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Industrial Chemistry
(CHEM 50)
First Semester 2017 – 2018
Program: BS ChE
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
II. Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
IV. Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
A. Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
B. Extraction Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
VI. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
VII. Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
VIII. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
I. Introduction
Essential oils are concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from natural
sources. They could also be termed as volatile oils, ethereal oils and aertherolea. They are classified
into alcohols and phenols, aldehydes and acetones, esters and ethers and hydrocarbons. Each of
these oils are made up of a wide variety of functional chemical constituents that give each oil its
unique aroma and beneficial properties. They had poor solubility to water.
They are mainly used as additives or main components for perfumes, cosmetics, soaps, food and
drink flavoring, and scent addition to household products. They have been used for a thousand of
years in various cultures for medicinal and health purposes. Their anti-oxidant, antimicrobial and
anti-inflammatory properties make them more beneficial.
Sources could be from seeds, woods, barks, berries, flowers, resins, leaves, peel, rhizome and roots.
Extraction of essentials could be extracted in many ways including expression, distillation and solvent
extraction.
II. Objectives
Extract oils from plants using cold press, solvent extraction, and water distillation.
Different kinds of methods in extracting essential oils tend to have different results. On a research
conducted on shea butter oil shown existence of differences in physical, chemical and sensory
properties via solvent and traditional extraction methods (TEM). Solvent method extracted a higher
percentage yield of oil and saponification while TEM showed a higher quality of sensory
attributes.(Ikya, Umenger and Iorbee)
During the extraction of essential oils in medicinal and aromatic plants (MAP) using three types of
hydrodistillation: water distillation, water and stream distillation, and direct steam distillation, the
physical and internal composition of the oils are affected. (ResearchGate)
Essential oils from different extraction process have different uses or significance. Essential oils,
extracted using liquid carbon dioxide from solvent extraction, which possess aroma that are similar
to their raw materials are oftentimes used as ingredient for fragrances and additives for food
products, because they may not be considered as true essential oils. (Can Baser and Buchbauer)
Some of the extraction processes had been used for thousands of years. The availability of tools,
stones or wooden tools used for extracting essential oils, needed resulted to the practice of
expression without involvement of heat before the introduction of distillation process. (Can Baser
and Buchbauer)
1
IV. Methodology
A. Materials
Plant material Separatory set-up
Distilled water Distilling apparatus
95% Ethanol Metal spoon/cotton swab
Tap water Scissor/cutter
Erlenmeyer flask
Beaker
Vial or equivalent container with
cover
B. Extraction process
a. Sample preparation
1. Reduce the size of the sample by cutting or grating.
2. Weigh 100 grams of the sample.
3. Place the sample into the distilling still.
4. Add tap water until the level of the flask is half full.
c. Distilling process
1. Set the hot plate to medium heat.
2. Leave the set-up for one hour.
d. Separation Process
1. Attach the hook base of the separatory funnel (liquid-liquid exractor) into the iron
stand.
2. Pour distillate that was collected from the Erlenmeyer flask into a separatory funnel.
3. Turn the funnel upside-down.
4. Allow the funnel to rest into the hook for one minute.
5. Drain the water (hydrosol) into an Erlenmeyer flask by opening the stopcock of the
funnel.
6. Close the stopcock if the oil layer reaches it.
7. Drain the oil into a vial or closed container.
2
B2. Cold Press Method
1. Press the plant material until liquid appears at the surface of the plant.
2. Scrap the oil using metal spoon or cotton swab.
3. Drain the oil into a vial or closed container.
a. Extraction Process
1. Place the sample in a glass container with cover.
2. Add 95% ethanol until the sample is submerged.
3. Close the container.
4. Leave the set-up for an hour.
b. Separation Process
1. Drain the liquid extract from the glass container.
2. Pour liquid extract into the distilling still.
3. Distill for one hour.
4. Store the liquid from the distilling still into a closed container. (Note: The liquid is a
mixture of ethanol, water, and essential oil.
A. Water Distillation
The extraction of oil in this method requires a lot of energy and effort for the cooling water should
continuously flow in the condenser. The water flows fast and you have to refill from time to time.
Overall, the method takes a long time to extract but the product is good. The extracted oil from
the distillation process possesses the best quality.
3
C. Solvent Extraction
In this experiment, the extraction of oil by a solvent gives the largest volume of product. The process
was easy but it also requires a lot of time for you still have to distill decanted liquid after soaking
the plant material in the solvent.
VI. Conclusion
There are many different ways to extract oils from a plant material. These processes also yields
different qualities and quantities of products. Therefore the method to be used depends on the
properties of the product desired.
VII. Documentation
Figure 7.1.
Figure 7.1.Cutting
Cuttingthethe
eucalyptus
eucalyptus Figure 7.2.
Figure 7.2. Cutting
Cuttingthe
thepandan
pandanleaves
leaves
leaves into
leaves intothin
thinstrips.
strips. into thin strips.
into thin strips.
Figure 7.3. Distillation process for Figure 7.4. Solvent extraction process for 4
Eucalyptus. Pandan.
Figure 7.1. Cutting the eucalyptus Figure 7.2. Cutting the pandan leaves
leaves into thin strips. into thin strips.
Figure 7.3.
Figure 7.3. Distillation
Distillation process for for
process Figure 7.4.
Figure 7.4.Solvent
Solventextraction process
extraction for for
process
eucalyptus.
Eucalyptus. pandan.
Pandan.
Figure 7.5.Cold
Figure 7.5. Solvent
pressextraction
method forprocess
suha. for
Pandan.
VIII. References