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Afqa Cave
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Importance of Groundwater
Importance of Groundwater
• Groundwater is used as main resource in arid to semi arid regions, given the scarcity of
surface water.
• Drinking
• Domestic use
• Agricultural
• Industrial
e.g., Daily consumption (150 l/capita/day)
Therefore it is important to
• Assess the availability of groundwater resources
• Ensure a sustainable protection against contamination.
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The Water Cycle
Precipitation
Surface runoff
Evaporation +
Transpiration
Infiltration
Spring
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Where does Groundwater come from?
The Water Cycle
Precipitation
Evaporation + Transpiration
Infiltration
The different types of rocks can be considered aquifers or aquicludes depending on their
permeability and porosity = ability to convey water.
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Aquifers
Aquifers
Aquifers are layers of highly permeable rocks/material with relatively high porosity that can store and
transmit large quantities of ground water.
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Fractured Aquifers
Porous aquifers like sand (water flow in between the grains in pores), whereas
in fractured aquifers water flows in fractures and dissolved cracks
highly heterogeneous and unpredictable
SPRINGS
• Springs: natural flow of groundwater and occur when water table intersect the earth’s
surface.
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Groundwater: Springs and wells
WELLS
• When drilling water wells, if ground water rises naturally in a well above the level
where it was initially found, it is called artesian well.
• Artesian well can be found in a confined aquifer: aquifer overlain and underlain by two
aquicludes that keep water under pressure . Water will rise under its own pressure.
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Groundwater: Springs and wells
WELLS
• When the water is pumped from a well, it produces a depression in the water
table known as cone of depression occurring around the well.
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Drawdown due to pumping
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Geologic Work of Groundwater= Formation of Caves
• Karst is a term used to describe a special style of landscape containing caves and extensive underground
water systems that is developed on especially soluble rocks such as limestone, marble, and gypsum.
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Geologic Work of Groundwater= Formation of Caves
• The primary erosional work of groundwater is the dissolution of soluble rock such as
limestone, therefore responsible for the creation of caverns and other related features.
• Limestone (insoluble in pure water) can be dissolved by water containing weak carbonic
acid (H2CO3 ) as most natural water dissolves carbon dioxide from the air and from
decaying plants.
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Geologic Work of Groundwater
Water containing carbonic acid follows bedding planes, joints and
dissolving limestone:
The carbonic acid react with calcite to form calcium
bicarbonate and calcium (a soluble material carried away in
solution), forming limestone caverns.
Carbonic acid
CO2 + H2O → H2CO3
Karst Topography
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Solution pits
Rillen karren
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Input Landforms: dolines
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Baloua Baatara- Tannourine
Dolines
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Sinkhole in Florida
Leif Skoogfors/Woodfin Camp.
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Geologic Work of Groundwater: Speleothems
In the vadose zone (unsaturated zone), calcite can precipitate again to form:
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Caves of Lebanon
Evapotranspiration (ETP)
Infiltration/Recharge (I)
∆𝑆 = 𝑃 − 𝐸𝑇𝑃 − 𝑅 − 𝐼
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Water Budget= Precipitation in Lebanon
Sandstone
Basalt
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Water Budget= Infiltration
Infiltration to Groundwater (50-70% depending on the catchment especially high in fractured systems)
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Water Budget= Groundwater outlet
Springs:
Jeita Spring
Afqa Spring
Springs: High variability of discharge and fast response to rain event in karst spring
Jeita Spring
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Water Budget= Groundwater outlet
Anjar Spring
High variability of discharge; very low discharge in summer times
Afqa Spring
Assal Spring
Laban Spring
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Water Budget= Surface Runoff
Groundwater contamination
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Contamination of the Water at the source
Treatment at the supply
The composition of the raw water often requires processing in a waterworks prior distribution to
the customer.
Costly processing methods are involved, hydrogeology helps protecting groundwater at the
source
Microbial Pollution
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Petroleum products and heavy metals
Elevated heavy metal contents in water originating from recharge areas for Petroleum
byproducts disposal
Pharmaceuticals:
Ibuprofen, Carbamazepine (below toxic limits), cocaine metabolites
Varying concentration and Mass fluxes of Carbamazepine (pharmaceutical) in a spring with time
Agricultural contamination
Pesticides, insecticides and manure
High levels of K+, Na+ and nitrates degradation of the soil quality and subsquently of
Groundwater
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Salt water Intrusion
High levels of salinities in many areas brakish water
Allowed levels of Chlorides: 500 mg/l
In wells in southern Beirut areas:
e.g., maximum chloride concentration: 8733 mg/l
• due to extensive abstraction
Jeita: Delineation of catchment area: Tracer tests (funded by BGR: Federal Institute for
Geoscience- Germany 2010-2012)
Groundwater age on the Jeita catchment to know transit times of water in an aquifers
(funded by AUB)
Vulnerability studies: Identification of highly vulnerable zones for protection on two pilot
areas (funded by USAID, PEER Science 2014-2017):
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Jeita: Delineation of catchment areas
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Sampling for environmental tracers and stable isotopes
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Thank you
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