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Abstract— The purpose of this research is to estimate the fluid The main factor affecting the value of self-potential
flow movement beneath geothermal area by self-potential (SP) data variation is the presence of ground water. Potential flow is
analysis. The value of SP, such as curve shape, contour, and positive- caused by ground water, either as a solvent of the electrolyte
negative value are used to achieve the aims of this research. The
study was conducted in the area of Mount Patuha, West Java,
or other minerals.
Indonesia. This area is estimated as a prospect of geothermal energy. The natural potential of the earth surface consists of two
Measurements were conducted by using the amplitude of potential at components, one is constant and the other is time varying.
the position of reference point in the Kawah Putih, with a height of Constant component is caused by electrochemical processes,
2213 m above sea level. Electrode moves with the observation point and by components that change due to variations of the
of 10 m distance. The results of this study are shown in the form of potential difference of alternating current (ac) induction, i.e.
estimation of ground water movement to the northeast toward the
Kawah Putih area.
by an electrical storm and the variation of Earth's magnetic
field. Each component of the self-potential is called mineral
Key words—curve shape, self potential, contour, positive-negative potential and the background potential.
value, geothermal energy, amplitude of potential.
II. BASIC THEORY
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∇φ εζ (4)
∇P = − ση
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The temperature gradient through the rock sample will In the case of electrochemical concentration gradient and
generate an electric field. This phenomenon is called the potential gradient as driving force, the gradient of temperature
thermoelectric effect, and is usually caused by differences in and pressure can be neglected. JC as the flux flow of a
thermal diffusion of ions in the pore fluid and by influence of substance m is described by the Nernst-Planck, namely:
ions donor in the rock. This process is called as the Seebeck
Effect. JC ,m = −(Dm ZmCm F RT )∇φ − Dm∇Cm (9)
Coupled of heat flow (JT) and electric current density (IT)
which caused by controlling force (driving force), namely the in which suffix m determine the nature of the ions namely the
temperature gradient and electrical potential gradient, can be charge number and diffusion coefficient of the ion
formulated as follows: concentration. F, R, T are the Faraday constant, gas constant
and absolute temperature respectively. The first and the second
JT = −σπ∇φ − λ∇T (5) part of the above equations describe the flux of each substance
flow caused by effects of electrophoretic and Fick 's law.
IT = −σ∇φ −θ ∇T (6) Electrical current (IC) was observed as a result of Faraday's
constant and the sum of the charge and the flux flow of
In which σ, λ, π, and θ are the electrical conductivity, thermal substances:
conductivity, Peltier coefficient and thermoelectric coefficient
respectively. IC = −F{∑(Dm Zm2Cm F RT )∇φ + Dm Zm∇Cm } (10)
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a. Old Hills Volcano morphology (spread across parts of fracturing in geothermal reservoir through the monitoring of
northern, northwestern, southwestern, eastern, self-potential anomalies (Kawakami, 1994).
northeastern and southeastern areas of research). Geothermal energy is stored in the earth layers, whereby a
b. The complex morphology of volcanic cones and craters layer of earth can be solid or semi-liquid. At this, geothermal
Patuha concentrated mainly in central and western areas energy has been successfully utilized as a source of power. It
of research. is the heat energy contained in rocks and fluids in the crust
c. Cone and crater morphology Eruption Side scattered in layer. In geothermal systems, the technical term is geothermal
the southwestern sector, east-southeast, southeastern and reservoir. Reservoir states to store reserves of water, fuel oil,
northeastern mountain Patuha. and so on. Thus the term geothermal reservoir having an
d. Morphology Hills Berelief-ramps are occupying the west- understanding as a place that stores of geothermal energy. This
northwest, and Sinumbra Rancasuni area. energy is heat energy stored in rocks and fluid filling the pores
e. Leveling located in the northwest region including or rock fractures. The components contained in the geothermal
Cimanggu, Plantation Patuha, Rancabali and Rancawalini. reservoir consists of a hot porous rock, water (electrolyte
solution), and steam heat. The application of SP methods in
3.3 Stratigraphy geothermal exploration is based on electrokinetic mechanism,
Based on observations made directly in the field and analysis where the fluid -containing electrolyte to flow in a porous
of aerial photographs, we obtained a picture of the medium, giving rise to the potential difference.
stratigraphic study, which can define the area from old to A qualitative study of self -potential anomalies due to water
young as follows (Sutawidjaja, 2000): flow in soil has also been done (Vichabian, 2002). Their
a. Sumbul mountain product prediction results indicate that the presence of water
b. Kunti mountain product movement in soil can lead to self-potential phenomenon. The
c. Masigit mountain product vertical movement of water that seeps generate positive value
d. Patuha-2 mountain product of self-potential can lead to greater self-potential change for
e. Patuha mountain product the greater distance. Various application of SP methods in
f. Kawah Putih products geothermal exploration is namely to map the flow of
g. Secondary deposit hydrothermal circulation zones below the surface.
Hydrothermal exploration is to delineate the zone of fracture
3.4 Surface Appearance and fault zones. Besides the SP method has been widely used
Based on observations made directly on site obtained a picture of for monitoring the injection wells and geothermal wells.
the surface appearance / manifestation of geothermal Studies have also been carried out by Vichabian and Morgan
research areas are as follows (Fig. 3) (Sutawidjaja, 2000): (2002) concerning the flow of water in the soil. The results of
a. Areas of cold gas discharges their predictions indicate that the presence of water movement
b. Hot springs (30o – 82o C) in soil may cause the SP. The movement of water vertically
c. Fumaroles (93o – 100o C) raises SP positive, while the horizontal movement of water can
d. Mud pool (60o – 93o C) pose a greater SP to change the distance increases.
e. Steaming ground (60o – 83o C)
f. Hydrothermal alteration, hydrothermal epidote, typically
IV. SELF-POTENTIAL DATA ACQUISITION
associated with quartz, calcite and chlorite
In this study, measurements were conducted at the Kawah
At first, self-potential method is used to determine the areas
Putih, Mount Patuha, West Java. Kawah Putih is at altitude of
of mining prospects (Sato, 1960, Telford, 1990). But along
approximately 2200 meters above sea level. Patuha is an
with the development of science and technology, the self-
andesitic stratovolcano mountain type. Geologically, the
potential can be used to investigate the prospects of
mountain is part of the Patuha active Sunda arc, which is
geothermal areas (Corwin, 1976, 1979, 1990).
formed from India-Australia plate subdued beneath the
Application of self-potential method in geothermal
Eurasian plate (Layman, 2003). Volcanism in this region
exploration is based on electrokinetic process mechanism
originated from the Upper Pliocene and Lower Pleistocene
where an electrolyte fluid flowing in porous media are that gave a unique system of volcanoes and crater lakes.
experiencing separation and accumulation of electric charge. Placement of observation points is shown in Fig. 5. Kawah
Measurement of self-potential from electrokinetic potential for Putih has a width of approximately 300 m to the water lake
geothermal exploration has been done in the flow mapping of
with temperature about 26-34o C. This crater contains acid
hydrothermal circulation zones below the earth’s surface
with pH 0.5-1.3, 2500-4600 ppm of sulfur and 5300-12600
(Yasukawa, 2000), which attempts to describe the fracture and
ppm of Cl content.
fault zones. In addition, self-potential method has been widely
used for monitoring of geothermal production and injection
wells. It is also used in the study of the process of hydraulic
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2210
2215
2215
2220
2210
2215
2210
2210
2215
Fig. 5 The point of self-potential measurement: Base (red) and observation point (blue).
The potential gradient method uses two electrodes to move for this study, the used method is the method of potential
the fixed distance approximately 5 m or 10 m. The observation amplitude with the position of the reference point (base)
point is the midpoint between two electrodes with units of located on a white crater, with the position coordinates on
mV/m unit. In this study, the used method is the potential 9207050 765 384 east longitude and south latitude with an
amplitude method. Measurement of self-potential at Kawah altitude of 2213 m above sea level. While the moving
Putih has about 41 points. The used Equipment in the data electrode (the rover) as figure 3.2 with the distance between
acquisition is a digital multi meter, porous pots, copper the observation point 10 m.
electrodes, cables, CuSO4, GPS and spades. The gridding data process is carried out using kriging. The
results are arranged in three slicing (A, B and C) as shown in
Fig. 6. The line A have the SP value between - 107,49 and
V. DATA PROCESSING 35.77 mV. There is SP value less then - 100 mV. Water
movement and sulfid deposit exist in this area, For line B, the
The data is made in the coordinates (longitude and latitude) SP Values are between -107,49 and 47.16 mV. The SP value
form. The measured data is corrected with base point less then -100 mV also obtain in this line.The SP values in line
(reference) and elevation. In the self-potential data collection C are between - 47.8 and 57.51 mV. The decreasing SP value
in this line due to fluids fracture zone.
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B' A'
2210
2215
2215
2220
2210
2215
2210
2210
2215
C'
Distance (m)
DistanceDistance(m) (m)
Fig. 7 The graph line A after correction. The SP value between Fig.8 The graph line B after correction. The SP Values
- 107.49 and 35.77 mV. There is SP value less then - 100 mV.
are between -107.49 and 47.16 mV. The SP value less
Water movement and sulfid deposit exist in this area. then -100 mV also obtain in this line.
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Fig. 11 The estimated direction of groundwater movement the fluid direction below the earth’s surface. The direction of
groundwater movement is northeast. Sources estimated to be in the southwest because at that point there are hot rocks.
Ground water moves through the pores of rock or fracture ground water and green dots with self-potential values
zone. This is because there are red dots with self-potential greater than 50 mV that indicates the existence of chemical
value less than -100 mV, which shows that the movement of reactions due to the movement of ground water.
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