MSISDN) and current visitor location register (VLR) address. The main information
stored there concerns the location of each mobile station in order to be able to route calls to
the mobile subscribers managed by each HLR. The HLR also maintains the services
associated with each MS. One HLR can serve several MSCs. The only 'temporary'

information in HLR is the VLR address, so the information where the Mobile Station is
currently located. This information is needed in order to connect calls and to send SMS to the
subscriber.
2.3.2.4Authentication Centre (AUC)
The Authentication Centre provides security information to the network, so that we can verify
the SIM cards (authentication between the mobile station and the VLR, and cipher the
information transmitted in the air interface (between the MS and the Base Transceiver
Station). The Authentication Centre supports the VLR's work by issuing so-called
authentication triplets upon request. Later we will discuss more about the Authentication
Centre's role, and how the Authentication triplets are used. The authentication center is
protected database that holds a copy of the secret key stored in each subscriber's SIM card,
which is used for authentication and encryption over the radio channel. The AUC provides
additional security against fraud. It is normally located close to each HLR within a GSM
network. It is the functional unit of HLR which is especially used for security management of
the GSM System and stores authentication information and encryption keys for:
I. Subscriber authentication
ii. Encryption of voice, data, signalling messages on radio interfaces
Authentication Centre (AUC) contains security information for the subscribers, needed to:
1. Ensure that the SIM card is valid
2. Provide a ciphering key in order to encrypt information
2.3.2.5 Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
The EIR is a database that contains a list of all valid mobile station equipment within the
network, where each mobile station is identified by its international mobile equipment
identity (IMEI). When performed the mobile station is requested to provide the International
Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) number. This number consists of type approval: final
assembly code and serial number o the mobile station. The international mobile equipment
identity or IMEI is a number usually unique, to identify GSM and other mobile phones. It is
usually found printed inside the battery compartment of the phone. EIR contains IMEI

numbers (International Mobile Equipment Identity Register) for the own subscriber's Mobile
Equipment. As for AUC, the Equipment Identity Register is used for security reasons. But
while the AUC provides information for verifying the SIM cards, the EIR is responsible for
IMEI checking (checking the validity of the mobile equipment). Note that IMEI checking is
an optional procedure, so it is up to the operator to define if and when IMEI checking is
performed. (Some operators do not even implement the EIR at all.)
2.3.3Base Station Subsystem
The Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts, the Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
and the Base Station Controller (BSC). These communicate across the standardized Abis
interface, allowing (as in the rest of the system) operation between components made by
different suppliers. The Base Station Subsystem is responsible for managing the radio
network, and it is controlled by an MSC. Typically, one MSC contains several BSSs. A BSS
itself may cover a considerably large geographical area consisting of many cells (a cell refers
to an area covered by one or more frequency resources). The BSS consists of the following
elements:
a. Base Station Controller (BSC)
b. Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
c. Transcoder
2.3.3.1The base station controller (BSC)
The base station controller (BSC): A group of BTSs are connected to a particular BSC which
manages the radio resources for them. Today's new and intelligent BTSs have taken over
many tasks that were previously handled by the BSCs. The primary function of the BSC is
call maintenance. The mobile stations normally send a report of their received signal strength
to the BSC every 480ms. With this information the BSC decides to initiate handovers to other
cells, change the BTS transmitter power, etc.
2.3.3.2 Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
The BTS is the network element responsible for maintaining the air interface and minimizing
the transmission problems (the air interface is very sensitive for disturbances). This task is

accomplished with the help of some 120 parameters. These parameters define exactly what
kind of BTS is in question and how MSs may "see" the network when moving in this BTS
area. The BTS parameters handle the following major items: what kind of handovers (when
and why), paging organization, radio power level control, and BTS identification. The BTS
has several very important tasks, some of which are presented in the following
Figure 2.4 Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
2.3.4The Network Management Subsystem (NMS)
The Network Management Subsystem (NMS) is the third subsystem of the GSM network in
addition to the Network Switching Subsystem (NSS) and Base Station Subsystem (BSS),
which we have already discussed. The purpose of the NMS is to monitor various functions
and elements of the network. It consists of a number of workstations, servers, and a router,
which connects to a Data Communications Network (DCN).
The functions of the NMS can be divided into three categories:
A. Fault management
B. Configuration management

C. Performance management
These functions cover the whole of the GSM network elements from the level of individual
BTSs, up to MSCs and HLRs.
Fault management: The purpose of fault management is to ensure the smooth operation of
the network and rapid correction of any kind of problems that are detected. Fault
management provides the network operator with information about the current status of alarm
events and maintains a history database of alarms.
The alarms are stored in the NMS database and this database can be searched according to
criteria specified by the network operator.
Configuration management: The purpose of configuration management is to maintain up-to-

date information about the operation and configuration status of network elements. Specific
configuration functions include the management of the radio network, software and hardware
management of the network elements, time synchronization, and security operations.
Performance management: In performance management, the NMS collects measurement data

from individual network elements and stores it in a database. On the basis of these data, the
network operator is able to compare the actual performance of the network with the planned
performance and detect both good and bad performance areas within the network.
2.4Specifications and Characteristics for GSM

A. Frequency band—the frequency range specified for GSM is 1,850 to 1,990 MHz (mobile
Station to Base Station).
B. Duplex distance—the duplex distance is 80 MHz Duplex distance is the distance between
the Uplink and downlink frequencies. A channel has two frequencies, 80 MHz apart.
C. Channel separation—the separation between adjacent carrier frequencies. In GSM, this is
200 Hz.
D. Modulation—Modulation is the process of sending a signal by changing the
characteristics of a carrier frequency. This is done in GSM via Gaussian minimum shift
keying (GMSK).
E. Transmission rate—GSM is a digital system with an over-the-air bit rate of 270 kbps.

F. Access method—GSM utilizes the time division multiple access (TDMA) concept.
TDMA is a technique in which several different calls may share the same carrier. Each call is
assigned a particular time slot.
G.Speech coder—GSM uses linear predictive coding (LPC). The purpose of LPC is to reduce
the bit rate. The LPC provides parameters for a filter that mimics the vocal tract. The signal
passes through this filter, leaving behind a residual signal. Speech is encoded at 13 kbps.
2.5GSM Frequencies
In principle the GSM system can be implemented in any frequency band. However there are
several bands where GSM terminals are, or will shortly be available. Furthermore, GSM
terminals may incorporate one or more of the GSM frequency bands listed below to facilitate
roaming on a global basis
Mostly in Ethiopia we use
I GSM900MHZ
II GSM1800MH
System GSM900MHZ GSM1800MHZ
Uplink 890-915MHz 1710-1785MHz
Downlink 935-960MHz 1805-1880MHz
GSM Uplink and Downlink channel frequencies can be calculated as follow:

Uplink frequencies:
Fu (n) = 890+0.2n (0 < = n < = 124)
Downlink channel frequencies:
Fd (n) =Fu (n) +45
2.6TDMA
In late1980’s as search to convert the existing analog network to digital as digital as a means
to improve capacity, the cellular telecommunications industry association chose TDMA.Time
division Multiple Access is a type of multiplexing where two or more channels of
information are transmitted over the same link by allocating a different time interval for the
transmission of each channel.

The most complex implementation using TDMA principle is of GSM’s (Global System for
Mobile communication). To reduce the effect of co-channel interface, fading and multipath
the GSM technology can use frequency hopping, where a call jumps from one channel to
another channel in a short interval. The first GSM network started their operation from 1991,
since then it has been steadily progressing. GSM speech service has seen some improvements
half rate code to double the network capacity and enhanced full rate (EFR) code to provide
speech quality. GSM phase 2 standards has introduce a new set of supplementary services
such as line identification services, call hold multi-party call , closed user group and advice of
charge in addition to phase 1 features call forwarding and call baring. Another technology
which uses TDMA principle is iso-136. This technology is being abandoned in favour of
GSM technology.
TDMA systems still rely on switch to determine when to perform a handoff. Handoff
occurswhen a call is switched from one call to another while travelling. The TDMA hand set
constantly monitors the signals coming from other sites and reports it to the switch without
caller’s awareness. The switch then uses this information for making better choices for
handoff at appropriate times. TDMA handset performs hard handoff. This means that
whenever the user moves from one site to another it breaks the connection and then provide a
new connection with the new site.
2.6.1Advantages of TDMA
There are lots of advantages of TDMA in cellular technology. It can easily adapt to
transmission of data as well as voice communication. It has an ability to carry 64 kbps to 120
Mbps of data rates. This allows the operator to do services like fax, voice band data, and SMS
as well as bandwidth intensive application such as multimedia and videoconferencing. Since
TDMA technology separates users according to time, it ensures that there will be no interface
from simultaneous transmissions. It provides users with an extended battery life, since it
transmit only portion of the time during conversations. Since the cell size grows smaller, it
proves to save base station equipment, space and maintenance TDMA is the most effective
technology to convert an analog system to digital.
2.6.2 Disadvantage of TDMA

One major disadvantage using TDMA technology is that the users has predefined time slot.
When moving from one cell site to other, if all the time slot in this cell are full the user might
be disconnected. Likewise, if all the slot in the cell in which the user is currently in are
already occupied, the use will receive a dial tone.

Another problem in TDMA is that it is subjected to multipath direction. To overcome this

distortion a time limit can be used on the system. Once the time limit is expired the signals
ignored.
2.7CDMA
CDMA scheme has two concepts, spread spectrum techniques with single user detection and
multi user concepts with joint detection of user signals. In single user detection, all user
signals from the own cell except for the desired one and all user signals from other cell are
treated as noise. Therefore, in this type of CDMA the desired user signal is not only disturbed
by intercellular interference but also by intracellular interference. In joint detection method
all user signal of a cell are simultaneously detected by exploiting a prior knowledge of the
used CDMA codes and the channel impulse response. Thus, in this type of CDMA
intracellular interferences avoided.
CDMA gives the user entire spectrum all of the time. CDMA spread spectrum technology
in which it uses unique spreading codes to spread the baseband data before transmission. The
receiver then dispreads the wanted signal, which is passed through a narrow band pass filter.
The unwanted signals are not dispread and will notbe passed through the filter. The codes are
a sequence of zeros and ones produced at a much higher rate of the baseband data. The rate of
spreading code is referred to as chip rate.
In a traditional hard handoff, the connection to the current cell is broken and then the
connection to the new cell site can be made without breaking the connection of the current
cell which is known as soft handoff. Soft handoff requires less power, which reduces
interference and increase capacity. The network chooses one or more alternative sites that it
feels are handoff candidates while a cell is in progress. It simultaneously broadcast a copy of
the cell in each of these sites. It can then choose one of the sites and can move between them
whenever it feels like it. This puts the phone in complete control of the handoff process.
2.7.1 Advantages of CDMA

One of the main advantages of CDMA is that dropouts occur only when the phone is at least
twice as far from the base station. Thus it is used in the rural areas where GSM cannot cover.
Another advantage is its capacity; it has Avery high spectral capacity that it can
accommodate more users per MHz of bandwidth. It uses a vocoder EVRC for noise reduction

where the background noise is reduced. This is exclusively available in CDMA technology
only.
2.7.2 Disadvantages of CDMA

One major problem in CDMA technology is channel pollution, where signals from too many
cell sites are present in the subscriber’s phone but one of them is dominate. When this
situation arises the quality of the audio degrades. Another disadvantage in this technology
when compared to GSM is the lack of international roaming capabilities. The ability to
upgrade or change to another handset is not easy with this technology because the network
service information for the phone is put in the actual phone unlike GSM which uses SIM card
for this. One another disadvantage is the limited variety of the handset, because at present the
major mobile companies use GSM technology.
2.7.3Differences between CDMA and TDMA

CDMA technology claims that its bandwidth is thirteen times efficient than TDMA and forty
times efficient than analog system. CDMA also have better security and higher data and
voice transmission quality because of the spread spectrum technology it uses, which has
increased resistance to multipath distortion. The battery life is higher in TDMA compared to
CDMA because CDMA handsets transmit data all the time and TDMA does not require
constant transmission. CDMA has greater coverage area when compared to TDMA. Though,
when it comes to international roaming TDMA isbetter than CDMA. CDMA is patent
byQUALCOMM, so an extra fee is paid to QUALCOMM. When it comes to united states
and Canada market size for CDMA is larger than GSM’s market size but worldwide the
market size for GSM is far bigger both in the number of subscriber and coverage, than
CDMA.
2.8 Satellite
Telecommunication means distance communication. For this distance communication we use
the media that known get way this get way different type among this satellite is discussed
below:
Satellite is a get way that uses transfer data signal at a long distance by using satellite dish.
There three type of satellite dish.
A, V- sat

B, Far –away
C, Dial- away
A, V-sat:
- It is best type
- It is used for the transfer of all voice, video data and internet
- In v-sat there are two parts those are SSP and SUB. SSP for transmission and SUB for
receiverpart.
DW –is router that use to connect the receive signal from the satellite and subscriber
and vice versa.
- V-sat is faster than the others
- The best signal quality factor in v- sat above 70
- The earth have three satellite that covers 360 degree rotation
- V-sat carry around 2Mbt
B Far-away satellite:
-Far- away uses for telephone and internet service
-It let to compare to other
The service order from:-
Server Satellite Hub Satellite
Other satellite
C Dial away satellite:

- It’s speed is better than far away
-It uses for telephone and internet service
-Both far- away and dial away satellite are narrow band frequency
Internet protocol (IP)
Protocol: - is anonymous with rule. It consists if aset of rules that govern
communications. It determines what is communicated. How it is communicated and
when it is communicated. The key elements of a protocol are syntax, semantics, and
timing
Syntax. The term syntax refers to the structure or format of the data, meaning the
Order in which they are presented. For example, a simple protocol might expect the

First 8 bits of data to be the address of the sender, the second 8 bits to be the address
of the receiver, and the rest of the stream to be the message itself.
Semantics. The word semantics refers to the meaning of each section of bits.
How are a particular pattern to be interpreted, and what action is to be taken based
On that interpretation. For example, does an address identify the route to be taken
or the final destination of the message.
Timing. The term timing refers to two characteristics: when data should be sent
and how fast they can be sent. For example, if a sender produces data at 100 Mbps
but the receiver can process data at only 1 Mbps, the transmission will overload the
Receiver and some data will be lost.
2.9Computer Network
A network is simply a collection of computers or other hardware devices that are
connected together, either physically or logically, using special hardware and software, to
allow them to exchange information and cooperate. Networking is the term that describes the
processes involved in designing, implementing, upgrading, managing and otherwise working
with networks and network technologies
2.9.1Types of Network
Based on geographical coverage
– LAN
– MAN
– WAN
2.9.1.1Local area network (LAN)

Is a computer network covering a small geographic area, like a home, office, or
group of buildings.

Figure 2.5Local Area Network
2.9.1.2Wide Area Network (WAN)

Is a computer network that covers a broad area (i.e., any network whose
communications links cross metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries). Or, less
formally, a network that uses routers and public communications links the largest and
most well-known example of a WAN is the Internet.
WANs are used to connect LANs and other types of networks together, so that
users and computers in one location can communicate with users and computers
in other locations

Figure 2.6Wide Area Network
2.9.1.3Metropolitan Area Network (MAN):

A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network that interconnects users with computer
resources in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by even a large local
area network (LAN) but smaller than the area covered by a wide area network (WAN).
The term is applied to the interconnection of networks in a city into a single larger
network (which may then also offer efficient connection to a wide area network). It is
also used to mean the interconnection of several local area networks by bridging them
with backbone lines. The latter usage is also sometimes referred to as a campus
network.

Figure2.7Metropolitan Area Network

2.10Thephysical topology of IP network

1, for internet transmission
PC1 ADSL MSAG BRAS GER ER
CR
BR
GW
2 for data transmission
PC2
MSAG
SW
PC1 ADSL ER
BIG DILAM CR
MINI DISLAM
BR
MSAG SW ER CR
PC2 ADSL
BIG DILAM
Figure 2.8 physical topology of IP network
I, ADSL: - With users increasing demands of telecommunications services. The objectives of

access network development are toprovide large capacity high speed wide bandwidth and
high quality data, video, voice and multimedia access.
II, MSAG (Multi Service Access Getaway), reliable device of medium capacity and carrier
class rolled by ZTE. Mainly develops services and broad band data service over the IP or
MAN back bone network an d is primarily based on the existing twisted pair line or BR1
interference at accessing side.

MSAGis an access device at the edge layer in the soft switch system; it performs
conversion and processing of the access media stream Based on soft switch standard
adaptation layer protocol and transport layer protocol. MSAG enables services.
MSAG is capable of network and the analoginterface subscriber directly to the IP

network. And performing voice/fax conversion between the subscriber side and the IP
network side. MSAG can access the narrow band voice service.
III, Big IP DISLAM: - is a network device usually placed at the telephone company control
office that receives signals from multiple customers at ADSL connects puts the signal on
higher speed back bone line using multiplexing techniques.
IV Switches:-These is the media that connects access with edge router for proper
configuration broadband services.
The function of switches includes:
- Convergestraffic from differentservice and route to edge router.

- Provide interface for different services.
- Isolation of data for different service based on V LAN.
V, BRAS (Broad Band Access Service):- This device is deducted only for the purpose of
interference configuring which adapts modularization structure, providing multiple type of
VI, GER (General excellent router):- GER is more responsible for internet service
configuration I.e. the GER is directly connected to ER for NAT service since most ADSL
internet users need to have public IP rather private IP to Access internet.
Provides NAT service for internet traffic and used to assign public IP for private IP.
VII, ER (Edge Router):-
- Provides information exchange b/n the access and core network.
- Provides it is an entry point in to carrier/service provider core backbone network.
- Used for aggregation of core switches.

The function of ER includes:
- Serves as a gateway for different services
- Different policies related to each service are defined on the ER
-Services routes are advertised here
VIII, CR (Core Router):-
This layer is mainly responsible for service traffic forwarding, convergence and high
capacity Communication facilities.
The function of CR includes:
- Converge traffic from ER routers on a site
- Provide redundant link to the BR routers
X, BR (Backbone Router):-
This layer is responsible for service traffic and high capacity communication facilitate.
Functions of BR include:
- Route inter site / Regional traffic
- Provide redundant link to CR router with mush topology
- Advertise default route to ER routers for data service
2.10.1 IP NGN Overview

Ethio telecom’s IP Network is constructed in such a way that it can provide NGN (including
GSM, Fixed NGN, CDMA, IP/Broadband Access Network services including Value Added
Services) at regional cities, major cities, sub cities, and towns.

Figure2.8 IP Network layers
2.10.1.1Network Topology of Dessie Site

Figure1.10 Network Topology of Dessie Site
2.11 IT (Information Technology)

2.11.1 Networking
The computer uses the same subnet mask and default get way but different IP address this
means there is no the same IP for different computers. If we use the same IP address for
different computer, there is IP conflicts, it results the whole network will be stop.
Problem: - If one company wants to connect 50 computers by network and given the IP
10.64.25.7/26
Solution: - first fined IP address, subnet masks and default getaway
The default getaway is 10.64.25.7 is given the above
IP address:-
/26 shows the first 26 bits are the network does not change
Change 10.64.25.7 to binary form
10 . .64 . 25 . 7
00001010.01000000.00011001.0000011
From the above binary digits the first 26 bit does not change but the last 6 bits can be
change
The first IP address is 10. 64. 25. 0
The second IP address is 10.64.25.1
The last IP address is 10.64.25.63
NOTE: - The first IP (10.64.25.0) is network address and the last IP (10.64.25.63) us
broad cast, so these two IP address are not use for the computers.
Subnet mask:-The first 26 bits are not change so these will be set as 1 and the last 6 bits
are changes set as 0
Subnet mask will be 111111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
255. 255. 255. 192
Finally for PC1
IP address 10.64.25.1
Subnet mask 10.64.25.192
Default getaway 10.64.25.7

For PC2
For the last PC
2.11.2Cabling
There are two types of cabling
I,straight cabling
II, cross cabling
I, straight cabling: - used to connect different network elements such as computer to

router, computer to switch, router to switch and so on…
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
Figure2.11straight cabling
II, Cross cabling:-used to connect the same network elements. Such as computer to
computer, router to router to router, switch to switch and so on..

1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
Figure 1.12Cross cabling
2.12 Work Tasks

After knowing the work flow of each of the sections and the overall telecom system the
technical manager gives us the chance to select one of the section in which we can
accomplish our work task. We told him that we are willing to do at the Radio Access
Network (RAN) especially in GSM (global system in mobile). When I first entered into
the RAN class, we asked our supervisor what the major task in the section is and he told
me that it is fault or alarm management and when the problem occurred in site you will be
seen. After he gave me some introduction about the software, he gave to me manuals
which make me introduced well with the software. From day to day we developed our
skill in utilizing the software by reading the manuals that he gave to us and also asking
questions when wewere faced by conditions difficult to understand. The tasks are
performed using the OMC client computers which we were not privileged to work alone.
Whenever a fault occurs in the system, the task performed is in accordance with the
manual which is provided to each worker by ZTE. However most of the hardware
maintenance is done by ZTE and at the beginning when the problem occurred in site to
see the maintenance with the GSM workers and to inform the function of the materials.
But this is not continuous at the end.
After this we controlled fault management provides the network operator with
information about the current status of alarm events and maintains a history database of
alarms.
Alarm Severity

1. Warning – It is indicated as blue and it less severe than minor alarm and also don’t need
any maintenance to correct the fault because it may be normal by itself.
2. Minor – It is indicated as yellow and it is less severe than major alarm.
3. Major – It is indicated as orange and it is less severe than critical alarm.
4. Critical –it is indicated as red and it requires rapid action to correct the fault.
2.12.1Work Challenges and Measures

We have been facing many challenges while we were practicing my internship period in
Ethio telecomm, north eastern and semera regime. But most of the challenges were from
the company itself and some of them had great influence on the effectiveness of our
internship and were very difficult to overcome
1. The class within which we were working hosts all the workers of the GSM. The class
have not sufficient chair and was so narrow that the temperature in it rises very high,
especially in the afternoon
2. The first great challenge in our internship: we didn’t take most of the basic
communication courses and they think we are not capable of doing that work. In
addition ETC is very secure and there mustn’t be any failure in the equipment,
software etc. what they may be afraid is if they let me to do and we made some
mistake, they will be responsible by the government on that mistake. Generally they
think not to give me a privileged to work some task by myself on.
3. Lake of prerequisite courses to understand particularly wireless transmission and
GSM technology basics.
4. The company supervisor is not given the project.
3 Internship Benefit
From the internship program we deal about different things in Ethio telecom. In our four
months of internship we have gained valuable benefits starting from creating awareness about
the external work environment to achieving entrepreneurship skills. Our perception about the
external work environment is now different from what we have prior to the internship
program .Although there was some sort of instability while the management is handed to
France-Telecom we have tried to see/understand some of the network backbone components
and seen different hardware which are essential to the network. We have been improving our

practical skills by observing the network elements physically, interfaces between these
components, and other relevant equipment’s for the network.
Before the internship program our perception about the external work environment is that, it
depends on the courses that we have taken during our study in the University. That is the only
requirement to be a good worker is knowing and understanding these courses. But during the
internship, we are able to know that understanding the courses is not the only requirement to
be a good worker, but additional skills are needed. This includes:
i. Having a good work ethics
ii. Having a good inter personal communication skills
iii. Having a good team playing skill
Iv. being able to relate different courses to build and understand a given system
IV. Being initiative and having a good perception about your works
vi. Increase practical skills
vii. Develop communication skills
3.1 Theoretical Knowledge

We have learned some courses related to the company in my department which is
Electrical and Computer Engineering, during the formal learning process when we have been
in a university before joining internship. After we began internship in ethio telecom (NER
and SEMERA Region) we usually read about the GSM hand books because we was assigned
in GSM mobile room for the internship practical works. Gathering information from any
written materials are like a good set of direction to upgrade our theoretical knowledge and
ask some questions then to get information to the GSM.
The duties that we perform to upgrade my theoretical knowledge in the internship includes:
a. Exchange information
b. Asking different questions from ethio telecom workers, ZTE workers, advisors
c. Using reference books
d. By using internet resource

The theoretical knowledge that we have gained to understood that for system that have
different electrical and electronic devices we have to take care of their safety and ourselves.
When we maintain a given device and system we have to first disconnect the power supply
which is risk for us and our environment.

Generally from the internship we have upgraded our theoretical knowledge regarding
wireless communications in addition to formal learning.
3.2 Practical skill

To improve our practical skill, we make and use the following tasks frequently while we
were in the company
i. To creating good relationships within employees
ii. Giving special attention to the practice.
iii. Rising questions
iv. Trying to know the environment
v. Knowing what to offer
vi. To be alert to get information
vii. Exchanging information
viii. Respecting others and keeping the rules and regulations of the company
In addition to this, we have got practical skills about how to handle faults and what
procedures to take to correct the faults and also seen the function of hardware
components.
3.3Interpersonal Communication Skills

Developing interpersonal communication skill is vitally important in today‘s work place.
Almost all kinds of work require communicating with your partners. In the internship
program, we precisely improve our interpersonal communication skills in this internship
program with the employees of ETC, ZTE and other related persons.
Greeting is the first and most important part of communication that we exchange
everywhere we meet with someone. It measures the people’s quality within the society,
his/her sociability, polite and respectful manners. We have responsible to others by acting
ethically, legally and morally and by communicating our feelings, thoughts, needs etc.
appropriately. We have responsible to our work colleagues to perform our task effectively
and in a manner. In general, we have observed that it is a must to create smooth relation
amongst different workers. This is because each and every department in the factory is
dependent one on the other. So to be fruitful there has to be good communication between
each and every members of the company.
Inter personal communication helps to improve self-worth and self-confidence and establish
greater recognition that the employee (we and other workers) can contribute in a meaningful

way. The following are the ways that benefits for creating meaning full relationships and
helps us to improve our interpersonal communication skill from the internship. These are:
i. To be a good listener and speaker
ii. Be polite
iii. Attack ideas not people
iv. Avoid faulty generalization
v. Avoid confusing
vi. Respect others etc.
We have concluded that, inter personal communication is the most essential ground for the
efficiency of the company in delivering its desired services
3.4 Team Playing Skills

Team building skills are one of the basic requirements for the proper working of a good
company, regardless of its size and service. We have been improving our team playing skills
in ethio telecom (NER& SEMERA Region) on preparing a report by practicing team work.
We really understand team work is important to strength the effort to accomplish the task. In
our observation and doing the following are necessary when we are involved in team work
activity:-
I. Making discussion of ideas
II. Coordinate the team
III. Directing the discussion in terms of the team goals
IV. Making decision
General that we gained by team playing good communication, concentration, fast decision
making, self-confidence, developing social interaction ,upgrading our potential, progressing
speaking ability and a wellbeing feeling are important for all team members.
3.5 Leadership Skills

There are leaders and there are followers‖ as the saying goes and developing good
leadership skills can create the distinction between the two. We have got a practical skill that
leadership can influence others to work towards the achievement of the desired service and it
is one of the functions of management which includes planning, organizing, staffing, leading,
and controlling. From the internship we also improve skills regarding leader ship.
When you take a part as a leader, you must not make it personal and don’t rush in to for
personal attack. In the other hand you have to change or modify your own position when you
find other person’s idea is better and more convincing. The overall benefit that we gain from

the internship regarding improving leadership is that, directing successful leadership results
in the employee growth and development with new skills and capabilities that enables to
increase the productivity. People follow a great leader because he is representative of the
beliefs of a group. This person is often a well-principles individual who is focused on a
common goal and eliminates excess fear.
3.6 Work Ethics

Work discipline or desired work behaviour can be achieved only by obeying and
respecting the moral or ethical standards of profession. Ethical standards enable workers to
distinguish the right or desired way of conduct from the wrong ones. This helps workers
develop good working environment and enables them to sustain good communication skills
and behaviour with each other and with customers. In effect, work discipline results in
increase quality of service provided to customers.
A worker with a right conduct or good ethical standard:

1. Arrive to work at least 15 minutes before the schedules start time this offers the ability to
mentally prepare for tasks.
2. Shall not be absent from work unless for sufficient reason.
3. Developing a strong work ethic involves taking initiative.
4. Shall have good relations with the factory administration and the employees.
5. Shall not involve in corruption.
6. Put a positive spin on negative comments.
3.7 Entrepreneurship skill

Previously there were people employed in the company which had much connection with
entrepreneurship and creating new things usable by the society and profitable for the
company. Currently there is nothing seen which can be appreciated as an entrepreneurship.

4 CONCLUSION
In the last sixteen weeks long internship program, we have really transformed from the
theoretical world to the practical and touchable world. This program actually created a great
deal of opportunity to check ourselves about how good we are in accepting and handling our
responsibilities and generally helped us to recognize who really we are regarding the way that
we handle problems and design solutions, communicate with colleagues, develop
entrepreneurship skills and so on
The performance department where we have spent most of our internship time is a section
which the performance of the outcomes of every departments are seriously followed up and
analyses are made. Therefore customer complaints and questions are handled and got
solutions in this department. This in turn greatly helped us in developing skills as to how we
can manage these complains and questions and treat our customers. Specially, the
optimization process which is the base for improving the network performance with the
existing resources is very exciting and helped us to explore and investigate the whole
customer related conditions. Because, its critical target is to increase the utilization of the
network resources, solve the existing and potential problems on the network and identify the
probable solutions for future network planning which is directly related to customer demands.
Generally, what we have gained from the internship program can be shortly listed as follows.
 Practical and theoretical realization of the telecommunication world

 Customer treatment and complain handling
 Cooperation and team working skills with colleagues
 Familiarization of optimization process in telecommunication areas
 Troubleshooting skills whenever fault occurs
 Responsibility handling

5 Recommendations for the company
1. We would also strongly recommend that ethiotelecom should provide some bonus and
appreciation for the interns so that the interns would be initiated and moralized to accomplish
many important and problem solving ideas
2. The ethio telecom (NER and Semera Region) is very profitable and economically
developed company but even there is no sufficient access of internet service.
3. When the problem occurred at rural area, the problem is not solved quickly.
4. There is no common assistance for internship students.

6References
1. GSM manual
2.Reference books
3. Etudionet:GSM/GPRS Evaluation and optimization tools
4. Day to day activity note book of ourselves
5. Www, wraycastle.com

7Appendix
PTO…….Public Telecommunication Operator

ETA……Ethiopian Telecommunication Authority
ETC…..Ethiopian Telecommunication Corporation
DRAMS….Digital Radio Multi Access System
VSAT…Very Small Aperture Terminal
UHF……Ultra High Frequency
VHF…..Very High Frequency
FWA…..Fixed wireless Access
VMS….Voice Mail Service
NGN…..Next Generation Networking
RAN……Radio Access Network
FDMA…..Frequency Division Multiple Access
TDMA…..Time division Multiple Access
CDMA….Code Division Multiple Access
LAN…… Local Area Network
WAN….Wide Area Network
MAN…….Metropolitan Area Network
MSAG…..Multi-Service Access Getaway
BRAS……Broad Band Access Service
GER…….. General Excellent Router
ER…. Edge Router
CR…… Core Router
BR….. Backbone Router
IP……Internet Protocol
AUC-----Authentication centre
BS-----Base Station
BSC…. Base Station Controller
BSS------- Base Station subsystem
BTS….. Base Transceiver Station
EIR------ Equipment Identification Register

ETC- ------Ethiopian Telecommunication Corporation

GSM----- Global System for Mobile communication
HLR----- Home Location Register
MS------ Mobile Station
MSC---- Mobile Switching Centre
MSS-----Mobile Switching Subsystem
NMS------ Network Management Subsystem
NSS ---Network Switching Subsystem
SIM------subscriber identity number
VLR------ Visitor Location Register
GPRS……….. General Packet Radio Service

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ETHIO TELECOM JJU 2013

COLLAGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER ENGINEERING

ETHIO TELECOM, NER& SEMERA REGION

REPORT ON QUALIFIED INTERNSHIP PROGRAM

BY:- YASSIN MUHAMMAD

ELC. & COMP. ENG. Page 1

Declaration of the student

Name and signature of the interns;

ELC. & COMP. ENG. Page 2

ELC. & COMP. ENG. Page 3

ELC. & COMP. ENG. Page 4

ELC. & COMP. ENG. Page 5

2.6 TDMA ....................................................................................................................................... 31

ELC. & COMP. ENG. Page 6

Figure 1.2 organizational structure (NER&Semera)………………………………………………………….16

Figure 2.1 work follow diagram………………………………………………………………………………………20

Figure 2.2 the GSM architecture…………………………………………………………………………………………23

Figure 2.3 the network switching sub system………………………………………………………………………25

Figure 2.4 base transfer station (BTS)…………………………………………………………………………………..29

Figure2.5 local area network...……………………………………………………………………………………………….37

Figure 2.6 wide area network………………………………………………………………………………………………….38

Figure 2.7 metropolitan network…………………………………………………………………………………………..39

Figure 2.8 physical topology of IP network……………………………………………………………………………….40

Figure 2.9 IP network layers………………………………………………………………………………………………………43

Figure2.10 network topology of dessie site………………………………………………………………………………43

Figure2.11 straight cabling………………………………………………………………………………………………………45

Figure2.12 cross cabling………………………………………………………………………………………………………….46

ELC. & COMP. ENG. Page 7

1BACKGROUND OF THE COMPANY

The introduction of telecommunications services in Ethiopia dates back to 1894, when

The Ethiopian Authority was replaced by the Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation

ELC. & COMP. ENG. Page 8

1.1.1 International connections

The Sululta earth station is used to access:

ELC. & COMP. ENG. Page 9

1.2.1Fixed Line Services

2. Waiting:-Alerts you when a caller wants to speak to you.

4. Abbreviated dialling: - Calling abortively.

ELC. & COMP. ENG. Page 10

a. Basic/Main services: Voice

The services provided are:

ELC. & COMP. ENG. Page 11

III. Call barring

VGPRS and EDGE

IX. Short no. calls

1.2.3 Broadband service

1.2.4International Roaming Service

ELC. & COMP. ENG. Page 12

1.3 Product Development

1.4.1 Data customer:

ELC. & COMP. ENG. Page 13

1.4.3 Mobile customer

1.4.4 Fixed phone customers

1.5Overall Organizational Structure and Work Flow

ELC. & COMP. ENG. Page 14

Chief Legal PMO/Security

Chief Human Quality and Process

Chief Chief Enterprises Chief Customer Chief Technical Chief

Figure 1.1management organization chart of ethio telecom

ELC. & COMP. ENG. Page 15

9. South eastern regional office(Nazret)