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  • Turismo Rural Comunitario

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    Carlos I. Miranda Torres
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    drill

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    drill

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    6 visualizzazioni48 pagine

    Turismo Rural Comunitario

    Caricato da

    Carlos I. Miranda Torres
    drill

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Scarica in formato DOC, PDF o leggi online su Scribd
    Segnala contenuti inappropriati
    di 48
    Chapter 2 Microscopic Efficiency of Immiscible Displacement 2.1 Introduction ‘The presence of immiscible Aude (oilwater, o/s, Tater, o oll water and gs) nese rock ers The capciy of rock otra Muh. In hs caper ‘ee cxamine fundamental concept tat te wed 10 care Serre he dtbtion and flow of ois ids fn porous rocks "Two or ore pases ae conse immicne taspe- ced engeyaore ad presi visible etre os ‘fer the pues have been mined igre ith Sf ‘lene foc phase ewiibrim o ogc. Water andl Ste inmscibl onder octal servo an race con- ‘ion bees he otal sauiss oo i wate and Seater inl are sll This toad defo of ee Ui Incas cas in which x ead ol and agate ‘mequlibrim,In hs instance, the cree ol eos all ote ofthe asin proportions determined ty eglibaom darbton oeicents These yams are sometimes deserted as partly miscible bocae ube Sanat of gas maybe dled in the ol = pending oh temperature, pressure, and ompostio. 2.2 Fundamental Principles Governing Fluid and Rock Interactions 2.21 Intéracial Tension (FT) ‘The interface berween two phases isa region ofimied Solubility, which i, at most, afew molecules thick. It may be visualized as a phase boundary that ocurs be- ‘auc tho stractive frees between molecules inthe same ‘hase are much larger than those that exist between ‘molecied in ifferent phases, “The IFT is 2 fundamental thermodynamic property of an itrfae. 1 6 define asthe energy require 1 in ‘eave the are ofthe inerface by one unt. Fi. 21 shows ring teniometer used to determine the [FT at an ell ‘water interface. The ring positioned atthe itrtace is raised By applying fore. Aste rig pled dhoegh the imerfoce, the interfacial area increases, as depicted inFig. 2.2. The foro at the snapof poin divided bythe ‘lreumferenceof the ring (corrected fora geomet ft {on isthe IFT. Other metheds of measring IFT sche sessile drop" pendant op.” and spinning drop” tech- iges. “Typical values of IFT's for croe-olwaer systems ste rested in Table 2,1. IFT's between ol and water ae Usually 10 0 30 dynesfm (10 to 30 mN/m) at 77°F [25°C], The TFT between a iui and its vapor (rat) {referred toa surface tension. Correlation of surface tension of paraffin hydrocarbons with molecular weight and temperature are presented in Fig. 2.3.° TFT isa measure of miscbiiy: de lower the IFT. the loser two phase approach miscbliy, For example, a= the crial point is approached, the propertis ofthe fig tid phase Become inistinguisible fom those ofthe ‘vapor phase, Consequently the IFT becomes ze atthe ‘ial pont, Fig. 2 shows the reduction in IPT with pressure forthe methane/pentane system at 100°F [38°C] 2 the critical pressure of 2.420 psa [16 685 kPa is ap- ‘reached. Low IFT's are also cbserved in systems cone {aiming alcohols and surfacants, Values of 10> mN/m] have been reported for some formulations.” IFT"s less than 10° dyoesiem [10> ‘Ni re refered to as ulalow tensions. 2.2.2 Wettabilty Interaction between the surface of the reservoie rock and the fad phases confined in the pore space influences fd

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