7

3
Electrical Systems

3.1
Medium-Voltage Systems

According to IEC 38 medium voltage systems are driven with voltages between 1
and 36 kV and fed from high-voltage networks (Figure 3.1). The rated voltage is 10
or 20 kV. Transmission is normally with the use of buries cables, which connect the
individual stations to each other in a ring structure with the help of isolating points.
The lines between the stations can be isolated in the event of a disturbance
(Figure 3.2).

Figure 3.1 Overview of a medium voltage system

Analysis and Design of Low-Voltage Power Systems. Ismail Kasikci

Copyright  2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
ISBN: 3-527-30483-5
8 3 Electrical Systems

Figure 3.2 Feed-in and load field

The network stations often incorporate two network transformers in a room (for
greater availability) and the main low-voltage distribution (LVMD), which supplies
the loads in the form of a radial network. The rated transformer powers cover the
range from 100 to 2500 kVA. The stations can be housed in precast concrete cells,
containers or special rooms (Figure 3.3).

Figure 3.3 Arrangement of the system parts

 3.2 Low-Voltage Systems 9

3.2
Low-Voltage Systems

Electrical switchgear comprises a multitude of various operational equipment and

components. The generation, transmission and distribution of electrical energy
takes place with these elements as shown in Figure 3.4. When all these components
are adequately dimensioned for their intended purposes under all operating condi-
tions, economical and stable operation can be expected.
For planning the supply network, it is necessary to thoroughly consider the net-
work design in order that the regulations and requirements are satisfied.
The following requirements can be summarized here:
. The network should be as simple as possible and its design should be easy to
oversee
. There must be optimum protection for the equipment installed
. Good security of supply and low network losses must be guaranteed
. Operation and maintenance of the network must be convenient
. The network must have good supply quality and minimum harmonics
. The network should be designed as well as possible as a radial system
. Project-related regulations must be observed.

Figure 3.4 Principle of switchgear

10 3 Electrical Systems

For the planning of networks and electrical systems, the total power of the system,
the size and number of transformers, the dimensioning of cables and lines, the size
and distribution o operating and short circuit currents, operational failures and
changes in loads must all be clarified as soon as possible. The thermal and dynamic
short circuit currents and the making and breaking capacities of the protective
equipment, the contributions of low-voltage motors to the initial symmetrical short
circuit current, to the peak short circuit current and to the breaking current, the
voltage drop and the system perturbations determine the stability of the system.
Electrical equipment must be designed so that its operation is not impaired by exter-
nal electromagnetic influences and so that the equipment itself dose not become a
source of disturbance for other equipment [3]. For this reason, during the planning
of systems it is necessary to clarify possible sources of disturbance as early as possi-
ble and initiate appropriate countermeasures. The following characteristic specifica-
tions are part of planning a low-voltage system:
. Type of supply
. Power capacity
. Coincidence factor
. System forms
. External influences on operational equipment
. Compatibility and serviceability
. Maximum transmission length
. Number of power supply units connected
. Cross-sections for the loads
. Fusing of circuits
The planning and installation of an electrical system requires the meticulous cal-
culation of the power demands for which the system is to be designed. This is deter-
mined by the equation

X
Pmax ˆ …Pi gi † …3:1†

The coincidence factor or demand factor gi indicates how many consumers are in
operation at the same time (Tables 4 and 5). It is an important factor for determin-
ing the feed-ins. When more motor drives are connected in the system, it is also
necessary to consider the utilization factor ai and the efficiency i in this calculation.
The maximum power demand is then ‰31Š:

XP gi a i
rM
Pmax ˆ …3:2†
gi

The meanings of the symbols are:

Pmax Power demand
Pi Installed power
 3.2 Low-Voltage Systems 11

gi Coincidence factor
ai Utilization factor of motor
gi Efficiency of motor
PrM Rated power of motor

Table 3.1: Coincidence factors for the main feed-in

Building type Factor

Residential 0,4
Apartment blocks
with electrical heating 0,8±1
without electrical heating 0,6
High-rise office building
Ventilation, heating 1
Data processing 1
Lighting 1
Sprinkler system 1
Sanitation facilities 0,8
Elevators 0,7
Cooling system 1
Schools 0,6±0,7
Assembly rooms, Theater, restaurants, etc. 0,6±0,8
Stores 0,6±0,7
Traffic systems 1
Administrative offices, banks 0,7±0,9
Kindergartens 0,6±0,9
Carpenters' shops 0,2±0,6
Butchers 0,5±0,8
Bakeries 0,4±0,8
Construction sites 0,2±0,4
Cranes 0,7 per crane

Table 3.2: Coincidence factors for important consumers

Consumer groups Office buildings Hospitals Department stores

Lighting 0,85±0,95 0,7±0,9 0,85±0,95

Electrical outlets 0,1±0,15 0,1±0,2 0,2
Kitchens 0,5±0,85 0,6±0,8 0,6±0,8
Air conditioners 1 1 1
Elevators, escalators 0,7±1 0,5±1 0,7±1

The apparent power of the network input can be calculated from the calculated
Pmax and the average power factor cos j. Once the total power, with a reserve factor,
has been defined the size and type of the transformer can be established. Supply
takes place in either a ring network or a radial network (Figure 3.5). Here it is neces-
12 3 Electrical Systems

sary to give some thought to the characteristics of the operational electrical equip-
ment which can affect other operational equipment, such as harmonics, reactive
power compensation, overvoltages, electromagnetic fields, voltage quality and power
system protection.

Figure 3.5 Low-voltage concept

The operational electrical equipment, such as cables and lines, fuses, circuit
breakers and transformers must be optimally chosen and dimensioned both eco-
nomically and technically. If no information is available, Table 2.3 can be used for
this purpose. The minimum fuse protection for a residential installation is 63 A. For
larger buildings, with or without electrical water heating for bathing/showering, the
effective powers for the dimensioning of the main lines can be taken from the dia-
gram in Figure 3.6.

Table 3.3: Planning values for networks

Category Power demand in W/m2 Reference area

Industry 20±150 Site area

Supermarkets 15±80 Shopping area
Department stores 30±100 Shopping area
Offices 30±60 Total business area
Housing Figure 3.6
 3.2 Low-Voltage Systems 13

Figure 3.6 Dimensioning of main lines for apartments without

electrical heating

Each project planning task begins with the collection of all data required for the
calculations and design. The coordination between all those concerned (owner,
architect and electrical specialists) plays an important part. The applicable stan-
dards and regulations, such as IEC and EN, as well as any country-specific regula-
tions, must always be taken into account. A few of the most important of these
are:
. IEC 60 364 Installation of power current systems up to 1000 V
. IEC 60 909 Calculation of short circuit currents in three-phase networks
. IEC 523 Current carrying capacity of lines and cables
. Conversion factors for the current carrying capacity of lines and cables
. Accident prevention regulations of the trade union for electrotechnology
. Planning of electrical systems in residential buildings
. regulations of fire alarm installations
. IEC 1024 Lightning protection systems
. EN 60204-1 Equipping of industrial machines
. Electrotechnical operating, service panel
. Lighting engineering
. Regulations for construction of the German federal states
. Accident prevention regulations
14 3 Electrical Systems

. Circuit documentation
. Power economics law
. Supply service
. Concrete-footing grounding electrodes
In practice we can speak of the following cases:

Case I:
1. The short circuit power is known or can be obtained from the power supplier.
2. The power and the short circuit voltage of the transformer are given.
3. The consumers and the connection locations are known.
4. The coincidence factor is given or can be taken from the tables.
5. It is therefore possible to calculate the cross-section of the main line,the
short circuit currents and the voltage drops.

Case II:
1. The source impedance of the source network and the length up to the feed-in
of the main distribution are known.
2. The consumer data are known and are drawn in on the planimetric map.
3. The coincidence factor is given.
4. The protective measures (TN or TT system) are known.
5. The installed total effective and reactive powers must be calculated.
6. The operating current is calculated from the total effective power.
7. The cross-section of the feeder line is calculated, considering the type of cable
installation and the voltage drop.
8. The main fuse or circuit breaker is determined from the cabling selected.
9. For the calculation of short circuit currents it is necessary to determine the
impedances of the individual lines and cables.
10. The short circuit currents for three-pole and single-pole short circuits are cal-
culated.
11. The cross-sections of the lines and cables are determined in accordance with
existing regulations (IEC 60 364 Parts 41, 43, 52 and 54).
12. The overcurrent protection equipment (OPE) must be chosen for these cross-
sections.
13. The break times of the individual fuses are read from either the characteristic
curves or from IEC 60 364 Parts 61.
14. The selectivity of the overcurrent protection equipment must be determined.
15. All data compiled can then be transferred to the overview, circuit diagrams
and the planimetric map.