Osha30 Ppe V6 SG PDF

Common PPE
Module Overview
Personal Protective Equipment
• Given construction worksite illnesses, injuries and
fatalities, objective of course …
– provide training and information to student to
determine, select and use proper PPE and Life Saving
Equipment in construction.
– Specific educational objectives:
• Hazards that require PPE and Lifesaving Equipment
• Information to select appropriate PPE and Lifesaving
Equipment
• Information to protect against safety and health hazards
• Identification of employer PPE requirements.
Module Overview
Types and PPE Elements:

• Various types of common personal protective
equipment (PPE).
• PPE selection, use, maintenance, inspection, and
storage.
• Head protection, eye and face protection, hand and
arm protection, leg and foot protection, whole
body protection.
TIP: Protective equipment must be provided, used, and maintained in a sanitary and reliable condition
wherever it is necessary by reason of hazards of processes or environment, chemical hazards, radiological
hazards, or mechanical irritants encountered in a manner capable of causing injury or impairment in the
function of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation or physical contact.
Module Overview
Module Description
• This module:
– References OSHA, ANSI, NIOSH, others.
– Real life case studies / lessons learned.
– "Why” and “Need” for PPE.
– Estimated length: 75 minutes.
– Audience: Employees, supervisors and
managers who use, select, maintain, and
inspect PPE.
Module Overview
References
• OSHA requirements, various sections of:
– 29 CFR 1910 (General Industry).
– 29 CFR 1926 (Construction).
• American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
• National Institute of Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH)and
• Others.
Introduction

• PPE!
– Referred to as PPE.
– Includes all clothing and other work
accessories designed to create a barrier against
workplace hazards.
TIP: This course references the Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA), American National Standards Institute (ANSI), the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), and others.
Introduction

• The 3rd line of defense.
– Should not be used as a substitute for
engineering, work practice and/or
administrative controls.
– Should be used in conjunction with these
controls to provide for employee safety and
health in the workplace.
TIP: Engineering controls include hazard substitution, and the use of hazard enclosures, isolation barriers,
ventilation, and similar controls. Work practice controls: improved work procedures and housekeeping to
minimize need for PPE. Administrative controls: worker training, altering work schedule or rotating
workers to minimize exposure.
Introduction
PPE Use
• Engineering controls:
– First line of defense!
– Engineering controls include hazard
substitution, and the use of hazard enclosures,
isolation barriers, ventilation, and similar
controls.
Introduction
PPE Use
Work practice / administrative controls.
• 2nd line of defense!
• Work practice controls: improved work
procedures and housekeeping to minimize
need for PPE.
• Administrative controls: worker training,
altering work schedule or rotating workers
to minimize exposure.
Introduction
PPE Use
Requires awareness and training.
• PPE does not eliminate the hazard.
• If the equipment fails, exposure will occur.
• Equipment must be properly fitted and
maintained in a clean and serviceable
condition.
Introduction
Selection of PPE
Purpose and limitations.
• Employers and employees must
understand the equipment's purpose and
its limitations.
• Workers have died wearing the wrong PPE,
thinking they were protected.
Introduction
Selection of PPE
Purpose and limitations.
– PPE must not be altered or removed.
– Manufacturers attain approval only after
testing and / or meeting specific criteria.
– If parts and accessories are removed or
altered, equipment approvals no longer exist,
equipment may become hazardous to use.
– Follow carefully the manufacturers’
instructions.
Introduction
Training Module Focus

Commonly used and specialized PPE.
• PPE most commonly used for protection
for the head, eyes and face, torso, arms,
hands, and feet.
Introduction
Regulations
Check state requirements:
• There are many states that operate OSHA-
approved state workplace safety and health
programs.
• Should check with state OSHA Program.
• Individual state may be enforcing standards and
other procedures that while "at least as effective
as" federal standards are not always identical to
the federal requirements.
General PPE Program Issues
Hazard Assessment
OSHA requires hazard assessment.
• OSHA requires that employers perform and
document workplace hazard assessment.
• Identify the hazards and necessary controls
to include PPE that may be necessary to
protect employees from hazards.
Defective PPE
Must not be used.
• Defective or damaged PPE must not be
used.
• To prevent others from using damaged
PPE, tag as defective and repaired
immediately or effectively discarded.
Training
Training is mandatory!
• Before work requiring use of PPE
• When PPE is necessary.
• What type is necessary.
• How PPE is to be worn.
• Limitations, proper care, maintenance, useful
life, and disposal.
TIP: PPE must not be altered or removed. PPE is manufactured with specific parts and accessories and the PPE
manufacturers obtained approval only after testing and meeting specific criteria. If parts and accessories are
removed or altered the equipment approvals no longer exist and the equipment may actually become hazardous
to use. Follow carefully the manufacturers instructions for use. Sometimes PPE may be uncomfortable simply
because it does not fit properly.
A choice
• In many cases, more than one type of PPE
will provide adequate protection.
• In those instances, employees should be
given a choice.
• When given a choice, PPE use will most
likely be assured.
Document Training
Write it down!
• That training has been carried out.
• Employees understand it.
• Name of each employee trained.
• Date(s) of training.
• Identify the subject (i.e. Hardhats).
Common PPE
• Common PPE includes:
– Head protection.
– Eye / face protection.
– Emergency eye / body wash.
– Arm and hand protection.
– Foot and leg protection.
TIP: Defective or damaged personal protective equipment must not be used. To
prevent others from using damaged PPE it should either be tagged as defective
and repaired immediately or disposed of.
Specialized PPE
• Types:
– Hearing protection.
– Respiratory protection.
– Body protection.
– Levels of Protection.
– Fall protection.
– High visibility clothing.
– Personal Flotation Devices.
Head Protection
BLS Survey and Head Protection

• Proof is in the statistics:
– Most workers who suffered impact head injuries were
not wearing head protection.
Head Protection
Head injuries
• Caused by falling or flying objects, or by bumping
the head against a fixed object.
• Head protection must do two things -- resist
penetration and absorb the shock of the blow.
Head Protection
Head Protection
Resistant and absorbing.
• Accomplished by making the shell material hard
enough to resist the blow,
• Utilizing a shock-absorbing lining composed of
headband and crown straps to keep the shell
away from the wearer's skull.
• Protective hats used to protect against electric
shock.
Head Protection
American National Standards Institute

ANSI
• Standards recognized by OSHA for protective hats
are contained in American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) ANSI “Personnel Protection --
Protective Headwear for Industrial Workers-
Requirements, Z89.1- 1969.”
Head Protection
Classes of Protective Hats

OSHA requires:
Employees exposed to flying or falling objects and/or
electric shock and burns shall be safeguarded by means of
approved head protection.
Compliance with ANSI Z-89.2-1971.
– Class A: Impact hazards.
– Class B: Impact and voltage protection.
– Class C: Safety hat or cap (i.e. bump cap).
TIP: The standards recognized by the OSHA construction standards for protective hats are contained in
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) ANSI Personnel Protection -- Protective Headwear for
Industrial Workers-Requirements, Z89.1
Head Protection

OSHA hardhat specification.
Class A: Impact hazards.
Class B: Impact and voltage protection.
Class C: Safety hat or cap (i.e. bump cap).
Head Protection

• ANSI’s new head protection
standard.Updated in ANSI Z89.1-1997.
– OSHA has yet to adopt new ANSI standard.
– Type 1: designed to protect from objects that
fall from above.
– Type II: lateral impact protection plus hazards
that fall from above.
TIP: Identify the type of helmet by looking inside the shell for the manufacturer, ANSI designation and
class. Helmets are date stamped by the manufacturer and should be replaced no later than the date
recommended by the manufacturer, e.g., 5 years.
Head Protection

• New ANSI classes:
– Class E (Electrical, formerly Class B) helmets
intended to reduce danger of exposure to high
voltage electrical conductors.
– Class G (General, formerly Class A) helmets
intended to reduce the danger of exposure to
low voltage electrical conductors.
– Class C (Conductive) helmets not intended to
provide protection from electrical conductors.
Head Protection
• Selection
• Type and class:
• Each type and class of head protector is
intended to provide protection against
specific hazardous conditions.
OMIT Head Protection
Firefighters
• Special head hazards.
• Head protection must consist of a protective head
device with ear flaps and a chin strap that meet
the performance, construction, and testing
requirements stated in Title 29 CFR, 1910.156.
Head Protection
Label and stamp

• Identify the type by looking inside shell for
manufacturer, ANSI designation and class.
• Date stamped and should be replaced no
later than the date recommended.
Head Protection
Fit
Headband, suspension:
• Internal cradle of headband and sweatband forms
suspension.
• Headbands are adjustable in 1/8-size increments.
• When adjusted to right size, provides sufficient
clearance between shell and headband.
Head Protection
Inspection and Maintenance

Care of helmets.
• Manufacturers should be consulted with
regard to paint or cleaning materials for
their helmets.
• Some paints and cleaning materials (i.e.
thinners) may damage shell and reduce
protection by physically weakening it or
negating electrical resistance.
Head Protection
• Cleaning
• Soap and water is one approach.
• A common method of cleaning shells is
dipping them in hot water (approximately
140º F) containing a good detergent for at
least a minute.
• Shells should then be scrubbed, rinsed in clear
hot water, carefully inspected for any signs of
damage.
Head Protection
Inspection
Check all components daily.
• All components, the shell, suspension,
headband, sweatband, and any accessories
visually inspected daily.
• Look for signs of dents, cracks, penetration,
or any other damage.
• If damage observed or suspected, replace.
TIP: Helmets should be stored in a clean and dry location away from heat, flame, sunlight,
chemicals, and dampness.
Head Protection
Storage
Clean, dry, protected location.
• Should not be stored or carried on the rear-
window shelf of an automobile.
• Sunlight and extreme heat may adversely
affect protection.
• Store in a clean and dry location.
Head Protection
Lesson Learned #1
Description of accident.
• Two employees were involved in a metal
fence installation project around a
community landfill. Equipment used was a
hand held fence post slide hammer, and
metal fence posts.
Head Protection
Lesson Learned #1
Description of accident.
• Employee, kneeling on ground holding
steady the metal fence post was struck on
top of head with slide hammer. Second
employee, standing, raised slide hammer
above top of fence post, drove down
hammer, missing fence post and striking
ground employee.
Head Protection
Lesson Learned #1
Nearly fatal!
• Emergency services was called in on a cell
phone. The seriously injured employee
required surgery and was temporarily
paralyzed from the event. He could have
easily died as a result.
Head Protection
Lesson Learned #1
Accident Investigation
• Identified several safe work practices and
controls.
• Mechanical fence post driver.
• Employees work at the same level.
• Stand clear.
• Use appropriate PPE.
Head Protection
Lesson Learned #1
Accident Investigation
• Injury best prevented by using engineering
mechanical methods.
• Severity of injury lessened by use of an
appropriate Class A or B protective
hardhat.
Eye / Face Protection
Staggering Statistic
• Injury frequency is shocking.
– Every day an estimated 1,000 eye injuries
occur in American workplaces
– Financial cost -- more than $300 million per
year in lost production time, medical expenses,
and workers compensation.
– Personal toll on injured workers.
Eye Injuries
What contributes?
Deficient eye protection:
• Not wearing eye protection, 60% were not
wearing eye protection at time of accident.
• Wearing the wrong kind of eye protection, 40%
were wearing some form of eye protection when
the accident occurred but inadequate for the job.
TIP: Every day an estimated 1,000 eye injuries occur in American workplaces
Eye Injuries
What causes eye injuries?
• Flying particles - 70%.
• Contact with chemicals - 20%.
• Injurious Light Rays such as from welding
arcs, lasers and other sources.
Safety Tip: Protection from Eye and Face Injuries Besides spectacles and goggles, personal protective
equipment such as special helmets or shields, spectacles with side shields, and faceshields can protect
workers from the hazards of flying fragments, large chips, hot sparks, optical radiation, splashes from molten
metals, as well as objects, particles, sand, dirt, mists, dusts, and glare.
Eye Injuries
Prevention?
• Always wear effective eye protection.
• Better training and education.
• Maintenance of eye protection devices.
Eye and Face Safety Devices

Four classes are:
• Glasses
• Goggles
• Face Protection
• Welding Shields
• Eye and Face Safety Devices

• Safety glasses / spectacles.
• Made with safety frames, tempered glass or
plastic lenses, temples and side shields which
provide eye protection from moderate impact
and particles encountered in job tasks such as
carpentry, woodworking, grinding, and similar
tasks.
• Also available in prescription form for those
persons who need corrective lenses.

Goggles
• Vinyl framed goggles of soft pliable body
design.
• Clear or tinted lenses, perforated, port
vented, or non-vented frames.
• Worn in combination with spectacles or
corrective lenses.

Face shields
• Adjustable headgear and face shield of tinted /
transparent acetate or polycarbonate materials, or wire
screen.
• Various sizes, tensile strength, impact/heat resistance and
light ray filtering capacity.
• Operations when entire face needs protection against
flying particles, metal sparks, and chemical/biological
splashes.
Welding/Hot Work
Welders/ hot work goggles:
• Provide protection from sparking, scaling,
or splashing metals and harmful light rays.
• Lenses are impact resistant and available in
graduated shades of filtration.
Safety Tip: INTENSE VISIBLE LIGHT Exposure of the human eye to intense visible light can produce adaptation,
pupillary reflex, and shading of the eyes. In the arc welding process, eye exposure to intense visible light is
prevented for the most part by the welder's helmet. However, some individuals have sustained retinal damage
due to careless "viewing" of the arc. At no time should the arc be observed without eye protection.
Welding Shield
Welding / hot work shield assembly:
• Vulcanized fiber or glass fiber body, a
ratchet/button type adjustable headgear or cap
attachment and a filter and cover plate holder.
• Protect eyes and face from infrared or radiant
light burns, flying sparks, metal spatter and slag
chips encountered during welding, brazing,
soldering, resistance welding, bare or shielded
electric arc welding and oxyacetylene welding and
cutting operations.
Welding/Hot Work
Welding/hot work shield:
• Protect eyes and face from infrared or
radiant light burns, flying sparks, metal
spatter and slag chips encountered during
welding, brazing, soldering, resistance
welding, bare or shielded electric arc
welding and oxyacetylene welding and
cutting operations.
TIP: Welding shield assemblies consist of vulcanized fiber or glass fiber body, a ratchet/button
type adjustable headgear or cap attachment and a filter and cover plate holder.
Welding/Hot Work
Shade / filters for eyes and face:
• Use filter lenses that have a shade number
appropriate for the work being performed
for protection.
• Shade numbers range between 1 and 14.
• Typical gas welding operations require a
filter shade of 4-8.
Protectors minimum requirements:

• Adequate protection against hazards.
• Comfortable.
• Fit snugly without interfering with movements or
vision.
• Durable.
• Capable of being disinfected.
• Easily cleanable.
• Kept clean and in good repair.
Combination
• Head, eye and face protection:
– Many hard hats and non-rigid helmets are
designed with face and eye protective
equipment.
TIP: Eye and face Protectors must provide adequate protection against the hazards for which they
are designed; be reasonably comfortable; fit snugly without interfering with the movements or
vision of the wearer; be durable; be capable of being disinfected; be easily cleanable; and be kept
clean and in good repair.
ANSI
Must meet ANSI specifications.
• Design, construction, tests, and use of eye and
face protection must be in accordance with ANSI
Z87.1
• American National Standard Practice for
Occupational and Educational Eye and Face
Protection.
• Marked to facilitate identification of the
manufacturer.
Fit
Especially prescription safety spectacles.
• Fitting of goggles and safety spectacles
should be done by someone skilled in the
procedure.
• Prescription safety spectacles should be
fitted only by qualified optical personnel.

Inspect and clean.
• Eye protectors kept clean.
• Daily inspection.
• Cleaning of the eye protector with soap
and hot water, or with a cleaning solution
and tissue, is recommended.
TIP: Prescription safety spectacles should be fitted only by qualified optical personnel.

Replace when:
• Lenses are found to be pitted, and deeply
scratched.
• Slack, worn-out, sweat-soaked, or twisted
headbands of goggles.

Protect against damage:
• Spectacles and Goggles should be kept in a
case or otherwise protected when not in
use.
TIP: If your safety glasses that were damaged were prescription you should contact your
eye care specialist to check to see if your prescription has changed.

Clean and disinfect:
• Before issued to another employee.
• Cleaned and disinfected regularly.
• Follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
• Generally soap and warm water or in a solution of germicidal
deodorant fungicide, allowed to air dry in a clean area then placed
in a clean, dust-proof container.

Clean and disinfect procedure.
• Soap and warm water or in a solution of
germicidal deodorant fungicide.
• Allowed to air dry in a clean area then
placed in a clean, dust-proof container,
such as a box, bag, or plastic envelope, to
protect them until reissue.
Lesson Learned #2
Event Description.
• As a result of one company’s Safety Glasses
Program, an employee encouraged his 18-year
old son to wear safety glasses while working at
his construction job. His son was resistant and felt
he didn't need them, even though he had gotten
aluminum dust in his eyes while cutting gutter
material. The employee continued to encourage
him to wear the safety glasses and his son finally
relented and started wearing them.
Lesson Learned #2
Event Description.
• After he started wearing safety glasses he was
applying siding with an air powered staple gun
when a staple hit a metal plate and ricocheted
back toward his face. One leg of the staple
penetrated the safety glasses lens and cracked
the frames. The son received bruising on the
eyebrow and cheekbone from the impact.
Lesson Learned #2
Statement from the dad.
• "The safety glasses definitely saved his eyesight
and possibly his life! If only one eye is saved, the
program is worthwhile, especially if it is your or
your son's eye!"
• Make safety a culture, a way of thinking and

acting.
Lesson Learned #3
• Serious accidents can happen in a matter of
seconds, but results can last a lifetime. When
you’re working at a job, particularly if it’s
routine work, it’s easy to get distracted and
either forget an important safety step or cut
corners. If you’re not careful, it’s only a matter
of time until statistics catch up with you. This
Lesson Learned is from a real life incident.
Lesson Learned #3
Event Description
• Recently, a craftsman was drilling a hole in a
portable stand. Although wearing prescription
eye protection at start of drilling activity, he had
removed and set them aside to enable him to
read small print on a drill bit. When drill bit
shattered and struck his right eyelid, he was not
wearing any eye protection at all. Employee
suffered a serious eye injury.
Lesson Learned #3
Lessons Learned Statement
• According to the BLS, three out of five eye
injuries occurring at work result from not
wearing any eye protection devices. By
failing to replace his eye protection before
continuing on with the drilling activity, the
craftsman significantly increased his
chances of incurring a serious eye injury.
Lesson Learned #3
Eye injuries are more common than you
think.
According to the Prevent Blindness America
foundation, eye injuries of all types occur at
a rate of more than 2000 per day.
Approximately 180 of these injuries will be
disabling due to temporary or permanent
vision loss.
Emergency Eye / Body Wash
Requirements
Eye wash / safety showers.
– OSHA requires that where the eyes or body of
any person may be exposed to injurious
corrosive materials, suitable facilities for quick
drenching or flushing of the eyes and body
shall be provided within the work area for
immediate emergency use.
Requirements
ANSI specifications:
• Meeting requirements of ANSI Z358.1
provided in all areas where eyes of any
employee may be exposed to corrosive
materials.
• Located where easily accessible in an
emergency.
Requirements
• Locate near the hazard:
• Eye wash and shower station is an essential tool to
accomplish the recommended decontamination.
• ANSI Z358.1 requires locating emergency eye wash

and shower stations in an area reachable within 10
sec following an exposure event.
• Emergency equipment must be installed on the same
level as the posing hazard with the travel path free
from obstructions
Supply Water and Controls

Quantity, temperature controls:
• Quantity of water should be enough to flush exposed
surfaces of the body for a period of at least 15 min,
• Water temperature tepid, 78 to 92oF (26 to 33oC) range.
• On/off control valve that stays open once actuated until
intentionally (i.e., manually) turned off.
• Freeze protection if necessary.
Testing and Training

To function in an emergency:
• Test stations monthly to ensure
• Annual evaluation to ensure compliance
with the flow and water distribution
• Employees at risk need training in proper
use of eye wash and shower stations.
Arm and Hand Protection
Arm and Hand Injuries

Examples:
• Injuries to arms and hands are burns, cuts,
electrical shock, amputation, and
absorption of chemicals.
• Wide assortment of gloves, hand pads,
sleeves, and wristlets for protection against
various hazardous situations.
Assessment
Evaluate the worksite for PPE needs:
• Determine what hand protection needed.
• Study work activities, dexterity required,
duration, frequency, exposure, stresses.
TIP: Know the performance characteristics of gloves relative to the specific hazard anticipated;
e.g., exposure to chemicals, heat, or flames. Talk to the manufacturer, vendor, supplier, or
company safety and health coordinator.
Assessment
Know the hazards and PPE product:
• Know the performance characteristics of
gloves relative to the specific hazard
anticipated.
• Talk to the manufacturer, vendor, supplier,
company safety and health coordinator.
Lesson Learned #4
Use the Right Protective Equipment Correctly
A fatality from using the wrong hand
protection.
Lesson Learned #4
Chemist died as a result of acute exposure!
• Dimethylmercury
• Chemist was doing research on biological toxicity
of heavy metals.
• She handled dimethylmercury on only one day,
while wearing latex gloves
• Person died just 298 days after exposure through
gloves to several drops of mercury compound.
Lesson Learned #4
What Was Learned?
• The 'super toxic' chemical can quickly
permeate common latex gloves and form a
toxic vapor after a spill,
• Handled only with extreme caution and
with the use of rigorous protective
measures.
Lesson Learned #4
Recommended Action
• When considering work with a highly toxic
material, consult with experienced Industrial
Hygienist for guidance regarding the selection of
protective clothing, including gloves.
• Review manufacturer's "Chemical Resistant Glove

Guides”.
Lesson Learned #4
A note about MSDSs
• MSDSs can be a good source of information to
identify the hazard and safe work practices for
hazardous substances however they are often
generic and non specific.
• For some toxic substances they can be simply too
vague to provide adequate guidance for glove
selection.
Lesson Learned #4
Request documentation on PPE.
• From manufacturer that gloves meet appropriate
test standards for hazards anticipated.
• For protection against chemical hazards, toxic
properties of the chemical(s) must be determined
–
• Ability of the chemical to pass through the skin
and cause systemic effects.
Selected to Fit Job

• Uses and limitations.
– Some gloves designed to protect against
specific chemical hazards.
– Wire mesh, leather, and canvas provide can
provide protection from burns and cuts.
– Become familiar with the limitations of the
clothing used.
Special Arm and Hand Protection

Working around electricity:
• Electricians need special protection from
shocks and burns.
• Rubber considered best material for insulating
gloves and sleeves.
• Rubber protective equipment for electrical
work must conform to ANSI.
Safety Tip: Click on the link shown to review OSHA's November 14, 2006 interpretation surrounding OSHA
requirements for warning signs and protection from electric-arc-flash hazards and compliance with NFPA 70E-
2004. LINK:
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=INTERPRETATIONS&p_id=25557
Special Arm and Hand Protection

• Welders and Hot Work:
• Face shields, leather gloves and gauntlets, leather
aprons, and fire- resistant clothing which are
designed to prevent burns by protecting from
welding slag, sparks, UV radiation, and radiant
heat.
• Clothing must exhibit fire resistance consistent
with OSHA standards and applicable portions of
ANSI Z49.1.
Lesson Learned #5
Routine maintenance activity leads to burns
• Incident could have been prevented with
effective work practice and engineering
controls.
• Injury or seriousness of injury could have
been prevented by correct PPE.
Lesson Learned #5
Lessons Learned Statement
• Even routine maintenance actions that
have been performed many times can
occasionally lead to accidents or injuries.
• Appropriate personal protective clothing,
procedures, and engineered safeguards
should be employed to guard against all
reasonable accident scenarios.
Lesson Learned #5
Description of Incident-
• Two heavy-duty equipment mechanics were
attempting to remove a gland nut from end of a
leaking hydraulic lift cylinder while performing
routine corrective maintenance on a man lift.
They could not remove gland nut using only
mechanical methods so they applied heat with an
oxyacetylene torch to release tension on nut.
Lesson Learned #5
Description of Incident-
• Hydraulic fluid trapped between leaking
seal and wiper seal vaporized, escaped
from leaking seal, and ignited from heat of
torch. One employee received first and
second degree burns on his right forearm
from vapor flash.
Lesson Learned #5
Analysis- Similar repairs had been performed
safely without incident hundreds of times
in past. In this case, workers wore what
they believed to be appropriate PPE for job,
however, injured employee's coverall
sleeve was raised to elbow exposing his
bare forearm. Full welder's PPE was not
prescribed.
Lesson Learned #5
Recommended Actions-
• Wear full hot-work PPE, including fire retardant
gloves with gauntlets and a face shield, when
heating components.
• Remove all potential fire hazards before
performing hot work.
• Conduct periodic training on hot work techniques
and safety practices.
• Include potential hazards identified in Job Hazard
Analysis for hot work.
Foot and Leg Protection
BLS Statistics
Statistics show:
• Most workers who suffered foot injuries
were not wearing protective footwear.
• Most employers did not require them to
wear safety shoes.
• Typical foot injury caused by objects falling
fewer than 4 feet and the median weight
was about 65 pounds.
Protection of Feet and Legs

• From falling or rolling objects, sharp objects,
molten metal, hot surfaces, and wet slippery
surfaces, workers should use appropriate foot
guards, safety shoes, or boots and leggings.
• Leggings protect lower leg and feet from molten
metal or welding sparks. Safety snaps permit their
rapid removal.
Overshoe Guards
Protect Top of Foot.
• Aluminum alloy, fiberglass, or galvanized
steel foot guards can be worn over usual
work shoes.
• May present possibility of catching on
something and causing workers to trip.
• Overshoe guards meet ANSI Z-41
standards.
Hazards and Footwear

Many options for protection
Many types of foot protection to protect against
falling and rolling objects, cuts and punctures.
Steel-toe safety shoes; add-on devices: metatarsal
guards, metal foot guards, puncture-proof inserts,
shin guards are often worn.
Safety Tip: Foot protection must cover the entire foot.

Safety Footwear
Protection options, style.
• Sturdy and have an impact-resistant toe.
• Metal insoles protect against puncture
wounds.
• Come in a variety of styles and materials,
such as leather, rubber boots, oxfords,
sports.
Safety Tip: In addition to foot guards and safety shoes, leggings (e.g., leather, aluminized rayon, or other
appropriate material) can help prevent injuries by protecting workers from hazards such as falling or rolling
objects, sharp objects, wet and slippery surfaces, molten metals, hot surfaces, and electrical hazards.
Safety Footwear
Safety footwear and ANSI.
• Classified according to its ability to meet
minimum requirements for both
compression and impact tests.
• 29 CFR 1926.96 and 1910.136 reference
the ANSI standard.
Foot/Leg Protection
Chemicals and solvents:
• Wear impermeable footwear with synthetic stitching, and
made of rubber, vinyl or plastic.
• Know the specific chemical, feet and legs may be
exposed.
• Follow manufacturer's chemical resistant guides to
identify type of rubber, vinyl, plastic, other synthetic
protection for greatest chemical resistance.

• Electric current:
– Workers exposed to live electrical conductors must
wear safety footwear.
– Soles of electrical resistance footwear have specific
electrical insulating properties.
– Insulating properties of footwear will deteriorate in
wet environments and with wear.
– Rubber or cork soles, and heels, no metal parts and
insulated steel toes.
Foot/Leg Protection
• Extreme cold, heat, direct flame:
• For extreme cold wear shoes or boots with
moisture- or oil-resistant insulation, and
that can repel water and insulated socks.
• For extreme heat and direct flame wear
overshoes or boots of fire-resistant
materials with wooden soles.

• Other hazards:
– For sanitation wear special plastic booties or
overshoes; paper or wood shower sandals.
– For slips and skids wear non-slip rubber or
neoprene soles; non-skid slip over shoes;
strap-on cleats for icy surfaces.
– Sparking hazard (from metal shoe parts):
safety shoes with no metal parts and non
sparking material.

• Other:
– Sparks, molten metal splashes: foundry boots
with elastic sides or (that get inside shoes)
quick-release buckles for speedy removal.
– Static electricity: shoes or boots with heels
and soles of cork or leather.
– Wet locations: lined rubber shoes or boots;
rubbers or shoes of silicone-treated leather.
Summary
• Summary
– PPE is only a tool in fight against workplace hazards.
– PPE is not first line of defense. Engineering controls:
ventilation, isolation, enclosures are the preferred
method.
– Before acquiring PPE, important to do a hazard
assessment followed by implementation of an
effective program of PPE selection, use, maintenance,
inspection, care, storage, and employee training.
Specialized PPE
Module Overview
• Specialized Personal Protective Equipment
– Types and PPE elements
• Various types of specialized personal protective
equipment (PPE)
• PPE selection, use, maintenance, inspection, and
storage.
• Hearing protection, respiratory protection, fall
protection, high visibility apparel and drowning
protection.
TIP: Protective equipment must be provided, used, and maintained in a sanitary and reliable
condition wherever it is necessary by reason of hazards of processes or environment, chemical
hazards, radiological hazards, or mechanical irritants encountered in a manner capable of
causing injury or impairment in the function of any part of the body through absorption,
inhalation or physical contact.
Module Overview
• Module Description
– This Module:
• References applicable OSHA, and related agency and
organizational standards
• Estimated length: 45 minutes.
• Audience: Employees, supervisors and managers who use,
select, maintain, and inspect PPE.
Module Overview
Module Agenda
• We’ll Cover:
– Types of specialized PPE to protect against unique
hazards (i.e. noise, respiratory, chemical exposures,
falls, mobile equipment, dangerous waters).
– Present in general terms: PPE selection, use,
maintenance, inspection and care.
– Present case studies to underline the need and use of
specialized PPE.
Module Overview
References
• Include:
• OSHA requirements, various sections of:
– 29 CFR 1910 (General Industry)
– 29 CFR 1926 (Construction).
• American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH)
• United States Coast Guard
• Others.
Hearing Protection
Noise / Unwanted Sound

• Common occupational health problem.
– 30 million people in U.S. occupationally
exposed.
– 10 million people have occupational noise-
induced hearing loss.
– Noise-induced hearing loss can be reduced
through engineering, work practice and
personal protective equipment programs.
Hearing Protection
Hearing Conservation Programs

• Measurement of Noise?
– Most important part of workplace hearing
conservation and noise control program.
– Noise monitoring helps identify:
• Work locations where noise problems.
• Employees who may be affected.
• Where noise measurements needed.
• Who / where needs hearing protection.
Hearing Protection
Monitoring
• Required to accurately identify exposures.
– At or above 85 decibels (dB) averaged over 8
working hours, or an 8-hour time-weighted
average (TWA).
– All continuous, intermittent, and impulsive
noise
– Repeated when changes in production,
process, or controls increase noise exposure.
Hearing Protection
Noise Monitoring Instruments

• Three principal types.
– Sound Level Meter
– Octave Band Analyzer
– Noise Dosimeter.
– Instruments carefully checked and calibrated
to ensure that measurements are accurate.
Hearing Protection
"Hierarchy of Controls“
• Three prioritized strategies:
– Engineering Controls
– Administrative Controls / Work Practice
Controls
– Personal Protective Equipment.
Hearing Protection
Hearing Protection Used When

• Hearing Protection:
– Used when noise hazards cannot be controlled
though engineering, administrative or work
practices controls.
– Hearing protection does not control the
hazard.
– Used while engineering, administrative and
work practices being implemented.
Hearing Protection
Hearing Protection Background

– To minimize frequency and intensity of noise.
– Should wear hearing protector if noise or
sound level at workplace exceeds 85 decibels
(A-weighted) or dB(A).
– When worn properly, hearing protectors can
reduce the risk for damaging your hearing.
Tip: Did you know? Noise-induced hearing loss is 100 percent preventable but once acquired,
hearing loss is permanent and irreversible. Therefore, prevention measures must be taken by
employers and workers to ensure the protection of workers' hearing.
Hearing Protection
What is a Decibel?
• Decibel (dB) used to measure sound level.
– Jet aircraft takeoff at 50 ft. 135 dB
– Threshold of pain: 130 bB
– Chainsaw: 110 bB
– Power mower: 95 dB
– Passing Motorcycle: 90 dB
– Conversational speech: 60 dB
– Quiet bedroom at night: 25 dB
Hearing Protection
Ear Protectors
– Four basic types:
• Molded earplugs.
• Custom-molded earplugs.
• Self-molded earplugs.
• Ear muffs.
• For high noise levels, a combination of ear plugs
and ear muffs generally provide the highest level of
protection.
Safety Tip: Did You know? Ear protective devices inserted in the ear shall be fitted or
determined individually by competent persons.
Hearing Protection
Ear Protectors
Molded Earplugs:
– Usually made of plastic or silicone rubber.
– Available in a variety of shapes and sizes.
– Considered multiple use.
– Must be cleaned and properly stored after
each use.
Hearing Protection
Ear Protectors
Custom Molded Plugs:
– Made of plastic.
– Designed from a molded wax insert of wearer's ears.
– Multiple use but cannot be switched ear to ear.
– Need to be kept clean.
– Eventually wear out.
– Consult manufacturer re to cleaning and change out.
Hearing Protection
Ear Protectors
Self-molded Earplugs:
– Made of mineral down or plastic foam.
– Molded or formed by the wearer.
– One size fits all, single or multiple use.
– Prepared for insertion by rolling into a thin
crease free cylinder, inserting into ear canal,
holding in place with a fingertip a few
moments until plug begins to expand.
Hearing Protection
Hygiene
• Avoid contamination / ear infections
– When inserting ear plug devices:
• Wash hands before inserting earplugs.
• Replace disposable earplugs after each use.
• Clean reusable earplugs after each use.
Hearing Protection
Earmuffs
• Characteristics:
– Designed to be multiple use.
– Worn with the harness over or behind the
head, or below the chin.
– Generally more comfortable, but usually
provide less noise reduction, thus less
protection, than custom molded ear plugs.
Respiratory Protection
• A very broad subject.
– Get additional training if you are required to
wear.
– ClickSafety’s Respiratory Protection.
– Respirators often used to protect against
airborne contaminants and oxygen deficient
atmospheres.
Respiratory Protection Program

• Approvals and program elements.
– Respirators must be NIOSH approved.
– Program elements.
• Respirator selection.
• Medical evaluation.
• Fit testing.
• Training.
• Use, maintenance, inspection, and more.
Lesson Learned
• Important to Inspect Respirators.
– Proper inspection and fit checking before using
a respirator in actual conditions can avoid an
injury.
Lesson Learned
• Discussion of Activities:
– A Waste Management Operator was
performing the pre-use inspection and
negative pressure user seal check of a
respirator, when the exhalation flapper valve
was sucked into the respirators exhalation
valve body.
Lesson Learned
• Investigation
– During routine repair, flapper valve had been
replaced with one designed for use with
different respirator.
– Comparison of valves found similarities in
design and appearance.
– No personnel exposure or injury occurred in
this event.
Lesson Learned
• Recommended Actions:
– Inspect respirators and remove from service
respirators with incorrect flapper valves.
– Brief all personnel of problem and instruct not to
replace any flapper valves until correct part obtained,
procedure revised.
– This incident had good outcome, failure to properly
inspect and fit check have led to serious exposures.
• Two main classes.
– Air purifying devices: do not have a separate
air source. Purify inhaled through filtering.
– Atmosphere supplying respirators: supply air
from an air supply carried by user or located
some distance away with connection by an air-
line hose.
TIP: The discussion of respiratory protection can be very broad and to meet OSHA’s training
requirements you will need additional training if you are required to wear for your job.
Air Purifying Devices

• Function
– Cleanse contaminated atmosphere as ambient air
passes through air purifying element.
– Much lighter than SCBA.
– Enhance wearer mobility.
– Cannot be used in IDLH or oxygen deficient
atmospheres.
– Have limited duration of protection.
– Protects against specific chemicals / specific
concentrations.

• Have Use Limits
– Environments with sufficient oxygen to
support life and air contaminant level within
use concentrations.
– Generally limited to air contaminants not
highly toxic or airborne contaminant levels
low.
– Must not be used if air contaminants or their
relative concentrations are unknown.

Selectivity and Function.
– Selectively remove specific airborne
contaminants from ambient air by filtration,
absorption, adsorption, or chemical reactions.
– Two principal types of APRs.
• Aerosol / particulate removing respirators for dusts,
fumes, and mists.
• Gas / vapor removing respirators.
Case Study: Respiratory Protection

• Background
– A 32 year old environmental technician was
seriously injured when the respirator that he
was wearing was ineffective against a caustic
vapor to which the employee was exposed.
The employee received burns to the throat and
larynx causing permanent scarring.

• Background
– Collecting samples liquid from unlabeled container.
– Liquid contaminated with low level organic
hydrocarbons.
– MSDS not immediately available.
– Selected full face air purifying respirator with organic
vapor cartridges.
– Experienced burning sensation in throat.

• Acute Injury
– Employee immediately left area and removed
respirator.
– Employee not able to talk without serious pain.
– Employee rushed to the emergency care unit.

• Injury and outcome.
– Diagnosis was acute chemical burns to upper
respiratory tract.
– Injury resulted in permanent scarring of upper
respiratory tract.
– Employee will have difficulty talking for many
years to come.

• Investigation
– More in liquid than low level organic petroleum
hydrocarbons.
– Liquid contained caustic ammonia product.
– Cartridges in air purifying respirator ineffective.
– Caustic vapor passed through organic vapor cartridge,
entering employees upper respiratory tract.

• Lessons learned included:
– Never assume what chemical in unlabeled containers.
– Never pour chemicals into unlabeled containers.
– If sampling unknown compounds necessary, wear
supplied air under guidance of a site specific
respiratory protection plan prepared by a competent
person.
Powered Air Purifying Respirator

• PAPR
– Equipped with a filter, chemical cartridge or
canister.
– Uses a power source to operate a blower that
passes air across the air cleansing element to
supply cleansed air to the user.
Atmosphere Supplying Respirators

• Hose line or self contained.
– Respirators supply breathing atmosphere to the user from
an uncontaminated source of air.
– Breathing air must meet strict air quality standards.
– Used in atmospheres that lack sufficient oxygen and
environments contaminated with air contaminants
relatively toxic and / or highly concentrated.
– The use of all respirators requires proper selection, use,
inspection and maintenance, training, fit and other factors.
Tip and Link: Check out NIOSH’s Respirator Selection Decision Logic – 2004 webpage at
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2005-100/default.html
Atmosphere Supplying Respirators

• Use Requirements:
– Atmospheres that lack sufficient oxygen.
– Environments contaminated with airborne
contaminants which are relatively toxic and /
or highly concentrated.
– Use requires proper selection, use, inspection
and maintenance, training, fit and other
factors.
Emergency Escape Respirator

• Characteristics
– Type provides clean air to the wearer from a
small self contained cylinder or oxygen
generating chemical.
– Approved for escape only.
– Cannot be used for entry.
– Have limited service life ( 5 to 15 minutes)
depending on model and breathing rate.
Respirator Types
• Positive vs. negative pressure.
– Positive pressure respirators provide positive pressure
within the face piece during both inhalation and
exhalation.
– Positive pressure respirators minimize potential for
respirator leakage.
– Any leaks or cracks in negative pressure system will
allow air contaminants into face piece exposing the
wearer.
Face Piece
• Different types.
– Quarter mask, half mask and full face.
– Full face mask provides greatest level of protection.
– Assigned Protection Factor (APF) = level of protection a
particular type of respirator can be expected to
provide 95% of time.
– APF for Half face = 10.
– APF for Full face = 50.
Body Protection
Protective Body Clothing

• Includes:
– Fully and non-encapsulating suits.
– Aprons, leggings, sleeve protectors.
– Heat, firefighters protective suits.
– Blast and fragmentation suits.
– Cooling protective garments.
– Radiation protective suits.
– Coveralls made of impervious materials to prevent
contact with hazardous chemicals and substances.
Body Protection
Protective Body Clothing

• Wide range of materials
– To protect against physical, chemical, biological
hazards.
– Rubber, plastic films, leather, synthetic fibers, cotton
and more are used for protective garments.
– Designed to provide protection or a shield against
acids, alkalis, temperature extremes, moisture, oils and
more.
Body Protection
Levels of Protection
• Chemical hazard body protection.
– Established by OSHA / EPA.
– Standardized for hazardous waste operations.
– Includes Level A, Level B, Level C, and Level D.
Tip and Link: Check out OSHA’s General description and discussion of the levels of protection
and protective gear.
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9767
Body Protection
• Recommended Level A protection includes:
– Positive-pressure, full face-piece, self-contained
breathing apparatus (SCBA), or positive pressure
supplied-air respirator with escape SCBA.
– Totally-encapsulating chemical-protective suit.
– Inner and outer chemical resistant gloves
– Boots, chemical-resistant, steel toe and shank.
– Hard hat (under suit).
– For all levels of protections, options available.
Body Protection
• Recommended Level B protection includes:
– Positive-pressure, full-face-piece, self-contained
breathing apparatus (SCBA), or positive-pressure
supplied-air respirator with escape SCBA (NIOSH
approved).
– Hooded chemical-resistant clothing.
– Inner and outer chemical-resistant gloves.
– Boots chemical-resistant steel toe and shank.
– Hard hat and face shield if appropriate.
Body Protection
• Recommended Level C protection includes:
– Full-face or half-mask, air-purifying respirators (NIOSH
approved).
– Hooded chemical-resistant clothing.
– Inner and outer chemical-resistant gloves.
– Boots (outer), chemical-resistant steel toe and shank
or disposable boot covers.
– Hard hat, escape mask, and face shield as appropriate.
Body Protection
• Recommended Level D protection includes:
– Coveralls.
– Gloves.
– Chemical resistant steel toe and shank boots (chemical
exposure).
– As appropriate:
• Safety glasses or chemical splash goggles.
• Hard hat, escape mask, and face shield.
Fall Protection
Fall Protection
• Fall Protection is:
– Intended to prevent death and serious injury to fall
hazards.
– Deaths from falls is ranked second behind motor
vehicle accidents with respect to workplace fatalities.
– Designed to prevent worker from falling off of edges,
through floors, room openings, off of equipment, and
more.
Tip: In 2006, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reported that fatal work injuries involving falls
increased 5 percent in 2006 after a sharp decrease in 2005. The 809 fatal falls in 2006 was the
third highest total since 1992, when the fatality census began.
Fall Protection
Fall Protection
• When necessary and types.
– Required when worker faces serious risk, at
OSHA specified heights.
– Two basic types of personal fall protection
systems: fall arrest and travel or fall restraint.
TIP: Fall protection systems are discussed in more detail in ClickSafety’s Click Level 2
fall protection course.
Fall Protection
Fall Arrest Systems

• Prevents a serious fall!
– Stop a fall within a few feet of the worker’s
original position.
– Typically requires a full body harness, a
lanyard, a rope grab, a lifeline, and a lifeline
anchor, all rated at 5000 lbs. breaking strength
for most applications.
– Maximum free-fall 6 feet (4 feet California).
Link:
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owaquery.query_docs?src_doc_type=INTERPRETATIONS&src_anchor
_name=1910.134&src_ex_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0134
Fall Protection
Travel or Fall Restraint System

• Purpose of travel or fall restraint:
– Restrains a worker from getting too close to an
unprotected edge.
– Typically requires a full body harness, a
lanyard, a rope grab, a lifeline, and a lifeline
anchor all rated at 5000 lbs. Breaking strength
for most applications.
TIP: It is very important to understand that whenever feasible, OSHA requires that instead of
having workers rely on fall protection equipment and tying off, temporary floors, guardrails, toe
boards, or other physical barriers to falls be installed instead. These barriers, such as guardrails,
need to meet minimum specifications (such as 42 inch height) spelled out in the standards.
Fall Protection
Physical Barriers
• Physical barriers are first line of defense!
– Whenever feasible, OSHA requires temporary
floors, guardrails, toe boards, or other physical
barriers to prevent falls.
– These barriers, such as guardrails, need to
meet minimum specifications (such as 42 inch
height) spelled out in the standards.
High Visibility Apparel
High-Visibility Safety Apparel

• Can save your life!
– There are lots of jobs and work activities that may
expose you to motorized vehicles (cars, trucks, vans,
and heavy construction equipment).
– Your activity may make it critically important to be
seen by motorized equipment operators.
– High Visibility Apparel is PPE intended to save your life.
Tip and Link: Check out the Revised American National Standard for High-Visibility Safety
Apparel and Headwear, ANSI/ISEA 107-2004. Link: http://www.safetyequipment.org/hivisstd.htm
Case Study: High Visibility Apparel

• Incident background.
– Like much of nations climate, weather in
Colorado, just east of The Rockies can change
quickly. On this particular site, activities
involved heavy equipment, and a field crew on
ground.

• Incident background.
– Three members of a survey crew, working in a
relatively remote location was busy setting up
their equipment nearing end of day. No vehicle
nor heavy equipment traffic in area they were
setting up.

• Crew statement.
– Reported as “the fog cloud just came out of
nowhere” the crews day turned into night.
The whole site quickly became engulfed in a
cold, damp fog that lowered visibility to nearly
zero.

• Heavy equipment on the move.
– At another location on the site, a heavy
equipment operator was involved in scraping
and loading activities, saw the fog begin to
develop and as the workday was nearly over,
operator made an attempt to move the
equipment to the site equipment yard.

• Rumbling in the mist.
– In mist and fog, equipment operator became
disoriented, wandered into area of survey
crew.
– Even going slowly in poor visibility, conditions
were right for disaster.
– Survey crew hearing approaching scraper could
do nothing but attempt to get to vehicle for
cover.

• Nearly crushing the crew.
– At about 15 feet away, seeing nothing but gray
white, scraper operator identified three
reddish glows directly in his path of travel and
nothing else.
– Scraper operator immediately stopped the
multi ton vehicle just in time to avert running
over and crushing the survey crew.
ANSI/ISEA
• Industry standard.
– American National Standard for High-Visibility
Safety Apparel
ANSI/ISEA 107-1999.
– Developed standard in response to concerns
workers exposed to low visibility hazards are
not wearing appropriate visibility-enhancing
apparel.
ANSI / ISEA
Standard Highlights
– Specifies minimum amounts of background
fabrics and retro reflective materials for high-
visibility garments.
– Fabrics must be fluorescent yellow-green,
fluorescent orange-red or fluorescent red.
– Three classes of high-visibility safety clothing.
Class 1, 2, and 3.
TIP: High visibility apparel Class 1 has the least amount of fluorescent and retro reflective
trim, and designed for workers in occupations such as parking lot attendants, shopping cart
retrievers, warehouse workers, and similar activities.
ANSI / ISEA
• High-visibility apparel Class 1
– Least amount of fluorescent and retro reflective trim.
– Parking lot attendants.
– Shopping cart retrievers.
– Warehouse workers.
– Roadside or sidewalk maintenance workers.
– Delivery vehicle drivers.
ANSI / ISEA
• High-visibility apparel Class 2
– “Superior visibility for wearers,"
– Worn where risk levels exceed those of Class 1,
– Roadway construction, utility repair, survey crews,
railway workers, school crossing guards, parking or
toll-gate personnel, airport baggage handlers/ground
crew, emergency response personnel, law
enforcement personnel, accident site investigators.
ANSI / ISEA
• High-visibility apparel class 3
– Inclement weather, under heavy traffic conditions, or
when complex backgrounds impair visibility.
– Intended to provide conspicuity in hazardous
situations.
– Fluorescent lime-yellow trim enhances visibility under
any light conditions during day, while reflective trim is
brightly visible under illumination by vehicle headlights
in low light or dark conditions.
Working Over or Near Water
Working Over / Near Water PPE

• OSHA specifies.
– Appropriate life saving equipment (i.e.
personal flotation devices, PFDs) be available
and worn when employees are working over or
near water, where the danger of drowning
exists.
Tip: Recently a 56-year old bridge inspector drowned after falling from a seawall. The victim
and a coworker were inspecting a highway bridge over a waterway that connected two bays of a
large lake. Although life vests were available in the inspectors vehicle, they were not being worn
at the time of the incident.
Case Study: Contract Worker Drowns

• Background
– A fundamental lesson for both commercial and
recreational mariners.
– Worker drowned after falling into water when
workboat on which he was a passenger was struck by a
barge being pushed by a tow boat.
– Three workers, all wearing Personal Flotation Devices
(PFD), fell from workboat into water. Two made their
way back to dredge.

• Body of Third Worker
– Finding third person was difficult because of
darkness but his body was found
approximately 30 minutes later, about 200 feet
downstream from dredge. Water temperature
was 46 degrees Fahrenheit which could have
contributed to death of drowned victim.

• Not Just a PFD
– Victim wore a proper personal flotation device,
his PFD did not have a light, making recovery
extremely difficult.
– Another possible contributing factor was lack
of proper clothing to insulate against cold
water.

• Summary recommendations
– Wear proper personal equipment.
– Always wear a PFD and make sure it is
equipped with a light and sound-making
device.
– A water-activated light and whistle for night
operations.
Lifesaving Equipment
• Drowning Hazards
– If exposed to a drowning hazard and unprotected by
railings, nets, safety belts or other means, must have
available:
– Personal floatation devices, PFD’s.
– Ring Buoys.
– Lifesaving boats.
– Lifelines.
– Water activated light and whistle for night operations.
Tip: Life jackets or buoyant work vests must be provided to employees where the danger of
drowning exists. These must be inspected for defects before and after each use
• Personal Floatation Devices (PFDs)
– Approved by United States Coast Guard as Type I PFD,
Type II PFD, Type III PFD, or equivalent, pursuant to
Coast Guard Lifesaving Equipment Specifications.
– PFDs maintained in good condition. Removed from
service when damaged that affect their buoyant
properties or capability of being fastened.
– PFDs must support an unconscious persons head
above water.
• Ring buoys must:
– Be U.S. Coast Guard approved.
– Be 30 inches in diameter.
– Equipped with 90 feet of line.
– Placed in visible and accessible locations.
– Spaced at intervals of 200 feet maximum.
– Some states with more stringent requirements.
– In CA. ring buoys must have 150’ of 600# test line.
• Lifesaving Boats
– Federal OSHA requires that at least one
lifesaving skiff be immediately available at
locations where employees are working over
or adjacent to water.
• Lifesaving boats – some states (i.e. California)
elaborate.
– Some states (i.e. CA.) specify lifesaving boats, manually
or power operated, readily accessible, properly
maintained, equipped with oars, oarlocks attached to
gunwales, boathook, anchor, ring buoy with 50 feet of
600 # capacity line, two life preservers.
– Oars not required on boats that are powered by
inboard motor.
• Lifelines
– Some states (i.e. CA) allow lifelines be used in
place of lifeboats if current too swift.
– Lifeline must stretch across stream and
equipped with taglines or floating planks at 6
foot spacing.
– Check your individual state requirements
relative to working over or near water.
Case Study: Boat Capsizes

• The Project
– A three person geotechnical survey crew.
– Scope to map ocean floor and currents at a
location approximately 300 feet offshore.
– Seaworthy, deep V hulled boat loaded with
expensive geotechnical survey equipment.
– Crew were experienced and trained to do this
type of work.

• First Day of Project
– Crew set out with equipment in workboat.
– Following established safe work practices.
– All wearing their US Coast Guard floatation
equipment designed for cold water work.

• A Beautiful Day
– As day progressed, weather improved, sun
came out and began to warm, a beautiful day.
At 300 feet offshore, work going smooth, crew
working in gentle rolling water decided day
was so nice, they would remove cold water
PFD’s. Believed absolutely nothing would go
wrong.

• The Incident
– After the crew removed their floatation devices, the
gentle rollers increased, a “sleeper wave” appeared,
throwing the crew overboard and capsizing boat. One
crew member was struck on head by capsizing boat or
lose equipment.
– Expensive equipment sank to ocean floor.
– Crew members struggled for their lives in cold water,
rolling surf, and treacherous currents.

• Looking for something to hold onto.
– Crew managed to surface and survey area for
anything that would float and found nothing.
Crew member that was struck on head
sustained only a minor injury and was
conscious.
– All three miraculously survived.

• Crew Statements
– All crew members survived.
– “To never take water for granted and always, always
wear PFD’s when working near, over or in water.”
– Crew expressed that had they secured the expensive
scientific equipment worth tens of thousands of dollars
it may have been spared as well as valuable collected
data.
Summary
Summary
• PPE is only a tool in fight against workplace hazards.
• PPE is not first line of defense. Engineering controls:
ventilation, isolation, enclosures are the preferred
method.
• Before acquiring PPE, it is important to do a hazard
assessment followed by implementation of an effective
program of PPE selection, use, maintenance, inspection,
care, storage, and employee training.
• For more information, talk with your supervisor, safety
officer, equipment supplier or others available to you.
Employer Responsibilities
PPE Standards
• OSHA’s primary personal protective equipment standards are in Title 29
of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 1910 Subpart I, and
equivalent regulations in states with OSHA approved state plans, but you
can find protective equipment requirements elsewhere in the General
Industry Standards (e.g. 29 CFR 1926.95-106 covers the construction
industry).
• OSHA’s general PPE requirements mandate employers conduct a hazard
assessment of their workplaces to determine what hazards are present
that require the use of protective equipment, provide workers with
appropriate protective equipment, and require them to use and maintain
it in sanitary and reliable condition.
TIP: Using personal protective equipment is often essential, but it is generally the last line of defense after
engineering controls, work practices, and administrative controls. Engineering controls involve physically
changing a machine or work environment. Administrative controls involve changing how or when workers do
their jobs, such as scheduling work and rotating workers to reduce exposures. Work practices involve
training workers how to perform tasks in ways that reduce their exposure to workplace hazards.
PPE Assessment
• Employers must assess the workplace to …
– Determine if hazards are present that require the use of personal
protective equipment.
– If such hazards are present, an employer must select protective
equipment and require workers to use it, communicate the
protective equipment selection decisions to workers, and select
personal protective equipment that properly fits the workers.
Additionally
• Employers must train workers who are required to wear
PPE on how to do the following:
– Use protective equipment properly;
– Be aware of when personal protective equipment is necessary;
– Know what kind of protective equipment is necessary;
– Understand the limitations of personal protective equipment in
protecting workers from injury;
– Put on, adjust, wear, and take off personal protective equipment;
and
– Maintain protective equipment properly.
TIP: For additional information concerning protective equipment view the publication,
Assessing the Need for Personal Protective Equipment: A Guide for Small Business
Employers (OSHA 3151). LINK: http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151.pdf

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Common PPE

Types and PPE Elements:

Personal Protective Equipment

Personal Protective Equipment

Training Module Focus

BLS Survey and Head Protection

American National Standards Institute

Classes of Protective Hats

Classes of Protective Hats

Classes of Protective Hats

Classes of Protective Hats

Label and stamp

Inspection and Maintenance

Eye and Face Safety Devices

• Eye and Face Safety Devices

Eye and Face Safety Devices

Eye and Face Safety Devices

Protectors minimum requirements:

Inspection and Maintenance

Inspection and Maintenance

Inspection and Maintenance

Inspection and Maintenance

Inspection and Maintenance

• Make safety a culture, a way of thinking and

• ANSI Z358.1 requires locating emergency eye wash

Supply Water and Controls

Testing and Training

Arm and Hand Injuries

• Review manufacturer's "Chemical Resistant Glove

Selected to Fit Job

Special Arm and Hand Protection

Special Arm and Hand Protection

Protection of Feet and Legs

Hazards and Footwear

Safety Tip: Foot protection must cover the entire foot.

Foot and Leg Protection

Foot and Leg Protection

Foot and Leg Protection

Noise / Unwanted Sound

Hearing Conservation Programs

Noise Monitoring Instruments

Hearing Protection Used When

Hearing Protection Background

Respiratory Protection Program

Air Purifying Devices

Air Purifying Devices

Air Purifying Devices

Case Study: Respiratory Protection

Case Study: Respiratory Protection

Case Study: Respiratory Protection

Case Study: Respiratory Protection

Case Study: Respiratory Protection

Case Study: Respiratory Protection

Powered Air Purifying Respirator

Atmosphere Supplying Respirators

Atmosphere Supplying Respirators

Emergency Escape Respirator

Protective Body Clothing

Protective Body Clothing

Fall Arrest Systems

Travel or Fall Restraint System

High-Visibility Safety Apparel

Case Study: High Visibility Apparel