Physiology question bank

General physiology

 SAQ’s:-

1. Homeostasis

2. Positive feedback mechanism

3. Simple diffusion

4. Negative feedback mechanism

5. Feedback mechanisms

6. Facilitated diffusion

7. Primary active transport

8. Secondary active transport

9. Osmosis

10. Na k pump

11. Cell membrane

12. Mitochondria

 LAQ’s:-

1. Define homeostasis.Enumerate the mechanisms regulating homeostasis and describe the

negative feedback mechanism/positive feedback mechanism.

2. Classify the transport mechanisms across cell membrane.Write in brief about the active
transport/diffusion.

Blood

 SAQ’s:-

1. Neutrophils

2. Functions of different WBCs

3. Factors regulating erythropoiesis

4. Jaundice

5. Composition and function of blood

6. ABO blood group system

7. Rh system

8. Hazards of mismatched blood transfusion

9. Intrinsic method of coagulation

10. Extrinsic method of coagulation

11. Functions of platelets

12. Megaloblastic anaemia

 13. Iron deficiency anaemia

14. Blood indices

15. Hemolytic anemia

 LAQ’s:-

1. Define hemostasis.Explain the intrinsic method of coagulation in detail.

2. Define erythropoiesis.Explain the stages of erythropoiesis with a neat labelled

diagram.Write a note on its regulation.

3. Define anemia.Classify anemia and explain each type of anaemia in detail.

Nerve-muscle physiology

 SAQ’s:-

1. Compound action potential

2. Excitation contraction coupling

3. Neuromuscular junction

4. Properties of skeletal muscle

5. Classification of nerve fibers

6. Energetics of skeletal muscle contraction

7. Wallerian degeneration

8. Saltatory conduction

9. Myasthenia gravis

10. Resting membrane potential

11. Action potential in nerve fiber

12. Properties of nerve fibers

13. Mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction

14. Sarcomere

15. Structure of neuron

16. Motor unit

17. Diff betn-skeletal muscle & smooth muscle

18. Diff betn-isometric & isotonic contraction

19. O2 debt

20. EMG

 LAQ’s:-

1. Describe the molecular mechanism of contraction of skeletal muscles.

2. Describe the sliding membrane theory of skeletal muscle contraction.

3. Draw a neat labelled diagram of neuromuscular junction.Describe the transmission of

 impluse across neuromuscular junction.

4. Descibe the action potential in nerve fiber.

5. Describe the ionic basis of generation of action potential

6. Describe in detail degenerative and regenerative changes that occur in nerve fiber after
injury

Cardiovascular system

 SAQ’s:-

1. Baroreceptor mechanism

2. Cardiac impulse

3. CNS ischaemic response

4. Chemoreceptor mechanism

5. .SA Node

6. Role of kidney in regulation of bp

7. Cerebral circulation

8. Determinants of arterial blood pressure

9. Progressive stage of shock

10. Normal ECG

11. PR interval of ECG

12. Action potential in cardiac muscle fibers

13. Factors affecting heart rate

14. Cardiovascular changes during exercise

 LAQ’s:-

1. Describe the events in cardiac cycle with a neat labelled diagram

2. Describe the cardiac impulse.Describe the initiation and spread of cardiac impulse.

3. Describe the normal ECG.How it is recorded? What is the significance of ECG?

4. Define arterial blood pressure.Describe the short term regulation of blood pressure.

5. Describe regulation of heart rate

6. Describe the arterial blood pressure. Describe the role of kidney in regulation of arterial
blood pressure

7. Describe cardiac output. What are the factors regulating cardiac output? Describe any 1
method for its measurement in man.

8. Describe cardiorespiratory changes during muscular exercise.

9. Describe the pressure volume changes in the rt/lt ventricle during cardiac cycle with the
help of a neat labelled diagram

10. Define heart rate.What are the factors affecting it?Add a note on regulation of heart rate
Respiratory system

 SAQ's:-

1. Compliance of lungs

2. Pulmonary circulation

3. Dead space

4. Caisson’s disease/Dysabrism decompression sickness

5. Functional residual capacity

6. Pulmonary surfactant

7. Draw and label normal spirogram

8. Vital capacity

9. Alveolar ventilation

10. High altitude acclimatisation

11. Oxygen haemoglobin dissociation curve

12. Effect of exercise on respiratory system

 LAQ’s:-

1. Describe mechanics of ventilation

2. Draw and label spirogram.Enumerate various lung volumes and capcities.Describe vital
capacity

3. What is pulmonary ventilation?Describe factors affecting it

4. Describe the various lung volumes and capacities. How are they measured?

5. Describe the transport of oxygen in the body

6. Describe the transport of CO2 in the body

7. Describe neural regulation of respiration

8. Describe chemical regulation of respiration

9. Define hypoxia.Enumerate different types of hypoxia.Describe hypoxic hypoxia

10. What is acclimatisation?Describe the changes during acclimatisation

Central nervous system

 SAQ's:-

1. Properties of synapse

2. Acetyl choline

3. Stretch reflex

4. Classification of synapse
5. Synaptic inhibition

6. Withdrawal reflex

7. Postural reflex

8. Brown-Sequard syndrome

9. Sleep

10. Memory

11. Learning

12. Cerebrospinal fluid

13. Parkinson’s disease

14. Cerebellar circuitry

15. Functions of cerebellum

16. Functions of basal ganglia

17. Functions of hypothalamus

18. Prefrontal lobe

19. Cerebellar dysfunction

20. Vestibulocerebellum

21. Spinocerebellum

22. Cortico/Cerebro/Neo-Cerebellum

23. Effects of lesions on basal ganglia

24. Disorders of hypothalamus

25. Nuclei of hypothalamus

26. Functions of thalamus

27. Adaptation of receptors

28. Extrapyramidal tracts

 LAQ’s:-

1. Describe the structure of synapse with neat labelled diagram.Add a note on

neurotransmitters

2. Describe the sequence of events of synaptic transmission

3. Describe connections and functions of cerebellum

4. Describe functions of hypothalamus

5. Enumerate various nuclei of thalamus. Describe the functions of thalamus

6. Describe the connectionsand functions of basal ganglia

7. Define receptor. Classify receptors. Enumerate and describe properties of receptors

8. Describe the effects of transection/hemitransection of spinal cord

 9. Classify reflexes. Describe properties of reflex action

10. Enumerate ascending tracts. Describe the pathway for fine touch/proprioception
sensation

11. Describe pathway for pain sensation

12. Enlist descending tracts. Describe origin,course,termination,functions and effects of

lesions of corticospinal(pyramidal) tract

Special senses

 SAQ’s:-

1. Functions of middle ear

2. Colour vision

3. Attenuation reflex

4. Organ of corti

5. Structure and functions of middle ear

6. Functions of auditory cortex/visual cortex

7. Visual acuity

8. Presbyopia/Hypermetropia/Myopia/Astigamtism

9. Colour vision

10. Accomodation in eye

11. Photochemistry of vision

12. Adaptation/Light adaptation/Dark adaptation

13. Errors of refraction

 LAQ’s:-

1. Describe photochemistry of vision OR Describe Rhodopsin-Retinal visual cycle

2. Describe the visual pathway with the help of a neat llabelled diagram. Add a note on
effects of the lesions at various levels of visual pathway

3. Enumerate different errors of refraction. What are the causes and optical principles of
management of each of them?

4. Describe physiological anatomy and functions of organ of corti

5. Describe the auditory pathway with the help of a neat labelled diagram. Add anote on
functions of auditory cortex

6. Describe the mechanism of hearing

Gastro intestinal system

 SAQ’s:-

1. Balanced diet

2. Functions of bile
 3. Digestion and absorption of fats

4. Digestion and absorption of proteins

5. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates

Reperoductive system

 SAQ’s:-

1. Spermatogenesis

2. Testosterone

3. Ovulation

4. Puberty

5. Corpus luteum

6. Oral contraceptives

7. Role of oxytocin in parturation

8. Functions of placenta

9. Milk ejection reflex

10. Pregnancy tests

11. Oestrogen

12. Progesterone

Excretory system and temperature regulation

 SAQ’s

1. Hypothalamic thermostat

2. Micturation

3. Juxtaglomerular apparatus

4. Heat gain mechanisms

5. Heat loss mechanisms

6. Mechanism of filtration

7. Glomerular filtration rate

8. Functions of kidney

9. Micturation reflex

10. Factors affecting GFR

 LAQ’s

1. Describe the mechanisms in temperature regulation in the body

2. Describe the role of hypothalamus in the temperature regulation

3. Define GFR. What is the normal value of GFR? Enumerate and describe different factors
affecting GFR
Endocrine system

 SAQ's:-

1. Metabolic actions of growth harmones

2. Oxytocin

3. Paratharmone

4. Dwarfism

5. Antidiuretic harmone

6. Acromegaly

7. Disorders of growth harmone

8. Functions of growth harmone

9. Gigantism

10. Cretinism

11. Actions of insulin on lipid metabolism

12. Grave's disease

13. Long term effects of diabetes mellitus

14. Cushing's syndrome

15. Synthesis of thyroid harmonies

16. Addison's disease

17. Myxedema

18. Hypothyroidism

19. Goiter

20. Hyperthyroidism

 LAQ’s

1. Enumerate harmones secreted by anterior pitutary gland. Describe the actions of growth
harmone. Add a note on acromegaly /gigantism/dwarfism

2. Describe the actions of paratharmone. Add a note on tetany(carpopedal spasm)

3. Describe the actions of insulin. Add a note on diabetes mellitus

4. Describe synthesis of thyroid harmone. Add a note on iodine metabolism

5. Describe functions of thyroid harmones. Add a note on regulation of thyroid harmone

secretion

6. Describe the harmonal regulation of serum calcium

7. Describe the functions and regulation of secretion of glucocorticoids(cortisol)

8. Describe the regulation of blood sugar level