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Hyperelastic materials
Hyperelastic materials are the special class of materials which tends to respond elastically when they are subjected to very large
strains. They shows both a nonlinear material behavior as well as large shape changes. They posses certain characteristics:
1. They can undergo large elastic deformations in order of around 100 to 700 % which is fully recoverable i.e. initial shape is
recovered when load is removed.
2. They are also nearly incompressible. Which means that when they are subjected to huge loads, they change there shape but
overall volume remains almost constant.
https://www.simscale.com/docs/content/simulation/model/materials/hyperelasticMaterial.html Report an issue 1/6
12/7/2018 Hyperelastic materials — SimScale Documentation
3. They shows a highly nonlinear stress-strain relation.
4. The material softens and then become stiffer again when applied to tension. Whereas, under compression they have a quite
stiff response.
All the polymers tends to show the hyperelastic behaviour such as elastomers, rubbers, sponges and other soft exible materials.
Hyperelastic materials are mostly used where high exibility on a long run is required under large loads. The typical examples of
there uses are as elastomeric pads in brigdes, rail pads, car door seal, car tyres etc.
Hyperelasticity
In nite element analysis, hyperelasticity theory is used to represent the non-linear response of hyperelastic materials at large
strains. Hyperlasticity is popular due to it’s ease of use in nite element models. Normally stress-strain curve data from
experiments is used to nd the constants of theoretical models to t the material response. There are some good available
choices of hyperelasticity models which are available in SimScale platform including:
Suppose a solid is subjected to a displacement which can be represented by ui (xk ) . Than, the deformation gradient F and it’s
Jacobian J (the total change in volume at point) can be represeted by:
∂ ui
F = F ij = δij + , J = det(F)
∂ xj
For simplicity,
−1
¯
F = J 3 F
T
¯ ¯ ¯
B = F. F Bij = F ik F jk
¯ ¯ ¯
I 1 = trace B = Bkk
1 2 1 2
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
I 2 = (I 1 − trace (B. B)) = (I 1 − Bik Bki )
2 2
¯ 2
I 3 = det(B) = J
Furthermore,
¯ = 2( ¯ B¯ ¯ ¯
δI 2 I 2 − B. B) : δϵ v
J = J δϵ v
∂U ∂U ∂U
¯ ¯ ¯
δU = δI 1 + δI 2 + δJ
¯ ¯ ¯
∂I 1 ∂I 2 ∂J
∂U ∂U ∂U ∂U
δU = 2 [( ¯
+ I ¯ −
)B ¯ ¯ v
1 B. B] : ϵ v + J δϵ
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
∂I 1 ∂I 2 ∂I 2 ∂J
v
(where, δϵ is a virtual volumetric strain rate)
This variation of strain energy density is used to deduce the stress-strain law in case of hyperelastic materials, Therefore one can
write:
(1)
∂U ∂U ∂U ∂U
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
σ = 2 DEV [( + I 1 )B − B. B] + J I
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
∂I 1
∂I 2
∂I 2
∂J
For the incompressible cases (e.g. rubber), the last term containing J is neglected.
Particular strain energy density forms of the available SimScale hyperelasticity models
Before giving the appropriate material parameters to de ne a speci c hyperelastic materials, one should know the strain energy
density forms of the hyperelasticity models. In this section, we have mentioned the strain energy density forms of all the
available hyperelasticity models on SimScale platform (already mentioned in Hyperelasticity).
Reduced polynomial
The basic strain energy density form of reduced polynomial is represented as:
N N
i
1 2i
¯ − 3)
U = ∑ C i0 (I + ∑ (J − 1)
1
Di
i=1 i=1
where, Ci0 (i = 1, 2, 3) are the constants that needs to be deduced in order to get the appropriate material behaviour. For the
compressibility of a material, one have to give the value of D i (i = 1, 2, 3) . As a rst approximation, one can use a basic
formulation for elastic case:
(2)
3(1 − 2ν )
Di = with, Go = 2C 10
Go (1 + ν )
If material is incompressible, than one can take the value of ν nearest to 5.0 i.e. ν = 0.499 .
1
¯ − 3) +
U = C 10 (I (J − 1)
2
1
D1
1 1 1
¯ ¯ 2 ¯ 3 2 4 6
U = C 10 (I 1 − 3) + C 20 (I 1 − 3) + C 30 (I 1 − 3) + (J − 1) + (J − 1) + (J − 1)
D1 D2 D3
Polynomial
The basic strain energy density form of polynomial is represented as:
N N
1
¯ i ¯ j 2i
U = ∑ C ij (I 1 − 3) (I 2 − 3) + ∑ (J − 1)
Di
i+j=1 i=1
As a rst approximation for D i , same eq. (2) can be used with Go = 2(C 10 + C 01 ) .
1 2
¯ − 3) + C
U = C 10 (I ¯
1 01 (I 2 − 3) + (J − 1)
D1
Polynomial of order 2
For N = 2 in above formulation, one obtains:
2 2
1 2
1 4
¯ − 3) + C
U = C 10 (I ¯ ¯ ¯ − 3) ¯ − 3)( ¯ − 3) +
1 01 (I 2 − 3) + C 20 (I 1 − 3) + C 02 (I 2 + C 11 (I 1 I 2 (J − 1) + (J − 1)
D1 D2
Signorini
Strain energy density form for Signorini is represented as:
1
¯ − 3) +
U = C 10 (I ¯ ¯ 2 2
1 C 01 (I 2 − 3) + C 20 (I 1 − 3) + (J − 1)
D1
Ogden
Compared to the previous forms, Ogden is represented by the principal stretches λ
¯ (i
i = 1, 2, 3) compared to the deviatoric
strain invariants ¯
I i (i = 1, 2, 3) . The basic strain energy density form of Ogden is represented as:
N N
2μi αi α α 1
U = ∑ ¯
(λ ¯ i + ¯ i − 3) +
+ λ (J − 1)
2i
1 2
λ3 ∑
2
α Di
i=1 i i=1
where, μi and αi for (i = 1, 2, 3) are the constants that needs to be deduced in order to get the appropriate material
N
behaviour. For the compressibility of a material, eq. (2) can be used as a rst approximation for D i with Go =
1
2
∑ μi αi
i=1
Arruda-Boyce
The strain energy density of Arruda-Boyce has the following form:
5 2
Ci i 1 J − 1
¯
U = μ∑ (I 1 − 3) + ( − lnJ )
2i−2
λm D 2
i=1
where, C1 =
1
, C2 =
1
, C3 =
11
, C4 =
19
and C5 =
519
.
2 20 1050 7000 673750
For the compressibility of a material, eq. (2) can be used as a rst approximation for D i with
3 99 513 42039
Go = μ(1 + 2
+
4
+
6
+
8
)
5λ 175λ 875λ 67375λ
m m m m
(../../../../_images/elastomer_stress_strain.png)
In order to t the material properties to the experimental stress-strain curve, one has to take in to account eq. (1) above. This
equation shows the stress as a function of invariants containing principal stretches (1 + “strain values”) and strain energy density
(of any of the above model). Using this equation, one can calculate the constants of the undertaken model through numerical
scheme to get an accurate t to the stress-strain material curve. In most of the cases, the accuracy of the t increases with the
increasing order of the model.
As an example, let us consider a stress-strain relation of an incompressible uniaxial case for a general polynomial model:
−1
λ 1 = λ, λ2 = λ3 = λ 2
(where, λ = 1 + ϵ)
¯ 2 −1 ¯ −2
I 1 = λ + 2λ , I 2 = λ + 2λ
δU = σδλ
¯ ¯
∂U ∂U ∂I 1 ∂U ∂I 2
σ = = +
∂λ ¯ ∂λ ¯ ∂λ
∂I 1 ∂I 2
−2
∂U ∂U
= 2(λ − λ )( + )
¯ ¯
∂I 1 ∂I 2
−2 ¯ i ¯ j ¯ i ¯ j
σ = 2(λ − λ ) ∑ [iC ij (I 1 − 3) (I 2 − 3) + jC ij (I 1 − 3) (I 2 − 3) ]
i+j=1
By using the experimental stress-strain data in the above equation, one can calculate the material constants for a speci c order
of polynomial through a numerical scheme e.g. Least square method.
(../../../../_images/Platform-screenshot.png)
As can be seen, a polynomial of order 2 is used. The following things can be interpreted:
The provided constants in this case are C10 , C01 , C20 , C11 and C02 as obtained from tting.
It is observed that in some cases, if any of the obtained constant value is comparatively higher from the other constants, than
the results obtained after the simulation are not accurate.