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Keynote lectures
CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY OF WOOD, PULP
AND PAPER IN CULTURE, EDUCATION AND
INDUSTRY
Opening remarks of the Conference Chairman
SVETO KATUSCAK
Department of Chemical Technology of Wood, Pulp
and Paper (WPP Department/ KDCP)
Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, STU
812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
e-mail: katuscak@chtf.stuba.sk
ABSTRACT
The WPP 2003 Conference is designed to pro-
mote interdisciplinary cooperation of the forest,
pulp and paper Industries, Education and Culture
through discussion and by highlighting their inevi-
tably common long history and future development.
The three dimensions of the WPP 2003 Conference
are consistent with the three areas of applications
and three directions of historical and future devel-
opment of sustainable forest products: Culture, In-
dustry and Education. With this lecture I will open
the Conference, introduce the host – the Depart-
ment of WPP, and commemorate its 60th Anniver-
sary, by a brief description of its history, present
situation and future challenges.
INTRODUCTION
During their life cycle, forest products influ-
ence the main areas of society and life, namely
industry, culture and education1. Wood and other
natural lignocellulose polymer materials are gener-
ally recognised for their good compatibility with
man and nature. They are widely-accepted,
biocompatible and are the most-promising prod-
ucts for the era of sustainable development. The
objective of chemical technology is to process these
natural materials with a minimal impact on the
environment while preserving the natural charac-
ter of the finished products. The continuing chal-
lenge for education & science, culture and industry
in the 21st century is to generate forest products in
a manner compatible with a good health of man
WPP 2003
and nature, to increase the environmental qual-
ity2, 3, 4, 5, to increase the investments to the forest
products industry1, to improve process and systems
efficiency6, 7, including the efficiency in the use of
papermaking chemicals, fillers and other additives8,
9
, equipment speed and capacity10, 11 and to im-
prove the competitiveness to the WPP products
over unsustainable alternatives.
THE THREE DIMENSIONS
OF THE WPP CONFERENCE
The three dimensions of the International Con-
ference for Chemical Technology of Wood, Pulp
and Paper (WPP 2003) are Culture, Industry and
Education. They are identical with the names of the
three main areas of utilisation of forest products,
with the directions of parallel historical develop-
ment of the forest products in culture, education
and industry and with three areas of education and
research activities of the main organising body of
this conference – the Department of the Chemical
Technology of Wood, Cellulose and Paper (WPP
Department) STU.
The visualization of the three dimensions (3D) of
the applications of the forest products and chemical
technology of wood, pulp and paper (WPP) and 3D of
their common history and future is shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Three dimensions of the WPP Conference:
C – Culture, I – Industry, E – Education.
27
WPP 2003
The Industrial dimension of the forest prod-
ucts include: (1) forest industries and products
such as pulp, paper and board, furniture, com-
posite wood panels and 3D products; (2) ligno-
cellulosic (LC) materials and products used in
construction, transportation and agriculture, and;
(3) transformation of the economy to sustainable
development based mainly on renewable raw ma-
terials.
The Cultural dimension of the WPP products
includes: (1) carriers of information, books, news-
papers, documents; (2) artefacts made from wood,
paper, cork, flax, hemp and other cellulose plants in
paintings, sculptures and architecture; (3) protec-
tion of the cultural heritage; (4) furniture and inte-
rior design; (5) handmade papermaking.
The competitiveness and quality of the utilisa-
tion of the sustainable ex continenti flow of forest
products from the industry – paper, packagings,
documents including carriers of historical informa-
tion and cultural heritage in libraries, archives and
museums – is closely connected with both the qual-
ity of Education and the Cultural niveau of the
society12, 13. It is not technology which is the key
factor of success. It is the Education of people, their
knowledge, the quality of human resources, the con-
tinuing improvement of knowledge resulting from
research and intellectual empowerment which are
the essential ingredients of success. The education
of research universities such as the STU and its
faculties and departments contributes to this suc-
cess.
THE DEPARTMENT OF WOOD, PULP
AND PAPER
The mission of the Department in the area of
chemical technology and engineering is consistent
with the STU mission – collection, creation and
spreading of knowledge, in the areas of wood, cellu-
lose and paper.
Significant Dates. The first Institute of the
Chemical Technology of Wood was founded in
1943. This is the starting year of the specialised
higher technical education of WPP chemical tech-
nology and engineering at the STU for the benefit
of all 3 areas of WPP utilisation – Culture, Industry
and Education.
Prior to that, from 1920—1945, education and
research in wood technology was developed at the
Institute of Forestry and Wood Technology of the
28
Keynote lectures
Ministry of Agriculture under the leadership of
Dr. V. Hruban and Dr. Rudolf Ille, at the Slovak
University of Technology in Bratislava and at the
Bata Company in Otrokovice.
In 1934, the Committee for the development of
the Slovak universities issued a memorandum re-
questing the Czechoslovak Government to found
“the University of Chemical Technology and Engi-
neering with a specialization in the research and
processing of wood”.
In 1940, the Wood Research Institute in
Bratislava14 was authorized by Parliament. The
founder of the Institute was the Slovak Govern-
ment’s Ministry of Economy; the Institute was a
part of STU (SVST) Bratislava and its mission was
“the study of anatomy, physiology, physical and
chemical properties, and technology of wood, cellu-
lose and paper, synthetic fibres and other wood
products, fuels and other chemical processing of
wood”15.
1943 is the year of the Foundation of the Insti-
tute of the Chemical Technology of Wood by STU
with Professor Frantisek Kozmal, the first director
of the Institute and general director of the Czecho-
slovak pulp and paper industry.
In 1943, began the focus of specialised higher
technical education of WPP chemical technology
and engineering at the STU relative to all 3 areas of
WPP utilisation – Culture, Industry and Education.
In 1952, the Institute was renamed “The Depart-
ment of the Chemical Technology of Wood”
(DWPP).
ACHIEVEMENTS, PROJECTS
AND CHALLENGES
More detailed information about the achievements
of the Department can be found in the proceedings
of the periodical conferences16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 in the
Annual Reports of the Faculty of Chemical and
Food Technology, on the CD of WPP 2003 and
www.e-wpp.com.
Here are a few examples of the activities and the
results achieved in the WPP in cooperation with
industrial and research partners:
• 683 Ing. (equivalent of MSc.) and 72 Ph.D.
alumni with a specialisation in the chemical tech-
nology of wood, pulp and paper (WPP).
• Graduate and postgraduate courses for students
and WPP and related industrial partners.
Keynote lectures WPP 2003

1. Melcer I., Blažej 2. Blažej A., Šutý L.: 8. Blažej A. et al.: 9. Blažej A. et al.:
A., Šutý L.: Analyti- Vegetable phenolic Tenzides. Structure and
cal chemistry of compounds. properties of
wood. fibrous proteins.

3., 4. Kozmál F.: 5. Blažej A., Krkoška 10. Buèko J., Šutý 11. Blažej A., Šutý
Papermaking in P.: Technology of L., Košík M.: L., Košík M.,
theory and practice papermaking. Chemical treatment Krkoška P., Golis E.:
I., II. of wood. Chemistry of wood.

6. Blažej A., Košík 7. Blažej A., Košík M.: 12. Šutý L.: 13. Blažej A. et al.:
M.: Phytomass as a Phytomass – a raw Production and Chemical aspects of
chemical raw material for chemistry properties of pulps. wood treatment.
material. and biotechnology.

Fig. 2. Books.
1. Melcer I., Blažej A., Šutý L.: Analytical chemistry of wood (Analytická chémia dreva, in Slovak),
Alfa 1976, Bratislava, 326 pages.

29
WPP 2003 Keynote lectures

2. Blažej A., Šutý L.: Vegetable phenolic compounds (Rastlinné fenolové zlúèeniny, in Slovak), Alfa
1973, Bratislava, 231 pages.
3. Kozmál F.: Papermaking in theory and practice I. - Wood Sci. and pulping (Výroba papiera v teórii a
praxi I., in Slovak), SVTL 1958, Bratislava, 818 pages.
4. Kozmál F.: Papermaking in theory and practice II. - Papermaking (Výroba papiera v teórii a praxi
II., in Slovak), SVTL 1958, Bratislava, 542 pages.
5. Blažej A., Krkoška P.: Technology of papermaking (Technológia výroby papiera, in Slovak), Alfa
1989, Bratislava, 581 pages.
6. Blažej A., Košík M.: Phytomass as a chemical raw material (Fytomasa ako chemická surovina, in
Slovak), Veda 1985, Bratislava, 402 pages.
7. Blažej A., Košík M.: Phytomass - a raw material for chemistry and biotechnology (in English), Ellis
Horwood 1993, Chichester, 463 pages.
8. Blažej A. et al.: Tenzides (Tenzidy, in Slovak), Alfa 1977, Bratislava, 481 pages.
9. Blažej A. et al.: Structure and properties of fibrous proteins (Štruktúra a vlastnosti vláknitých
bielkovín, in Slovak), Veda 1978, Bratislava, 454 pages.
10. Buèko J., Šutý L., Košík M.: Chemical conversion of wood (Chemické spracovanie dreva, in Slovak),
Alfa 1988, Bratislava, 311 pages.
11. Blažej A., Šutý L., Košík M., Krkoška P. Golis E.: Chemistry of wood (Chémia dreva, in Slovak), Alfa
1975, Bratislava, 221 pages.
12. Šutý L.: Production and properties of pulps (Výroba a vlastnosti bunièín, in Slovak), Alfa 1982,
Bratislava, 486 pages.
13. Blažej A. et al.: Chemical aspects of wood conversion (Chemické aspekty životného prostredia, in
Slovak), Alfa 1981, Bratislava. 596 pages.

• Books and textbooks for polytechnic education
in wood, pulp and paper science and technology
(Fig. 2).
• Study of optical properties of LC materials and
products and their use for non-destructive evalu-
ation and testing (NDE, NDT), evaluation and
sorting of qualitative classes and changes of wood
and LC products23, 24 and the recognition of spe-
cies and characteristic features and their trans-
formations in processes25,26, .
• Increasing knowledge on viscoelastic properties
of the different kinds of wood utilized in high
yield pulping27and the papermaking properties
of fibers28. Research and development of waste
paper treatment, chemical modifications, de-
inking and using of waste paper in paper produc-
tion, verified in TCF process.
• Studies29, 30 focused on the formulation of origi-
nal mixtures of surfactants as additives for kraft
pulping31, 32, neutral sulfite semichemical pulp-
ing33, 34, pulp washing, oxygen delignification 35,
36
and deinking 37 conducted in cooperation with
the Pulp and Paper Research Institute (VUPC)
in Bratislava. The enhanced delignification rate,
decreased pitch formation and significantly re-
duced amount of rejects were confirmed also in
mill trials in the Bukocel, a.s., Hencovce and in
Kappa, Štúrovo.
• Improvements of knowledge on the non-chlorine
bleaching technologies (ECF, TCF), and its en-
vironmental aspects by the use of oxygen, ozone
and hydrogen peroxide, stability of hydrogen
peroxide, development of new additives for the
application of hydrogen peroxide in the bleach-
ing of pulps in the alkaline and acidic medium,
study of one-stage and multi-stage bleaching of
wood and pulp by means of hydrogen peroxide
and peroxyacetic acid38, 39.
• Ageing of paper. The improvement of testing
methods and their reliability in predicting the
period of service of untreated historical books
and archived documents40, 41. Comparative evalu-
ation of deacification and fortifying technolo-
gies with respect to end-use properties, such as
strength, folding endurance, optical properties
and their preservation in multifactorial aging.42
• Description of the papermaking properties of
pulp fibres using mathematical tools and regional
fibre sources.
• The research of colloidal interactions in paper-
making suspension focused on the retention of
fibres, fines and filler43, 44.

30
Keynote lectures
• Increasing the initial strength to improve paper
machine runnability and decrease the number of
breaks. Latex - pulp fiber interactions led to chang-
ing the strength and functional properties of the
paper. The final properties of paper depend on
the properties of the added polymer45, 46.
• The investigation of the interaction between ink
and coating, characterisation of base paper and
coating, enhancement of printability and smooth-
ness of ink jet papers is in progress (Project no:
APVT-99-007302).
Wood and other LC materials are permanently
renewable through natural CO2 cycling by photosyn-
thesis. Lignocellulose materials mainly industrial
wood presents the far richest resource for the sustain-
able production of material goods. The chemical tech-
nology of wood products present a continuing chal-
lenge. Millions of tons of end-use forest products are
made using the chemical processess of pulping, paper-
making, gluing, finishing, laminating, printing, pro-
tection, recycling, regeneration, burning and waste
elimination. The millions of tons of chemically-pro-
duced, multi-life-cycle products, recycled with both
old and newly-added chemicals, interact with man
and nature influencing their health. The objective of
chemical technology is to process these natural mate-
rials in a manner as to only minimally impact the
environment while preserving the natural character
of the finished products.
The continuing task and challenge is to modify
the parameters 47 of chemical processes and tech-
nologies to improve the environmental quality, bio-
compatibility and dwelling ability48, sensory com-
fort, sensory warmth49 and other sensory product
properties50, 51, as well as to improve hygienic and
eco-toxical properties, and the recyclability of the
chemically treated LC products, in the direction of
environmental quality and biocompatibility with
native wood. The challenge is to improve the knowl-
edge of wood and natural lignocellulosics as a com-
parative material standard for the evaluation of inte-
rior air quality (natural volatile organic compounds
emission)52 and for the evaluation of the complex
EQ in health science, as well as environmental and
material engineering. Another on-going challenging
problem is post-consumer recycling, re-use or elimi-
nation of chemically treated LC products as furni-
ture, flooring and siding composites, impregnated
paper decorative laminates, doors, sidings and con-
struction materials53, 54.
WPP 2003
CONCLUSION
Wood and other alternative lignocellulose raw
materials present a great resource for the sustain-
able production of material goods in the 21st Cen-
tury. The continuing challenge connected with the
Chemical Technology of wood, pulp and paper for
education & science, culture and industry in the 21st
century, is making the forest products industry ever
cleaner and healthier for man and nature, minimiz-
ing its impact on the environment, improving proc-
ess and systems efficiency, speed and capacities of
equipment, which would lead to increased invest-
ments, the improved economy of WPP products,
and their competitiveness with unsustainable alter-
natives. By providing a forum for information ex-
change and the establishment of new scientific and
technical cooperations between various organiza-
tions, this conference represents one step towards
this objective. As a conference President and on
behalf of the Organizing Committee and of The
Department of the Chemical Technology of Wood,
I would like to welcome you to Bratislava. I hope
that during the conference you will learn something
new or teach something new to other participants,
make new friendships, and also enjoy your stay in
Bratislava and enjoy the slovakian hospitality.
REFERENCES
1. Nemcsics, R., “Sustainable development and
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31
WPP 2003
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Keynote lectures
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Keynote lectures
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