National Transportation Safety Board

Aviation Accident Data Summary

Location: VINEYARD HAVEN, MA Accident Number: NYC99MA178
Date & Time: 07/16/1999, 2141 EDT Registration: N9253N
Aircraft: Piper PA-32R-301 Injuries: 3 Fatal
Flight Conducted Under: Part 91: General Aviation - Personal

Analysis
The noninstrument-rated pilot obtained weather forecasts for a cross-country flight, which indicated
visual flight rules (VFR) conditions with clear skies and visibilities that varied between 4 to 10 miles
along his intended route. The pilot then departed on a dark night. According to a performance study
of radar data, the airplane proceeded over land at 5,500 feet. About 34 miles west of Martha's
Vineyard Airport, while crossing a 30-mile stretch of water to its destination, the airplane began a
descent that varied between 400 to 800 feet per minute (fpm). About 7 miles from the approaching
shore, the airplane began a right turn. The airplane stopped its descent at 2,200 feet, then climbed
back to 2,600 feet and entered a left turn. While in the left turn, the airplane began another descent
that reached about 900 fpm. While still in the descent, the airplane entered a right turn. During this
turn, the airplane's rate of descent and airspeed increased. The airplane's rate of descent eventually
exceeded 4,700 fpm, and the airplane struck the water in a nose-down attitude. Airports along the
coast reported visibilities between 5 and 8 miles. Other pilots flying similar routes on the night of the
accident reported no visual horizon while flying over the water because of haze. The pilot's estimated
total flight experience was about 310 hours, of which 55 hours were at night. The pilot's estimated
flight time in the accident airplane was about 36 hours, of which about 9.4 hours were at night. About
3 hours of that time was without a certified flight instructor (CFI) on board, and about 0.8 hour of
that was flown at night and included a night landing. In the 15 months before the accident, the pilot
had flown either to or from the destination area about 35 times. The pilot flew at least 17 of these
flight legs without a CFI on board, of which 5 were at night. Within 100 days before the accident, the
pilot had completed about 50 percent of a formal instrument training course. A Federal Aviation
Administration Advisory Circular (AC) 61-27C, "Instrument Flying: Coping with Illusions in Flight,"
states that illusions or false impressions occur when information provided by sensory organs is
misinterpreted or inadequate and that many illusions in flight could be caused by complex motions
and certain visual scenes encountered under adverse weather conditions and at night. The AC also
states that some illusions might lead to spatial disorientation or the inability to determine accurately
the attitude or motion of the aircraft in relation to the earth's surface. The AC further states that
spatial disorientation, as a result of continued VFR flight into adverse weather conditions, is regularly
near the top of the cause/factor list in annual statistics on fatal aircraft accidents. According to AC
60-4A, "Pilot's Spatial Disorientation," tests conducted with qualified instrument pilots indicated that
it can take as long as 35 seconds to establish full control by instruments after a loss of visual reference
of the earth's surface. AC 60-4A further states that surface references and the natural horizon may
become obscured even though visibility may be above VFR minimums and that an inability to
perceive the natural horizon or surface references is common during flights over water, at night, in
sparsely populated areas, and in low-visibility conditions. Examination of the airframe, systems,
avionics, and engine did not reveal any evidence of a preimpact mechanical malfunction.

Probable Cause
The National Transportation Safety Board determines the probable cause(s) of this accident to be:
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The pilot's failure to maintain control of the airplane during a descent over water at night, which was
a result of spatial disorientation. Factors in the accident were haze, and the dark night.

Findings

Occurrence #1: LOSS OF CONTROL - IN FLIGHT

Phase of Operation: DESCENT

Findings
1. (F) LIGHT CONDITION - DARK NIGHT
2. (F) WEATHER CONDITION - HAZE
3. (C) AIRCRAFT CONTROL - NOT MAINTAINED - PILOT IN COMMAND
4. (C) SPATIAL DISORIENTATION - PILOT IN COMMAND
----------

Occurrence #2: IN FLIGHT COLLISION WITH TERRAIN/WATER

Phase of Operation: DESCENT - UNCONTROLLED

Findings
5. TERRAIN CONDITION - WATER

Pilot Information
Certificate: Private Age: 38
Airplane Rating(s): Single-engine Land Instrument Rating(s): None
Other Aircraft Rating(s): None Instructor Rating(s): None
Flight Time: 310 hours (Total, all aircraft), 36 hours (Total, this make and model), 212 hours (Pilot In Command, all
aircraft), 45 hours (Last 90 days, all aircraft), 18 hours (Last 30 days, all aircraft)

Aircraft and Owner/Operator Information

Aircraft Make: Piper Registration: N9253N
Model/Series: PA-32R-301 PA-32R-301 Engines: 1 Reciprocating
Operator: JOHN F. KENNEDY JR. Engine Manufacturer: Lycoming
Operating Certificate(s) None Engine Model/Series: IO-540-K1G5
Held:
Flight Conducted Under: Part 91: General Aviation - Personal

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Meteorological Information and Flight Plan
Conditions at Accident Site: Visual Conditions Condition of Light: Night/Dark
Observation Facility, Elevation: MVY, 68 ft msl Weather Information Source: Weather Observation Facility
Lowest Ceiling: None / 0 ft agl Wind Speed/Gusts, Direction: 10 knots / 15 knots, 240°
Temperature: 75°C Visibility 10 Miles
Precipitation and Obscuration:
Departure Point: CALDWELL, NJ (CDW) Destination: , MA (MVY)

Wreckage and Impact Information

Crew Injuries: 1 Fatal Aircraft Damage: Destroyed
Passenger Injuries: 2 Fatal Aircraft Fire: None
Ground Injuries: N/A Aircraft Explosion: None
Latitude, Longitude:

Administrative Information
Investigator In Charge (IIC):
Investigation Docket:
1
ROBERT L PEARCE Adopted Date: 07/06/2000
NTSB accident and incident dockets serve as permanent archival information for the NTSB’s investigations.
Dockets released prior to June 1, 2009 are publicly available from the NTSB’s Record Management Division
at pubinq@ntsb.gov, or at 800-877-6799. Dockets released after this date are available at
http://dms.ntsb.gov/pubdms/.

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through the Independent Safety Board Act of 1974 to investigate transportation accidents, determine the probable causes of the
accidents, issue safety recommendations, study transportation safety issues, and evaluate the safety effectiveness of government
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