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CHAPTER 6

DESIGN OF THE PV-UPQC SYSTEM FOR LONG VOLTAGE


INTERRUPTION COMPENSATION

INTRODUCTION

Centralized power generation systems are facing the dual constraints


of shortage of fossil fuel and the need to reduce hazardous environment
impact. Long transmission systems are one of the prime causes for
electrical power losses. Therefore, much emphasis is given to DG networks
with integration of renewable energy systems into the grid, which
eventually lead to energy efficiency and reduction in hazardous
environment impact. With the increase of the Renewable Energy (RE)
penetration in to the grid, power quality of the medium to low voltage
power distribution system is becoming a major area of interest. Majority of
the cumulative work done in renewable energy systems was presented by
Hassmann et al (1993) and Maricar et al (2003).

Renewable energy sources such as sunlight, wind, flowing water,


and biomass offers promising clean and abundant energy. Among the RE
sources, solar energy is the most acceptable option in practice. This useful
energy is supplied in the form of DC power from solar PV array. The DC
power is converted into more convenient AC power using an inverter
system. It was the concept of Han et al (2006) that the UPQC has the
prominent capability of improving the quality of voltage and current at the
point of installation on power distribution systems or industrial power
systems.

Therefore, UPQC can be considered as the most promising solution


to the power quality problem. However, it cannot supply large active
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power to customers steadily due to the limitation of power storage in the


DC link. The UPQC cannot compensate for the long voltage interruption
because it has no energy storage in the dc link. The above limitation can
be avoided using solar energy (PV array). The advantage of the proposed
PV-UPQC is that it can be used to compensate for the long voltage
interruption and it is suitable for active power supply. The design of
combined operation of UPQC and PV array is proposed. The proposed
system as shown in figure 6.1 is composed of series and shunt inverters and
PV array connected to DC link by DC-DC converter.

Figure 6.1 Proposed PV-UPQC control systems


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The proposed system will be able to compensate for long voltage


interruptions. Also it can inject the active power in to the PCC, in addition
to its ability to improve of power quality in the PCC. There are two modes
of operation of the PV-UPQC system:

Interconnected mode- In this mode, the PV array transfers power to


load and source.

Islanding mode- In this mode, the source voltage is interrupted and the
PV array supplies the load power separately.

The Islanding mode will be considered when a three phase fault


occurs at the source side, resulting load voltage of PCC as zero and initiate
external supply of power to load from PV array. The proposed controller
designing of PV-UPQC is composed of two controllers. They are shunt
inverter controller and PV array DC-DC converter controller.

6.1 INTERRUPTION MODE OPERATION

The entire procedure used in PV-UPQC operation in interruption


mode is shown in figure 6.1. The power circuit is modeled as a three-phase
system. The control model is designed using control blocks of Simulink
software. The voltage disturbance such as sag and swell can be
compensated without the energy storage element as described by Han et al
(2006). However during interruption, the supply voltage is zero which
needs external source for compensation of interruption. PV array act as an
external source and supply the active power during interruption time.

Whenever the fault occurs in source side the source voltage is zero
in that instant the shunt inverter control system change over to parallel
mode operation to islanding mode operation. The series inverter is
switched off and shunt inverter starts and PV array supply the power to
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load though shunt inverter and load voltage maintain constant up to fault
clearing. After fault clearing, the series inverter switches on and the shunt
inverter operating in the normal mode. Figure 6.2 will highlight the above
description.

Figure 6.2 Flow chart of PV-UPQC interruption mode operation

6.2 PV-UPQC CONTROL STRATEGY DURING


INTERRUPTION MODE

The functions of the shunt inverter are to compensate the current


harmonics and to supply the active power to the load during long
interruption. When the voltage interruption occurs, the shunt controller
operation is changed from normal compensation mode to interruption
mode. The PV array provides the active power to load and it is maintain
the load voltage constant.

The instantaneous power theory is used to control the proposed


system. This scheme includes PV energy resource to deliver PV power to
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the load and for maintaining DC link voltage. The theory is based on
converting three axis parameters into two axes by defining well-known
transfer matrix. The active and reactive instantaneous power can be
decomposed in to DC component and AC harmonic components, which
consist of negative sequence component and harmonic component.

In chapter 3, three phase instantaneous power p-q theory of control


systems, with or without neutral conductor, is discussed in the parallel
mode operation of the proposed system. In this chapter, the proposed
system operates in interrupt mode operation. The reference current
calculated by using the axis transformation is given by the following
equation:
v -v
i* 1 - p control
=
i* v v
2 2
v v - q contoral (6.1)

i*ca i*0
i*cb = [C]T i*
i*cc i*
(6.2)

where
1/ 2 1 0
T 2
[C] 1/ 2 1/ 2 3/2
3
1/ 2 1/ 2 3/2

The shunt inverter of the proposed configuration is used for the


control of DC link capacitor and PV array. The proposed system still
satisfies the compensation demand of load such as negative and harmonic
compensation, considering that the active power control is the main issue.
Then, the axis current reference is given by equation (6.3).

v -v
i* 1 p control p PV
=
i* v2 v2
v v q contoral (6.3)
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where
V ,V - Transformed reference voltages
i* , i* - compensating currents
PPV - active power delivers to local load with photovoltaic array
The PV power delivers to the local loads through the shunt
converter. It should be noted that, it is difficult to compensate reactive
power and harmonic current using series converter only. This is due to the
fact that the signals from the converter output terminals must be passed
through the filters. In that case, the filter design strongly depends on the
system parameter like load size and transformer turns ratio.

The shunt inverter controls the load voltage and load current using
the PI controller. The dynamic equations can be derived using the
equivalent circuit of shunt inverter. Equations (6.4) and (6.5) they define
the current control.

The control block diagram, shown in figure 6.3, illustrates the


implementation of control equations (6.6) and (6.7) derived from the shunt
inverter equivalent circuit.

I*PFp *e
K PI (VTp e
VTp ) e
C PF VTp I eLp (6.4)

I *PFq *e
K PI (VTq e
VTq ) e
C PF VTp I eLq
(6.5)

V1p* K PI (I *e
PFp I ePFp ) L PF I ePFq e
VTp (6.6)

V1q* K PI ( I*e
PFq I ePFq ) L PF I ePFp e
VTq (6.7)

where
I*PFp -Filter current p axis, I*PFq -Filter current q axis
V1*p ,Vl*q – load voltages with p and q axis
VTp ,VTq – measured load voltages with p and q axis
kp, kI - proportional and integral constant
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Figure 6.3 shunt inverter controller during interruption

Figure 6.4 Voltage control mode of shunt inverter during interruption


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6.3 PV ARRAY DC-DC CONVERTER CONTROLLER

The PV is used to provide a DC source for the UPQC by injecting


active power into a distribution system. The DC-DC is the boost converter
which is designed to boost the power that is generated from the PV and
sent to the DC link capacitor. It consists of inductors, diodes and
capacitors. A continuous voltage of the converter output can be obtained by
connecting a large capacitor between the cathode and ground such that
when the capacitor value increases, the output voltage increases. The
output voltage of the converter must be greater than the source and step up
the voltage across the DC link capacitor by varying the duty cycle D. When
D=0, the minimum output voltage becomes the source voltage.

6.3.1 DESIGN OF PHOTOVOLTAIC DC-DC CONVERTER

PV systems are nonlinear power sources whose output power is


depended upon the effect of radiation and environmental temperature. The
disadvantage of PV system is low efficiency, because solar cells rarely
operate at their maximum power point. So, in order to increase the
efficiency, as much as possible power should be extracted from the array.
The MPPT is obtained by controlling the duty cycle of DC-DC converter
switches. The PV array and DC converter block diagram as shown in
Figure 6.5.

The DC voltage generated by a photovoltaic array varies and is low


in magnitude. A step-up DC-DC converter is essential to generate a
regulated higher DC voltage. The DC-DC converter is responsible for
absorbing power from the photovoltaic array. Therefore, it should be
designed to match photovoltaic array ripple current specifications which
should not conduct any negative current into the photovoltaic array. The
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low voltage inputs of photovoltaic array units have been connected to the
DC bus by series connected boost converters.

Figure 6.5 Schematic block diagram of PV array and control

The output of DC-DC converter is fed to the DC-AC voltage source


inverter to produce the AC output for AC distribution system. The power
flow and output voltage of photovoltaic array units have been maintained
constant by controlling the duty cycles of IGBT switches and the control
system of DC-DC converter. The output voltage of converter has been
compared with a reference value and the error signal is applied to PI-
controller. The output signal of this controller will act as an input of PWM
switching for adjusting the duty cycle.

6.4 THE PV ARRAY MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKER


(MPPT)

The maximum power point of a solar array is the point along the P-
V curve that corresponds to the maximum output power possible for the
array, as shown in figure 6.6. The goal of MPPT algorithms is to extract
the maximum power from the PV array. Usually, in the condition dp/dv = 0
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is adopted to locate this operating point, since PV array show a unique


global maximum point.

Figure 6.6 Power –Voltage characteristic curve of PV array

Figure 6.7 Voltage –Current characteristic curve of PV array

The following method is used for obtaining MPPT form PV array.


Perturb and Observe (P and O) is one of the most used MPPT methods.
The main advantage of this technique is that the search for the Maximum
Power Point (MPP) will be done independently of the environmental
conditions. The P and O algorithm calculates the output power of the PV
array.

6.5 DESIGN OF PV ARRAY PARAMETERS

The photovoltaic array is used to provide a DC source for the UPQC


by injecting active power into a distribution system. It includes inductors,
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diodes and capacitors. A continuous voltage of the converter output can be


obtained by connecting a large capacitor between the DC links. A boost
converter to charge the DC link capacitor with maximum efficiency is
designed and modeled. The capacitor is connected in parallel with the PV
panel to limit the voltage. The power is generated by PV array and is sent
to the DC link capacitor. The output voltage of the converter is regulated
by varying the duty cycle (D).

(6.8)
where, Vo - output voltage of DC converter
Vpv - photovoltaic array voltage
The voltage across the capacitor can be accelerated by varying the
duty cycle D of the converter. When D = 0, the output voltage is equal to
the source voltage. When the converter switch is closed, the inductor
current rises and energy is stored in the inductor. The inductor voltage is
given by
di1
VL L (6.9)
dt
where VL- inductor voltage
In this situation, the source energy is transferred to the inductor and
the peak-to-peak ripple inductor current is obtained as
Vs
I t (6.10)
L
The inductor current in this mode becomes
Vs
I1( t ) t I1 (6.11)
L
When the device (IGBT) is switched off, the stored energy in the
inductor is transferred to the capacitor and the inductor current falls. Let us
consider the energy supplied to the capacitor, which is given by the
equation
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1 2 2 1 2 2
C (VMAX VMIN ) L ( I MAX I MIN ) (6.12)
2 2

The capacitance is given by


LI NOM . I
C
VNOM . V (6.13)

where
INOM- Nominal current of the boost converter input
VNOM- Nominal voltage of the boost converter input

6.6 DESIGN OF DC LINK CAPACITOR SIZE

Capacitor size plays a significant role in the proposed PV-UPQC as


it acts as a DC source to provide reactive power to the load during voltage
sag and interruption condition. Equation (6.14) is used to determine the
sizing of the capacitor (CDC).

1 1
CDC (VC2 MAX 2
VDC ) VS I Li T (6.14)
2 2

From the above equation the capacitor value for a three phase system can
be derived and given as follows:

V I LT
s
Cdc 3 2
VC MAX V 2 dc
where (6.15)
3 3
Vdc VS .

The percentage of sag is calculated by using the formula given below:

Vper -sag Vper(pu)


%Sag (6.16)
Vper sag(pu)
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6.7 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Using Simulink tools, the proposed PV-UPQC model is evaluated


and simulation is carried out. The simulated period is 0 to 0.5s. Here the
load reference voltage is considered as the base voltage. The shunt inverter
starts operation at 100ms, while the series inverter starts operation at
200ms. In the interruption mode, the three-phase fault takes place at
200ms.

Figure 6.8 shows the output voltage across the load without PV-
UPQC. Figure 6.9 shows the injected voltage by shunt inverter. Figure 6.10
shows the compensated output voltage across the load with PV- UPQC.
Figure 6.11 shows that the DC link voltage is maintained at constant value
during interruption. Figure 6.12 depicts the output current supplied by the
PV array during the voltage interruption. Figure 6.13 shows the active
power supplied by the PV array.

400
Interruption
300

200

100

-100

-200

-300

-400
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Time(s)

Figure 6.8 Source Voltage during interruption


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400
Injected voltage by Inverter
300

200

100

-100

-200

-300

-400
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Time(s)

Figure 6.9 Injected Voltage by shunt inverter

400

300

200

100

-100

-200

-300

-400
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Time(s)

Figure 6.10 Load voltages


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Figure 6.11 DC link Voltage during interruption

Figure 6.12 DC link capacitor current during interruption

Figure 6.13 Active power supplied by PV array during interruption


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For analyzing the simulation results, load voltage parameter is


considered. Normally, in UPQC approach, it has been observed that load
voltage compensation during interruption is 0.02-0.06 seconds. The
proposed system, using the PV array, provides power supply for a longer
duration about 0.2 sec, as shown in table 6.1 and figure 6.14.

Table 6.1 Comparison of load voltage compensation during


interruption by UPQC and proposed PV-UPQC systems

Load voltage Load voltage


compensation compensation duration
duration time for time for
UPQC system PV-UPQC system

Load voltage
compensation during 0.02 to 0.06sec 0.2 to 0.4 sec
interruption

The performance analysis of the PV-UPQC system shows that it is


better than UPQC. The UPQC supplies active power to the PCC for only 3
cycles (0.06sec) during voltage interruption. On the other hand, the PV-
UPQC system supplies active power to the PCC for more than 10 cycles
(0.2sec) during long voltage interruption.

On the basis of the research work presented in this chapter, a paper entitled
‘Photovoltaic Unified Power Quality Conditioner Sag and Interruption
Mitigation’ has been published in the Australian Journal of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, Vol.9 No.2, pp. 145-151, 2012.
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Figure 6.14 Interruption duration for UPQC and PV-UPQC system

6.8 CONCLUSION

In this chapter, the photovoltaic array, which is used in power


quality improvement in integrated power distribution system using PV-
UPQC, is described. The design of the proposed system is verified through
the simulation using Matlab/Simulink. The proposed PV-UPQC system has
the capability of improving the power quality at the point of installation in
distribution systems. The maximum power is extracted from PV arrays
using P and O methods.

The simulation results of the combined operation of PV and UPQC


shows that the proposed system is capable of compensating long voltage
interruption of the source and injecting of active power to the load.

The advantage of the proposed PV–UPQC system is its direct


interface to the PCC. The power supply form PV array is given to the DC
link, which compensates long voltage interruption. The simulation results
prove that the proposed system operates efficiently.

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