This is a conceptualize leadership as a process that is centered on the interactions between a leader and subordinate. Observed by George Graen and his subordinates. In-Group – more information, influence, confidence, and concern for leader. More dependable, highly involved and communicative than out-group. Out-Group – less compatible with leader. Usually just come to work, do their job and go home. Path-Goal Theory This theory states that a leader’s behavior is acceptable to subordinates insofar as they view it as a source of either immediate or future satisfaction. Four different types of leadership styles depending on the situation: Directive Leader- lets subordinate know what is expected of them, schedules work to be done, and gives specific guidance as to how to accomplish tasks. Supportive Leader- friendly and shows concern for the needs of subordinates. Participative Leader- consults with subordinates and uses their suggestions before making a decision. Achievement-Oriented Leader- sets challenging goals and expects subordinates to perform at their highest level. Leader-Participation Theory Proposed by Victor Vroom and Philip Yetton A leadership theory that provides a set of rules to determine the form and amount of participative decision making in different situations. This model identifies five styles on the situation & level of involvement. They are: Autocratic Type 1 (AI)- leader makes own decision using information that is readily available to you at the time. Autocratic Type 2 (AII)- leader collects required information from followers, then makes decision alone. Consultative Type 1 (CI)- leader shares problem to relevant followers individually and seeks their ideas and makes the decision alone. Consultative Type 2 (CII)- leader shares problem to relevant followers as a group and seeks their ideas and makes the decision alone. Group-based Type 2 (GII)- leader discuss problem & situation with followers as a group and seeks their ideas through brainstorming. Implicit Leadership Theory Developed by Robert Lord and colleagues. Attribution Theory of Leadership- proposes that leadership is merely an attribution that people make about other individuals. Charismatic Leadership Theory- this theory says that followers make attributions of heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behavior. Two types of Leaders: • Transactional Leaders- leaders who guide or motivate their followers in the direction of established goals by clarifying role and task requirements. • Contingent Reward • Management by Exemption (active) • Management by Exception (passive) • Laissez-Faire Leader • Transformational Leaders- leaders who provide individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation, possess charisma. • Charisma • Inspiration • Intellectual Stimulation • Individualized Consideration Visionary Leadership The ability to create to and articulate a realistic, credible, attractive vision of the future that grows out and improves upon the present. The key properties of a vision are inspirational possibilities that are value centered, realizable, and have superior imagery and articulation. Skills of Visionary Leaders The ability to explain the vision to others The ability to express the vision not just verbally but through the leader’s behavior The ability to extend the vision to different leadership contexts Team Leadership The challenge of Team Leadership Becoming an effective team leader requires: Learning to share information Developing the ability to trust others Learning to give up authority Knowing when to leave their teams alone and when to intercede New roles that teams leaders take on Managing the team’s external boundary Facilitating the team process