Index

Absolute privilege, 171

ACPA. See AntiCyberSquatting Consumer Protection Act (ACPA)
Actual malice, 164
Actus reus, 113
ADR. See Alternative dispute resolution (ADR)
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), 2
Advertising, 208-211
Adware, 210
Adwords, 61-64
Agreement, 73-74. See also Contracts
ALI. See American Law Institute (ALI)
Alternative dispute resolution (ADR), 65, 82-85
Amazon, 8-9, 22
American Arbitration Association (AAA), 82
American Law Institute (ALI), 71, 73
Andrews, Erin, 136-137
Anonymous Internet users, 166
AntiCyberSquatting Consumer Protection Act (ACPA), 48
Anti-SLAPP statutes, 175
Appropriation of name of likeness. See Misappropriation of a person’s name or likeness
Arbitration, 82-85
ARPA. See Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
Barlow, John Perry, 182
Bell, Alexander Graham, 53
Berne Convention, 19
Blackberry, 65
Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences (BPAI), 59
BPAI. See Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences (BPAI)
Brandeis, Louis, 136
Browsewrap agreement, 77-78
Business disparagement, 177
Business method patent, 54
Cannon, Chris, 91
CAN-SPAM Act. See Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act
(CAN-SPAM Act)
Capacity, 74-75
CDA. See Communications Decency Act
CFAA. See Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA)
CFAC. See United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
Child pornography, 122-123
Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), 195
Choice of law, 8-9, 86-87
CISG. See United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)
Click fraud, 211
Clickwrap agreement, 77
Commerce Clause, 106, 119
Commercial disparagement, 177
Commercial speech, 161
Common law
contracts, 71
torts, 137
Communications Decency Act (CDA), 122, 152, 167-171
Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA), 119-121
Computer crime, 112
Confidentiality agreement, 66
Consideration, 74
Constitution
Commerce Clause, 106, 119
Copyright Clause, 16
Dormant Commerce Clause, 106
Due Process Clause, 5-6, 98
Fifth Amendment, 5-6
First Amendment, 46-47, 113-114
Fourteenth Amendment, 5-6, 114
Fourth Amendment
Full Faith and Credit Clause, 11-12
Patent Clause, 53
Press Clause, 162
Privacy, 182-183
Privileges and Immunities Clause, 106
Speech Clause, 175
State Constitutions, 183
Contracts
browsewrap agreement, 77-78
capacity, 74-75
choice of law provision, 8-9
clickwrap agreement, 77
common law, 71
confidentiality agreement, 66
consideration, 74
digital signature, 72
electronic signature, 72
forum selection clause, 9-10, 86-87
indemnity, 85
integration clause, 86
legal purpose, 75
limitation of liability, 82
merger clause, 85-86
mutual assent, 73-74
 performance, 74
Principles of the Law of Software Contracts, 73
Remedies, 81
Restatement (Second) of Contracts, 71
severability, 85
sources of contract law, 71-73
statute of frauds, 75-77
unconscionability, 80, 83
Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), 71
United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), 71
Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act (UCITA), 72
Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA), 71
Contributory infringement
copyrights, 27
patents, 60-61
trademarks, 43
Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act (CAN-SPAM Act),
123, 208
Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. See United Nations Convention on
Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), 71
COPPA. See Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA)
Copyrights
Berne Convention, 19
computer programs and software, 18
contributory infringement, 27
Copyright Clause, 16
criminal copyright infringement, 124-125
damages, 24
defenses, 27-31
deep-linking, 27
definition, 18
derivative works, 19
duration, 22
exclusive rights, 18
fair use, 27-31
first sale doctrine, 27
file-sharing, 24-26
infringement, 22-24
injunctions, 24
notice, 19-20
peer-to-peer file sharing, 24-26
public domain, 19
registration, 20-21
software, 18
transformative use, 31
video games, 18
 websites, 18
works for hire, 22
Copyright Act of 1976, 18
Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), 22
Co-regulation, 219
Credit cards, 191
Crimes
actus reus, 113
computer crime,112
Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, 119-121
copyright infringement, 124-125
cybercrime, 112
cyberterrorism, 112
defamation, 176
Federal Wiretap Act (Title III), 128
extradition, 131
identity theft, 126-127
international aspects, 131
mens rea, 113
phishing, 127
spam, 123
viruses, 111-112, 131
wire fraud, 128
Criminal defamation, 176
Criminal libel, 176
CTEA. See Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA)
Cuban, Mark, 80
Cyberbullying, 129-130, 146
Cybercrime, 112
Cyberlaw, definition, 2
Cyberpatent, 54
Cyber-SLAPP, 175
Cybersquatting. See also Anti CyberSquatting Consumer Protection Act (ACPA)
Cyberstalking, 138
Cyberterrorism, 112
Cybertort, 138
Data mining, 214
Data security
Deep-linking, 27
Defamation. See also Speech
business disparagement, 177
consent, 175
criminal, 176-177
damages, 165-166
defamatory per se, 163
defamation per quod, 163
 definition, 163
elements, 164
immunity, 167-168
mistake, 175
opinion, 174
privileges, 171
remedies, 165-166
Strategic lawsuit against public participation (SLAPP), 175
truth, 174-175
Dell, 83
Derivative works, and copyright, 19
Design patent, 54
Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), 22-23, 124-125
Digital signature, 72
Dilution, of trademarks, 45
Direct infringement of patents, 60
Direct Marketing Association (DMA), 219
Disney, 22
DMA. See Direct Marketing Association (DMA)
DMCA. See Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA)
Doctrine of equivalents, 61
Domain names, 41, 48
Dormant Commerce Clause, 106
DPPA. See Drivers Privacy Protection Act (DPPA)
Drivers Privacy Protection Act (DPPA), 194
Due Process Clause, 5-8, 98
DVDs, contracts and legal purpose, 75
eBay
minimum contacts test, 3-5
common clauses in EULAs, 80-87
taxes, 100-103
E-commerce, 77-78
ECPA. See Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA)
Economic tort, 147
E-contracts, 77-78
E-FOIA, 186
EHRs. See Electronic Health Records (EHRs)
Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA), 125, 195-197
Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), 176
Electronic Health Records (EHRs), 191
Electronic signature, 72
Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (E-SIGN Act), 72
Email
expectation of privacy, 115-118
identity theft, 126-128
phishing, 127
 sexting, 129-130
spam, 123
statute of frauds, 75-77
Employment privacy, 217-218
End User License Agreements (EULAs), 78-87
Entertainment Software Association (ESA), 18, 125
E-SIGN Act. See Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (E-SIGN Act)
EULAs. See End User License Agreements (EULAs)
Exclusionary rule, 115
Express conduct, 161
Extradition, 131
FAA. See Federal Arbitration Act
Facebook, 8, 215-216
FACTA. See Fair and Accurate Credit Transaction Act (FACTA)
Fair and Accurate Credit Transaction Act (FACTA), 190
Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA), 190
False light, 142
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA), 194-195
Fair use, 27-31
FBI Anti-Piracy Warning Seal, 125
Federal Arbitration Act (FAA), 85
Federal Circuit. See United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 191
Federal Trade Commission Act (FTC Act or FTCA), 210, 219-220
Federal Wiretap Act (Title III), 128
FCRA. See Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA)
FERPA. See Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)
File-sharing, and copyright, 24-26
First Amendment
crimes, 113-114
online speech, 159
torts, 154
trademarks and parody, 46-47
First sale doctrine, 27
First to invent doctrine, 56
Forfeiture, 113
Forum selection clause, 9-10, 86-87
Fourth Amendment, 114
Franklin, Benjamin, 93
Fraud
common law tort, 147-149
trademark registration, 47-48
wire fraud, 128
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), 185-186
Fruit-of-the-Poisonous-Tree Doctrine, 115
FTC Act. See Federal Trade Commission Act (FTC Act or FTCA)
FTCA. See Federal Trade Commission Act (FTC Act or FTCA)
Full Faith and Credit Clause, 11-12
Gambling, income taxes from winnings, 103
GLBA. See Gramm Leach Bliley Act (GLBA)
Google
Adwords, 61-64
Googleplex, 16
lobbying, 217
patents, 54
privacy and search queries, 203-207
Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA), 189-190
Grokster, 24-26
Hackers, 119
Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH Act), 191
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 190-194
HHS. See U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
HIPAA. See Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
HITECH Act. See Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act
(HITECH Act)
Hotels.com, 40-41
ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers), 48
Identity theft, 126-128, 191
IIED. See Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress (IIED)
Immunity, 167-168
Income tax, 92, 99-107
Indemnity, 85
Induced infringement of patents, 61
Infringement
contributory infringement, 27
copyrights, 22-24
patents, 60-61
trademarks, 42-43
Injurious falsehood, 177
In rem jurisdiction, 3
Integration clause, 86
Intellectual property. See copyrights, patents, trademarks, trade secrets
introduction, 16-17
vs. ordinary or tangible property, 16-17
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress (IIED), 145
Interference, 56
contractual relations, 149
patents, 56
prospective economic relations, 149-150
Internal Revenue Code (IRC), 92
Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 92
International, enforcement of
 computer crimes, 131
copyrights, 31-32
trademarks, 48-49
Internet
history, 2
patent, see cyberpatent
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). See ICANN
Internet Crime Complaint Center, 130-131
Internet Protocol (IP), 16
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
Immunity, 167
Subpoena requests for anonymous Internet users, 166
Internet Tax Freedom Act (ITFA), 93
Intrusion upon seclusion, 138-139
Invasion of privacy. See also Privacy
false light, 142-143
intrusion upon seclusion, 138-139
misappropriation of name or likeness, 139-140
public disclosure of private facts, 141-142
tort, 137
Invention. See Patents
IRC. See Internal Revenue Code (IRC)
IRS. See Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
ISPs. See Internet service providers
ITFA. See Internet Tax Freedom Act (ITFA)
Journalists, 162-163
Jurisdiction
crimes, 118-119
definition, 2
in rem jurisdiction, 3
long arm statutes, 5
minimum contacts test, 3-5
patent cases, 60
personal jurisdiction, 3-5
subject matter jurisdiction, 3
Killen, Heather, 2
Laches, 47
Laissez-faire, 220
Lanham Act, 37
Legal purpose and contracts, 75
Libel, 163
Likelihood-of-confusion test, 42
Limitation of liability in EULAs, 82
Literal infringement of patents, 61
Lobbying, 217
Long arm statute, 5
Love Bug virus, 131
Madrid Protocol, 49
Markman Hearing, 62
Medical identity theft (MIT), 191
Melissa Virus, 111-112
Mens rea, 113
Merger clause, 85-86
Method patent. See business method patent
Minimum contacts test, 3-5
Miranda, 115
Misappropriation of a person’s name or likeness, 139-141
Misrepresentation, 147
Mistake, 175
MIT. See Medical identity theft (MIT)
Model Penal Code, 113
Mutual assent, 73-74
MySpace, 142
Napster, 24
National Arbitration Forum (NAF), 82
Negligence, 137
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress, 146
Negotiated Rulemaking (neg-reg), 219
Netflix, 197
Obama, Barack, 106-107, 111
Obviousness, 56-59
Official Gazette for Trademarks (OG), 39
OG. See Official Gazette for Trademarks (OG)
Opinion, 174
Overbreadth, 159-160
Overstock.com, 150
Paris Convention, 49
Parody, 46-47
Patents
agent, 56
business method patent, 54
contributory infringement, 60-61
definition, 53
design patent, 54
direct infringement, 60
doctrine of equivalents, 61
duration, 17
first to invent doctrine, 56
induced infringement, 61
infringement, 60
interference, 56
jurisdiction, 60
 literal infringement, 61
Markman hearing, 62
obviousness, 56-59
patentability, 56-59
patentee, 60
prosecution, 56
prior art, 59
remedies
types, 54
utility patent, 54
Peer-to-peer file sharing, 24-26
Personal jurisdiction, 3
PHI. See Protected health information (PHI)
Phishing, 127, 210
Pornography, 112-113
Press, 162-163
Press Clause, 162
Principal Register, 39
Principles of the Law of Software Contracts, 73, 81
Prior art, 59
Prioritizing Resources and Organization for Intellectual Property Act (PRO-IP Act), 32
Prior restraint, 162
Privacy
Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), 195
constitutional right, 182-183
cyberbullying, 129-130, 146
cyberstalking, 138
Drivers Privacy Protection Act (DPPA), 194
Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA), 195-197
Fair and Accurate Credit Transaction Act (FACTA), 190
Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA), 190
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), 185-186
Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA), 189-190
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 190-194
Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH Act),
191
Medical identity theft (MIT), 191
Privacy Act, 183-184
Protected health information (PHI), 191
Red Flag Rule, 190
search queries, 203-207
torts and civil actions, 138-145
Video Privacy Protection Act (VPPA), 197
workplace, 218-219
Privileges, 171
Privileges and Immunities Clause, 106
Product disparagement, 177
PRO-IP Act. See Prioritizing Resources and Organization for Intellectual Property Act (PRO-IP
Act)
Prosecution of patents, 59
Prosecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to End the Exploitation of Children Today Act of 2003
(PROTECT Act), 122-123
Prospective economic relations, 149-150
Prosser, William, 141
PROTECT Act. See Prosecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to End the Exploitation of Children
Today Act of 2003 (PROTECT Act)
Protected health information (PHI), 191
PTO. See U.S. Patent and Trademark office (USPTO or PTO)
Public domain and copyrights, 19
Public figure, 164-165
Qualified privilege, 171
Register of Copyrights, 20-21
Red Flag Rule, 190
Remedies
defamation, 165-166
patents, 64-65
Restatements
Restatement (Second) of Contracts, 71
Restatement (Second) of Torts, 137-143
Reverse-FOIA suit, 186
Right of publicity, 140-141
SAFE WEB Act, 123
Sales tax, 93
Seal, FBI Anti-Piracy, 125
Search queries, 203-207
Second Life, 104
Self-regulation, 219
Search queries and privacy, 203-207
Second Life, 86
Service of process, 7-8
Service marks, 37
Severability, 85
Sexting, 129-130
Slander, 163
SLAPP. See Strategic lawsuit against public participation (SLAPP)
Social networking site, 201
Social Security numbers, 118-119
Software
Arbitration, 82-85
common clauses in software contacts, 80-87
copyright protection, 18
free and open source software, 18
 trade secrets, 65-66
Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act. See Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA)
Sotomayor, Sonia, 82
Sources of contract law, 80-87
Sovereign immunity, 153
Spam, 123, 208
Speech. See also Defamation
actual malice, 164
commercial speech, 161
expressive conduct, 161
overbreadth, 159-160
press, 162-163
prior restraint, 162
public forum analysis, 161-162
time place and manner restrictions, 161-162
unprotected speech, 160
vagueness, 159-160
Speech Clause, 159
Spyware, 129
SSUTA. See Streamlined Sales and Use Tax Agreement (SSUTA)
Standing, 208
State Constitutions, 183
Statute of frauds, 75-77
Statute of limitation, 154
Strategic lawsuit against public participation (SLAPP), 175
Streamlines Sales and Use Tax Agreement (SSUTA), 99
Streamlined Sales Tax Project (SSTP), 99
Strict liability, 137, 150-151
STTP. See Streamlined Sales Tax Project (SSTP)
Subject matter jurisdiction, 3
Subpoena
anonymous Internet users, 166
journalists, 163
Substantial nexus test, 94
Taxes
gambling, 103
income tax, 92, 99-107
Internet Revenue Code, 92
Internet Revenue Service, 92
Internet Tax Freedom Act (ITFA), 93
Privileges and Immunities Clause, 106
sales tax, 93
Streamlined Sales and Use Tax Agreement (SSUTA), 99
substantial nexus test, 94
tax gap, 103
telecommuters, 106
 Treasury Regulations, 92
Unlawful Internet Gambling Act (UIGEA), 103
use tax, 98
virtual worlds, 104
Tax gap, 103
TDRA. See Trademark Dilution Revision Act (TDRA)
Telecommuters, 106
Telecommuter Tax Fairness Act, 106
Telework Enhancement Act, 106
Terms of Use Agreement (TOA), 78
Time, place, and manner restrictions, 161-162
Title III. See Federal Wiretap Act (Title III)
TLT. See Trademark Law Treaty (TLT)
Torts
common law, 137
cyberbullying, 146
cyberstalking, 146
cybertorts, 139
defenses, 152-154
definition, 137
intentional infliction of emotional distress, 145
invasion of privacy, 138-145
negligence, 137
negligent infliction of emotional distress, 146
remedies, 151-152
strict liability, 137, 150-151
Tortfeasor, 137
Trademarks
contributory infringement, 43-44
defenses, 46-48
definition, 36
dilution, 45
domain names, 48
generic, 45
infringement, 42-44
laches, 47
Lanham Act, 37
likelihood of confusion test, 42
marking, 42
Official Gazette
parody , 46-47
Principal Register, 39
registration, 38-31
service mark, 37
trade name, 40
unclean hands, 47
Trade libel, 177
Trademark Dilution Revision Act (TDRA), 45
Trademark Electronic Application System (TEAS), 39
Trademark Electronic Search System (TESS), 39
Trademark Law Treaty (TLT), 49
Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (TTAB), 39
Trade name, 40
Trade Related Aspects of International Property Rights Agreement (TRIPS Agreement), 32
Trade secrets, 65-66
Transformative use, 31
Treasury Regulations, 92
TRIPS Agreement. See Trade Related Aspects of International Property Rights Agreement
(TRIPS Agreement)
Trojan horses, 112
Truth, 174-175
TTAB. See Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (TTAB)
Twitter, 166
Twilight, 19
UCC. See Uniform Commercial Code (UCC)
UCITA. See Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act (UCITA)
UDRP. See Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP)
UETA. See Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA)
Unclean hands, 47
UIGEA. See Unlawful Internet Gambling Act (UIGEA)
Undertaking Spam, Spyware, and Fraud with Enforcers Beyond Borders Act of 2006 (SAFE
WEB Act). See SAFE Web Act
Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), 71
Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act (UCITA), 72-73
Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP), 48
Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA), 71-72
Uniform Trade Secrets Act (UTSA), 65
United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), 71
Universal Copyright Convention, 32
Unlawful Internet Gambling Act (UIGEA), 103
Unprotected speech, 160
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, 59
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), 191
U.S. Patent and Trademark office (USPTO or PTO), 38, 55
Board of Patent Appeals & Interferences, 59
U.S. Tax Court, 92
USTPO. See U.S. Patent and Trademark office (USPTO or PTO)
Use tax, 98
Utility patent, 54
UTSA. See Uniform Trade Secrets Act (UTSA)
Vagueness, 159-160
Venue, 9
Video games, 18
Video Privacy Protection Act (VPPA), 197
Viral marketing, 143-145
Viruses, 111-112, 131
Virtual worlds, 104
VPPPA. See Video Privacy Protection Act (VPPA)
Ware, James, 207
Warranties, 80-81
WCT. See WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT)
Websites and copyright protection, 18
What law governs. See Choice of law
WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT), 32
Wire fraud, 128
Wiretap. See Federal Wiretap Act (Title III)
Workplace privacy, 218-219
Works for hire, 22
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), 32
World of Warcraft, 104
World Trade Organization (WTO) , 32
Worms, 112
WTO. See World Trade Organization (WTO)
Yahoo!, 2, 146, 148
Zuckerberg, Mark, 201, 215