Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
PRELIMINARY VISUALIZATION OF
SURFACE WATER QUALITY BY 5D WORLD
MAP SYSTEM FOR BANGKOK
Cover photo is Portable Skid Resistance Tester (British Pendulum Tester (BPT) of
a trial batch demonstration specimen from the mix of natural rubber latex soil
cement, in a paper published in this issue, entitled THE CREATIVE ROLE OF
GREEN ROOF IN INFORMAL AREA: A PROACTIVE AND REACTIVE TOOL FOR
PROMOTING, MEASURING, AND GUIDING GREEN ROOF DESIGNS AND
IMPLEMENTATIONS, by Reham Ibrahim Momtaz.
2018 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.
Editorial Board:
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohamed Gadi (University of Nottingham, UNITED KINGDOM)
Professor Dr.Hitoshi YAMADA (Yokohama National University, JAPAN)
Professor Dr. Chuen-Sheng Cheng (Yuan Ze University, TAIWAN )
Emeritus Professor Dr.Mikio SATOMURA (Shizuoka University, JAPAN)
Professor Dr.Chuen-Sheng Cheng (Yuan Ze University, TAIWAN)
Emeritus Professor Dr.Mike Jenks (Oxford Brookes University, UNITED KINGDOM )
Professor Dr.INyomanPujawan (SepuluhNopember Institute of Technology,
INDONESIA)
Professor Dr.Toshio YOSHII (EHIME University, JAPAN)
Professor Dr.NevenDuić (University of Zagreb, CROATIA)
Professor Dr.Dewan Muhammad Nuruzzaman (University Malaysia Pahang MALAYSIA)
Professor Dr.Masato SAITOH (Saitama University, JAPAN)
Scientificand Technical Committee & Editorial Review Board
on Engineering, Technologies and Applied Sciences:
Associate Prof. Dr. Paulo Cesar Lima Segantine (University of São Paulo, BRASIL)
Associate Prof. Dr. Kurt B. Wurm (New Mexico State University, USA )
Associate Prof. Dr. Truong Vu Bang Giang (Vietnam National University, Hanoi,
VIETNAM )
Associate Prof. Dr. Fatemeh Khozaei (Islamic Azad University Kerman Branch, IRAN)
Associate Prof.Dr. Zoe D. Ziaka (International Hellenic University, GREECE )
Associate Prof.Dr.Junji SHIKATA (Yokohama National University, JAPAN)
Assistant Prof.Dr.Akeel Noori Abdul Hameed (University of Sharjah, UAE)
Dr. David Kuria (Kimathi University College of Technology, KENYA )
Dr. Mazran bin Ismail (Universiti Sains Malaysia, MALAYSIA )
Dr. Salahaddin Yasin Baper (Salahaddin University - Hawler, IRAQ )
Dr. Foong Swee Yeok (Universiti Sains Malaysia, MALAYSIA)
Dr.Azusa FUKUSHIMA (Kobe Gakuin University, JAPAN)
Yasser Arab (Ittihad Private University, SYRIA)
© 2018 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.
a
Department of Architecture, Engineering College, University of Salahaddin-Erbil, Kirkuk road, Erbil City
Kurdistan Region, IRAQ
ARTICLEINFO A B S T RA C T
Article history: This paper is an empirical study for the concept of continuity in
Received 20 November 2017
Received in revised form 04 architectural identity. The aim of this paper is to measure the degree of
January 2018 continuity in commercial buildings design, in term of architectural
Accepted 10 January 2018 identity. Furthermore the study will illustrate the influence of heritage
Available online
14 January 2018
buildings' in constructing the continuity of architectural identity in Erbil
Keywords: city. The construction of the theoretical framework will rely on a
Empirical study; procedure of two directions, the first direction will establish a
Continuity concept in comprehensive theoretical framework (multi-dimensional model) for the
architectural identity; concept of continuity in architecture, while the second part will analysis
Influence of heritage the role of heritage buildings in constructing architectural identity in
building; Morphological commercial buildings in Erbil City. The finding of the study indicates
analysis; Identity that the heritage buildings visual elements and its architectural cues
Achievement playing a tangible role in constructing architectural identity in buffer
Mechanism. zones of the city but this effect is gradually decrease in other sectors due
to adopting the hybrid approach by melting modern technology within
architectural features of the city.
© 2018 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.
1. Introduction
Academic researchers in the field of architectural design classify transformation in architectural
identity into two directions, preservation and destruction. The first refers to stabilization forces
(continuity) whereas the second (discontinuity) is related to changing forces Researchers (Atalan,
2016; Ginting, & Julaihi, 2015; Philokyprou, 2015; Uddin Khan, 2015; Kim, 2015; Ujang, 2012)
shed the light on the issues of continuity and change as two contrast poles in the architectural
identity phenomenon. They explain that the architectural identity in Erbil city passed through
different eras which produced different stylistics features in the appearance of its building façades.
In this context, Baper (2011) explains that the continuity of architectural identity in Erbil city
*Corresponding author (S.Baper) Tel/Fax: +964-7504091111. E-mail: salahaddin.baper@su.edu.krd.
©2018 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences &
Technologies. Volume 9 No.1 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642. 1
http://TUENGR.COM/V09/001.pdf. https://doi.org/10.14456/ITJEMAST.2018.1
depends on stabilization forces which reflect, in most cases, the tradition and heritage of the city,
whereas Salama (1999) clarifies that the architects and urban designers in developing countries
trying to reassess the issue of architectural identity to create a meaningful environments through
two different scenarios either by emphasize a locality or reflect an international trend.
In the other hand, scholars in the field of architectural design (Kermani & Alalhesabi, ,2016 ;
Mansouri & Torabi,2015; Derya & Alkan,2015; Kiera,2011; Mansoori& Jahanbakhsh,2014; ) focus
on physical aspects of heritage buildings as evidence of past civilizations which have a significant
architectural and historical value . In general, heritage is a term that is used to illustrate a set of
values, and principles, of the past. It is a slippery term that includes a vast range of paradoxical
meanings which is in fact a very difficult concept to define (Figure 2). It is basically traditions that
get carried down generation to generation by sustaining the continuity of the social and cultural
values. It is what creates a sense of identity and assures rootedness and continuity.
Heritage and historical buildings are the sources and physical references of past cultures and
settlements. The Oxford English Dictionary identifies heritage as ‘valued things such as historic
buildings that have been passed down from previous generations’.
2 Salahaddin Y. Baper
Figure 2: Erbil city heritage citadel (Courtesy of Getty Images, 2014).
3. Process of Continuity
The socio-cultural and socio-economic structures of different societies urge scholars in the field
of architecture to study factors that have direct impact in constructing and expressing architectural
identity. In this regards (Baper, 2012) studies the most crucial factors that affecting architectural
continuity, the study proved statically that (mass and articulation, openings, architectural detail,
materials) factors have a crucial impact on the continuity of architectural identity. The study results
revealed that the “Mass & Articulation” factor and “Architectural details” factor are the most
influential in interpreting the continuity of architectural Identity.
In parallel Torabi and Brahman (2013) investigate factors shaping the architecture identity in
three sections: terminology of identity, architecture identity and comparative study of contemporary
works of architecture. The study results show that seven factors of spatial organization, time
organization, semantic organization, general design principles, building shape and form, building
materials and relationship with context are considered as effective factors in creating architecture
identity.
In this regards, KIM (2015) explains that the study of continuity in architecture can be done
through two different strategies: firstly, it is the study of physical materials in terms of the
articulated forms, the study of the physical settings which formed by materials that confine spaces,
while the second is the study on the archaeological remain formed by the contexts of times. The
study clarifies that the continuity of form is a significant design method to create the meaningful
form for the spatial existence in the course of time. In this sense, Nooraddin (2012) clarifies that
each nation has different approaches to produce its own architectural identity. These approaches
*Corresponding author (S.Baper) Tel/Fax: +964-7504091111. E-mail: salahaddin.baper@su.edu.krd.
©2018 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences &
Technologies. Volume 9 No.1 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642. 3
http://TUENGR.COM/V09/001.pdf. https://doi.org/10.14456/ITJEMAST.2018.1
can be classified in three directions which are: an architectural movement, a particular local culture
and way of life. The study explains that the issue of identity is a living process which mixing
between desires towards new styles within the local identity traditions whereas Kim (2000) argue
that the theoretical model of identity concentrate on five dimensions of identity of place which are:
continuity, uniqueness, significance, compatibility, and cohesiveness.
Based on the above, Identity can be defined as a process of continuity as Hall (1996) explains
that identity is a production which is never complete, always in process, and always constituted
within representation. Accordingly, Castells (2004) argues that cultural identity is the process by
which social actors build their own meaning according to cultural attributes. Meanwhile
Philokyprou (2016) clarifies that vernacular architecture is generally characterized by a continuous
process over time.
4. Morphological Analysis
The term “morphology” (from the Greek means form) is used in a number of scientific
disciplines to refer to the study of the structural relationships between different parts or aspects of
the object of study. In this context, Kropf (2014) defines morphology as a study of the shapes and
patterns of the built environment of human settlements in order to clarify the diversity and
complexity of architectural forms. The study of the architectural morphology investigates the
geometric structures and configuration of units through time. It seeks to understand the underlying
structure of an object, by examining the patterns of the elements that compose it, as part of the
process of their development.
In this study the morphological analysis focused on following aspects (the study of shape, size,
texture, source of design, connectivity with architectural identity of the city, design strategies ,
types of change with the main source, process of continuity, identity achievement mechanism and
connectivity with heritage buildings).
4 Salahaddin Y. Baper
Figure 3: Commercial buildings in Erbil City.
5. Methodology
For the purpose of the study, the multi-dimensional model based on the theoretical framework
(Table 1) establishes a sense of structure for a particular research problem. It provides the
background that supports the concept of continuity in constructing the architectural identity. It
includes the variables (source of design, connectivity with architectural identity of the city, design
Strategy , process of Continuity , identity achievement mechanisms and connectivity with heritage
buildings) that intend to measure the continuity of architectural identity. The theoretical framework
is developed through a review of previously architectural knowledge as well as the literature review
of the variables involved. The multi-dimensional model presents a conceptual framework to realize
the role of heritage buildings in constructing architectural identity in commercial buildings in Erbil
city. For the purpose of the study, 10 identified commercial streets on main axes in Erbil city have
been selected. In each street, 12 cases samples were selected accordingly the total selected sample
number is 120 cases (see Figure 4). The objectives of this paper intend to emphasize on the concept
of continuity by studying the role of heritage buildings in constructing the architectural identity in
Erbil city. It investigates the stylistic features of commercial buildings visual elements .The
analytical methodology used in this paper relies on visual properties of a building facades. It
discusses the building visual elements in terms of the continuity of architectural identity.
The study emphases on two types of analyses, the first is related to the Morphology analysis
(the study of shape, size, texture and source of design, Connectivity with architectural identity of
the city) while the second is syntax analyses (the study of design strategies, process of continuity,
identity achievement mechanism and connectivity with heritage buildings).
*Corresponding author (S.Baper) Tel/Fax: +964-7504091111. E-mail: salahaddin.baper@su.edu.krd.
©2018 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences &
Technologies. Volume 9 No.1 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642. 5
http://TUENGR.COM/V09/001.pdf. https://doi.org/10.14456/ITJEMAST.2018.1
Table 1: Multi-dimensional model/theoretical framework for the concept of continuity in
architecture
Variables Possible values
6. Findings
The second objective of this study is to examine the influence of heritage buildings' in creating
the continuity of architectural identity in Erbil city through following parameters (factors):
6 Salahaddin Y. Baper
Enkawa
Gulan
Shorish
40m
Sultan
Koy
60 m
Peshawa
/
Peshawa
/A
Rasti
6.2.1 No connectivity
Results indicate that 25 of cases (as an average of 20.83%) are out of any connectivity with
architectural identity of Erbil city. The non-connectivity of these case is related to following sub
variables:19 cases are using modern approach without any attention to the architectural values of
the city, 5 cases using different building forms within the context of the city streets, and only two
cases have no connectivity by using different building textures. It is interesting to note, that the
main reason behind this factor (no connectivity) is the problem of tightness of time during
implementation process, where cases used readymade solutions based on advanced technological
solutions
8 Salahaddin Y. Baper
6.4 Type of Change with the Main Source
The fourth parameter of the study is designed to measure the type of change with the main
source, for the purpose of the study the main sources is clarified through the analysis of first
parameter. Scholars in the field of architectural design studies classified three type of changes
namely: no change(Copy and paste), imitation(Partial change) and total change (No connectivity)
.Qualitative results illustrate that partial change is the most common strategy for designer (as an
average of 79.16%) of cases. rarely the strategy of copy and paste where noticed.
For the purpose of the study only cases which have entire connectivity or partial connectivity
with architectural identity of the city is deliberated. Hence non connectivity results from item (1-a)
are extracted from analysis and recorded as non connectivity cases. Quantitative results (Table 4)
show that (preserving existing architectural details) is the well-liked value in assessing this
parameter as an average of 19%.
7. Conclusions
Despite theoretical claims that heritage is the one of the most important sources of architectural
10 Salahaddin Y. Baper
identity which connects man to his origins through the process of continuity, the research findings
discovered that only one fifth of commercial buildings in erbil city is connected to the heritage
buildings (as source of design). In other words, modernity as globalization force made several
architectural forms within commercial streets in Erbil City. The generation of these forms is related
to lack of special regulations for commercial building in Erbil city municipality. This dialectic
relationships and contradictions between the desire toward modernity and belonging to local
traditions lead to a state of chaos of architectural forms. The study indicates that the heritage
buildings visual elements and its architectural cues playing a tangible role in constructing
architectural identity in buffer zone of the Erbil city. The municipality building regulations within
these zones affected positively the overall feature of commercial buildings in term of continuity of
architectural identity. Hence it is strongly recommended to apply these regulations in other sectors
of the city.
8. References
ATALAN, O. (2016). Continuity of regional identity: A case study of facade elements in traditional
Çeşme houses act, ITU A|Z , 13 (2): 121-131
Baper, S., & Hassan, A. (2012). Factors Affecting the Continuity of Architectural Identity,
American Transactions on Engineering & Applied Sciences 1(3), 227- 236.
Castells , M. (1997). The Power of Identity In The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture
(Vol. II, pp. 6). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Castells, M. (2004). The Relationship between Globalization and Cultural Identity in the early 21st
Century. Retrieved 5 October, 2017, from
http://www.barcelona2004.org/www.barcelona2004.org/eng/banco_del_conocimiento/dialo
gos/ficha30cc.html?IdEvento=167
Derya Oktay,D.& Alkan Bala,H.,(2015). A holistic research approach to measuring urban identity:
Findings from girne (kyrenia) area study, Archnet-IJAR, International Journal of
Architectural Research, 9(2),201 - 215.
Ginting, N., & Julaihi, W. (2015). Effective Exploring Identity’s Aspect of Continuity of Urban
Heritage Tourism, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 202 , 234 - 241.
Hall, S., (1996) Who needs identity?, in Questions of cultural identity S.H.a.P.d. Gay, Editor.,
Thousand Oaks, CA :Sage. p. 1 - 17
Kermani, A., Charbgoo, N., & Alalhesabi, M. (2016). Developing a model for the relation between
heritage and place identity, International Journal of Civil, Environmental, Structural,
Construction and Architectural Engineering Vol:10, No:3, 1(2),391 - 396.
Kermani, A., & Alalhesabi, M. (2016). Developing a model for the relation between Heritage and
place identity, International Journal of Civil, Environmental, Structural, Construction and
Architectural Engineering 10 (3), 391 - 396.
Kiera, A. (2011). The local identity and design code as tool of urban conservation, a core
component of sustainable urban development – the case of Fremantle, western Australia,
City & Time 5 (1), 3 - 17.
Kim, J. (2000). Understanding elements of local identity of place: physical vs. personal-social
*Corresponding author (S.Baper) Tel/Fax: +964-7504091111. E-mail: salahaddin.baper@su.edu.krd.
©2018 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences &
Technologies. Volume 9 No.1 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642. 11
http://TUENGR.COM/V09/001.pdf. https://doi.org/10.14456/ITJEMAST.2018.1
attributes, 88th ACSA Annual Meeting Proceedings, Heterotopolis, 451 - 456.
Kim, M., (2015). The matters of the continuity in architecture, GSTF Journal of Engineering
Technology (JET) 3 (3), 77 - 84.
Kropf, K. (2014), Ambiguity in the definition of built form. Urban Morphology, 18(1), 41-57.
Mansoori,S.& Jahanbakhsh,H., (2014). Factors affecting the measurement of place identity in urban
space (case study: Modares street Kermanshah), International Journal of Engineering
Sciences 3(9), 94 - 98.
Mansouri, R. & Torabi,Z., (2015). Explaining the concept of identity and sense of place in
residential environment and lifestyle, Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and
Management Review 4, (5). 27 - 43.
Marshall, S. (2015), An area structure approach to morphological representation and analysis.
Urban Morphology, 19(2), 117-134
Nooraddin, H. (2012). Architectural Identity in an Era of Change, Developing Country Studies, 2
(10), 81 - 96.
Philokyprou, M. (2015). Continuities and Discontinuities in the Vernacular Architecture, Athens
Journal of Architecture 1(2),111 - 120.
Salama, Ashraf M. A. (1999), "Contemporary Architecture of Egypt: Reflections on Architecture
and Urbanism of the Nineties." Paper presented at the Regional Seminar of Architecture
Reintroduced: New Projects in Societies in Change, Beirut.
The Oxford English Dictionary. Vol. 5 Oxford University Press, 1970, p.242.
Torabi , Z., & Brahman, S. (2013). Effective Factors in Shaping the Identity of Architecture,
Middle East Journal of Scientific Research 15 (1): 106 - 113 .
Uddin Khan,H. (2015). Architectural conservation as a tool for cultural continuity: a focus on the
built environment of islam, Archnet-IJAR, International Journal of Architectural Research,
9(1),1 - 17.
Ujang, N. (2012). Place attachment and continuity of urban place identity, Procedia - Social and
Behavioral Sciences 49, 156 - 167.
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Perspective. The Society. An International Journal of Social Sciences, Varanasi, U.P., India,
(1), 1- 25.
Dr. Salahaddin Yasin Baper is a lecturer in the Department of Architecture at University of Salahaddin-Erbil,
Kirkuk road, Erbil City Kurdistan Region, IRAQ. He obtained his BS in Architecture from University of
Technology, Baghdad Iraq with Honors. He continued his M.Sc. in architectural technology at University of
Technology, Iraq. He earned his PhD in theory of architecture in School of Housing, Building and Planning-USM
Malaysia. He works as a Consultant Architect and designed several important projects in Erbil city like
supplementary buildings in Erbil International Airport and Sami Abdurrahman Park.
12 Salahaddin Y. Baper
©2018 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.
a
Department of Architecture Engineering, Modern Academy, EGYPT
ARTICLEINFO A B S T RA C T
Article history: The urban growth of Cairo over the last few decades has resulted in a
Received 20 October 2017
Received in revised form 08 deteriorated urban fabric. So, many comprehensive environmental
January 2018 problems have occurred. The utilization of green roofs in informal areas
Accepted 12 January 2018 reduces pollutants in the atmosphere and also compensates the lack of
Available online
15 January 2018 green areas at the urban level. The paper aims to provide a tool that can
Keywords: be applied on any form of green roof design especially on the buildings
Design Guidelines; exciting in the informal areas. In addition, landscape designers can use it
Deteriorated Urban as a guiding and monitoring tool during the design process to achieve the
Fabric; Monitoring Tool; maximum social, environmental and economic benefits. The paper
Environment; concluded that an expected shift of interest regarding the ecological and
Modular tray systems. social human dimensions have been noticed and also, improving the
environmental aspects. Therefore, the design of green roofs is a
multidimensional process that includes environmental, aesthetic, social
and economic aspects.
© 2018 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.
1. Introduction
Cairo has experienced a tremendous urbanization in the form of informal settlements in the past
five decades. This has resulted in a deteriorated urban fabric and many comprehensive
environmental problems. Therefore, green roofs are considered a solution in informal areas to
promote and contribute social and environmental aspects.
Places where green roofs have been promoted include cities with pressing environmental
problems and/or compelling visions about creating more resilient and beautiful infrastructure
(Richard, 2015).
Water Management
Green roofs decrease the rate of runoff from the roof (Frazer et al.2008), Based on studies 75%
of rainwater could be retain, through releasing it back gradually into the atmosphere via
condensation and transpiration, while retaining pollutants in their soil (Hathaway, et al., 2008).
Eco- Friendly
There are limited green areas in high density urban settings which, face shortages of natural
habitat such as some species of plants, insects, and animals. It has been found that green roofs can
attract beneficial insects, bees, birds, and butterflies through integrating the natural environment on
the roof and providing habitats for these species (Townshend, D. 2006).
2.3.2 Vegetation
Architect and agronomist should together decide which plant species suitable to be used, this
decision will be taken according to several considerations such as, client budget, investment
allocated for maintenance, available resources, aesthetic features, functional purpose of the roof,
climate for the construction site, construction loads, green roof type, plant growth rates and
consumption rate, agricultural fertilizers, supplies and availability of materials (Carpenter, 2008).
During construction the temporary placement of heavy components such as trees, growing
media, concrete cast-in-place planters, walls and furniture need to be carefully planned and
*Corresponding author (R.Momtaz). Tel: +201115005605 E-mail: reham.momtaz@yahoo.com.
©2018 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences &
Technologies. Volume 9 No.1 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642. http://TUENGR.COM/V09/013.pdf. 17
https://doi.org/10.14456/itjemast.2018.2
calculated. Structural load bearing capacity analysis should include the following(Tolderlund ,
2010):
• Waterproofing membrane (Green roof retrofit will also more than likely need a new
membrane)
• Plant weight at maturity
• Fully saturated growing medium and drainage layers
• Weight of all components including dead and live weights for all phases of the green
roof.
• Function and type of green roof
• Plant selection.
16%
73%
9%
43%
48%
Table 3: Descriptive analysis of the importance the main standards in design guidelines
The main standards in Mean Std. Frequency
design guidelines % Deviation %
Design standards 21.92 4.073 21.417
Construction standards 27.35 8.660 21.25
Economic standards 10.76 6.188 57.46
Environmental standards 15.96 8.747 54.7
Social standards 13.65 5.783 42.35
Aesthetic Elements 10.36 0.453 22.41
Illustrated by Figure 9, through the analysis of design standards of informal areas, the strong
and weighty mean were Availability of lighting elements, extensive green garden (modular tray
systems), stable surfaces that are slip resistant, and soil quality is proportional to local. On the other
side, the buildings were not equipped for Accessibility of the disabled to the building's roof.
According to analysis of construction standards, the weakness points are represented in remove
excess water through a closed cycle to recycle and use of recycled water in irrigation.
In Figure 10, through the Descriptive analysis of economic, environmental and social
standards of informal areas, the most variables were significant and important except encouraging
physical activity, according to aesthetic elements analysis, the roof design could always be guided
to integrate types of plants planted with other softscape features that could provide an aesthetically
pleasant view of the roof.
22 Reham I. Momtaz
Table 4: Descriptive and Component Analysis of the Design Guidelines for green roofs in informal
areas
Descriptive Component
Design Guidelines for Green Roofs analysis Analysis
Mean Variance 1 2
Easy access to building's roof 4.017 337.1 .597 .369
Availability of lighting elements 4.465 1.389 0.583 0.565
Accessibility of the disabled to the building's roof 2.522 2.769 0.249 0.075
Access of used materials to building's roof 2.600 1.217 .483 -.096-
Stable surfaces that are slip resistant 4.225 1.594 .839 -.070-
Design Standards
Remove excess water through a closed cycle to 6.154 1.773 .432 .663
recycle
saturated weight of the green roof components 8.002 2.657 .835 -.272-
Imposed loads such as access by people 7.806 1.563 .519 -.112-
Effect of shades on loads 5.852 2.367 .566 .412
structural integrity of the building 8.026 0.764 .432 .676
Plant weight at maturity 7.806 2.137 .850 .096
Availability of material for maintenance in relation to 13.65 1.219 .726 .065
financial budget
Economic
Standards
Prices of seeds, seedlings and fertilizers suitable for 14.75 1.449 .761 -.217-
budget
Suitable budget for green roof type to be designed 9.05 0.607 .574 .665
Reduce and ease routine maintenance. 12.55 1.446 .741 -.045-
Plants grow at normal rate 13.1 1.315 .755 .063
Aesthetic Social Standard Environmental
standards
0
5
24
10
0
2
4
6
8
Availability of material
Easy access
Prices of seeds and fertilizers
Lighting elements
Suitable budget for green roof
standards
Accessibility of the disabled
Economic
t Reduce and ease
routine maintenance Access of used material
Reham I. Momtaz
Plants grow at normal rate Stable surface
Soil quality
Climate factors
climate conditions
standards
Reduction of Heat island effect
Plant life
Design standards
Environmental
The environmental purpose
Water elements
Social
Different types of plants
standards
Encourage social activity
Waterproofing membrane
Encourage physical activity
Structural integrity
Having a sense of place Imposed loads
Elements
Aesthetic
Construction standards
Saturated weight
Other aesthetic
Figure 9: Shows a Descriptive analysis (Mean) of Design and Construction Standards
Figure 10: Shows a Descriptive analysis (Mean) of Economic ,Environmental ,Social standards and
might be considered the importance standards for residents and could be contributed positively to
Tora residents' questionnaires contained social, economic, and aesthetic standards, which
Table 5: Descriptive and Component Analysis of Tora residents opinion for green roofs
Descriptive Descriptive
Design Guidelines for Green Roofs. analysis analysis
Mean Variance 1 2
Economic criteria
Availability of material for maintenance in relation to
10.67 1.325 .68 -.271-
financial budget
Prices of seeds, seedlings and fertilizers suitable for
10.12 .9568 .612 -.407-
budget
Suitable budget for green roof type to be designed 10.33 1.6793 .618 .562
Reduce and ease routine maintenance. 18.88 1.9648 .888 .028
Social criteria
Public Health 10.89 .9564 .860 -.250-
Community Integration 6.58 1.2378 .774 .238
Increase correlation to place . 7.22 1.0251 .786 .168
encourage social activity 10.31 1.5780 .885 .028
encourage physical activity . 5.72 1.4489 .618 .562
Having a sense of place 9.275 1.2160 .872 .186
Aesthetic Elements
Availability of Shades 14.71 1.3290 .878 .047
Visual Aesthetic Value 18.70 1.1749 .890 .083
Other aesthetic elements (sculptures, carving, stones) 16.58 1.8594 .883 .268
20
15
10
0
Availability of
Shades
Community
Having a sense of
place
Public Health
Other aesthetic
elements
Reduce and ease
Prices of seeds,
activity
encourage social
Integration
Increase
correlation to place
Availability of material
Visual Aesthetic
for maintenance
Suitable budget
for green roof type
routine maintenance
activity
encourage physical
Figure 11: Shows a Descriptive analysis (Mean) of Economic ,Social standards and Aesthetic
Elements
Illustrated by Figure 11, Through the Descriptive analysis of Economic ,Environmental ,social
standards and Aesthetic Elements of informal areas, according to Tora's residents' opinions , the
most variables were significant and important except encouraging physical activity and The
residents expected fulfill the aesthetic objective of green roofs.
Figure 10: Illustrate the difference between current situation and proposed design
Also, the case study depended on descriptive and component Analysis of the Proposed design
guidelines of green roofs, as shown in table (3).The proposed vision for “ green roofs in Tora ”
focused on buildings with good condition to provide extensive green roofs(modular tray systems),
some shade areas and visual aesthetic value for residents. Utilizing extensive green roofs in Tora are
suitable for roofs with little load bearing capacity and sites, which requires low maintenance,
suitable for the financial position of residents, easily adapt to different designs and also can
contribute to environmental, social and economic return for residents living in areas that lack
adequate open spaces. Furthermore, residents' amenity had to be taken into consideration during the
green roof design processing, through provided shades and shelter from wind and sun, to promote
comfortable use, see Figure 10.
The defined variables, utilized and conducted from analytical study, that aim to provide a tool
that can be applied on any form of green roof design in existing buildings especially informal areas,
as presented in Figure 11, among the findings of this study are the following:
26 Reham I. Momtaz
Social-economic Standards
Social standards represent 13.65% of design guidelines, due to improve the function of rooftops
which, mainly used for storing old and unused stuff and promote social returns through Improving
public health (2.87%), having a sense of place (2.35 %), community integration(1.9%) and
encouraging physical activity (1.5%). On the other side, Economic standards represent 10.76% of
design guidelines that achieve through availability of material for maintenance, suitable prices of
seeds, seedlings and fertilizers and possibility of reduces routine maintenance.
Construction Standards
Construction standards represent 27.35% of design guidelines that include dead loads and live
loads which are the most significant indicators for retrofitting the building with a green roof. For
existing buildings, the architects must verify the structural integrity of the building(4.6%),
investigate the imposed loads( 4.5%), saturate the weight of the green roof components ( 4.3%), and
the effect of shades on loads (3.9%).
Aesthetic Elements
Aesthetic elements represent 10.36% of design guidelines, that can be achieved through
availability of shades (3.44%), visual Aesthetic value (4.27%) and other aesthetic elements such as
sculptures, carving, stones, etc. (2.4%).
Environmental standards
Environmental standards represent 15.96% of design guidelines. Extensive green roof
Design standards
Design standards represent 21.92% of design guidelines, that can be achieved through
achieving easy access to building's roof (1.76%), availability of lighting elements (1.96%),
accessibility of the disabled to the building's roof (1.11%), accessibility of used materials to
building's roof (1.14%), soil quality is proportional to local climate conditions(2.32%), plant life is
commensurate with local climatic conditions(2.46%), water elements (1.37%), select the suitable
green roof type according to the building condition(3.93%) and utilize Different types of
plants(2.44%).
6. References
Annika M. (2010).Green Roofs in Seattle, a survey of vegetated roofs and rooftop gardens, the University of
Washington.
Attia, S., Mahmoud, A., (2009) Green Roofs in Cairo: A Holistic Approach for Healthy Productive Cities,
Conference Proceeding on Greening Rooftops for Sustainable Communities, June, Atlanta ,USA .
Retrieved from: http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/handle/2268/167604.
Carpenter, S. (2008). Green Roofs and Vertical Gardens. The Pratt Foundation/ISS Institute Overseas
Fellowship, November. retrieved from: http://issinstitute.org.au/wp-content/media/2011/05/ISS-FEL-
REPORT-S-CARPENTER-Low-Res.pdf
Cutlip, J. (2009). Green Roofs: A Sustainable Technology, Sustainability and the Built Environment UC Davis
Extension.
Earth Pledge (2005). Green Roofs : Ecological Design and Construction. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing.
Fettig, T. (2006). The Green Machine (Video), Retrieved from:
http://www.pbs.org/e2/episodes/103_the_green_machine_trailer.html.
Frazer-Williams R., Avery L., Winward G., Jeffrey P., Shirley-Smith C., Liu S., Memon F.A., Jefferson B.
(2008). Constructed wetlands for urban grey water recycling. International Journal of Environment and
Pollution. 33:93-109.
Getter K. L. & D.B. Rowe. (2006). The Role of Extensive Green Roofs in Sustainable Development
.HortScience. 41:1276–1285.
Hathaway A.M., Jennings G.D., Hunt W.F.(2008). A field study of green roof hydrologic and water quality
performance. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. 51:37-44
Kuo, F.E. & Sullivan, W.C. (2001). Environment and crime in the inner city - Does vegetation reduce crime?.
Environment and Behavior, 33 (3), 343-367.
28 Reham I. Momtaz
Krajčovičová D., Šprochová K. (2007). Extensive roof garden as a thermal insulator, Folia Oecologica, Institute
of Forest Ecology, Zvolen; Slovakia. pp. 24-29.
Linli C. ,Jun S.,(2012). Urbanization and its environmental effects in Shanghai, China, Urban Climate,
ELSEVIER , Volume 2, p 1-15.
Liu, K.; Bass, B. (2005). Performance of green roof systems. National Research Council Canada, p.7.
Mahila Housing Trust team's (MHT). Retrieved from: http://mahilahousingtrust.org
Oberlander, C. & Matsuzaki, E. (2002). Introductory Manual For Greening Roofs For Public Works And
Government Services In Canada . Public Works and Government Services Canada December. Retrieved
from: http://www.bluestem.ca/pdf/PWGSC_GreeningRoofs_wLink_3.pdf
Quesnel, A. (2011). “ Solutions from Above: Using Rooftop Agriculture to Move Cities Towards Sustainability
“ School of Engineering Blekinge Institute of Technology Karlskrona, Sweden 2011.
Richard K. Sutton.R. (2015).Green Roof Ecosystems .Springer International Publishing Switzerland, R. Sutton
(ed.) Ecological Studies 223, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-14983-7_1
Santamouris, M. (2014). Cooling the cities –A review of reflective and green roof mitigation technologies to
fight heat island and improve comfort in urban environments. Solar Energy, 103(Supplement C), 682–
703.
Santamouris M., Pavlou C., Doukas P., Mihalakakou G., Synnefa A., Hatzibiros A., Patargias P. (2007).
Investigating and analyzing the energy and environmental performance of an experimental green roof
system installed in a nursery school building in Athens, Greece, Energy (Oxford), Elsevier, Oxford; UK.
1781-1788.
Sidonie, C. (2011), President Green Roofs Australia, Design & Installation of Green Roofs, September.
Spolek, G. (2008). Performance monitoring of three eco-roofs in Portland, Oregon. Urban Ecosystems. 11:349-
359
Sullivan W.C., Kuo F.E., DePooter S.f. (2004).The fruit of urban nature: Vital neighborhood spaces.
Environment and Behavior 36(5):678-700.
Townshend, D. (2006). “Study on Green Roof Application in Hong Kong- Final Report” URBIS limited,
Architectural services department , December, Retrieved from:
http://www.archsd.gov.hk/media/11630/green_roof_study_final_report.pdf
Tolderlund, L.(2010). Design Guidelines and Maintenance Manual for Green Roofs in the Semi-Arid and Arid
West, Environmental Protection Agency Region 8,Urban Drainage and Flood Control District ,Colorado
State University,6-7.
Ulrich, R.S. (1984). View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science. 224:420–421.
Weiler, S.K. & K. Scholz, Barth. (2009). Green Roof Systems: A Guide to the Planning, Design & Construction
of Building Over Structure. Wiley.
Zinco, (2014). System Solutions for Thriving Green Roofs: Planning Guide. Zinco , GmbH. Nuertingen ,
Germany.
Associate Professor. Dr. Reham Ibrahim Momtaz is currently an Associate Professor in the Architecture
Engineering Department of Modern Academy for Engineering and Technology, Cairo, Egypt. She obtained
Bachelor and Master of Architecture from Cairo University, Egypt. She was awarded a PhD degree from Cairo
University, Egypt. She has embarked on a few researches in the areas of sustainable and green architectures.
Call-for-Papers:
ITJEMAST invites you to submit high quality papers for full peer-review and
possible publication in areas pertaining to our scope including engineering,
science, management and technology, especially interdisciplinary/cross-
disciplinary/multidisciplinary subjects.
a
Department of Environmental Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, THAILAND
b
Aquatic Resources Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, THAILAND
ARTICLEINFO A B S T RA C T
Article history: This research focused on the effects of temperature and ammonia on
Received 30 January 2018
Received in revised form 15 the coral health status of disc coral (Turbinaria peltata) by using acute
March 2018 toxicity testing (50% Lethal Concentration: LC50). The acute effects of
Accepted 19 March 2018 temperature and ammonia on disc coral were monitored at 24 and 48 hrs.
Available online
20 March 2018 The experiments were carried out in triplicate at temperatures of 30ºC and
Keywords: 33ºC. The concentrations of ammonia were varied at 0, 0.05, 0.07 and
Seawater temperature; 0.1 mgN/L, respectively. The active polyp percentages of disc coral was
Ammonia concentration; analyzed with comparison to the health status percentages. According to
Coral health status; the findings at 30ºC and at 24 and 48 hrs, and at 33ºC and 24 hrs, the
Active polyps; Lethal acute toxicity of coral bleaching (LC50) could not be investigated. This is
concentration. because the coral health status was insufficiently low due to decline, or
the mortality percentages were not below 50 percent. On the other hand,
at 33ºC and 48 hrs, the acute toxicity of coral bleaching (LC50) could be
evaluated. The experimental results strongly indicate that the mortality
percentages exceeded 50 percent. These findings were confirmed by
Zooxanthellae density in seawater equaling 109.4 cell/ml. Therefore, the
LC50 at 48 hrs in this study was equal 0.075 mg N/L.
© 2018 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.
1. Introduction
Corals are marine invertebrates. Classified in the phylum Cnidaria, the structural sequence of
limestone results in shapes such as tabulate, massive and branching. Corals acquire food through
suspension and autotrophic feeding by Zooxanthellae algea with which the corals share what is
called a mutualistic symbiosis. Algae accelerate the formation process of limestone and coral
colors. In the other ways, corals provide a residence for algae. Corals grow well at water
temperatures between 25-30˚C (Chankong, 2014). When the marine environment changes or
conditions become unsuitable, such as when seawater temperatures rise (above 30˚C) or salinity has
*Corresponding author (P.Chawakitchareon). Tel: +66-2-2186674 E-mail: petchporn.c@chula.ac.th.
©2018 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences &
Technologies. Volume 9 No.1 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642. http://TUENGR.COM/V09/031.pdf. 31
https://doi.org/10.14456/ITJEMAST.2018.6
dropped (Rungsupa et al., 2016 and 2018), algae will produce substances that are toxic to coral
tissues. Corals become stressed and drive algae out from the coral tissues. This will result in a loss
of coral pigment volume (Fitt et al., 2000). Apart from the effects of temperature and salinity
changes on coral, other factors contribute to coral health degradation. Ammonia is one of the factors
potentially affecting stress and causing toxicity for corals (Hansuebsai et al., 2018). Current
increases in seawater temperature are the most important factors involved in coral health
degradation. Moreover, is has been reported that the coral areas in Sichang Island, Chonburi
Province, Thailand, have been affected by high ammonia concentrations exceeding set standards
(more than 0.07 mgN/L) because the marine ecosystems of Sichang Island have been contaminated
by wastewater from municipal activities, cargo ships, human activities, and etc. that increase
ammonia concentrations in the area (Regional Environment Office, 2016 and Coverdale et al.,
2013).
In addition, current information about the safety effects of ammonia for invertebrates remains
limited. Therefore, careful application of the same criteria as that used for fish is currently
recommended (Lawson, 1995). Thus, the present study is focused on the effects of temperature and
ammonia on the health status of disc coral (Turbinaria peltata) by coral health evaluation with the
coral health chart that is a standardized, inexpensive, flexible color reference card anyone can use
for rapid, broad area assessment of changing coral conditions (Siebeck et al., 2006). The acute
toxicity of ammonia concentrations resulting in bleached coral at more than 50% (50% Lethal
Concentration: LC50) was calculated by Probit analysis and photographic assessment was used for
analysis of the active polyp percentages of Turbinaria peltata compared with health status
percentages.
2. Methodology
Active polyp percentages by calculated = 100*active polyp number/(total polyp counted) (1)
At 33˚C and 24 hrs, coral health statuses ranged from poor to good and could be calculated at
54.2-76.7%. Mortality percentages less than 50% would prevent the calculation of ammonia
concentrations and their effects on coral bleaching or LC50. At 48 hrs, the coral health statuses
ranged from poor to good and could be calculated at 36.7-75.0%.
At 33˚C and 48 hrs with ammonia concentrations of 0.07 and 0.1 mgN/L, the coral health’s
sensitivity increased the mortality percentages by more than 50% which can be calculated as LC50.
The ammonia concentration at 0.1 mgN/L had the highest mortality percentages at 63.3%. When
the mortality percentages of the corals exceeded 50% LC50 could be calculated by using Probit
analysis (Figure 4.). At 33˚C, ammonia concentrations had the effect of coral bleaching or 50-
percent coral mortality at 48 hrs which was equal to 0.075 mgN/L. This was related to the Typical
34 Bussapakorn Udomsap, Petchporn Chawakitchareon, and Sompop Rungsupa
Surface Ocean guideline at less than 0.1 mgN/L (Kallqvist and Svenson, 2013) and LC50, which is
close to Marine Water Quality Standards for coral reef conservation that are determined not to
exceed 0.07 mgN/L. Moreover, the above findings are related to the Nozawa, (2012) study which
found temperatures exceeding 30˚C to have the effects of decreasing the Zooxanthellae density in
the coral tissue and increasing seawater temperatures by approximately 1-2˚C, which will result in
coral bleaching (Nozawa, 2012 and Buchheim, 2016). In 2010, Thailand reported that the seawater
temperature surrounding Phuket Island rise from normal temperatures from 29˚C to 33.5˚C for
thirty consecutive days. Consequently, bleaching was observed in all of the corals in the area
(Department of Marine and Coastal Resources, 2013).
y = 3.3583x + 8.772
R2 = 0.9287
Figure 5: Graph shows the correlations between health status (%) and Zooxanthellae density at
a) 30˚C_24 hrs. b) 30˚C_48 hrs. c) 33˚C_24 hrs. d) 30˚C_24 hrs.
According to the observations, corals under stressful conditions would active a defense
mechanism caused by unstable conditions by using mucus secretions (Kellog, 2004). If the
temperature and ammonia concentrations rise, the corals would accelerate the mucus secretion
process (Figure 6. a)), which makes the colors of corals fade as a result of the mucus secretions that
make coral tissues slip-out. The result is a decreasing the amount of Zooxanthellae in coral tissues
(Kerswell and Jones, 2003) (Figure 6. b)). Thus, there is a correlation with Zooxanthellae density
Figure 6: a) Mucus secretion process b) Coral tissue slip-out (at 33˚C and 48 hrs with an ammonia
concentration of 0.1 mgN/L)
0.00
0 0.05 0.07 0.1
Ammonia concentrations (mgN/L)
Figure 7: The correlation between health status and active polyp percentages
at 33˚C and 12 hrs, 24 hrs, and 48 hrs for Turbinaria peltata.
4. Conclusion
In this study, the results of the temperature and ammonia effects on the coral health status of
disc coral (Turbinaria peltata) by acute toxicity testing calculated (50% Lethal Concentration:
LC50) with Probit analysis at temperatures of 30˚C and 33˚C and time durations of 24 hrs and 48 hrs
together with ammonia concentrations of 0, 0.05, 0.07, and 0.1 mgN/L indicated temperatures of
30˚C and 33˚C with ammonia concentrations can increase the bleaching or decline of coral health
status and the severity will be determined by follow-up on ammonia concentrations. Moreover, at
33˚C and 48 hrs with an ammonia concentration of 0.1 mgN/L, the highest mortality percentages of
coral will occur at 63.3%, which is related to the Zooxanthellae density in seawater equal to 109.4
cell/ml. Thus, it is indicated that corals have to secret mucus to drive algae out from coral tissues
and LC50 at 48 hrs can be calculated at 33˚C, because corals have to bleach or decline in coral
health by more than 50%. After calculations, LC50 at 48 hrs was equal to 0.075 mgN/L, but
bleaching exceeding 50% could not be found on corals under other conditions in which LC50 could
not be calculated.
Measuring active polyp percentages is a useful method for monitoring the health status of coral
under any stressful conditions. High temperatures, high ammonia concentrations, low salinity and
community waste are highly threatening stress factors for shallow water coral. This study reported a
correlation between health condition percentages and active polyp percentages. Turbinaria peltata,
a disc coral, was successfully analyzed for stress value by using active polyp percentages.
5. Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the 90th Anniversary of Chulalongkorn University,
Rachadapisek Sompote Fund academic year 2017. The authors would like to thank the staff of
Sichang Marine Science Research Station, Chonburi, Thailand, for their assistance and support in
the experiments. The authors also would like to express their appreciation for the equipments
support from Global Environmental System Leaders Program, Keio University, Japan.
6. References
Arthur, R., Done, T. J., Marsh, H., and Harriott, V. (2006). Local processes strongly influence post-
bleaching benthic recovery in the Lakshadweep Island. Coral Reefs 25: 427-440.
*Corresponding author (P.Chawakitchareon). Tel: +66-2-2186674 E-mail: petchporn.c@chula.ac.th.
©2018 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences &
Technologies. Volume 9 No.1 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642. http://TUENGR.COM/V09/031.pdf. 39
https://doi.org/10.14456/ITJEMAST.2018.6
Baohua, Z., Guangce, W., Bo, H., and Tseng, C. K. (2004). Effects of temperature, hypoxia,
ammonia and nitrate on the bleaching among three coral species. Chinese Science Bulletin
49 (18): 1923-1928.
Buchheim, J. (2016). Coral Reef Bleaching. Odyssey Expeditions-Marine Biology Learning Center
Publications. Retrieved from http:// www.marinebiology.org/coralbleaching.htm.
Coverdale, T. C., Herrmann, N. C. Altieri A. H., and Bertness, M. D. (2013). Latent impacts: the
role of historical human activitiy in coastal habitat loss. Frontiers in Ecology and
Environment, January 2013: 69-74.
Department of Marine and Coastal Resources. (2013). Coral bleaching. Retrieved from
http://marinegiscenter.dmcr.go.th/km/coral-blenching/#.WS55qmiGPIV
Finney, D. J. (1952). Probit Analysis (2nd Ed). Journal of the Institute of Actuaries 78 (3): 388-390.
Fitt, W. K., McFarland, F. K., Warner, M. E., and Chilcoat. G. C. (2000). Seasonal patterns of
tossue biomass and densities of symbiotic dinoflagellates in reef corals and relation to coral
bleaching. American Society of Limnology and Oceanography 45: 667-685.
Hansuebsai, A., Rungsupa, S., Kiyoki, Y., Sasaki, S., and Chawakitchareon, P. (2018). Study the
effect of Ammonia by Image Analysis on Healthiness Detection for Coral Quality of Life.
Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases XXIX, IOS Press, 2018, Volume 301: 343-353.
Kallqvist, T., and Svenson, A. (2013). Assessment of ammonia toxicity in tests with the
microalga, Nephroselmis pyriformis, Chlorophyta. Norwegian Institute for Water Research,
Kjelsas, Oslo, Norway. Water Research. 37(3): 477-484.
Kerswell, P. A., and Jones, J. R. (2003). Effects of hypo-osmosis on the coral Stylophora pistillata:
nature and cause of low salinity. Marine Ecology Progress Series 253: 145-154.
Lawson, T. B. (1995). Fundamentals of aquaculture engineering. Chapman & Hall, New York. 355
pp.
Lenore, S. C., Arnold, E. G., and Andrew, D. E. (2012). Standard Methods for the Examination of
Water and Wastewater 22nd Edition, 10200-Plankton: 1992-2019.
Regional Environment Office. (2016). Reports from the environmental quality situation in Eastern
of Thailand at 2015. Regional Environment Office 13 (Chonburi). 106 p.
Rungsupa, S., Chawakitchareon, P., Hansuebsai, A., Sasaki, S., and Kiyoki, Y. (2018).
Photographic Assessment of Coral Stress: Effect of Low Salinity to Acropora sp .Goniopora
sp .and Pavona sp . at Sichang Island, Thailand. Information Modelling and Knowledge
Bases XXIX, IOS Press, 2018, Volume 301: 137-148.
Siebeck, U. E., Marshall, N. J., Klü, A., and Hoegh-Guldberg, O. (2006). Monitoring coral
bleaching using a colour reference card. Coral Reefs 25 (3): 453-460.
Winters, G., Holzman, R., Blekman, A., Beer, S., and Loya, Y. (2009). Photographic assessment of
coral chlorophyll contents: Implications for ecophysiological studies and coral monitoring.
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology: 25-35.
Call-for-Papers:
ITJEMAST invites you to submit high quality papers for full peer-review and
possible publication in areas pertaining to our scope including engineering,
science, management and technology, especially interdisciplinary/cross-
disciplinary/multidisciplinary subjects.
a
Department of Civil Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Rattanakosin Wang Klai Kang
Won Campus, Prachaup Kiri Kan 77110, THAILAND
b
Department of Civil Engineering, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Pathumtani 12120, THAILAND
ARTICLEINFO A B S T RA C T
Article history: This research studied the infiltration effects of chloride in concrete
Received 12 January 2018
Received in revised form 04 mixed with rice hull ash, dark husk ash and crushed dust to replace sand.
March 2018 The experiment carried out by making cylindrical concrete specimens
Accepted 16 March 2018 with mixture of rice hull and dark husk ash instead of cement at the
Available online
20 March 2018 consequent percentages of 0, 10, 20, and 30 by weight and also the use of
Keywords: crushed dust instead of sand at the consequent percentages of 0, 10, 20,
Pozzolanic reaction ; and 30 by weight. These concrete specimens have been soaked in marine
Colorimetric technique; environment at Cha-Am Beach, Petchburi province of Thailand for 90
Scanning Electron days, tested for chloride infiltration in the concrete specimens by
Microscope (SEM); Colorimetric technique. The finding stated that chloride infiltration in all
chloride infiltration concrete samples was at 50% compared with the standard concrete. The
depth. best resistance of chloride infiltration was the one sand 10% replacement
of crushed dust. According to the study, it showed that concrete
specimen with rice hull ash and dark husk ash mixture caused Pozzolanic
reaction effecting for more density, durability and thus decreasing of
chloride infiltration in long term.
© 2018 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.
1. Introduction
Rice hull ash and dark husk ash remained from burning of rice hulls biomass at temperatures
800–900 degrees Celsius for electricity production which made good quality ash, but the real use of
this ash was still less because of sizes and Pozzolanic quality. This ash was applied in this study by
using it as mixture in concrete, together with cement, fine aggregate or sand, coarse aggregate or
gravel, water and other mixture. One main mixture in concrete was sand which has similar physical
quality to crushed dust. Many research studies in the past showed good results in using crushed
dust to replace sand in mixing concrete that made porous in finished concrete. It was assumed that
2.1 Materials
Rice hull ash and dark husk ash from burning of rice hulls biomass from electricity production
plant in Phanom Sarakham district, Chachoengsao province, and crashed dust from crushing plant
in Saraburi province.
Figure 3: Rice hull ash and dark hull ash appearances at 10,000 expanded enlarged photos;
According to the chemical compositions of rice hull ash and dark hull ash toward ASTM C618
Standard, it could be classified as Pozzolan Class N.
Table 2: Chemical compositions of rice hull ash and dark hull ash.
Oxide % by Weight Oxide % by Weight
Na2O 0.19 MnO 0.35
MgO 0.81 Fe2 O3 4.48
Al2 O3 2.19 Cuo 0.02
SiO2 69.08 ZnO 0.04
P2O5 0.89 Br < 0.01
SO3 0.66 Rb2O 0.01
Cl 0.69 SrO 0.03
K2O 2.97 ZrO2 0.03
CaO 6.40 PbO 0.01
TiO2 0.19 LOI. At 1025°C 10.90
Cr2O3 0.02
Figure 4: Grain size distribution of fine aggregate of crushed dust to replace sand;
Figure 5: The depth of chloride infiltration into concrete mixed with rice hull ash, dark hull ash and
crushed dust to replace sand.
The depth of chloride infiltration into sample concrete specimens which mixed with rice hull
ash, dark hull ash and crushed dust to replace sand and placed in the marine environment for 90
days was less than in standard concrete. From Figure 5, the depth of chloride infiltration in
standard concrete was 2.11 cm. only 0.73 to 1.00 cm. in the samples. The results significantly
identified less of chloride infiltration in sample concrete specimens, than the standard concrete.
4. Conclusion
From the experiment, the following can be concluded
1) Testing of the grain size distribution in mixed materials which used crushed dust to replace
sand in all proportion showed fine purified mixture with very less organic substances and the
quantity of silt was less than 5% by the regulation of Engineering Institute of Thailand.
2) The study of particles appearance in rice hull ash and dark hull ash by Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM) in Electron Microscope and Analysis Microscope laboratory at National Metal
and Materials Technology Center (MTEC) at the enlarge of 10,000 times demonstrated the
appearances of rice hull ash which were tough edged angle particles with different sizes and
uncertain forms.
3) The Chloride Infiltration in concrete specimens mixed with rice hull ash, dark hull ash and
crushed dust to replace sand showed the least infiltration at 0.73 cm. in depth in the sample coded
P100R00D20 which was the concrete specimen mixed with 0% of rice hull ash and dark hull ash by
weight and mixed with 20% of crushed dust by weight.
4) The percentage of chloride infiltration in concrete specimen mixed with rice hull ash, dark
hull ash and crushed dust was slightly decreased more than 50%. The least infiltration was at 0.73
cm. in depth or 65.4% compared to the chloride infiltration in standard concrete.
6. References
[1] ASTM, C. (2006). C136, Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse
Aggregates, Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials.
[2] ASTM, C. (2003). C618, Standard specification for fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan
for use as a mineral Admixture in Portland Cement Concrete, Philadelphia, PA: American
Society for Testing and Materials.
[3] ASTM, C. (1997). C29,Test Method for Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”) and Voids in
Aggregate. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials.
[4] Ninrat, P., & Chalee, W.) 2015). Evaluation of long term chloride penetration in concrete under
marine environment by Bulk diffusion test method. Burapha Science Journal, 20(1), 42-57.
[5] Jaturapitakkul, C., & Cheerarot, R. (2003). Development of bottom ash as pozzolanic
material. Journal of materials in civil engineering, 15(1), 48-53.
Dr. Sayan Sirimontree earned his bachelor degree from Khonkaen University Thailand, master degree in
Structural Engineering from Chulalongkorn University Thailand and PhD in Structural Engineering from
Khonkaen University Thailand. He is an Associate Professor at Thammasat University Thailand. He is interested
in durability of concrete, repair and strengthening of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures.
a
Department of Environmental Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, THAILAND
b
Graduate School of Media and Governance, Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio
University, Shonan Fijisawa Campus, Kanagawa, JAPAN
ARTICLEINFO A B S T RA C T
Article history: This paper presents a preliminary visualization of surface water
Received 30 January 2018
Received in revised form 15 quality by 5D World Map (5DWM) system of three canals i.e. Bang Sue
March 2018 Canal, SamSen Canal, and Bang Krabue Canal in Bangkok Capital,
Accepted 19 March 2018 Thailand. Seven sampling sites were selected and 13 parameters were
Available online
20 March 2018 analyzed i.e. temperature, pH, DO, BOD, COD, H2S, SS, TKN, NH3-N,
Keywords: NO2-N, NO3-N, TP, and Salinity. The previous data selected from 2007
5DWM System; water to April 2017. Those parameters were analyzed and visualized by 5DWM
quality conditions; system. The results indicated the 5DWM system visualized those
surface water quality; parameters of each water sampling site in term of different colors and
visualization graphs that they indicated the water quality conditions change from past
to present due to the system can show the water quality states in time
series.
1. Introduction
The availability and quality of water either surface or ground, have been deteriorated due to
some important factors, such as increasing population, urbanization, etc. (Effendi, 2016). Urban
development without a proper plan often results in environmental issues or causes human pollution
and activities to increase and surrounding environment to be polluted (Lee et al., 2017). For this
reason, the natural resources requirement for the production or manufacturing in the industrial is
increased too. Therefore, the environment issues have absolutely followed us, such as water quality
pollution, air pollution, namely. For the river water quality can be contaminated by human
activities in two way as point source and non-point source (Gyawali et al., 2013). Point source
pollutants are involved pollution from a single concentrated source that can be identified, such as an
3. Proposed Method
In the water filed as environmental have many parameters in term of physical, chemical, and
biochemical characteristic of monitoring and analysis. So, in this step, we aimed to visualization
surface water quality at Bangkok Capital, Thailand with existing data and creating the
*Corresponding author (P.Chawakitchareon). Tel: +66-2-2186674 E-mail: petchporn.c@chula.ac.th.
©2018 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & 51
Technologies. Volume 9 No.1 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642. http://TUENGR.COM/V09/049.pdf.
multi-dimensional semantic space for multi-parameter of water quality. The sampling sites location
is indicated in Figure 3 and Table 1.
In this research, water quality parameters i.e. temperature, pH, DO, BOD, COD, H2S, SS,
TKN, NH3-N, NO2-N, NO3-N, TP, and Salinity were visualized and displayed by 5DWM system in
term of single parameter and multi-parameter.
Salinity
The DO values of 7 sampling points were different because the system displayed in orange and
red. In this case, the red color means the DO values were nearly zero or zero and the orange spots
mean the DO had the values of 5 to 6 mg/L. On the other hand, a big red spot means the DO was
higher than another spot.
The 5DWM system visualized the H2S in term of red and orange color. The small red spots
mean the H2S values were nearly zero or zero, the orange spots shown that the H2S values were
low, and the big red spot indicated the H2S value was higher than another spot.
The SS values of those sampling points were so different because the 5DWM system displayed
the SS values in term of different color and size of the circles. The big yellow circle had the highest
value than another circle. The small circles had the less values than another spot. For green circles
were between the big and small circle.
The TKN values of the sampling points were different because the system visualized the
sampling points in different color. In this case, the big red circle had the highest value than another
circle and the small yellow circle had the less value than another spot. For orange circle was
between the big red and small yellow circle.
The NH3-N values of each sampling point were very different because the system displayed
them in term of difference color. In this case, the big red circle had the highest value and the small
red circles had the less values than another circle. For orange circles were between the big and small
red circle.
The NO2-N values of each sampling point were different because they had different color. In
this case, 7 sampling sites had very less values because the circles size are very small. The red color
circles had the NO2-N values between 0 to 0.49 (mg/L as N) and the orange circles had the NO2-N
values between 0.5 to 1 (mg/L as N). The NO3-N values of each sampling site were different
because they were different color. The yellow color circles had the highest values than the orange
circles. The TP values of each sampling point were very low because the circles sizes were very
small. The orange circles had the highest values than the red circles.
Finally, the Salinity values of each sampling point were different because they had different
circles colors and sizes. In this case, the big red circle had the highest value and the small red circle
had the less value than another circle. In case of single parameter visualization, the NH3-N is
selected to display from 2007 to 2017 for finding the water quality conditions changing. The results
indicated in Figure 6.
From Figure 6, the b NH3-N changed from 2007 to 2017 that indicated in the sampling sites
colors and sizes of circles because the big circles had high values and small circles have less value.
The NH3-N in 2008 was different from another year and it had less values due to the sizes of circles
were small. The red circles had higher values than orange circles. From displaying of 5DWM
system, the ammonia concentration is found in the canals.
In addition, the 5DWM system can visualize the multi-parameter together and displayed in
term of graphical (Sasaki and Kiyoki, 2018). The results indicated in figure 7, this figure indicated
that 13 parameters were different when we looked at the graphs, but the temperature and pH values
were quite similar in 7 sampling sites. The 5DWM system visualized and displayed 13 parameters
in term of graphs that easier for data analysis or water quality analysis from the past to present
because this system can display in the time series which made the users can analyze and compare
the surface water quality of each sampling point directly. Therefore, this system is good for the
visualization and interpretation of surface water quality in this research.
For clearly visualization to know the water quality changing from 2007 to 2017, the sampling
site 6 is selected to display in the time series, the results indicated in Figure 8.
5. Conclusion
The 5DWM system is a good system for surface water quality analysis and monitoring because
it gathered the data in the past up to present for visualizing and displaying that facilitate the users
for direct analysis and explain about the water quality conditions due to this system can visualize
multi-parameter of the water quality characteristic together. Moreover, this system can monitor the
water quality in the real time because it has sensing. Therefore, the 5DWM system can apply to
environmental analysis and monitoring. For the next step, we will educate the temporal-data
mining of surface water quality for applying the world-wide rivers or canals.
6. Acknowledgement
This work is supported by AUN/Seed-net Collaborative research scholarship and Collaborative
research between Chulalongkorn University and Keio University. This research is also in part support
by GESL program, Keio University, Japan and Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA,
Thailand) for providing data information.
7. References
Chawakitchareon, P., Ladsavong, K., Yasushi, K., Shiori, S., and Rungsupa, S. (2018). Global Sharing
Analysis and Visualization of Water Quality by 5D World Map: A Case Study at Sichang
Island, Thailand. Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases XXIX, IOS Press, vol. 301, pp.
216-227.
Effendi, H. (2016). River water quality preliminary rapid assessment using pollution index. Procedia
Environmental Sciences, 33, pp. 562-567.
Gyawali, S., Techato, K., Yuangyai, C., and Musikavong, C. (2013). Assessment of relationship
between land uses of riparian zone and water quality of river for sustainable development of
river basin, A case study of U-Tapao river basin, Thailand. Procedia Environmental Sciences,
17, pp. 291-297.
Kiyoki, Y., Chen, X., Heimbürger, A., Chawakitchareon, P., and Sornlertlamvanich, V. (2016).
Cross-cultural and Environmental Data Analysis in Data Mining Processes for a Global
Resilient Society. Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases XXVII, IOS Press, vol. 280, pp.
281-298.
Kiyoki, Y., Sasaki, S., Trang, N. N., and Diep, N. T. N. (2012). Cross-cultural multimedia computing
with impression-based semantic spaces Conceptual Modelling and Its Theoretical Foundations
(pp. 316-328): Springer.
Ladsavong, K., Chawakitchareon, P., Kiyoki, Y., Veesommai, C., and Sasaki, S. (2017). Global
Sharing Analysis and Visualization by 5DWorld Map (5DWM): A Case Study of Vientiane, Lao
*Corresponding author (P.Chawakitchareon). Tel: +66-2-2186674 E-mail: petchporn.c@chula.ac.th.
©2018 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & 57
Technologies. Volume 9 No.1 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642. http://TUENGR.COM/V09/049.pdf.
PDR. The Proceedings of the 9th AUN/SEED-Net Regional Conference on Environmental
Engineering, at the Zign hotel, Chonburi, Thailand, January 23-24, pp. 507-512.
Lee, I., Hwang, H., Lee, J., Yu, N., Yun, J., and Kim, H. (2017). Modeling approach to evaluation of
environmental impacts on river water quality: A case study with Galing River, Kuantan,
Pahang, Malaysia. Ecological Modelling, 353, pp. 167-173.
Ngwira, L., and Lakudzala, D. (2018). Assessment of the quality of SOBO industrial wastewater and
its impact on water quality in Nankhaka River. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts
A/B/C.
Sasaki, S., and Kiyoki, Y. (2018). Analytical Visualization Functions of 5D World Map System for
Muti-Dimensional Sensing Data. Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases XXIX, IOS
Press, vol. 301, pp. 71-89.
Sasaki, S., Takahashi, Y., and Kiyoki, Y. (2010). The 4D World Map System with Semantic and
Spatio-temporal Analyzers. Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases XXI, IOS Press, vol.
206, pp. 1-18.
Zampella, R. A., Procopio, N. A., Lathrop, R. G., and Dow, C. L. (2007). Relationship of Land‐
Use/Land‐Cover Patterns and Surface‐Water Quality in The Mullica River Basin. JAWRA
Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 43(3), pp. 594-604.
Professor Dr. Yasushi Kiyoki has been with Department of Environment and Information Studies at Keio
University and from 1998 and he is currently a professor. Since 2011, he is a chair and coordinator of “Global
Environmental System Leader Program (GESL)” in KEIO University. His research addresses semantic computing,
environmental engineering, data mining, multimedia database systems, and knowledge base systems. He serves as
the editor-in-chief on Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases (IOS Press). He was a keynote speaker in 7th
IEEE International Conference on Semantic Computing, Sept. 2013, as the title of “A “Kansei: Multimedia
Computing System for Environmental Analysis and Cross-Cultural Communication.”
Dr. Shiori Sasaki received her M.A. degree in Law & Politics and Ph. D. degree in Media and Governance from
Keio University. She is a Project Assistant Professor of Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio
University from 2004. Her research interests are in the field of Information Modelling, Knowledge Database,
Multimedia Retrieval and Analysis and Information Visualization. With research experiences in the field of
International Relations and Information Technology, she has engaged in several interdisciplinary research projects
which propose multimedia data analysis methods for the field of humanities and social science. She is a Program
Co-Chair of an annual joint-conference between Indonesian and Japanese young researchers on Knowledge
Creation and Intelligent Computing (KCIC) from 2012.
a
School of Housing Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, MALAYSIA
b
Faculty of Architecture, Ittihad Private University, SYRIA
ARTICLEINFO A B S T RA C T
Article history: This study compares shading performance on the front façade of two
Received 09 September 2017
Received in revised form 14 different architectural style apartments in a tropical region. The front
March 2018 façades of two high-rise apartment buildings in Putrajaya and Penang,
Accepted 19 March 2018 Malaysia are selected in this study. The first case study is a sixteen stories
Available online
21 March 2018 apartment building with traditional architectural style located at Precinct
Keywords: KE P16 in Putrajaya. Putrajaya is the administrative city for the federal
Apartment façade; government, and it is considered the latest new city in Malaysia which
Traditional Architecture; showcases postmodern design which exhibits a range of complex
Neo-minimalist geometric elements blending with colonial, modern and traditional
Architecture; architectural style. The second case study is Bayswater condominium
Sunlight Shading; Sun with neo-minimalist style, a twenty six stories apartment located at the
path diagram. east cost of Penang Island, Malaysia. The research concludes that the
shading elements and the façade design such as having recessed wall with
the balcony and roof overhang make traditional architectural style is very
sufficient and effective to provide good shading system during all the
simulation hours except for the first and the last hour of the day due to the
sun position angel.
© 2018 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.
1. INTRODUCTION
This research discusses the sunlight shading performance and comparisons of the results
between traditional and neo-minimalist architectural style apartment façade. This study tries to
propose a guideline for architects to overcome the problems of brightness and overheating due to
the insufficient façade design in term of shading performance (Bakhlah & Hassan, 2012; Arab &
Hassan, 2015). This research focuses on the traditional and neo-minimalist apartment architectural
style and examines the shading performance of the façade design as they are very common styles in
Malaysia. One of the recent studies was by Ismail and Idris (2002) , and Lim, Ahmad and Ossen
(2013) issues on heat gains due to exposure of modern and contemporary high rise building facades
to direct sunlight. The other study was by Abdul Rahman (1995) and Omer (2008) on housing
*Corresponding author (Yasser Arab).. E-mail: yasserarab2005@yahoo.com. ©2018 International
Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 9 59
No.1 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642. http://TUENGR.COM/V09/059.pdf.
design related to thermal comfort with integration of passive design solution to tackle solar
radiation. The study will be based on computer software to do the simulation in order to get the
sunlight shading, this study will be limited to two architectural style apartments in Malaysia the
Traditional and Neo-Minimalist style which are presently the most popular styles in this region.
2. CASE STUDIES
Two high-rise apartment buildings were selected as the case studies for the simulation on
shading performance in this study. The first case study is a traditional architectural style apartment
in Putrajaya the administrative city for the federal government, the city of Putrajaya as mention
earlier is new city with Post-Modern design style which shows varieties of architectural style such
as Colonial, Modern and Traditional Architectural styles (Hassan, 2005 & 1999). The selected
building is a traditional style apartment consists of sixteen stories and located in Precinct KE P16 in
Putrajaya (Figures 1 and 2)
3. METHODOLOGY
The extent sunlight penetration results will be calculated using SunTool computer simulation
software, the goal of this study is to get the extent of sunlight penetration and façade shading area
when the buildings expose to the maximum level of direct sunlight in the day time, the simulation
will be done when the sunlight rays are perpendicular to the building’s façades (the east façade
during the morning hours and the west façade in the afternoon and evening hours), then the survey
will be able to discuss the efficiency of facade’s shading design (Mazloomi, Hassan, Bagherpour, &
Ismail, 2010). The study will be limited to the changing of the sun path to get the perpendicular of
the sunlight to the east (90°) and west (270°) Table 1 and Figure (4) in order to get the results at the
maximum exposure level, and also the other limitation is that there are at certain times and dates
that the sun path’s azimuth is not possible to have perfectly at 90° (Hassan & Arab, 2013; Arab &
Hassan, 2012). In these cases, the closest azimuths nearest to 90° will be used when the simulation
is made from 8:00 am to 6:00 pm, which are listed in Table 1.
Table 1: Time, date and azimuth of the sun when the sunlight extent penetration of façade was
calculated for cases in Malaysia. (Hassan & Arab, 2014)
Orientation Time Date Azimuth Orientation Time Date Azimuth
7 am 23 March 90° 1 pm 16 September 90.5°
8 am 25 March 90° 2 pm 29 March 89.8°
9 am 27 March 89.8° 3 pm 18 September 89.8°
East 90° West 270°
10 am 28 March 90.1° 4 pm 26 March 89.9°
11 am 29 March 90° 5 pm 24 March 89.9°
12 pm 29 March 92.2° 6 pm 22 March 89.9°
In order to get the correct building orientation and positions, all locations, times, dates and
orientations data will be keyed in the SunTool software to do calculate the percentage of the façade
shading area (Figures 5 and 6), and then the facade’s dimensions such as depth of exterior shading
device, height, wall’s width and sill height will be keyed in the SunTool software. The software will
be able to do the simulations after drawing the façade section and enter all required data.
4. SUNLIGHT SHADING
The main areas of the facade are opaque and glazing areas made from reinforce concrete
columns and beams cladded with bricks and glasses windows. The amount of shading area of
opaque and glazing areas will be calculated by 'SunTool' program (Figure 6) the amount of shading
and exposed area will be calculated based on the following formula:
TGA = GH x GW (5),
where: GH = Glazing Height
Figure 6: Formulas’ abbreviation on facade and section in the calculation of the amount of shading
area (Arab & Hassan, 2015)
5. RESULTS ANALYSIS
This study analysis compares the façade sunlight shading performance of two different
architectural style apartment, the first is with traditional style in Putrajaya, while the other case
study has neo-minimalist façade design located in Penang, Malaysia. The comparison will be
between the living room door sections in both case studies. Table (2) and Figures 7 show the results
of the shading area both case studies.
Table 2 and Figure 7 show the simulation results of the sunlight shading of both of traditional
and neo-minimalist case studies. The results show that the traditional style has slightly better
performance during the early morning hours, starts with 8% total shading area at the first simulation
hour and then increases to 25%, 48% and 82% shading area at 9:00, 10:00 and 11:00 am
respectively. On the other hand the neo-minimalist style apartment starts the day with 8% shading
area and goes up from 9:00 to 1:00 am with 22%, 42% and 72% total shading area in order. The
noon hours show an excellent façade shading performance in both of traditional and neo-minimalist
architectural style with 100% façade shading from 12:00 to 3:00 pm.
6. FINDING
From the analysis, this study compiles with the finding as follows:
• The simulations show that both case studies have similar shading behaviour during
afternoon and late evening hour.
• The sunlight shading area is in minimum amount during the early morning and late evening
hours, while the maximum during the noon hours.
• Both of the case studies façade have an excellent shading performance mostly from 12:00
until 3:00 pm with 100% façade shading area.
• The minimum shading area in the early morning and late evening hours is due to the small
sunlight angle.
7. CONCLUSION
The study concludes that the traditional architectural style building has better shading design
than the new-minimalist building style, the early morning and late evening hours show the
minimum level of façade shading area in both of traditional and neo-minimalist building because of
the very small angle of the sun rays and the sun position in the sky at these hours (Landry & Breton,
2009; Arab & Hassan, 2015), the results show that both case studies have similar façade shading
area behavior in most of the simulation hours. However, the simulations find that the Traditional
architectural style has better shading performance during most of the day time. The recessed wall
with balcony and other shading elements are very effective in the Traditional style façade design to
prevent the extent of sunlight penetration from getting inside the house deeply except for the first
and last hour of simulation because of the angle of sun position and provide good shading areas on
the east and west facades of the building. This study will provide a good example and guideline for
the architects and designer for better façade shading design.
8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to express appreciation for the financial support under Research
University Grant by Universiti Sains Malaysia.
9. REFERENCES
Arab, Y., & Hassan, A. S. (2012). Daylighting analysis of pedentive dome’s mosque design during
summer solstice with case studies in Istanbul, Turkey. International Transaction Journal of
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Style Apartments in Penang, Malaysia. International Conference on Biological, Civil and
Environmental Engineering (BCEE-2015) (pp. 1-3). Bali, Indonesia: International Institute
of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering.
Arab, Y., & Hassan, A. S. (2015). The Sunlight Shading Performance in Traditional Style
Apartment, Case Study of Putrajaya, Malaysia. American Transactions on Engineering &
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Arab, Y., & Hassan, A. S. (2015). The Sunlight Shading Performance in Traditional Style
Apartment: Case Study of Putrajaya, Malaysia. American Transactions on, 4(2), P 119-128.
Bakhlah, M. S., & Hassan, A. S. (2012). The study of air temperature when the sun path direction to
ka’abah: with a case study of Al-Malik Khalid Mosque, Malaysia. International Transaction
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Hassan, A. S. (2005). Konsep Rekabentuk Bandar di Semenanjung Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur dan
*Corresponding author (Yasser Arab).. E-mail: yasserarab2005@yahoo.com. ©2018 International
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No.1 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642. http://TUENGR.COM/V09/059.pdf.
Bandar-Bandar di Sekitarnya. Penang: Universiti Sains Malaysia Press.
Hassan, A. S., & Arab, Y. (2014). The Extent of Sunlight Penetration Performance on Traditional
Style’s Apartment Façade in Putrajaya, Malaysia. Modern Applied Science, 8(5), 132.
Hassan, A. S., & Arab, Y. (2013). The essence of design with light: Single pedentive dome mosque
in Turkey and Bosnia Herzegovina during winter solstice. In S. Omer, & A. S. Hassan,
From Anatolia to Bosnia: Perspectives on Pedentive Dome Mosque Architecture. Penang:
Universiti Sains Malaysia Press.
Hassan, A. S., & Arab, Y. (2014). The Extent of Sunlight Penetration Performance on Traditional
Style’s. Modern Applied Science, 8(5), 132-142.
Ismail, A. M., & Idris, M. F. (2002). Issues in tropical architecture: High-rise buildings and wind
driven. Proceeding of The 2nd Civil Engineering National Seminar. Penang: Universiti
Sains Malaysia.
Landry, M., & Breton, P. (2009). Daylight simulation in Autodesk 3ds Max Design 2009-advanced
concepts. Autodesk Inc.
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and Orientation on Flank Insolation of Streets in an Arid Climate City. American Journal of
Engineering and Applied Sciences, Pages 540-544.
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Professor Dr. Ahmad Sanusi bin Hassan teaches in Architecture Programme at the School of Housing, Building
and Planning, University Sains Malaysia (USM). He obtained Bachelor and Master of Architecture from the
University of Houston, Texas, USA. He was awarded a PhD degree from the University of Nottingham, United
Kingdom. He was promoted to Associate Professor and later Full Professor. His research focuses on computer
simulation on daylighting and thermal comforts, architectural history and theory, and housing in urban design. He is
one of the nine regional writers involved in the preparation of Guideline: Agenda 21 for Sustainable Construction in
Developing Countries: A Discussion Document, which was launched at The Earth/World Summit, Johannesburg in
September 2002. At the university, he lectures in architecture courses related to urban design, studio, history,
Computer Aided Design (CAD), and computer movie animation. He has integrated all these specialisations into his
research, teaching, consultation and publications. He had designed several architectural projects such as mosque,
USM guest house and a proposal for low-cost houses for fishermen community.
Yasser Arab is a research assistant and currently pursuing his PhD in sustainable architecture on Resident’s
Satisfaction and Sun Shading Model of Apartment Façade in Penang at school of Housing, Building and Planning,
Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia, he is teaching Studio For first year student and involved in
supervising student of Master of architecture. He obtained his Master degree in Sustainable Architecture from
Universiti Sains Malaysia, his research was related to natural lighting in Turkish Mosques. He got his bachelor of
architecture from Ittihad Private University, Aleppo, Syria. He is registered Architect in the Syrian Engineers Union.
Bushra Qanaa is an architect; she obtained her bachelor of architecture from Ittihad Private University, Aleppo,
Syria. She is a registered Architect in the Syrian Engineers Union. She worked for two and half years with Midmac
company in Aleppo, Syria.
Note: The original work of this article was reviewed, accepted, and orally presented at the 3rd
International Conference-Workshop on Sustainable Architecture and Urban Design
(ICWSAUD 2017), a joint conference with the 3rd International Conference on Engineering,
Innovation and Technology (ICEIT 2017), held at Royale Ballroom at the Royale Chulan
Penang Hotel, Malaysia, during 13-15th November 2017.
66 Yasser Arab, Ahmad Sanusi Hassan, and Bushra Qanaa
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