Section Views

Introduction
 Necessity of a section view
Given

Orthographic
projection Orthographic
Section projection
principle
technique principle

Yes

Internal features
make a view
difficult to read
or dimension?

No

Finish
 Purposes

Clarify an internal feature.

Facilitate dimensioning.

Example

Regular
view

Section
view
Basic components
 category
 Cross-section view  Cross-section view
of detail of assembly

6
 Cutting plane
Cutting plane is an imaginary plane that cuts through the
object.
A section view is obtained by viewing the object after removed the
cover up part in the direction normal to the cutting plane.
Location and direction of a cutting plane depend on a hidden
feature that is needed to be revealed.

Example Cutting
plane

Section view

Basic Components
 Cutting plane line
In an orthographic view, a cutting plane is presented as a
“cutting plane line, CPL” and is drawn in either of an
adjacent view of the section view.

Given Direction 1 Direction 2 Direction 3

CPL

Section
view

Section Section
CPL view view
 Section lining : Purpose

Section lines or cross-hatch lines are added to a section

view to indicate surface that are cut by a cutting plane.

Examples

Section view Section view

without section lines with section lines

Visible surfaces and edges behind the cutting plane are drawn in a section view.
 Section lining : Symbol
The section lines are different for each type of material.
Practically, the cast iron symbol is used most often for
any materials.

Examples

Cast iron, Steel Concrete

Malleable iron

Sand Wood
 Section lining : Recommended practice 1
The spacing between lines may vary from 1.5 mm for
small sectioned areas to 3 mm for large sectioned areas.

Examples
Poor practices

Too dense Too coarse

Uneven spacing Uneven orientation

 Section lining : Recommended practice 2
It should not run parallel or perpendicular to contour of
the view.
Poor practices
Examples
 Section lining : Special case
When the sectioned area is large, an outline sectioning
may be used to save time.

Example

Basic Components
Types of section
Conventional practice : Treatment of a hidden
line
Hidden lines are usually omitted within the section lined area.

Example

Hidden lines
present.

Hidden lines
are omitted.
Conventional practice : Treatment of a hidden line
 show hidden lines only when the object would be
misinterpreted if they were not shown.

16
 Full section : Concept & example
A section view is made by passing the straight cutting
plane completely through the part.
Example
A closer look
 Offset section : Concept & example
A section view is made by passing the bended cutting
plane completely through the part.

Example

Edge views of
the cutting plane
are omitted
 Half section : Concept & example
A section view is made by passing the cutting plane halfway
through an object and remove a quarter of it.

Example
 Half section : Conventional practice
A center line is used for separating the sectioned half from
the unsectioned half of the view.
Hidden line is omitted in unsectioned half of the view.
Broken-out section : Concept & example
A section view is made by passing the cutting plane normal
to the viewing direction and removing the portion of an
object in front of it.
Example

Conventional practices
The sectioned and unsectioned
portions are separated by
a break line.
Break line is freehand drawn
as a thin continuous line.
Cutting plane line is not
necessary.
Broken-out section : Concept & example

23
 Revolved section : Concept & example
A section view is made by revolving the cross-section view
90o about a cutting plane line and drawn on the orthographic
view.
Example
a

b
 Revolved section :
Placement of a cross-section view

1. Superimposed to orthographic view.

2. Break from orthographic view.

Break Superimposed
Revolved section : Additional example
 Removed
6. Removed section : Concept
section

Removed section is created with the same concept

as a revolved section. But, the cross-section view
is shown outside the view.
 Removed section
Example : Revolved vs. removed sections. :
Comparison with a revolved section

Revolved section Removed section

 Removed section
Example : Situation that removed section: Advantage
is preferred.

Removed section technique can improve a reading of

the orthographic view.

Example

Revolved
section
Removed
section
 Removed section :
Alternative placement of a view

A single or multiple removed (cross) section view(s) can be

arranged without aligning with the cutting plane line, but it
have to be labeled name of the cutting plane line.

Example

A B

B
Section A–A Section B–B
A
Kinds of sections
 6. Removed section: Concept
Use an angled cutting plane to pass through angled
features. The plane and feature are then imagined to be
revolved into the original plane and the section projected
from there
Example

31
6. Conventional breaks : Concept

32
 Summary
Drafter has several choices of section techniques to reveal an internal
feature of an object.

Object having a symmetry, an appropriate choice is such as full

section or half section.

Object having several features that do not locate in-line among each
other, an offset section may be a good choice.

Broken-out section is usually used when a drafter need to reveal a

local detail of each feature.

Revolved and removed section views are efficient when a drafter

need to reveal only a cross section shape of an object.
Comparison of a different section
techniques
 Do not hatch ribs & webs
 When ribs, webs, and other thin flat parts are hatched, it
gives a false impression of the object’s solidity. Leave
the hatching of such features even though the cutting
plane passes through them.

35
Dimensioning
 Dimension techniques
Dimensioning of the section views follows the typical rules
of dimensioning.
For a half-section view, use dimension line with only one arrowhead
that points to the position inside the sectioned portion.

10

f 50 f 50
 Dimension techniques
Avoid placing dimensions or notes within the section lined
area.
If the situation is unavoidable, omit the section lines in the area of
the note.
To Be Continue