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AGRICULTURE STD 10
1.What are the geographical conditions (Temperature, Rainfall, Soil) required for
the cultivation of rice?
Temperature: 22° C to 32° C with bright sunshine. 27° C is ideal for ripening
Rainfall: 150cms to 300cms~ If irrigation is available, less rainfall is required.
Fields must be flooded in the first few weeks after it has been sown. Frequent
showers before ripening, helps to increase the size of the size of the grain. There
must be no rain at the time of harvesting.
Soil: Alluvial soil with a sub-soil of impervious clay which prevents the water from
draining away and allows it to stagnate in the fields.
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3.What is the Japanese method of cultivating rice? Why is it the best method?
The Japanese method involves:
a] The use of better quality seeds. Japonica gives a high yield and can be harvested in
95 days.
b] The seeds are sown in raised nursery beds
c] Seeds are transplanted in rows to facilitate fertilizing, weeding and harvesting
d] Irrigation is done regularly to ensure the required supply of water during the period
of growth.
e] Heavy manuring is done both in the nursery and in the field. -
Advantage: This method has increased the yield three fold.
7. What is India's rank among countries of the world in the cultivation of rice?
India is the second largest producer of rice in the world.
-Used only for local consumption - Most of the rice in India is of lowland variety
14. Why does India import its rice inspite of being the second largest producer of rice
in the world?
This is because of its huge population.
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WHEAT
1. What are the geographical conditions (temperature, rainfall, soil) required for the
cultivation of wheat?
Temperature:10°C-15°C and 20°C--25°C at the time of ripening
Rainfall: 50cm to l00cm during the growing season. Less is required if irrigation
is available. A little ram before ripening helps to improve the quality of the grain.
However, too much rain: is harmful as it causes mildew
Soil: Clayey loamy soil or black soil which should contain some amount of lime
and be rich in humus:
Wheat
nowing cont
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7 .Where does India rank in the production of wheat?
India is the fourth largest producer wheat in the world.
9. Give two man-made factors that favour the cultivation of wheat in Punjab?
1) The Bhakra Nangal Dam And canals made by man ensures constant supply of
water. The power supplied by the Bhakra Nangal Project is used to operate the
tube well. The flat level land allows the farmer to use a combined harvester to
harvest his crop.
11. Why has there been an increase in the production of wheat in the recent years?
1) Use of High yielding variety seeds
2) Adequate irrigation by canals and tube wells
3) Use of chemical fertilizers
4) Use of pesticides to protect the crop from pests & diseases
5) Development of rust resistant wheat
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MILLETS
3. What are the climatic and soil conditions which favors the
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PULSES
3. What are the climatic and soil conditions which favour the cultivation of pulses
Temperature: 20°C-25°C. Pulses are Kharif' crops in the north and rabi crops in
the south.
Rain: 50-75cms .Too much rainfall after sowing and during flowering is
damaging
Soil: Dry, light soil.
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OILSEEDS
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SUGARCANE
.
2. What are climatic and soil conditions which favour the cultivation of sugarcane?
Temperature: 20°C-30°C. Temperature above 50°C arrests its growth and
temperature below 20°C slows down its growth.
Rain: 75-120cms. It cannot withstand frost. For ripening it needs a cool dry season.
Soil: A medium heavy loam is ideal-In northern India it is cultivated on clay loams
and alluvial soil while in south India it is cultivated on brown or reddish loams, black
cotton soil and laterites.
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5. What does the farmer have to do to ensure a good crop of sugarcane?
OR
Why is there a lot of labour involved in the growing of sugarcane?
The fanner must:
1) Clear the land of all vegetative growth before planting
2) Add cattle manure and compost to the soil well in advance of planting
3) Remove the weed and pile soil around the plants as they grow, to help
underground parts of the stem to grow and to form buds, out of which new stems begin to
grow.
4) Maintain optimum soil moisture during all stages of growth
5) Use pesticides to guard the plant against the insects like moths, white flies, black
bugs, grubs, borers and diseases like smut, red rot, ratoon stunting and rust.
6) Remove the lower leaves so that air can circulate through the plants.
9.What is the difference between the sugar plantations of North India and South India?
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10. Why should sugar factories be located close to sugarcane fields?
Because once cut, the cane must be treated within 48 hours or the sugar content will fall.
Also it saves on transport costs.
11 Though the yield per hectare is higher in south India, the area under sugarcane is
more in North India. Why is this so?
North India has flat level plains where it is. easier to cultivate than the rugged hard plateau of
South India. Tube wells arid canals in North India make it easier to cultivate sugarcane under
irrigation.
13. What steps has the government taken to overcome the problems of sugarcane
farmers? . .
Several fertilizer plants have been set up.:
Large water reservoirs have been constructed to insure a more dependable 'supply of
water
In the Ganga plains, loans have been provided to farmers to construct tube wells.
Co-operative societies have been established to provide support to the fanners where
together they can take concrete measures to improve the yield and quality of sugarcane.
Steps have been taken by the government to consolidate small agricultural farms into
larger ones.
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RUBBER
1.What is natural rubber?
It is the Coagulated sticky milk or latex of the rubber tree, a native of the Amazon
forest known as HEVEA BRASILIENSIS ,.
5. What are the geographical conditions that favour the cultivation of rubber? -
Temperature: 21°C-35°C. Temperatures below 20°C are unfavourable.
Rain: 175-300cms, well distributed throughout the year.
Soil: Alluvial soil from which virgin forests have been cleared or laterite soils
which are porous and well drained.
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8. How are rubber trees tapped?
Rubber trees are tapped to get the latex from the bark of the tree. Tapping is a
process of controlled wounding during which thin shavings of the bark are
removed. The tapper makes the first cut between one and one and a half meters
from the ground at an angle of 30°C to the horizontal. The cut, which is about
2mm deep, is deep enough to sever the latex tube but net-damage-the cambium.
Tapping cuts extends to half the circumference of the tree and slope down to
the
right. The cut leads to a-vertical' groove, to the base of which, a zinc spout is
fixed. Below the spout a Coconut shell is placed to collect the latex. Latex is .'
collected after 2-3'hours and-emptied into clean buckets and-carried to the
estate
factory where crude rubber is extracted.
11. What is synthetic rubber? Where in India do we have synthetic rubber plants?
Synthetic rubber is made from benzene and ethyl alcohol, which are obtained
from steel plants and the sugar industry respectively,
There is a synthetic rubber plantation Bareilly in Uttar Pradesh and one at
Vadodara in Gujarat.
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12. What is vulcanized rubber?'
Vulcanisation is adding. sulphur during the processing of rubber and is important
for the production of tyres, hoses and conveyor belts. During vulcanization the
heat causes the sulphur to combine with the rubber and cure it. This makes the
rubber stronger, more durable and gives hardness and elasticity to rubber.
15. What are the advantages of propagating rubber by (a) seeds (b) bud grafting?
(a)Propagation by seeds produces standard. healthy planting material, as it is
possible to exercise intensive care when the seeds are planted in nurseries.
Besides, plants, which are found to be unsuitable; can be eliminated at an early
stage. ." '. . '. - .: . .:' ..•. ,
(b )Propagation by cloning or bud grafting ensures that the characteristics of a
good "mother" tree are transmitted to a vast number of trees
a) 25-30 years.
b) 250-400 trees
c) 250-300 days
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TEA
Q.l Mention the climatic conditions required for the growing of tea?
Ans. Temp: 13-35°C. Average of 25°C is suitable.
Humidity: - High humidity, heavy dew and morning fog promote growth
if healthy leaves.
Rainfall: Annual rainfalI (range) 150-350cm (well distributed)
Soil- Well drained mountain soil, light, loamy, porous rich in nitrogen
and iron/ laterite like the soil found in Assam
Q.2 Name two areas which are favourable for the growth of tea?
Ans. The slopes of hills as in Nilgiris (South India) and the Assam Valley
are ideal sites as stagnant water near the roots are harmful. .
Q.3 Why are shade trees planted alternately with rows of tea-shrubs?
Ans. l. Frost is injurious to the plant
2. To save the bushes from extreme heat of the sun.
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Q.8 Describe the various stages involved in the processing of tea?
Ans l. Withering Stage:.
Moisture is removed from the tea leaves by blowing heated air over
leaves that are spread on wire or bamboo trays. It takes one or two days
till the leaves turn soft and flexible.
2.Rolling Stage
The soft and dried leaves are now passed through a rolling machine with flat
circular rollers. When rolled the leaves are pressed and curled, rolling also
breaks the leaf cells and exposes the juice to the air for fermentation to set in.
This is what gives tea its characteristic flavor
3. Fermentation Stage:-
At this stage the tannin in the leaves is partly oxidized in a room under controlled
humidity and temperature. The leaves are spread out on glass special trays. Now
the colour of tea changes from green to bright copper red.
4. Drying Stage:- ,
The fermented tea leaves are then dried in large air-heated ovens-at temp.70°C-75°C
for 25 minutes. The leaves are then passed through a cutting machine where tea
leaves are cut into different sizes, large, medium, small and broken.
5.Grading/Sorting/Sifting:-
At this stage tea leaves are separated and graded by passing them through special
sifters fixed with meshes of varying sizes.
Q.9 Which is the most crucial stage in the processing of tea? '
Ans Firming/Drying stage: If the temperatures, are too hot the leaves will be scorched
and if temperatures are too cold the leaves may not dry properly.
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Q.13 How is the tea plant sown/propagated?
Ans (i) The seeds that resemble hazel nuts are sown in the nursery beds. They
germinate and grow for mine to twelve months. They are then transplanted in the
tea garden.
(ii) Another method is clonal planting Cuttings from good .high yielding plants
are first grown in nurseries till they are transplanted in tea gardens, 'Clonal planting' is
the more popular method.
Q.15 Name the state in order of ranks which produce tea on a large scale?
Ans Assam is the largest producer of the tea (more than 50% of tea is grown in Surma
Valley of Assam). West Bengal ranks second and Tamil Nadu (hill slopes of
Nilgiris) ranks third
Ans Kochi being nearer, to the tea producing areas is better. It reduces the
transportation cost.
There is a better network of roads and railways. .
The backwaters of KeraIa are used for transportation of tea.
Q.20 Name an area in the North-east and one in the south which produces flavoured tea?
'.
Ans. Darjeeling/North-east) and Nilgiris (south) are famous for flavoured tea
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.
Q.21 State the importance of this beverage/cash/plantation crop to the economy of the
country?' . .' .' .... . .'. ,'"
Ans -Being a labour intensive' industry it provides employment to millions of people'
which include men, women and young girls. . .'
-It supports the plywood, fertilizer and transport industry
- It earns foreign exchange for the country.
Q.22 How is Assam tea different from Darjeeling tea? Why is it mixed with other tea?
Ans Assam tea is pungent tea. whereas Darjeeling . tea is known for its exquisite
flavour. It is blended with other tea to-give it added strength and colour.
Q.23 What is the difference between Orthodox tea and CTC tea?
Ans The difference between the two lies in the method of processing.
Orthodox Teat- The tea leaves are processed by withering, rolling, fermenting
and drying whereas CTC tea - the leaves are passed through a machine that works
on the leaves crushing, tearing and curling them.
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COFFEE
Soil:-. Well drained, weathered volcanic soil, red and laterite soil. The presence
of humus is essential.
.
Topography:- grows on hill slopes at elevation ranging from 500mts to 1800mts.
b. After six months to two years they are transplanted in larger coffee
estates/fields between furrows(during rainy season)
Q.6· Why are coffee estates' inter planted with orange trees, cardamoms and pepper
vines? ..
Ans. . This is done to fetch additional income for farmers.
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Q.7 Mention the two ways in which coffee is processed? Describe each?
Ans, . The two methods are.-
(a) Plantation/Parchment method-
Beans are obtained by pulping the berries. The skin is removed. The
beans are then run through a series if fermenting and washing tanks. They
are then dried and left to cure. Hulling machine removes the parchment.
(b)Cherry or Native method-
The berries are dried in the sun to remove outer covering. The seeds are
pounded to remove their parchment - like skin.
Q.9 Name the three major coffee producing states in order of importance along with
the areas?
Ans. Kamataka - (Largest producer) Chikamagalur, Coorg(lst coffee planatation set
up in Chikamagalur)
Tamil Nadu - Annaimalai, Nilgiri, Palni hills.
Kerala - Annaimalai, Cardammom hills
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COTTON
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Q.l1 Explain the term Ginning?
Ans The raw cotton has to pass through a process called ginning. The seeds are separated from the
lent/fibres.
Q.13 Why are Gujarat, Maharashtra, Punjab the leading cotton producing states?
Ans They are the leading cotton producing states because they have the following favourable
factors:-
a)Temperature: 20°C to 32°C Plenty of sunshine is available for its growth, ripening and picking.
b)These places receive about 50-120cm of rainfall which is well distributed during its time of growth.
c)Water-retentive soil i.e. Regur Soil is available in these states.
d)Cheap manual labour is found in. abundance for processes such as sowing, picking, ginning and
packing.
Q.16 Name the state which accounts for highest yield of long staple cotton?
Ans.Punjab has the highest yield.
JUTE
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Q.2 Name the states where jute is grown extensively?
Ans West Bengal, Bihar and Assam grow jute extensively.
Q 7 Name the process that the jute has to pass through after being harvested? ,
Ans.1)Drying - plants are left in the field for three days so that they shed the leaves.
2)Tying - the stems are tied into bundles without the leaves.
3)Retting - is a microbiological process wherein the stems are immersed i.e, each bundle of stalks'
of jute plants without the leaves are submerged in gently flowing clean soft river water. This is
done to separate the long strands of fibre from the bark easily. The fibre thus slips' off the bark
easily
4)About ten/twelve stems are taken together and beaten with a mallet so that the fibre loosens from
the inner bark. .' .
5)The fibres are then washed in clean water, and also hung to remove extra water
6)Further the fibres are dried in the sun and then arranged into bundles.
7)The bundles are sorted out according to their quality.
8)Quality wise they are packed and pressed into bales.
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Q.9 By what other name is jute popularly known? ,
Ans ‘Golden fibre of India' because it is an important foreign exchange earner and it has golden brown
colour,
Q.16 Name the pest and disease that can cause damage to jute?
Ans.Fungal disease caused by jute mites.
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Explain
are separated
the term
from
Ginning?
the len~s.
The Raw cotton has to pass through a process called girming.
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